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A Atividade Submarina Alemã Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) – Interações Na Costa De Esposende

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A Atividade Submarina Alemã Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) – Interações Na Costa De Esposende (Con)Viver com o Inimigo – A Atividade Submarina Alemã Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial (1914-1918) – Interações na Costa de Esposende Miguel Castro Brandão Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em História e Património Mediação Patrimonial orientada pela Professora Doutora Paula Cristina Menino Duarte Homem e coorientada pela Professora Doutora Maria Inês Ferreira de Amorim Brandão da Silva Membros do Júri Professor Doutora Paula Cristina Menino Duarte Homem Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Professora Doutora Maria Helena Cardoso Osswald Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Professor Doutor Augusto Alves Salgado Centro de Investigação Naval Classificação obtida: 17 valores 2 3 Índice Agradecimentos…………………………………………………………………….….................6 Resumo e palavras- chave…………………………………………………………………………………………..….7 Abstract and keywords…………………………………………………….…………………………………....8 Índice de Ilustrações…………………………………………………………..………………………….…9 Índice de Tabelas………………………………………………………………………………..10 Abreviaturas e siglas…………………………………………………………………………….11 Introdução……………………………………………………………………………………….12 Capítulo 1 – A emergência da guerra submarina na Primeira Guerra Mundial.…………..……………………………………………………………………………..24 1.1 - O submarino alemão: abastecimento, tática e eficácia…………………………………………………………………………………………..24 Capítulo 2 – Impactes da atividade submarina alemã na costa portuguesa (1916-1918) …...…44 2.1 – 1916 - O choque. Portugal e a emergência da guerra submarina alemã ………...48 2.2 – 1917 - O ano crítico. Portugal e o auge da guerra submarina……………..……..56 2.3 – 1918 – O longo percurso para a paz……………………………………………...63 2.4 - Números e reflexões………………………………………………………………68 2.4.1 – 1916…………………………………………………………………………68 2.4.2 – 1917…………………………………………………………………………71 2.4.3 – 1918…………………………………………………………………………75 4 Capítulo 3 - A atividade submarina alemã na costa de Esposende …………….……………………………………………………………….………..78 3.1 – Interações particulares…………………………………………………………...78 3.2 – Perspetivas a reter...................................................................................................83 Capítulo 4 – Evidências históricas e patrimoniais da atividade submarina. Salvaguarda e fruição………………………………………………………………………………………...…92 4.1 - Instrumentos e estratégias……………………………………………………...…92 4.2 - Georreferenciação e mapeamento dos naufrágios da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Modelos e empreendimentos internacionais e projetos nacionais ………………….....99 4.2.1 - O “Projeto U-35”, do CINAV ………………………………………..103 4.2.2 - Georreferenciação e mapeamento dos naufrágios da Primeira Guerra Mundial em águas nacionais. Uma proposta ………………………………...105 Capítulo 5 – Proposta de Mediação para o Museu Municipal de Esposende – Exposição: Esposende e a guerra submarina na Primeira Guerra Mundial – 1914-1918………………….109 5.1 - Área temática - Os submarinos alemães na Primeira Guerra Mundial………….110 5.2 - Área temática - A guerra submarina alemã e Portugal (1916-1918) ……………112 5.3 - Área temática - Esposende, guerra submarina alemã e os seus impactes……….118 5.4 - Área temática - A guerra submarina alemã e Portugal (1916-1918) – Dina mização………………………………………………………………………………..123 Considerações finais…………………………………………………………………………...124 Referências…………………………………………………………………………………….127 Anexos…………………………………………………………………………………………139 Apêndices……………………………………………………………………………………...141 Apêndice 1 - Impactes da atividade submarina alemã na costa portuguesa (1916-1918). Reflexos na frente marítima portuguesa. Impactes socioeconómicos……………………141 5 Apêndice 2 - Impactes da atividade submarina alemã na costa portuguesa (1916-1918). Reflexos na frente marítima portuguesa. Base de dados…………………………………161 6 Agradecimentos A progressão desta dissertação de mestrado só foi possível graças ao apoio e cooperação de várias pessoas, tanto ligadas à temática da guerra submarina como sensíveis às minhas concretizações pessoais e académicas. Assim, queremos agradecer: À Ana Rita Pontes Santos, pelo apoio proporcionado ao longo deste percurso; À família, pelo apoio incondicional, proporcionando o melhor que a vida tem para oferecer, recorrendo sempre a sábios e reconfortantes conselhos. Agradecemos por sua vez à família Braz, que nos recebeu em sua casa, em Lisboa, permitindo assim a visita à Torre do Tombo, Museu Nacional da Marinha e Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal. Às orientadoras, às Professoras Doutoras Paula Cristina Menino Duarte Homem e Maria Inês Ferreira de Amorim Brandão da Silva, que desde cedo aceitaram orientar esta dissertação, proporcionando os meios necessários a tornar esta dissertação possível. Gostaria de agradecer a ambas todo apoio, disponibilidade e dedicação a esta causa. Ao investigador Paulo Nuno Costa pelo auxílio de um modo bastante singular, com uma prestabilidade simplesmente incomum. Recebeu-nos na sua loja de banda desenhada na rua das Flores, em Lisboa, conhecida como BdMania, onde nos proporcionou muita bibliografia relacionada com o tema da guerra submarina. Por seu intermédio, recebemos o apoio dos investigadores Augusto Salgado e Jorge Russo, do Centro de Investigação Naval (CINAV), que disponibilizaram várias ferramentas para a concretização desta dissertação; Ao investigador Reinaldo Delgado pela partilha de informação e dados relevantes sobre os naufrágios provocados por submarinos alemães; Ao Peter Monte, gestor e administrador do Deutsches Uboot Museum Archive, Cuxhaven-Altenbruch, na Alemanha, pela disponibilização dos diários microfilmados dos submarinos alemães requisitados; Ao professor Miguel Nogueira, da MAPoteca da Faculdade de Letras do Porto, por ter- nos proporcionado os mapas para esta dissertação; A todos os elementos integrantes da Tuna de Letras do Porto, aos inesquecíveis colegas de curso que nos acompanham desde a licenciatura, e aos amigos de longa data, que tanto estimamos e prezamos. 7 Resumo Partindo do contexto geral da Primeira Guerra Mundial, esta dissertação foca-se na compreensão da atividade submarina alemã entre 9 de março de 1916 a 11 de novembro de 1918, em águas portuguesas, com especial interesse pela costa de Esposende. Após uma análise do pano de fundo nacional, aglutinando as dimensões sociais, económicas, militares e políticas consequentes do impacte da guerra submarina alemã, visa-se potenciar as demais estratégias de mediação. Com o recurso aos diários de guerra dos submarinos alemães, a uma georreferenciação dos naufrágios consistente e a uma análise exaustiva das fontes periódicas e documentais, pretende-se traçar um perfil global, tentando por sua vez auxiliar futuras investigações ou projetos relacionados com esta temática. Num segundo momento é apresentado uma proposta de organização de uma exposição no Museu Municipal de Esposende, que explora as conexões entre Esposende e a atividade submarina alemã, em águas portuguesas, considerando o facto de ter sido palco de um dos acontecimentos mais singulares, no que toca ao abastecimento e contrabando de géneros alimentares a submarinos alemães, cooperação civil com o inimigo. Este episódio por sua vez espelha as dificuldades socioeconómicas de uma comunidade costeira, que está intrinsecamente ligada ao mar, à construção naval e aos seus fluxos comerciais. Palavras-chave: Primeira Guerra Mundial, Esposende, Submarinos, Contrabando, Patrimónios 8 Abstract From the general context of the First World War, this dissertation focuses on understanding the german submarine activity between 9 th of march of 1916, to 11th of November 1918, in portuguese waters, with special interest in the coast of Esposende. After an analysis of national context, bringing together the social, economic, military and political impact of the german submarine warfare, we pretend to explore mediation strategies connected with this theme. With the use of submarine war diaries, georeferencing shipwrecks and a thorough analysis of periodic and documentary sources, we intend to draw a global profile, trying to turn assist future investigations or projects relating to this topic. Secondly we expose a proposal to organize an exhibition at the Museu Municipal de Esposende, who explores the connections between Esposende and the german submarine activity in Portuguese waters, considering the fact that this location was the testimony of one of the most singular events, were civilians supplied german submarines by smuggling food products.This episode in turn mirrors the socio-economic difficulties of a coastal community, which is intrinsically linked to the sea, shipbuilding and its trade flows. Keywords: German Submarines, Esposende, World War One, Submarine War. 9 Índice de Ilustrações Fig. 1 - Número de naufrágios provocados por submarinos alemães e respetiva responsabilidade, em 1916………………………………………………………………….….71 Fig. 2 - Nacionalidade dos naufrágios provocados por submarinos……………………………………………………………………………………...71 Fig. 3 - Localização dos naufrágios provocados em 1916………………………………………………………………………………………….….72 Fig. 4 - Número de naufrágios provocados por submarinos alemães e respetiva responsabilidade, em 1917 e ao largo da costa portuguesa………………………………..........73 Fig. 5 - Nacionalidade dos naufrágios provocados por submarinos em 1917, ao largo da costa portuguesa……………………………………………………………………………………….74 Fig. 6 - Localização dos naufrágios provocados por submarino em 1917, ao largo da costa portuguesa……………………………………………………………………………………….75 Fig. 7 - Número de naufrágios provocados por submarinos alemães, em 1918 e ao largo da costa portuguesa……………………………………………………………………………………….77 Fig. 8 - Nacionalidade dos naufrágios provocados por submarinos
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