Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Commercial Citrus Fruit: Grapefruit (Citrus × Paradisi); Lime (C
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Pest List for the Importation of Fresh Commercial Citrus Fruit: Grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi); Lime (C. aurantiifolia); Mandarin Orange, Tangerine, or Hybrids (C. reticulata); Sweet Orange (C. sinensis); and Tangelo (C. × tangelo) from Peru into the Continental United States November 2, 2012 Version 1 Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 i Executive Summary The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prepared this pest list to examine plant pest risks associated with importing commercially produced fresh Citrus fruit for consumption from all areas of Peru into the continental United States. This request (SENASA-Peru, 2011) is for the following species: grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi Macfad.); lime (C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle); mandarin orange, tangerine, or hybrids (C. reticulata Blanco); sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck); and tangelo (Citrus × tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) (Rutaceae). An earlier risk assessment was developed for exports of citrus from five production regions, and market access was established (USDA, 2003). Here, considering expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire country, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions: phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove; packinghouse measures that include inspection primary grading to remove small, damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing fungicide, followed by air-drying; secondary grading to remove damaged or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to prevent re-infestation under consistent conditions; and final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment for fruit flies in transit. These processes (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012) have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved export areas. Based on the scientific literature, port-of-entry pest interception data, and information from the government of Peru, we developed a list of all pests reported in Peru that infest or infect the Citrus species above. We identified the following five quarantine pests as likely to follow the commodity pathway of fresh citrus fruit from Peru that are candidates for risk mitigation. We analyzed all of these pests in the earlier risk assessment (USDA, 2003). Type Pest Classification Pest Scientific Name Arthropods Diptera: Tephritidae Anastrepha fraterculus Anastrepha obliqua Anastrepha serpentina Ceratitis capitata Lepidoptera: Tortricidae Ecdytolopha aurantiana We found no evidence that the following damaging Citrus pests found in other countries in South America are in Peru: Bactrocera carambolae, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,’ Citrus leprosis virus, Diaphorina citri, Elsinoë australis, Guignardia citricarpa, Pseudococcus neomaritimus, Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, or Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca. Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 ii Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... ii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 2. Pest Categorization ....................................................................................................................1 2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. × tangelo ........................................................................................................... 1 2.2. Quarantine pests not considered for risk mitigation ........................................................... 19 2.3. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and candidates for risk mitigation ............ 20 3. Authors and Reviewers............................................................................................................21 4. Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................21 Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 iii 1. Introduction This document accompanies a request for the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s authorization to allow the importation of fresh fruit of the following Citrus species: grapefruit (C. × paradisi Macfad.), lime (C. aurantiifolia [Christm.] Swingle), mandarin orange or tangerine (C. reticulata Blanco), sweet orange (C. sinensis [L.] Osbeck), and tangelo (Citrus × tangelo J.W. Ingram & H.E. Moore) (Rutaceae) for consumption from the entire country of Peru into the continental United States. The movement of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries, such as Peru, into the United States is regulated (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012). Currently, the entry of fresh fruit of the above-listed Citrus species from Peru into the continental United States is authorized under 7 CFR §319.56 for only five production regions: Ica, Junin, Lambayeque, Lima, and Piura. The government of Peru seeks approval for entry of citrus from the entire country of Peru. The movement of fresh Citrus fruit from Peru is a potential pathway for the introduction of unwanted plant pests into the continental United States. These risks were previously evaluated in a pathway-initiated plant pest risk assessment in 2003 (USDA, 2003). Since then, new pests may have been reported, pest statuses may have changed, and the expanded production area may have different pests than the previously evaluated five regions. Consequently, the USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) prepared this document to examine the plant pest risks associated with the movement of this commodity into the continental United States from the expanded Citrus export area in Peru. Based on the market access requesting expansion of the export area from Peru to the entire country, we considered the pathway to include the following processes and conditions (SENASA-Peru, 2011): phytosanitary management of pests associated with Citrus in the grove; packinghouse measures that include inspection; primary grading to remove small, damaged, infected, or infested fruit; washing and brushing to clean fruit; spraying with wax containing fungicide, followed by air-drying; secondary grading to remove damaged or blemished fruit; sorting by size and packaging in new cardboard boxes; storage with safeguarding measures to prevent re-infestation under consistent conditions; and final inspection and certification procedures, prior to approval to start cold treatment for fruit flies in transit. These proposed processes have been successfully implemented for the five previously approved export areas in accordance with U.S. regulations (7 CFR § 319.56, 2012). By developing this pest list, we can determine if currently described requirements are adequate to provide phytosanitary security, or if other measures may be required. 2. Pest Categorization 2.1. Pests associated with Citrus species: C. × paradisi, C. aurantiifolia, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, and C. × tangelo Below we list the pests associated with the following Citrus species: grapefruit (C. x paradisi), lime (C. aurantiifolia), mandarin orange or tangerine (C. reticulata), sweet orange (C. sinensis), Ver. 1 (Original) November 2, 2012 1 and tangelo (Citrus x tangelo) (in any country) that occur in Peru (on any host) (Table 1). We identified the presence or absence of these pests in the continental United States, the quarantine status of the pests with respect to the continental United States, the generally affected plant part or parts, whether quarantine pests are likely to follow the pathway and enter the continental United States on commercial citrus fruit, and pertinent references. We developed this pest list based on the scientific literature, USDA port-of-entry pest interception data, and information provided by the government of Peru. Pests highlighted with a gray background are quarantine pests identified for potential risk mitigation, as we consider them reasonably likely to follow the pathway of commercial fruit shipments. We summarize those pests in a separate table (Table 2). Please note that in the pest list (Table 1), we do not provide information on plant part association and whether the pest is likely to follow the pathway for non-quarantine pests. Even if non- quarantine pests are able to follow the pathway, phytosanitary measures against these pests would not be justified because they already occur in the continental United States. Therefore, for non-quarantine pests we indicate that information with N/A (not applicable). Table 1. Pests associated with relevant Citrus spp. that are also present in Peru. Scientific Name Reported on Distribution1 Quaran- Plant part(s) Follow Citrus spp. tine pest2 association3 pathway ARTHROPODS Acari: Eriophyidae Phyllocoptruta oleivora CABI, 2012; PE (Alata Condor, No N/A N/A (Ashmead) Futch et al., 2011 1973), US (CABI, 2012) Acari: Tarsonemidae Polyphagotarsonemus latus CABI, 2012; PE, US (Vacante, No N/A N/A Banks Gerson, 1992 2010) Acari: Tenuipalpidae Brevipalpus