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Spatial and Chronological Sketch of the Ancient City of Sambor Prei Kuk Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

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Spatial and Chronological Sketch of the Ancient City of Sambor Prei Kuk Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto Spatial and Chronological Sketch of the Ancient City of Sambor Prei Kuk Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto he development of Khmer architecture and cities began before the T founding of the Angkor Dynasty in the ninth century. Some of the most SIGNIÎCANTVESTIGESOFEARLY+HMERCULTURECANBEFOUNDAT3AMBOR0REI+UK IN +OMPONG4HOMPROVINCE APPROXIMATELYKMSOUTHEASTOF!NGKOR4HESITEIS IDENTIÎEDWITHČĺãNAPURA THECAPITALCITYOFTHESEVENTH CENTURY:HENLAKINGDOM mentioned in the Khmer epigraphic corpus and in Chinese historical documents. .UMEROUSWELL PRESERVEDARCHAEOLOGICALREMAINSARECONCENTRATEDINTHEAREA4HE SCULPTURES STRUCTURES ANDTEMPLESOF3AMBOR0REI+UKREPRESENTASIGNIÎCANTSTAGE INTHEDEVELOPMENTOF+HMERARTS4HATIS BYASSIMILATING)NDIANANDOTHERFOREIGN CULTURALINÏUENCESWHILEMAINTAININGTHEORIGINALCULTUREOFTHELAND THEYCONSTITUTE AÎRSTSTEPINTHEINDIGENIZATIONPROCESSTHATWOULDEVENTUALLYLEADTOANARTISTIC style unique to Khmer culture. -ANYSTUDIESEMPHASIZINGTHEHISTORICALVALUEOF3AMBOR0REI+UKHAVEBEEN PUBLISHEDTODATE BUTMOSTOFTHEON SITEEMPIRICALSURVEYSWERECONDUCTEDINTHE ÎRSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY3INCETHEN NOFURTHERÎELD WORKWASCONDUCTED UNTILTHETURNOFTHECENTURYWHENTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT3#0 LEDNEWARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYSONTHESITEINORDERTORE EXAMINETHEUNDERSTANDING OFTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHEANCIENTCITYOFČĺãNAPURA4HISPAPERPRESENTSASYNTHESIS OFTHERESULTSOFTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTRESEARCH4HEGENERAL IMAGEOFTHEMONUMENTSTHATITPROVIDESISONLYTENTATIVEANDWILLNEEDTOBEREÎNED ONTHEBASISOFFUTURESTUDIES BUTITDIլERSSIGNIÎCANTLYFROMTHEIMAGETHATWAS SUGGESTEDBYTHEÎRSTSURVEYS 4HISPAPERWILLÎRSTSKETCHABRIEFACCOUNTOFTHERESEARCHHISTORYOFTHE MONUMENTS.EXTITWILLDESCRIBETHENATURALLANDSCAPESURROUNDINGTHEMONUMENTS ANDGIVEANOVERVIEWOFTHESTRUCTURESANDOFTHELOCATIONOFTHENEWLYDOCUMENTED Aséanie 30, décembre 2012, p. 1-xxx 3011-v2.indd 1 15/09/13 09:00 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto SITES4HEDETAILEDSTUDYOFINSCRIBEDMATERIALS SCULPTURES ARCHITECTURALELEMENTS AS WELLASOFSOMELIMITEDEXCAVATIONSWILLLEADTOCHRONOLOGICALCONSIDERATIONSSHOWING HOWTHIS0RE !NGKORIANPERIODCITYWASALSOOCCUPIEDINTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD Background 4HEÎRSTACCOUNTOF3AMBOR0REI+UKWASWRITTENINBY!DHMARD,ECLRE A&RENCHPROVINCIALGOVERNORIN#AMBODIA,ECLRE (EREPORTEDONA TOTALOFTHIRTEENSANCTUARIES INCLUDINGTHESANCTUARIESAT0RASAT3AMBORANDTHOSE to the north of Prasat Sambor and at Prasat Tao.4HEREAFTER TIENNE!YMONIERGAVE ANOVERVIEWOFTHEMONUMENTS BASEDON,ECLREÁSREPORT!YMONIER )N TIENNE,UNETDE,AJONQUIRECONDUCTEDAPARTIALSURVEYOFTHEMONUMENTS BUTHISREPORTWASLIMITEDTOSIXTEENSANCTUARIESINANDAROUND0RASAT3AMBOR,UNET DE,AJONQUIRE (EALSODESCRIBEDANINSCRIPTIONONTHEDOORJAMBOF TOWER.- THATWASTHEÎRSTREPORTEVERCONCERNINGTHEINSCRIPTIONSFOUND ONTHESITE(EPUBLISHEDTHEÎRSTMAPOFTHECOMPLEX ALTHOUGHTHATMAPDIDNOT ACCURATELYSHOWTHERESPECTIVEPOSITIONSOFTHESANCTUARIES PERHAPSBECAUSETHEY WEREBURIEDWITHINDEEPFOREST)N 'EORGES-ORANDCONDUCTEDASURVEYAND LABELLEDTWENTYNEWSANCTUARIES-ORAND 4HEÎRSTRESEARCHERTOACTUALLYSTUDY3AMBOR0REI+UKINDEPTHWAS(ENRI 0ARMENTIER!FTERSURVEYINGTHEMONUMENTSINAND HEPRESENTEDAPERSPEC TIVEDIլERENTFROMHISPREDECESSORS(EREGARDEDTHEMONUMENTSASANEXTREMELY IMPORTANT LARGE SCALECOMPLEXTHATHECONSIDEREDASTHEEPITOMEOFÀPRIMITIVE+HMER ARTÁ ACONCEPTHEFORGEDASOPPOSEDTOTHELATERÀCLASSIC+HMERARTÁCHARACTERISTIC OFTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD$URINGHISSURVEY 0ARMENTIERCLEAREDTHEFORESTAND DISCOVEREDANINSCRIPTIONWHICHPROVIDEDPROOFTHAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUNWASBUILT DURINGTHEREIGNOF+INGČĺãNAVARMAN)INTHEEARLYSEVENTHCENTURY0ARMENTIER &INOT ,OUIS&INOT WHODECIPHEREDTHEINSCRIPTION LATER STATEDTHATTHESITECOULD WITHOUTDOUBT BEIDENTIÎEDWITHČĺãNAPURA THECAPITALOF ČĺãNAVARMAN) ALTHOUGHHEDIDNOTFOLLOWUPONTHISTHEORY&INOT )N HISSURVEY 0ARMENTIERDISCOVEREDANUMBEROFNEWSANCTUARIES4HERESULTSOF !CTUALLY 0ARMENTIERMENTIONSTHAT,ECLREIDENTIÎEDTWOTEMPLES0RASAT9EAI0OEUNAND 0RASAT4AO BUTTHATMAYBEAMISTAKE!CCORDINGTO,ECLREÁSDESCRIPTION ITISCLEARTHATHE IDENTIÎEDSEVENSHRINES# . ANDPOSSIBLYSIXOTHERS. . .AND. &ORUNKNOWNREASONS !YMONIERÁSOVERVIEWDIլERSFROM,ECLREÁSREPORTONAFEWPOINTS SUCH as the total number of structures and the shape of some of them. )NHISINVENTORY HENUMBERS0RASAT3AMBORÀ)+Á SHRINE.À)+Á SHRINE.À)+Á AND SHRINE.À)+Á &INOTSTUDIEDTHREEINSCRIPTIONSIN0RASAT9EAI0OEUNANDÎVEINSCRIPTIONSIN0RASAT3AMBOR(E CLAIMSTHAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUNWASCONSTRUCTEDBYČĺãNAVARMAN) ANDDATESTHESEINSCRIPTIONS TOTHESIXTHCENTURYOFTHEĹAKAERA BASEDONPALEOGRAPHICEVIDENCE 3011-v2.indd 2 15/09/13 09:00 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK HISSURVEYWERECOMPILEDIN,Á!RTKHMRPRIMITIF APUBLICATIONCONTAININGACOMPRE HENSIVERECORDOFATOTALOFSEVENTY TWOSTRUCTURES0ARMENTIER ,ATER 0ARMENTIERPUBLISHEDASUPPLEMENTTOHISREPORTCONTAININGNEWINFOR MATIONREVEALEDBYANEXCAVATIONSURVEYCONDUCTEDBY6ICTOR'OLOUBEWIN 0ARMENTIER 'OLOUBEW 4HEEXCAVATIONWASCONTINUEDIN BY,ON&OMBERTAUX4HERESULTSOFTHESERIESOFSTUDIESCONDUCTEDBY0ARMENTIER PROVIDEDTHEMOSTEXTENSIVEACCOUNTBASEDONÎELD WORK ANDTHEGENERALIMAGEHE presented has become the commonly established image of the site. )TWAS'OLOUBEWWHODISCOVEREDTHEREMAINSOFANANCIENTCITYASSOCIATEDWITH THEMONUMENTS)N HESPOTTEDVESTIGESOFAKMÜKMSQUAREMOATDURINGAN AERIALSURVEY'OLOUBEW ANDCAPTUREDAERIALPHOTOGRAPHSOFTHEMIN 'OLOUBEW 3INCETHELOCATIONOFTHEVESTIGESWESTOFTHETEMPLEZONE ÎTSWITHTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHECITYOFČĺãNAPURAGIVENIN#HINESEHISTORICALRECORDS 'OLOUBEWSPECULATEDTHATTHEAREAWITHINTHEMOATWASTHEANCIENTCITYBUILTDURING THEREIGNOFČĺãNAVARMAN)(OWEVER HEDIDNOTCONDUCTANYIN DEPTHÎELDRESEARCH and no researcher after him ever surveyed the area. )NLATERYEARS 'EORGE#²DSANALYZEDANDRE INTERPRETEDTHEINSCRIPTIONS DISCOVEREDATTHESITE#²DS #²DSIDENTIÎEDTHENAMESOF ČĺãNAPURIANDČĺãNAPURAININSCRIPTIONS+AND+ THUSCONÎRMING&INOTÁS EARLIERIDENTIÎCATIONOF3AMBOR0REI+UKWITHČĺãNAPURA(OWEVER BASEDONHISOWN RESEARCHANDASSUMINGTHAT0RASAT3AMBOR 0RASAT9EAI0OEUN 0RASAT4AO ANDNEARBY SANCTUARIESFORMEDÀUNENSEMBLEPUREMENTRELIGIEUXÁIEASITECONTAININGEXCLU SIVELYRELIGIOUSSTRUCTURES #²DSAGREEDWITH'OLOUBEWINSITUATINGTHEANCIENT CITYOFČĺãNAPURAWITHINTHEMOAT SURROUNDEDAREA#²DS 3TUDIESOFTHESITECONDUCTEDTHEREAFTERINCLUDEARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATION SURVEYSBY"ERNARD 0HILIPPE'ROSLIERINTHES ASERIESOFICONOGRAPHICCOMPARA TIVESTUDIESBETWEEN)NDIANAND+HMERARTS"NISTI)NDORF ADISCUSSION OFWATERMANAGEMENTVAN,IERE ANDEPIGRAPHICSTUDIES*ACQUES 6ICKERY ,OCATIONOFTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK3ITE 4HESITEISLOCATEDONTHEWESTBANKOFTHE3EN2IVER ATRIBUTARYOFTHE4ONLE 3AP2IVER WHICHÏOWSSOUTHWARDINGENTLECURVES4HE3EN2IVERORIGINATESFROMTHE SOUTHSIDEOFTHE$ANGREK-OUNTAINS ANDALONGITSWATERSHEDLAYLARGE SCALE+HMER MONUMENTSSUCHAS0REAH6IHEAR .EAK"UOS AND+OH+ER ASWELLASNUMEROUS 'OLOUBEWREPORTSMAINLYONTHEEXCAVATIONSURVEYIN0RASAT9EAI0OEUN BUTHEALSOMENTIONS TWENTY FOURUNEXPLOREDÀPRASATÁINTHEFORESTOF/+ROU+E!LTHOUGHHEDOESNOTPROVIDEA DETAILEDRECORD SOMEOFTHEMMIGHTHAVEBEENLOCATEDINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE 2ECENTLY "NISTIÁSMANYWORKS ORIGINALLYPUBLISHEDINTHEBEFEO and !RTS!SIATIQUES WERE TRANSLATEDINTO%NGLISHANDPUBLISHED"NISTI 3011-v2.indd 3 15/09/13 09:00 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto SMALLERSTRUCTURES&IG )TISEASYTOIMAGINEHOWTHE3EN2IVERHADSERVEDASA MAJORTRANSPORTATIONROUTEINTHEPAST4OTHEWESTOFTHE3EN2IVERANDNEARTHE MONUMENTSSPREADSABACKMARSHAREATHATISABOUTKMWIDE)NADDITIONTOTHE LARGESWAMPCALLED"OEUNG#HEA+AY THEAREAISENTIRELYCOVEREDBYPADDYÎELDS &URTHERWESTOFTHELOWLAND THEREISAPLATEAUABOUTMHIGHERTHANTHELOWLAND 4HEMAJORMONUMENTSSTANDONTHISPLATEAU Phimai LAOS Wat Phu THAILAND Preah Vihear Pr. Ta Muen Thom Banteay Chhmar Neak Buos Koh Ker Beng Mealea Angkor r Royal Road e Preah Khan v Ancient Road i R n e CAMBODIA S Prasat Andet Sambor Prei Kuk &IGURE$ISTRIBUTIONOFTHEMAJOR+HMERSITES 4HEENTIRETYOFTHESITEISSITUATEDONAGENTLEINCLINEFROMNORTHTOSOUTH IN ARELATIVELYÏATAREAATANALTITUDEOFMTOM!SMALLRIVERCALLED/+ROU+E ÏOWSSOUTHWARDTHROUGHTHECENTEROFTHESITE4WOSMALLRIVERSMERGETOFORMTHE/ +ROU+E2IVERTOWARDTHENORTHERNPARTOFTHESITE WHICHÏOWSTHROUGHAM DEEP VALLEYÏOORDOWNSTREAMOFTHECONÏUENCE4HERIVERÏOWSTAGNATESNEARTHECENTER OFTHESITE ANDFORMSA6 SHAPEDSWAMPDURINGTHERAINYSEASON&URTHERSOUTH THE RIVERÏOWSINTOTHEBACKMARSHOFTHE3EN2IVER4HECOURSEOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVER SPLITSTHESITEINTOTWOSPECIÎCZONESWHICHWEWILLHERECALLTHEÀTEMPLEZONEÁAND THEÀMOATEDCITYZONEÁ3EVERALVESTIGESOFDIKESRESEMBLINGDAMSWEREIDENTIÎEDIN DIRECTIONSPERPENDICULARTOTHERIVER ANDARECTANGULARWATERTANKMEASURINGM SOUTH EASTANDMNORTH SOUTHFORSTORAGEOFTHISRIVERWATERISLOCATEDATTHEEAST SIDEOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK 3011-v2.indd 4 15/09/13 09:01 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK $ISTRIBUTIONOF.EWLY$OCUMENTED3TRUCTURES 2ECENTAERIALPHOTOGRAPHSSHOWVESTIGESOFTHESAMEMOATTHATWASDISCOV EREDBY'OLOUBEWINTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY The Sambor Prei +UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCONDUCTEDSURVEYSOFTHEAREASINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHE MOAT BUTTHESEWEREHAMPEREDBYTHEDENSEFORESTANDBYFLOODSDURINGTHERAINY season. Consequently adequate surveys must still be conducted in these areas. "ESIDES WHEREASAPEDESTRIANSURVEYWASSYSTEMATICALLYCONDUCTEDINSIDETHE MOAT THESURVEYOFTHEAREAOUTSIDETHEMOATCONSISTEDONLYOFINTERVIEWSWITH LOCALRESIDENTS4HEREFORE WECANEXPECTTHATFURTHERSURVEYSWILLREVEALMORE archaeological vestiges. Parmentier labelled the brick sanctuaries at Sambor Prei Kuk based on a REPARTITIONINDIFFERENTGROUPS ASFOLLOWS#TO#FORTHESHRINESOFTHEÀ#ENTRAL 'ROUPÁCENTEREDAROUND0RASAT4AO.TO.FORTHEONESOFTHEÀ.ORTHERN'ROUPÁ CENTEREDAROUND0RASAT3AMBORANDNORTHOFTHISTEMPLEINCLUDING0RASAT3ANDAN 3TO3FORTHEONESOFTHEÀ3OUTHERN'ROUPÁCENTEREDAROUND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN AND:TO: 4 5 6 9AND7FORTHESHRINESLOCATEDINTHESURROUNDINGSOFTHE THREEMAINGROUPS!DDITIONALLY THESANCTUARIESOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND 0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAKWERENUMBERED+TO+AND,TO,4HESENUMBERSARE
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