Spatial and Chronological Sketch of the Ancient City of Sambor Prei Kuk Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

he development of Khmer architecture and cities began before the T founding of the Angkor Dynasty in the ninth century. Some of the most SIGNIÎCANTVESTIGESOFEARLY+HMERCULTURECANBEFOUNDAT3AMBOR0REI+UK IN +OMPONG4HOMPROVINCE APPROXIMATELYKMSOUTHEASTOF!NGKOR4HESITEIS IDENTIÎEDWITHČĺãNAPURA THECAPITALCITYOFTHESEVENTH CENTURY:HENLAKINGDOM  mentioned in the Khmer epigraphic corpus and in Chinese historical documents. .UMEROUSWELL PRESERVEDARCHAEOLOGICALREMAINSARECONCENTRATEDINTHEAREA4HE SCULPTURES STRUCTURES ANDTEMPLESOF3AMBOR0REI+UKREPRESENTASIGNIÎCANTSTAGE INTHEDEVELOPMENTOF+HMERARTS4HATIS BYASSIMILATING)NDIANANDOTHERFOREIGN CULTURALINÏUENCESWHILEMAINTAININGTHEORIGINALCULTUREOFTHELAND THEYCONSTITUTE AÎRSTSTEPINTHEINDIGENIZATIONPROCESSTHATWOULDEVENTUALLYLEADTOANARTISTIC style unique to Khmer culture. -ANYSTUDIESEMPHASIZINGTHEHISTORICALVALUEOF3AMBOR0REI+UKHAVEBEEN PUBLISHEDTODATE BUTMOSTOFTHEON SITEEMPIRICALSURVEYSWERECONDUCTEDINTHE ÎRSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY3INCETHEN NOFURTHERÎELD WORKWASCONDUCTED UNTILTHETURNOFTHECENTURYWHENTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT3#0  LEDNEWARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYSONTHESITEINORDERTORE EXAMINETHEUNDERSTANDING OFTHEBASICSTRUCTUREOFTHEANCIENTCITYOFČĺãNAPURA4HISPAPERPRESENTSASYNTHESIS OFTHERESULTSOFTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTRESEARCH4HEGENERAL IMAGEOFTHEMONUMENTSTHATITPROVIDESISONLYTENTATIVEANDWILLNEEDTOBEREÎNED ONTHEBASISOFFUTURESTUDIES BUTITDIլERSSIGNIÎCANTLYFROMTHEIMAGETHATWAS SUGGESTEDBYTHEÎRSTSURVEYS 4HISPAPERWILLÎRSTSKETCHABRIEFACCOUNTOFTHERESEARCHHISTORYOFTHE MONUMENTS.EXTITWILLDESCRIBETHENATURALLANDSCAPESURROUNDINGTHEMONUMENTS ANDGIVEANOVERVIEWOFTHESTRUCTURESANDOFTHELOCATIONOFTHENEWLYDOCUMENTED

Aséanie 30, décembre 2012, p. 1-xxx

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SITES4HEDETAILEDSTUDYOFINSCRIBEDMATERIALS SCULPTURES ARCHITECTURALELEMENTS AS WELLASOFSOMELIMITEDEXCAVATIONSWILLLEADTOCHRONOLOGICALCONSIDERATIONSSHOWING HOWTHIS0RE !NGKORIANPERIODCITYWASALSOOCCUPIEDINTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD Background 4HEÎRSTACCOUNTOF3AMBOR0REI+UKWASWRITTENINBY!DHœMARD,ECL›RE  A&RENCHPROVINCIALGOVERNORIN#AMBODIA,ECL›RE   (EREPORTEDONA TOTALOFTHIRTEENSANCTUARIES INCLUDINGTHESANCTUARIESAT0RASAT3AMBORANDTHOSE to the north of Prasat Sambor and at Prasat Tao.4HEREAFTER €TIENNE!YMONIERGAVE ANOVERVIEWOFTHEMONUMENTS BASEDON,ECL›REÁSREPORT!YMONIER  )N  €TIENNE,UNETDE,AJONQUI›RECONDUCTEDAPARTIALSURVEYOFTHEMONUMENTS  BUTHISREPORTWASLIMITEDTOSIXTEENSANCTUARIESINANDAROUND0RASAT3AMBOR,UNET DE,AJONQUI›RE   (EALSODESCRIBEDANINSCRIPTIONONTHEDOORJAMBOF TOWER.- THATWASTHEÎRSTREPORTEVERCONCERNINGTHEINSCRIPTIONSFOUND ONTHESITE(EPUBLISHEDTHEÎRSTMAPOFTHECOMPLEX ALTHOUGHTHATMAPDIDNOT ACCURATELYSHOWTHERESPECTIVEPOSITIONSOFTHESANCTUARIES PERHAPSBECAUSETHEY WEREBURIEDWITHINDEEPFOREST)N 'EORGES-ORANDCONDUCTEDASURVEYAND LABELLEDTWENTYNEWSANCTUARIES-ORAND    4HEÎRSTRESEARCHERTOACTUALLYSTUDY3AMBOR0REI+UKINDEPTHWAS(ENRI 0ARMENTIER!FTERSURVEYINGTHEMONUMENTSINAND HEPRESENTEDAPERSPEC TIVEDIլERENTFROMHISPREDECESSORS(EREGARDEDTHEMONUMENTSASANEXTREMELY IMPORTANT LARGE SCALECOMPLEXTHATHECONSIDEREDASTHEEPITOMEOFÀPRIMITIVE+HMER ARTÁ ACONCEPTHEFORGEDASOPPOSEDTOTHELATERÀCLASSIC+HMERARTÁCHARACTERISTIC OFTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD$URINGHISSURVEY 0ARMENTIERCLEAREDTHEFORESTAND DISCOVEREDANINSCRIPTIONWHICHPROVIDEDPROOFTHAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUNWASBUILT DURINGTHEREIGNOF+INGČĺãNAVARMAN)INTHEEARLYSEVENTHCENTURY0ARMENTIER   &INOT   ,OUIS&INOT WHODECIPHEREDTHEINSCRIPTION LATER STATEDTHATTHESITECOULD WITHOUTDOUBT BEIDENTIÎEDWITHČĺãNAPURA THECAPITALOF ČĺãNAVARMAN) ALTHOUGHHEDIDNOTFOLLOWUPONTHISTHEORY&INOT   )N HISSURVEY 0ARMENTIERDISCOVEREDANUMBEROFNEWSANCTUARIES4HERESULTSOF

 !CTUALLY 0ARMENTIERMENTIONSTHAT,ECL›REIDENTIÎEDTWOTEMPLES0RASAT9EAI0OEUNAND 0RASAT4AO BUTTHATMAYBEAMISTAKE!CCORDINGTO,ECL›REÁSDESCRIPTION ITISCLEARTHATHE IDENTIÎEDSEVENSHRINES# . . . . . . ANDPOSSIBLYSIXOTHERS. . .  . .AND. 

 &ORUNKNOWNREASONS !YMONIERÁSOVERVIEWDIլERSFROM,ECL›REÁSREPORTONAFEWPOINTS SUCH as the total number of structures and the shape of some of them.

 )NHISINVENTORY HENUMBERS0RASAT3AMBORÀ)+Á SHRINE.À)+Á SHRINE.À)+Á AND SHRINE.À)+Á

 &INOTSTUDIEDTHREEINSCRIPTIONSIN0RASAT9EAI0OEUNANDÎVEINSCRIPTIONSIN0RASAT3AMBOR(E CLAIMSTHAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUNWASCONSTRUCTEDBYČĺãNAVARMAN) ANDDATESTHESEINSCRIPTIONS TOTHESIXTHCENTURYOFTHEĹAKAERA BASEDONPALEOGRAPHICEVIDENCE

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HISSURVEYWERECOMPILEDIN,Á!RTKHM›RPRIMITIF APUBLICATIONCONTAININGACOMPRE HENSIVERECORDOFATOTALOFSEVENTY TWOSTRUCTURES0ARMENTIER  ,ATER 0ARMENTIERPUBLISHEDASUPPLEMENTTOHISREPORTCONTAININGNEWINFOR MATIONREVEALEDBYANEXCAVATIONSURVEYCONDUCTEDBY6ICTOR'OLOUBEWIN 0ARMENTIER  'OLOUBEW   4HEEXCAVATIONWASCONTINUEDIN BY,œON&OMBERTAUX4HERESULTSOFTHESERIESOFSTUDIESCONDUCTEDBY0ARMENTIER PROVIDEDTHEMOSTEXTENSIVEACCOUNTBASEDONÎELD WORK ANDTHEGENERALIMAGEHE presented has become the commonly established image of the site. )TWAS'OLOUBEWWHODISCOVEREDTHEREMAINSOFANANCIENTCITYASSOCIATEDWITH THEMONUMENTS)N HESPOTTEDVESTIGESOFAKMÜKMSQUAREMOATDURINGAN AERIALSURVEY'OLOUBEW  ANDCAPTUREDAERIALPHOTOGRAPHSOFTHEMIN 'OLOUBEW  3INCETHELOCATIONOFTHEVESTIGESWESTOFTHETEMPLEZONE  ÎTSWITHTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHECITYOFČĺãNAPURAGIVENIN#HINESEHISTORICALRECORDS  'OLOUBEWSPECULATEDTHATTHEAREAWITHINTHEMOATWASTHEANCIENTCITYBUILTDURING THEREIGNOFČĺãNAVARMAN)(OWEVER HEDIDNOTCONDUCTANYIN DEPTHÎELDRESEARCH  and no researcher after him ever surveyed the area. )NLATERYEARS 'EORGE#²D›SANALYZEDANDRE INTERPRETEDTHEINSCRIPTIONS DISCOVEREDATTHESITE#²D›S    #²D›SIDENTIÎEDTHENAMESOF ČĺãNAPURIANDČĺãNAPURAININSCRIPTIONS+AND+ THUSCONÎRMING&INOTÁS EARLIERIDENTIÎCATIONOF3AMBOR0REI+UKWITHČĺãNAPURA(OWEVER BASEDONHISOWN RESEARCHANDASSUMINGTHAT0RASAT3AMBOR 0RASAT9EAI0OEUN 0RASAT4AO ANDNEARBY SANCTUARIESFORMEDÀUNENSEMBLEPUREMENTRELIGIEUXÁIEASITECONTAININGEXCLU SIVELYRELIGIOUSSTRUCTURES #²D›SAGREEDWITH'OLOUBEWINSITUATINGTHEANCIENT CITYOFČĺãNAPURAWITHINTHEMOAT SURROUNDEDAREA#²D›S   3TUDIESOFTHESITECONDUCTEDTHEREAFTERINCLUDEARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATION SURVEYSBY"ERNARD 0HILIPPE'ROSLIERINTHES ASERIESOFICONOGRAPHICCOMPARA TIVESTUDIESBETWEEN)NDIANAND+HMERARTS"œNISTI)NDORF ADISCUSSION OFWATERMANAGEMENTVAN,IERE ANDEPIGRAPHICSTUDIES*ACQUES  6ICKERY      ,OCATIONOFTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK3ITE 4HESITEISLOCATEDONTHEWESTBANKOFTHE3EN2IVER ATRIBUTARYOFTHE4ONLE 3AP2IVER WHICHÏOWSSOUTHWARDINGENTLECURVES4HE3EN2IVERORIGINATESFROMTHE SOUTHSIDEOFTHE$ANGREK-OUNTAINS ANDALONGITSWATERSHEDLAYLARGE SCALE+HMER MONUMENTSSUCHAS0REAH6IHEAR .EAK"UOS AND+OH+ER ASWELLASNUMEROUS

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 2ECENTLY "œNISTIÁSMANYWORKS ORIGINALLYPUBLISHEDINTHEBEFEO and !RTS!SIATIQUES WERE TRANSLATEDINTO%NGLISHANDPUBLISHED"œNISTI 

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SMALLERSTRUCTURES&IG )TISEASYTOIMAGINEHOWTHE3EN2IVERHADSERVEDASA MAJORTRANSPORTATIONROUTEINTHEPAST4OTHEWESTOFTHE3EN2IVERANDNEARTHE MONUMENTSSPREADSABACKMARSHAREATHATISABOUTKMWIDE)NADDITIONTOTHE LARGESWAMPCALLED"OEUNG#HEA+AY THEAREAISENTIRELYCOVEREDBYPADDYÎELDS &URTHERWESTOFTHELOWLAND THEREISAPLATEAUABOUTMHIGHERTHANTHELOWLAND 4HEMAJORMONUMENTSSTANDONTHISPLATEAU

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Wat Phu THAILAND

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Banteay Chhmar Neak Buos

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Royal Road e

Preah Khan v Ancient Road i

R

n

e CAMBODIA S

Prasat Andet Sambor Prei Kuk

&IGURE$ISTRIBUTIONOFTHEMAJOR+HMERSITES

4HEENTIRETYOFTHESITEISSITUATEDONAGENTLEINCLINEFROMNORTHTOSOUTH IN ARELATIVELYÏATAREAATANALTITUDEOFMTOM!SMALLRIVERCALLED/+ROU+E ÏOWSSOUTHWARDTHROUGHTHECENTEROFTHESITE4WOSMALLRIVERSMERGETOFORMTHE/ +ROU+E2IVERTOWARDTHENORTHERNPARTOFTHESITE WHICHÏOWSTHROUGHAM DEEP VALLEYÏOORDOWNSTREAMOFTHECONÏUENCE4HERIVERÏOWSTAGNATESNEARTHECENTER OFTHESITE ANDFORMSA6 SHAPEDSWAMPDURINGTHERAINYSEASON&URTHERSOUTH THE RIVERÏOWSINTOTHEBACKMARSHOFTHE3EN2IVER4HECOURSEOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVER SPLITSTHESITEINTOTWOSPECIÎCZONESWHICHWEWILLHERECALLTHEÀTEMPLEZONEÁAND THEÀMOATEDCITYZONEÁ3EVERALVESTIGESOFDIKESRESEMBLINGDAMSWEREIDENTIÎEDIN DIRECTIONSPERPENDICULARTOTHERIVER ANDARECTANGULARWATERTANKMEASURINGM SOUTH EASTANDMNORTH SOUTHFORSTORAGEOFTHISRIVERWATERISLOCATEDATTHEEAST SIDEOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK

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$ISTRIBUTIONOF.EWLY$OCUMENTED3TRUCTURES 2ECENTAERIALPHOTOGRAPHSSHOWVESTIGESOFTHESAMEMOATTHATWASDISCOV EREDBY'OLOUBEWINTHEFIRSTHALFOFTHETWENTIETHCENTURY The Sambor Prei +UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCONDUCTEDSURVEYSOFTHEAREASINSIDEANDOUTSIDETHE MOAT BUTTHESEWEREHAMPEREDBYTHEDENSEFORESTANDBYFLOODSDURINGTHERAINY season. Consequently adequate surveys must still be conducted in these areas. "ESIDES WHEREASAPEDESTRIANSURVEYWASSYSTEMATICALLYCONDUCTEDINSIDETHE MOAT THESURVEYOFTHEAREAOUTSIDETHEMOATCONSISTEDONLYOFINTERVIEWSWITH LOCALRESIDENTS4HEREFORE WECANEXPECTTHATFURTHERSURVEYSWILLREVEALMORE archaeological vestiges. Parmentier labelled the brick sanctuaries at Sambor Prei Kuk based on a REPARTITIONINDIFFERENTGROUPS ASFOLLOWS#TO#FORTHESHRINESOFTHEÀ#ENTRAL 'ROUPÁCENTEREDAROUND0RASAT4AO.TO.FORTHEONESOFTHEÀ.ORTHERN'ROUPÁ CENTEREDAROUND0RASAT3AMBORANDNORTHOFTHISTEMPLEINCLUDING0RASAT3ANDAN  3TO3FORTHEONESOFTHEÀ3OUTHERN'ROUPÁCENTEREDAROUND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN  AND:TO: 4 5 6 9AND7FORTHESHRINESLOCATEDINTHESURROUNDINGSOFTHE THREEMAINGROUPS!DDITIONALLY THESANCTUARIESOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND 0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAKWERENUMBERED+TO+AND,TO,4HESENUMBERSARE STILLWIDELYUSEDTODAY(OWEVER INTHISSTUDY SINCENUMEROUSSTRUCTURESHAVE BEENNEWLYIDENTIFIED WEHAVEGIVENANEWSERIALNUMBERWITHAN-PREFIXTO BOTHTHENEWSTRUCTURESANDTHEPREVIOUSLY LABELLEDONES.OTETHATSTRUCTURES KNOWNBEFORE$ECEMBERWERENUMBEREDSYSTEMATICALLYFROMNORTHEASTTO SOUTHWEST BUTTHOSEDISCOVEREDAFTERTHATDATEWERENUMBEREDINTHEORDERIN WHICHTHEYWEREIDENTIFIED 0ARMENTIERÁSREPORT WHICHISWIDELYACCEPTEDASTHEMOSTCOMPREHENSIVE ACCOUNTOF3AMBOR0REI+UKTEMPLES DOCUMENTSSEVENTY TWOSTRUCTURESATTWENTY SEVENSITES0ARMENTIER (OWEVER OURSTUDYIDENTIFIEDADDITIONALSITES INSIDEANDOUTSIDETHEREGION REACHINGATOTALOFSITESRECORDEDATPRESENT &IG )NTHISPAPER EACHCOMPLEXISCOUNTEDASONEARCHAEOLOGICALSITEREGARD LESSOFWHETHERITCORRESPONDSTOASINGLESANCTUARY ORITISCOMPOSEDOFMULTIPLE STRUCTURES3INCEACLUSTEROFTOWERSISNOTALWAYSENCLOSEDBYAWALLORAMOAT IT ISSOMETIMESDIFFICULTTODETERMINEWETHERITISASERIESOFINDEPENDENTSANCTU ARIESORAGROUPOFSANCTUARIESFORMINGASINGLERELIGIOUSCOMPLEX!SARULE STRUC TURESSTANDINGNEXTTOEACHOTHERALONGTHESAMEDIRECTIONALAXISARECONSIDERED ASCOMPOSINGASINGLEENTITY!LTOGETHER ATOTALOFSTRUCTURESANDVESTIGESOF STRUCTURES INCLUDINGTHOSEALREADYDOCUMENTED HAVEBEENRECORDEDTODATEAT 3AMBOR0REI+UK!NUMBEROFSITESWITHVESTIGESOFDIKESANDCLEARLYMAN MADE CONSTRUCTIONWORKHAVEALSOBEENIDENTIFIED

 7EUSEDTHEAERIALPHOTOGRAPHS&INNMAPTOOKINMAINLY23  ANDSOME PHOTOGRAPHSDATINGBACKTO

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Andong Krohoeuch M.127 M.123 M.122 (N: 2.70, W:1.69km) (1.77km) (0.67km) (0.27km) M.128 (2.98km)

M.130 (N: 1.32, E: 2.83km) M.126 M.55 Legend M.133 M.125 (N: 0.45, E: 4.59km) M.129 (N: 0.06, E: 1.88km)

M.10 previously known site Channe M. 107 newly documented site 54 l M.54 road and path M.131 river and channel boundary of upland M.132 pond (0.58km) M.56 swamp M.52 Srah Sran M.51

M.53 M.57 Robang Romeas M.7 M.111

e M.8

K M.3 u

53 o

Kr M.58 M.59 O M.4 Anlong Chambork M.45

M.46 M.9 M.12 M.1 (1.80km) M.47 M.44 M.10 M.11 M.60 M.48 M.61 M.13 M.96 M.95 M.62 M.49 M.16 M.65 M.63 M.14 M.94 M.50 M.17 M.93 M.66 M.31 Channel M.104 M.117 M.64 M.18 M.15 M.105 M.119 M.68 M.118 M.67 M.70 M.27 M.103 M.69 Cheay M.97 M.92 M.71 M.29 M.28 M.19 M.73 M.30 M.20 Village M.106 M.91 M.72 (2.2km) M.98 M.77 M.74 M.32 M.21 M.2 M.99 M.78 M.33 M. 116 Causeway M.120 M.79 M.75 M.34 /00 M.22 Kompong Chhuteal M.107 M.100 M.76 M.35

52 M.89 M.36 M.026 M.102 M.90 M.80 12/ M.108 M.37 Boeng Klakaic Moa M.82 M.38 M.83 M.24 M.23 M.121 M.101 M.40 M.84 M.81 M.39 M.25 M.110 M.85 M.109 M.86 M.87 M.88 M.115 M.41 Boeung Chea Kay M.5 M.6 M.124 M.42 N Vat Maha 012km (S: 1.11, W: 3.25km) M.43 M.113 (S: 2.25, W: 0.33km) 105/01/00 02 03 04 M.112 M.114 (S: 1.88, W: 0.09km) (3.26km)

&IGURE!RCHAEOLOGICALSITEOF3AMBOR0REI+UK

4HENEWLYDOCUMENTEDSANCTUARIESAREDISTRIBUTEDOVERANAREASPREADING APPROXIMATELYKMINTHENORTH SOUTHDIRECTIONANDKMINTHEEAST WEST direction.7ITHINTHISAREA MORETHANPERCENTOFTHESTRUCTURESARECONCEN TRATEDBETWEENLATITUDE.mĻļTO.mĻļAPPROXKM ANDLONGITUDE %mĻļTO%mĻļAPPROXKM  7HILEMOSTOFTHESTRUCTURESDOCUMENTEDTODATEARERESTRICTEDTOTHEAREA CENTEREDONTHENORTH CENTRAL ANDSOUTHGROUPSTHATFORMENCLOSEDTEMPLES THE NEWLYDOCUMENTEDSTRUCTURESAREDISTRIBUTEDOVERAWIDERAREAINALLDIRECTIONS 

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BUTESPECIALLYINTHEWESTERNMOATEDCITYZONE WHICHWILLBEDESCRIBEDINDETAIL later. Many of the structures are in an advanced stage of collapse and hidden among SHRUBS SOITWOULDHAVEBEENDIFFICULTTOFINDTHEMWITHOUTASYSTEMATICSURVEY PLAN(OWEVER MOSTOFTHESEARCHAEOLOGICALVESTIGESWEREKNOWNTOTHELOCAL RESIDENTSAND INMORERECENTYEARS THEREHAVEBEENMANYCASESOFTHEFT)NTHIS RESPECT THEMAJORITYOFTHESTRUCTURESWERENOTNEWLYDISCOVERED BUTSIMPLYNEWLY DOCUMENTED-OSTOFTHEMAREMADEOFBRICK ALTHOUGHSOMEMAKEUSEOFLATERITE $UETOTHEIRSTATEOFCOLLAPSE THECONFIGURATIONOFTHEIRUPPERSTRUCTURESCANNOTBE readily determined. According to a classification of the preservation conditions of THESTRUCTURES SIXTEENAREPRESERVEDUPTOTHETOPOFTHEROOF SIXTEENHALFWAY UPTOTHEROOF THREEUPTOTHEBOTTOMOFTHEROOF TWELVEUPTOTHETOPOFTHEWALLS  SIXTEENHALFWAYUPTOTHEWALLS ANDEIGHTUPTOTHEBOTTOMPORTIONOFTHEWALLS !LLTHESESEVENTY ONESTRUCTURESDISPLAYACLEARGROUNDPLAN4HEREMAINDERHAVE TURNEDTORUBBLEMOUNDS BUTPARTOFTHEWALLSREMAINSEXPOSEDINFOURTY SIXCASES !DDITIONALLY INSIXTY TWOSTRUCTURES NOWALLSAREVISIBLE BUTSANDSTONEARCHITEC TURALCOMPONENTSLAYSCATTEREDINTHEIRVICINITY)NTHEOTHERS NOSANDSTONE ELEMENTSAREVISIBLE BUTBRICKANDLATERITEELEMENTSLAYSCATTEREDAROUNDTHE MOUNDSANDINTHEIRVICINITY&URTHERMORE THEEXISTENCEOFELEVENSANCTUARIESCAN be deduced from small mounds that are situated symmetrically to the sanctuaries THATLIEWITHINENCLOSURES ALTHOUGHTHEREARENOBUILDINGMATERIALSVISIBLE)NALL CASES THEFOOTINGOFTHEWALLSORPLATFORMWILLPROBABLYAPPEARWHENTHEDEPOSITED dirt and scattered bricks forming the mound are removed. 'ENERALLAYOUTOFTHESITE 4HEEASTBANKOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVERISANAREAINWHICHENCLOSEDTEMPLESAND WELL PRESERVEDSTRUCTURESARECONCENTRATED4HISISTHEAREATHATWASPREVIOUSLYIDENTI ÎEDASTHE3AMBOR0REI+UKMONUMENTGROUP)TISNOTKNOWNWHETHERTHEÀSACRED AREAÁCOMPOSEDOFACONCENTRATIONOFTEMPLESWASDELIMITEDBYDISTINCTBORDERSIN THEPAST(OWEVER FORDESCRIPTIVEPURPOSES THEAREASPREADINGLATERALLYFROMTHE/ +ROU+E2IVERTOTHEEASTERNEDGEOFTHEPLATEAU ANDLONGITUDINALLYFROMTHEVESTIGE OFAWATERCHANNELFEDBY!NLONG#HAMBORKTOTHESOUTHERNGROUPOFTEMPLESIS DEÎNEDASÀTHETEMPLEZONEÁ4HE-TOWER WHICHISLOCATEDINTHELOWLANDAREA EASTOFTHEPLATEAU ISCONSIDEREDASBELONGINGTOTHETEMPLEZONE BECAUSEOFITS CLOSEPROXIMITYTOTHEPLATEAU 4OTHEEASTOFTHETEMPLEZONE ACAUSEWAYSTRETCHESBETWEENTHETEMPLEZONE ANDTHE3EN2IVER ANDTHEREARESEVERALINDEPENDENTSANCTUARIESINTHELOWLAND A number of structures have also been identified in the areas to the north and SOUTHOFTHETEMPLEZONE BUTTHEYARESMALLUNITSCOMPOSEDOFSINGLEORMULTIPLE TOWERS ANDARENOTSTRUCTURESTHATCOMPOSEALARGEENCLOSEDTEMPLECOMPLEX 0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAKARELOCATEDUPSTREAMOFTHE/ +ROU+E2IVER ONITSWESTBANK ANDANUMBEROFSTRUCTURESARESCATTEREDFURTHER to the north of these temples.

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/NTHEWESTBANKOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVERLIESTHEÀMOATEDCITYZONEÁ'OLOUBEW ÎRSTSPOTTED4HISAREAISDENSELYPOPULATEDWITHNUMEROUSRECTANGULARPONDS&URTHER TOTHEWEST THEREISALSOSLIGHTLYELEVATEDLANDWITHNUMEROUSCERAMICFRAGMENTS SCATTERED ASWELLASMOUNDSOFSTRUCTURESWITHBRICKSSCATTEREDINTHEIRVICINITY )N THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTEXCAVATEDTHESLIGHTLYELEVATED LAND PRESENTLYOCCUPIEDBYTHEVILLAGEOF#HEY ANDFOUNDASOILLAYERCONTAINING ANACCUMULATIONOF+HMERCERAMICFRAGMENTS3HIMAMOTO 4HEPROJECTALSO IDENTIÎEDSEVERALSTRUCTURESINAVASTAREADOTTEDWITHPONDSLOCATEDTOTHESOUTH OFTHEMOATEDCITYZONE"ASEDONTHESETRACES WECANPOSTULATETHATFARMLANDAND settlements lay outside of the moat.

N31-1 N31-2 N31-3 N31-4 N31-5 M.9 N31-6 N31-7

Channe N32-1 l N32-2 M. 44 M.11 N32-3 M.12(N24) N32-4

M.10(N21) e K

u

ro K M.13 O N20-1 N20-2 N20-3(N20)

M.14(N19)

N37 N38-3

M.17(N18) M.15 N16-1(N16) M.18 M.16(N17) N15(N15) N16-2(N16 bis)

C7-4

M.31 M.27 C7-1 C9-3 C7-2(C7) C9-1 C9-2 C7-3

M.29 M.28 N36 N34 Causeway

M.30(C6) M.19(N23)

M.20(Prasat Sambor)

M.21(N22)

N38-2 N35 Boeng Klakaic Moa M.32 M. 116 Causeway

M.33(C2)

M.34(C3) M.22(S12)

M.35(C4) M.36(C5)

M.37 M.26 (Prasat Tao) M.23

dike Causeway M.38

M.39 N (Y) M.25(S13) M.40 Z3 Z4 Z1(Z) Z2 Z5 M.24 (Prasat Yeai Poeun) 0 1km

Legend / shrine (good/poor condition) enclosure wall bush boundary of upland M.10/ M.11 site No. (previously known/newly documented site) tank pond earthen bank N.20-3 (N.20) new shrine No. / (previous No. by H. Parmentier)

&IGURE4HEÀ4EMPLE:ONEÁOF3AMBOR0REI+UK

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4HEFOLLOWINGSECTIONSPRESENTANOVERVIEWOFTHETEMPLEANDMOATEDCITY ZONES FOCUSINGONTHENEWLYDOCUMENTEDSTRUCTURES 4EMPLEZONE 4HETEMPLEZONE ASMENTIONEDABOVE FORMSTHEÀSACREDAREAÁOFTHEWHOLESITE Not only are the three large compound temples representative of the monuments LOCATEDINTHISZONE BUTTHEREAREALSOANUMBEROFSMALLTEMPLESWITHENCLOSURES ANDNUMEROUSINDEPENDENTSANCTUARIES&IG 3EVERALSANCTUARIESHAVEBEENNEWLY DOCUMENTEDINTHISZONEBYTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT ANDTRACES OFENCLOSUREWALLSANDPONDSRELATEDTOPREVIOUSLY KNOWNSTRUCTURESHAVEALSOBEEN IDENTIÎED /NEOFTHENEWDISCOVERIESISTHEEXISTENCEOFANOUTERENCLOSINGWALLFORMING ASQUAREPLANMEASURINGMONEACHSIDEAT0RASAT3AMBOR4HEDISCOVERYOFTHIS ENCLOSINGWALLREVEALSTHATTHECOMPLEXHASATRIPLEENCLOSURE4HESOLIDLINESIN &IGAREWHERETHEBRICKWALLSTILLSTANDS ANDTHEDOTTEDLINESAREWHERETHEREARE NOSUBSTANTIALTRACESATPRESENT EXCEPTFORINTERMITTENTSTRUCTURES4HELAYOUTOF 0RASAT3AMBORSHOWSTHATTHEINNERENCLOSUREISSHIFTEDTOTHEEASTINRELATIONTO THEGEOMETRICCENTEROFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSURE ANDTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREISSHIFTED to the southeast in relation to the geometric center of the outer enclosure. This ARRANGEMENTISSPECIÎCTO0RASAT3AMBORASCOMPAREDTOTHEÀSTANDARDÁLAYOUTOF +HMERTEMPLESWITHENCLOSURES WHERETHECENTRALSANCTUARYISPOSITIONEDEITHER RIGHTINTHECENTERORSLIGHTLYTOWARDTHEREAROFTHETEMPLE4HEDISCOVERYOFTHIS OUTERENCLOSUREIMPLIESTHATTHESANCTUARIES- - - - AND-STOOD WITHINTHE0RASAT3AMBORCOMPOUND!MONGTHOSESTRUCTURES THE.TOWERINSITE -ANDTHE-TOWERAREARRANGEDINPRECISESYMMETRYTOEACHOTHERACROSSTHE EAST WESTMAINAXIS 7HILETHESURVEYSREVEALEDANUMBEROFNEWSTRUCTURES THEYALSOSHOWTHAT SOMEPREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTEDSTRUCTURESHADDETERIORATEDDUETOBOMBINGDURING THE6IETNAM7AR4HESTRUCTURESTHAT0ARMENTIERLABELLED.AND.BISHAVEBOTH COMPLETELYCOLLAPSED ANDWEFOUNDNOTRACEWHATSOEVEROFTHESTRUCTURESLABELLED 4 5 AND6 4HETEMPLEZONEISLOCATEDONTHEEASTENDOFTHEPLATEAU BUTTWOLONG STRAIGHT LEVEESHAVEBEENIDENTIÎEDINTHELOWLANDFURTHEREASTOFTHEPLATEAU3INCETHEY ORIGINATEFROMTHEEASTGATESOF0RASAT3AMBORAND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN THEYWERE

 4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCREATEDASYSTEMATICINVENTORYOFTHEMONUMENTS AT3AMBOR0REI+UKWHICHINCLUDESLOCATION CONDITION LAYOUT SIZE INSCRIPTIONS DECORATIVE OBJECTS ANDPHOTOGRAPHS

0ARMENTIERRECORDEDTHATTHESETHREESTRUCTURES4 5 AND6WERELOCATEDNEARTHE/+ROU+E 2IVER(OWEVER HEDIDNOTINVESTIGATETHESESTRUCTURESHIMSELFANDMENTIONEDTHEMBASED ONDATAPROVIDEDTOHIMBYAFORESTRYINSPECTORCALLED!SSIER0ARMENTIER   )TIS POSSIBLETHAT!SSIERÁSREPORTWASINACCURATE

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PROBABLYCAUSEWAYSLEADINGTOTHETWOTEMPLES!NOTHERLEVEEABOUTMLONGRUNS IMMEDIATELYTOTHENORTHOFANDINPARALLELTOTHECAUSEWAYTO0RASAT9EAI0OEUN 4HEREARENOCLEARVESTIGESOFACAUSEWAYTOTHEEASTOF0RASAT4AO-OSTOFTHE AREAHASBEENCLEAREDFORPADDYÎELDS(OWEVER ASHORTLEVEEEXTENDSFROMTHESOUTH WESTCORNEROFTHERECTANGULARRESERVOIRAPPROXMEASTTOWEST MNORTHTO SOUTH CALLED"OENG+LAKAIC-OA LOCATEDBETWEENTHENORTHANDSOUTHCAUSEWAYS AND ANOTHERLEVEEEXTENDSOUTWARDTOTHEEASTFROMTHEENDOFTHEPLATEAU4HESELEVEES COULDBETRACESOFTHECAUSEWAYTO0RASAT4AO-OREOVER THEAXISLINEANGLEOFTHE LEVEEREMAINSCORRESPONDSTOTHEMAINAXISOF0RASAT4AO WHICHISROTATEDmĻ in the COUNTERCLOCKWISEDIRECTIONFROMTHETRUEEAST WESTAXIS3INCENOTRACESOFALEVEEEXIST ONTHEEASTSIDEOFTHERESERVOIR THECAUSEWAYPROBABLYORIGINATEDFROMTHERESERVOIR 4HEREAREVESTIGESOFAWATERCHANNELEXTENDINGAPPROXIMATELYKMTOWARD THESOUTHEASTDIRECTIONFROMTHENORTHERNPARTOFTHETEMPLEZONE4HECHANNEL RECEIVESWATERFROMTHE/+ROU+E2IVERAT!NLONG#HAMBORK ANDSTRETCHESTO THE3EN2IVER&IG 0ARTOFTHEWATERCHANNELDISAPPEARSWHEREITMERGESWITH RICEPADDIESANDWETLANDS BUTINRELATIVELYWELL PRESERVEDPLACES ITISABOUTM WIDEANDMDEEP&IG 4HECAUSEWAYSOF0RASAT3AMBORAND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN EXTENDMORETHANKMTOTHEEASTFROMTHETEMPLECOMPLEX ANDDISAPPEARINTO THEPADDYFIELDSNEARTHEWESTSIDEOFTHEWATERCHANNEL3INCETHEREARENOTRACES OFTHECAUSEWAYSONTHEEASTSIDEOFTHEWATERCHANNEL WECANSPECULATETHATTHE TWOCAUSEWAYSONLYEXTENDEDUPTOTHECHANNEL)FSO THISMEANSITWASPOSSIBLE TOAPPROACHTHETWOTEMPLESFROMTHE3EN2IVER VIATHEWATERCHANNELANDLEVEE LIKECAUSEWAYS

03010 20 40 (m)

0

-1 Section A (West) -2

-3

-4

-5

-6

0

-1 Section B (East) -2

-3

-4

-5 &IGURE3ECTIONSOFTHEWATER -6 (m) CHANNELFROMTHE/+ROU+E2IVER TOTHE3EN2IVER

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4HE3EN2IVERÏOWSINTOTHESOUTHERNENDOFTHE4ONLE3AP THROUGHTHE4ONLE 3AP2IVER ANDINTOTHE-EKONG2IVER)TISCOMMONLYSPECULATEDTHATTHEDOWNFALLOF &UNANWASDUETOAGRADUALSHIFTOFTHESOUTHERNSEASTRADEROUTEAWAYFROMTHEMAJOR PORTSALONGTHECOASTSOFTHELOWER-EKONG2IVER(OWEVER THISMAYNOTMEANTHAT :HENLAWASCUTOլFROMFOREIGNTRADEWRITTENACCOUNTSMENTIONTHATČĺãNAVARMAN)  THEKINGWHOBUILTTHECITY SENTENVOYSTOTHE#HINESE%MPERORÎVETIMES WHICH IMPLIESTHATHEAIMEDTOESTABLISHREGULARINTERACTIONSWITHFOREIGNCOUNTRIES)TIS THUSREASONABLETOSPECULATETHATTHEFRONTENTRANCETOTHECAPITALOF:HENLAWAS DELIBERATELYDESIGNEDTOIMPRESSFOREIGNVISITORS)FWATERTRANSPORTTHROUGHTHE 3EN2IVERWASTHELIKELYMAINROUTETOČĺãNAPURA APPROACHINGTHEANCIENTCITYFROM THE3EN2IVERMEANTAPPROACHINGTHEFRONTENTRANCETOTHECITY)NOTHERWORDS THE LONGCAUSEWAYSAND0RASAT3AMBORAND0RASAT9EAI0OEUNMAYHAVEBEENDESIGNED TOGIVEAMAGNIÎCENTAPPEARANCETOTHECAPITALOF:HENLA -OATEDCITYZONE /NTHEWESTBANKOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVERLIESAROUGHLYSQUAREAREAENCLOSEDBY AMOATONITSWEST NORTHANDSOUTHSIDES SLIGHTLYROTATEDCOUNTER CLOCKWISE&IG  4ODAY THEMOATDRIESUPTOWARDTHEENDOFTHEDRYSEASONANDÎLLSUPDURINGTHERAINY SEASON4HEWESTSIDEISKMLONG ANDTHENORTHSIDEKM4HESOUTHSIDEIS ALSOAPPROXIMATELYKMLONGANDROUGHLYSIMILARTOTHEOTHERSIDES WITHITSEASTERN

M. 046 M.009 LegendLegend M.011 A M. 044 044 M. 047 M.012 B M.060 M. 048 contourscontours (1m(1m interval) M.0 M.061 M A' M.095 M. 049 M.016 M.096 M.062 bushbush M.014 M.094 M.050 M.017 M.014 B' M.064 M.063 M.017 channel M.031 M.093 M.104 M.065 M.018 M.117 swampM.018swamp C' M.066 C M.119 M.067 M.118 M.105 M.027 M.092 M.068 M.027 M.069 pondpond and and moat M.097 M.070 M.028 M.028 M.020 M.103 M.071 M.030 M.091 M.020(N M.073 M.106 M.098 parcel pattern M.072 parcel pattern(N侉@) M.099 M.077 M.074 M. 116 M.078 M. 116 M.075 M.120 M.079 M.076 archaeologicalarchaeological site site M.100 M.089 M.107 M.080 M.026 M.026(C M.108 M.090 dikedike M.102 dike (C侉@)

M.083 M.082

e M.024 D' M.121 riverriver M.101 M.084 M.024(S M.081 K D M.039 M.025 M.085 M.025(S侉@) M.086 rou

M.110 K M.087 O

M.109 M.088 t road

M.041 ancien E'

N E 0 1 2km

&IGURE4HEÀ#ITY:ONEÁOF3AMBOR0REI+UK

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ENDREACHINGTHE/+ROU+E4HETHREESIDESOFTHEMOATARENOTPERPENDICULARTOEACH OTHER4HENORTHSIDEISROTATEDmĻANDTHESOUTHSIDEmĻCOUNTERCLOCKWISE FROMTHETRUEEAST WESTAXIS ANDTHEWESTSIDEISROTATEDmĻCOUNTERCLOCKWISE FROMTHETRUENORTH SOUTHAXIS 4HEEASTENDOFTHENORTHSIDEOFTHEMOATCONNECTSWITHASLIGHTLYMEANDERING WATERCHANNELÏOWINGSOUTHWARD4HEWATERINTHECHANNELÏOWSFROMNORTHTOSOUTH DURINGTHERAINYSEASON4HECHANNELCROSSESANUMBEROFPONDSUPSTREAM ANDÏOWS CLOSETOSEVERALSTRUCTURES!PPROXIMATELYMDOWNSTREAM THECHANNELÏOWSINTO ASWAMPTHATRECEIVESWATERFROMTHE/+ROU+E2IVER4HERIVERRESUMESITSÏOW FROMTHESOUTHSIDEOFTHESWAMP CONNECTSWITHTHEEASTENDOFTHESOUTHSIDEOFTHE MOAT ANDÏOWSFURTHERSOUTHWARD)NOTHERWORDS THEEASTSIDEOFTHECITYISPARTLY BORDEREDBYAWATERCHANNELINTHENORTHANDBYASWAMPANDANATURALRIVERINTHE SOUTH SOALLFOURSIDESOFTHECITYAREINEլECTENCLOSEDBYWATER !LOWDIKERUNSALONGTHEINSIDEOFTHEMOAT)NSOMEPARTS ITHASALREADY BEENCLEAREDANDISPARTOFTHEPADDYÎELD"ECAUSEOFTHEEROSIONOFTHEDIKEANDTHE SEDIMENTATIONOFTHECOLLAPSEDDIRT ITISDIխCULTTORESTORETHEORIGINALSTRUCTUREOF THEMOAT(OWEVER ITISESTIMATEDTOHAVEBEENAPPROXIMATELYMWIDE ANDTHE DIKEAPPROXIMATELYMWIDE&IG )NRELATIVELYWELL PRESERVEDPLACES THEMOATIS ABOUTMDEEPANDTHEDIKEMHIGH4HEREFORE THEDIլERENCEINHEIGHTFROMTHE BOTTOMOFTHEMOATTOTHETOPOFTHEDIKEDOESNOTEXCEEDM.OBRICK LATERITE  or sandstone masonry elements have been found around the dike. A boring survey THROUGHTHEMOATFAILEDTOREVEALANYEMBANKMENTSTRUCTURES)NOTHER0RE !NGKORIAN CITIESSUCHAS!NGKOR"OREI3TARKet al. ANDĹRESTHAPURA3ANTONIet al. A BRICKENCLOSUREWASFOUND!T"ANTEAI0REI.OKOR ASITEIDENTIÎEDASTHEANCIENTCITYOF )NDRAPURA ADIKESTRUCTUREMADEOFCOMPACTEDSOILMIXEDWITHLATERITECHIPSLINEDTHE INSIDEOFTHEMOAT#OMPAREDTOTHESECITIES ČĺãNAPURAWASMORESIMPLYCONSTRUCTED #²D›SMENTIONSTHATTHECITYHADADOUBLEMOATANDINDEED THEREAPPEARSTOBEA series of several long trenches on the inner side of the dike.(OWEVER SUCHTRACESARE LIMITEDTOONLYASMALLPORTION ANDNOCLEAREVIDENCEOFANOUTERMOATHASBEENFOUND Such a simple enclosure does not seem to serve the purpose of protecting the CITY WHICHSUGGESTSTHATČĺãNAPURAWASCREATEDWITHINAMORESTABLEENVIRONMENT THANOTHER+HMERCITIES)NSTEAD THEMOATMAYHAVEBEENUSEDTOSTOREWATERDURING THERAINYSEASON"ESIDES ITSSQUAREFORMMAYALSOREÏECTANATTEMPTATACTUALISING COSMOLOGICALCONCEPTSBORROWEDFROMACULTURENEWLYINTRODUCEDINTHEROYALCITY There has been little documentation of structures inside the moat./URRESEARCH DISCOVEREDATOTALOFÎFTY SIXSITESCONSISTINGOFEIGHTY TWOSANCTUARIES5NLIKETHOSE INTHETEMPLEZONE THESTRUCTURESINSIDETHEMOATDONOTFORMTEMPLESWITHMULTIPLE

!LTHOUGH#²D›SMENTIONSÀUNEGRANDEENCEINTEDOUBLEÁIEADOUBLEMOAT HEDIDNOTEXPLAIN THEEVIDENCE#²D›S  

)NTHEMOATEDCITYZONE 0ARMENTIERONLYMENTIONS0RASAT2OUSEI2OLIEK0ARMENTIER .

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ENCLOSURESWHERESANCTUARIESARECONCENTRICALLYANDCENTRIPETALLYARRANGED4HEYARE MOSTLYINDEPENDENTSANCTUARIES ALTHOUGHTHEREARESOMECASESOFMULTIPLESTRUCTURES FORMINGATEMPLECOMPLEX4HISISTHECASEWITH- - - - - -  - - - - - - - AND-3OMEAREENCLOSEDBYAWALL - - ORSURROUNDEDBYAMOAT- - - - ANDONEHASALEVEE RESEMBLINGACAUSEWAYATTACHEDTOITSEASTSIDE- !NARTIFACTCOLLECTIONSURVEY IDENTIÎEDCLUSTERSOFROOFTILESINSEVERALPLACES MAKINGITHIGHLYPROBABLETHATTHE CITYHADAPALACEANDOխCIALFACILITIESCONSTRUCTEDOFWOOD3HIMAMOTOet al.  -OSTOFTHESTRUCTURESAREINASTATEOFSEVERECOLLAPSE ANDSANDSTONEELEMENTS WITHENGRAVEDDECORATIONSLAYSCATTEREDAROUNDTHEM3OMEOFTHEENGRAVEDELEMENTS DISPLAYADECORATIVESTYLEFROMTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD !LARGEAREAOFTHEMOATEDCITYZONEISÏOODEDDURINGTHERAINYSEASON)N ADRYERAREA ATTHEEASTERNSIDE ACONCENTRATIONOFSTUCTURESCANBEFOUNDINTHE VICINITYOFPRESENTDAYVILLAGEOF/+ROU+E(OWEVER SOMESTRUCTURESAREDISTRIBUTED WIDELYTHROUGHOUTTHEENTIRECITYANDWECANASSUMETHATSOMEFORMOFDRAINAGEOR IRRIGATIONSYSTEMMIGHTHAVEEXISTEDINTHEPASTINORDERTOSUSTAINURBANACTIVITIES WITHINTHEWHOLEPERIMETER A number of small roads cross the city moat and dike. They are irregularly distributed and are mostly crude paths. They are probably recently built for the use OFTHELOCALCOMMUNITY!NEXCEPTIONISAVESTIGEOFABRIDGE LIKEDIKEINTHEMIDDLE

+1m Section A 0m

-1m outside inside

+1m Section B 0m

-1m

+1m Section C 0m

-1m

+1m Section D 0m

-1m

+1m

0m Section E -1m

0 100m

&IGURE3ECTIONSOFTHEMOATANDENCLOSUREOFTHECITYOFČĺãNAPURA

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OFTHEWESTSIDE LINKINGTHEAREASINSIDETHECITYTOTHEOUTSIDE4HESTRUCTURE seems to have been built at the same time as the moat. The section crossing the MOATISAPPROXIMATELYMLONG&URTHERON ITBECOMESAROADHEADINGSOUTHWEST THATSEPARATESINTWOAFTERM4HEFIRSTBRANCHHEADSSOUTHEASTANDDISAPPEARS NEARTHENORTHEASTSIDEOFTHEPONDATTACHEDTO6AT-AHA4EMPLEKMAWAY 4HEOTHERBRANCHHEADSSOUTH PASSESNORTHOF+OMPONG4HOMANDTHENBENDS TOTHENORTHWEST&ROMTHENON LINEARTRACESOFTHEROADCANBEIDENTIFIEDALLTHE WAYTOTHE!NGKORAREA&IG /URFIELDSURVEYSREVEALEDTHATSOMEOFTHETRACES CORRESPONDTOALEVEEABOUTMWIDE WHILEOTHERS NEARTHE2OLUOS2IVERINTHE !NGKORREGION CORRESPONDTOAWATERCHANNELTHATEXTENDSTOTHESOUTHOFTHE 7EST"ARAY4HISCHANNELISUSUALLYDATEDTOTHECONSTRUCTIONOFTHE"ARAYINTHE ELEVENTHCENTURY'ROSLIER 0OTTIER  (OWEVER CONSIDERINGTHAT ITFOLLOWSACOURSEDISTINCTFROMTHEÀROYALROADÁBUILTBY*AYAVARMAN6)) THISANCIENT ROADISMOREPROBABLYASTRUCTUREBELONGINGTOTHEPERIODINWHICHČĺãNAPURAWAS DEVELOPED3HIMODAet al.  )NTHEMOATEDCITYZONE INTHEMIDDLEOFTHEWESTDIKE WHEREITCONNECTSTO THEANCIENTROAD STANDSABRICKSTRUCTURE- CALLED0HNOM"ANDABYTHELOCAL PEOPLE!LTHOUGHTHISSTRUCTUREISCOMPLETELYCOLLAPSED ITISARELATIVELYLARGEBRICK MOUNDSOUTH NORTHMANDEAST WESTM 3UI3HU :HENLA VOLUME ONEOF SEVERAL#HINESEHISTORICALRECORDSDEALINGWITHČĺãNAPURA PROVIDESTHEMOSTDETAILED DESCRIPTIONOFTHECITY)TRECOUNTSTHATWHENSICKNESSWASWIDESPREAD EVERY-AYOR *UNE WHITEANIMALSWOULDBESACRIÎCEDTOTHEGODSATTHEOUTSIDEOFTHEÀ7ESTGATEÁ 4HISÀ7ESTGATEÁPOSSIBLYMATCHESWITHTHE-BRICKSTRUCTURE The structure of the ancient city remains unclear. A limited number of remnants WEREOBSERVEDONTHESURFACE BUTTHEBURIEDSTRUCTURESAREYETTOBEIDENTIÎED3O FAR THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTHASCARRIEDOUTASURFACECOLLECTION SURVEY3HIMAMOTOet al. ANARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONAT- ANDAVILLAGE STUDY.EEDLESSTOSAY MOREARCHAEOLOGICALSURVEYSARENECESSARYTOGAINAMEANINGFUL understanding of the site.

"OTH'ROSLIERAND0OTTIERINFERTHEDATINGOFTHISCHANNELFROMITSCONNECTIONTOTHE7EST "ARAY!DDITIONALLY0OTTIER TAKINGINTOACCOUNTHOWITINTERSECTSWITHOTHERFEATURES ESTIMATES THATITPOSTDATESANOTHERWATERCHANNELTHATEXTENDSWESTWARDFROMTHE"AKONGTEMPLEIN 2OLUOS PRESUMABLYCONSTRUCTEDATTHESAMETIMEASTHE"AKONGENDOFTHENINTHCENTURY  (OWEVER ESTIMATINGTHECONSTRUCTIONORDEROFTHESECHANNELSBASEDONLYONTHEOBSERVATION OFTHEIRINTERSECTIONWITHOTHERFEATURESISCONTROVERSIAL CONSIDERINGTHATTHECHANNELS REQUIREDPERIODICALMAINTENANCEINORDERTOREMOVESEDIMENT!NDSINCETHISWATERCHANNEL PASSESNEXTTOTHREEAREASKNOWNFORTHEIRCONCENTRATIONOF0RE !NGKORIANREMAINSSOUTHOF 2OLUOS AROUND(E0HKATEMPLE ANDINTHEWESTERNHALFOFTHE7EST"ARAY ITISQUITEPOSSIBLE THATITWASBUILTINTHESAMEPERIODASTHESEREMAINS&ORTHESEREASONS WEBELIEVETHATTHE INITIALCONSTRUCTIONOFTHECONNECTINGROADORWATERCHANNELDATESBACKTOTHE0RE !NGKORIAN PERIODANDTHATTHESETRANSPORTATIONSTRUCTURESWERERENOVATEDANDCONNECTEDDURINGALATER PERIODTONEWHYDRAULICFEATURES3HIMODAet al. 

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2EASSESSMENTOFTHEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESITE and its occupation !SMENTIONEDABOVE 3AMBOR0REI+UKHASBEENDATEDTOTHESEVENTHCENTURYON EPIGRAPHICGROUNDS!LTHOUGHRECENTDATASUPPORTTHISDATE SOMEELEMENTSALSOPOINT TOTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD4HISSECTIONWILLNOWREVIEWALLTHEAVAILABLEDATA INCLUDING SOMEOFTHEKEYFEATURESUNEARTHEDDURINGOURRECENTSURVEYS)TWILLPRESENTINSCRIP TIONS STATUES LINTELS ANDTRACESOFBUILDINGMODIÎCATION ANDWHENEVERAPPROPRIATE  DESCRIBETHEIRSPATIALDISTRIBUTION)TWILLALSODISCUSSTHEIRIMPLICATIONSREGARDING OURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHESITE PARTICULARLYINTERMSOFCHRONOLOGYOFITSOCCUPATION Inscriptions )NTHEPAST ATOTALOFTWENTY ONEINSCRIPTIONSWEREFOUNDONTHESITEBY,ECL›RE  ,UNETDE,AJONQUI›RE -ORAND 0ARMENTIERAND'OLOUBEW&INOTBEGANTHESTUDY&INOT    WHICHWASCOMPLETEDBY#²D›S#²D›S    -ORE RECENTLY#LAUDE*ACQUESAND-ICHAEL6ICKERYHAVESTUDIEDTHESEINSCRIPTIONSAGAININ THEFRAMEWORKOFTHEIRGENERALREASSESSMENTOFTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD)NADDITION  THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTRECENTLYFOUNDTWOINSCRIPTIONSINTHEMOATED CITYZONEAT-AND- ANDATHIRDONETOTHENORTHOFTHATZONEAT-  7ITHINTHEPREVIOUSLYRECORDEDTWENTY ONEINSCRIPTIONS TENWEREFOUNDAT0RASAT 9EAI0OEUN SIXAT0RASAT3AMBOR THREEAT0RASAT2OBANG2OMEAS ONEAT0RASAT3REI +RUP,EAK ANDONEAT0RASAT4RAPEANG:SHRINE0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI +RUP,EAKUNDERWENTACOMPLEXPROCESSOFCONSTRUCTIONANDRENOVATION#ONSEQUENTLY  SOMEINSCRIPTIONSAPPEARINGONTHEDOORJAMBSMAYBELONGTOTHEORIGINALMATERIAL WHICHHASBEENREUSEDINTHERENOVATIONORMAYHAVEBEENCARVEDLATERDURINGTHE RENOVATIONPROCESS0RASAT3AMBORWASALSORENOVATEDINALATERPERIODANDWEHAVE IDENTIÎEDSOMEOFTHEMATERIALSASREUSED4HEREFORETHEDATESOFTHEINSCRIPTIONSIN these temples do not necessarily directly relate to their period of construction. )NSCRIPTIONSIN0RASAT9EAI0OEUNAND0RASAT4RAPEANG 4ENINSCRIPTIONSWEREFOUNDAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUN+ + + +  + + + + + AND+4HEIRCONTENTSSUGGESTTHATTHETEMPLE WASCONSTRUCTEDDURINGTHEREIGNOFČĺãNAVARMAN)!SPECIÎCDATE ĹAKAAD  for the foundation of a LI΅GA APPEARSININSCRIPTION+CARVEDONTHEDOORJAMB OF3 !LLTHEINSCRIPTIONSINTHISTEMPLEWEREPOSSIBLYCARVEDINTHESAMEPERIOD  and no inscription postdates the seventh century. 4HREEINSCRIPTIONS+ + + CONSISTONLYOFONEWORD¿ÀPŊRVAÁ EAST ¿CARVEDONPEDESTALBLOCKS!MONGTHESIXTY FOURPEDESTALSRECORDEDBYTHE 3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT SIXBEARSIMILARWORDING

4HEPEDESTALSARELOCATEDINTHETOWERS3 3 AND3 IN0RASAT9EAI0OEUN TOWER.  IN0RASAT3AMBOR AND-INTHEMOATEDCITYZONE&IVEOFTHEMBEARÀPŊÁORÀPŊRVVAÁFOR PŊRVA EAST WHILETHEPEDESTALIN3TOWERBEARSTHEWORDÀPAĺCIMAÁWEST 

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3HRINE:AT0RASAT4RAPEANG LOCATEDWESTOF0RASAT9EAI0OEUN HASASCRAWL LIKEINSCRIPTIONSIMILARTOINSCRIPTION+FROMTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD7HILETHE SHRINEDEÎNITELYBELONGSTOTHE0RE !NGKORIANSTYLE WITHITSDECORATIVELINTELS BELONGINGTOTHE3AMBOR0REI+UKSTYLE ITISBELIEVEDTHATTHEINSCRIPTIONWASADDED much later after the initial construction of the temple. )NSCRIPTIONSAT0RASAT3AMBOR &IVEINSCRIPTIONSWEREFOUNDAT0RASAT3AMBOR+TOWER. +TOWER . +TOWER. EASTGATEOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSURE +TOWER.   AND+TOWER. 4HREEOFTHEM+ +AND+ CONTAINTHENAME ČĺãNAVARMAN)ANDMAYBECONTEMPORANEOUSWITHHISREIGN4OWER.HASCOLLAPSED ANDTHEINSCRIBEDDOORFRAMEWITHINSCRIPTION+HASBEENLOST#ONSEQUENTLYIT ISNOLONGERPOSSIBLETOCONÎM0ARMENTIERÁSSTATEMENTTHATTHETWODOORJAMBSOF TOWER.WEREREUSEDMATERIAL0ARMENTIER   0ARMENTIERALSOSTATED THATTHEDOORJAMBOF. WASREUSEDMATERIAL0ARMENTIER  BUTOURSURVEY COULDNOTCONÎRMHISSTAND /NTHEOTHERHAND +AND+ARECONSIDEREDBY#²D›STOBEINSCRIPTIONS OFTHETENTHCENTURY)NSCRIPTION+CONTAINSTHENAME2ãJENDRAVARMAN) WHO REIGNEDINTHETENTHCENTURY4HISINSCRIPTIONSTATESTHAT2ãJENDRAVARMANRESTORED 'AMBHIREĺVARAASTHEMAINDIVINITYOFTHETEMPLE#²D›S  !LTHOUGHINSCRIP TION+BEARSNONAMEOFKINGORDATE ITCONTAINSTHENAME'AMBHIREĺVARAAND MENTIONSTHEERECTIONOFA6ISHNUIMAGEANDOFONEORMORELI΅GAS#²D›S   WHICHSUPPORTSADATINGTOTHETENTHCENTURY4HESEEPIGRAPHICSOURCESSUGGESTTHAT THISTEMPLEUNDERWENTANIMPORTANTRENOVATIONATTHATTIME3INCETHEARCHITECTURAL STYLEOFTOWER.ISTYPICALOFTHE3AMBOR0RE+UKSTYLE INSCRIPTION+MUST HAVEBEENCARVEDDURINGTHETENTHCENTURYOVERTHEEXISTINGSTRUCTURE'ATE.IN THEEASTWALLOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWASPROBABLYALSORENOVATEDATTHESAMETIME 4HEREBYTWODIլERENTPERIODS THESEVENTHANDTENTHCENTURIES AREWELL ATTESTEDINTHEINSCRIPTIONSINTHISTEMPLE AS&INOT AND#²D›S NOTED )NSCRIPTIONSAT0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK 0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAKARELOCATEDNORTHOFTHETEMPLE ANDMOATEDCITYZONES4HREEINSCRIPTIONSWEREFOUNDAT0RASAT2OBANG2OMEAS AND ONEAT0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK"OTHTEMPLESHAVEMULTIPLESHRINES BUTTHEYAREIRREGULAR ANDHAVEANATYPICALLAYOUT&IG )NADDITION ANOTHERBRICKBUILDINGNUMBERED+ WASRECENTLYRECORDEDONTHESOUTHSIDEOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEAS /FTHETHREEINSCRIPTIONSOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEAS- TWO+AND + WERECARVEDONTHEDOORJAMBSOFSHRINE+4HESEINSCRIPTIONSIN+HMERDATE FROMTHETENTHCENTURY BUTTHEIRPOORCONDITIONALLOWSONLYFRAGMENTARYREADINGS -ORAND#²D›S   3HRINE+FEATURESANANTECHAMBERANDASMALL 

4HELINTELSWERESTOLENBUTAREDOCUMENTEDINOLDPHOTOGRAPHS

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K7

K6 K3

K5 K8

K2 K4 K1

Prasat Robang Romeas

L1 L3 L2

L4

L6 L5 L7 Prasat Srei Krup Leak

K9 N 0 50 100m

&IGURE-APOF0RASAT2OBANG2OMEASAND0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK

GATE LIKECHAMBERINFRONTAMAINTOWER/BSERVATIONOFTHEBRICKMASONRYJOINTS SUGGESTSTHATTHEANTECHAMBERANDGATE LIKECHAMBERARELATERADDITIONSTOTHETOWER 4HEANTECHAMBERSHOWSADECORATIVELINTELBELONGINGTOTHE0REI+HMENGSTYLE BUT BOTHEDGESOFTHELINTELARECUTOլ WHICHIMPLIESTHATITISAREUSEDBLOCK&IG . The STYLEOFTHEPEDIMENTCARVEDONTHEBRICKWALLOFTHEMAINTOWERDEÎNITELYINDICATES THATITWASBUILTDURINGTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD4HUSWEMAYSUPPOSETHATTHEREUSED PRE !NGKORIANLINTELWASORIGINALLYPARTOFANEARLIERBUILDING 3HRINE+ LIKESHRINE+ ALSOFEATURESANANTECHAMBERANDGATE LIKECHAMBER INFRONTOFTHEMAINTOWER)NSCRIPTION+ISCARVEDONTHEDOORJAMBOFTHEGATE LIKECHAMBER)TBEARSTHEDATEOFĹAKAAD WHICHISTHEOLDESTMENTIONOF THEREIGNOF3URYAVARMAN)2ECENTLY TWODECORATIVELINTELSBELONGINGTOTHE"APHUON AND+HLEANGSTYLESWEREFOUNDDURINGCLEARANCEWORKUNDERTAKENBYTHE3AMBOR0REI +UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT4HISIMPLIESTHATTHEBUILDINGWASRENOVATEDAFTERTHEDATE MENTIONEDINTHEINSCRIPTIONANDTHATTHEDOORJAMBWASPOSSIBLYREUSEDATTHATTIME )NSCRIPTION+ISINSCRIBEDONADOORJAMBOFTHEANTECHAMBERATSHRINE, IN0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK!S0ARMENTIERMENTIONED THESTYLEOFTHEMAINCHAMBERIS 0RE !NGKORIANBUTTHEANTECHAMBERISALATERSTRUCTURE&IG 4HUS THEDOORJAMB WITHTHEINSCRIPTIONISREUSEDMATERIAL WHICHISCONÎRMEDBYTRACESONITSBACK4HE

3011-v2.indd 17 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE2EUSED,INTELATSHRINE+IN0RASAT2OBANG2OMEAS

&IGURE'ENERALVIEWOFSHRINE,IN0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK

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INSCRIPTIONBEARSTHEDATEĹAKAAD WHICHISTHEOLDESTDATEFOUNDIN3AMBOR 0REI+UK)TDESCRIBESTHEERECTIONOFA+APILAVASUDERAIMAGEANDTHECONSTRUCTION  UNDERTHEREIGNOF"HAVAVARMAN) OFONEORTWOCITIESONADOMAINLOCATEDSOUTHOF THETEMPLEANDNAMED+APILA#²D›S  !NINTERESTINGDECORATIVELINTELWAS ALSOFOUNDONSTRUCTURE, WHICHISTHEGATEINFRONTOFSHRINE,4HISLINTELHAS BEENCARVEDONBOTHSIDESONESIDEDISPLAYSDECORATIONSTYPICALOFTHE!NGKORIAN PERIOD BELONGINGPROBABLYTOTHE+HLEANGOR"APHUONSTYLE ANDTHEOTHERSIDE  ALTHOUGHSEVERELYDESTROYED SHOWSTYPICAL0RE !NGKORIANFEATURES&IGSAND  4HISMEANSTHATTHISLINTELWASREUSEDINTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD

&IGURE5NEARTHEDLINTELFROMSHRINE,IN0RASAT3REI+RUP,EAK

&IGURE"ACKOFTHELINTELSHRINE,4HE0RE !NGKORIANDECORATIONWASERASED

3011-v2.indd 19 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

4HUS ALLTHEINSCRIPTIONSINTHESETWOTEMPLESARESITUATEDWITHINACOMPLI CATEDCONTEXTOFRENOVATION ANDTHEDATESTHATTHEYCONTAINDONOTINDICATETHE date of the original construction. Further studies on the renovation process of THESEBUILDINGSHOULDBEDONEINCOORDINATIONWITHARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONS )NCONCLUSION THESENORTHERNTEMPLESHAVEALONGHISTORYCOVERINGBOTHTHE 0RE !NGKORIANAND!NGKORIANPERIODS PARALLELTOTHERENOVATIONOBSERVEDAT0RASAT 3AMBOR ANDTHEINSCRIPTIONSINDICATETHATONLYSOMEOFTHEIRSTRUCTURESWEREPART of this continuous process.

&IGURE0ASTARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONAREASIN0RASAT3AMBORBYTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT

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5NEARTHEDARCHITECTURALMODIÎCATIONSIN0RASAT3AMBOR 3TARTING THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCONDUCTEDVARIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONSURVEYSAT0RASAT3AMBOR&IG  They revealed many STRUCTURESANDDECORATIVESTONEOBJECTSWHICHWEREBURIEDUNDERSOILANDBRICKS 3EVERALTRACESOFRENOVATIONANDRECONSTRUCTIONSUGGESTTHATTHETEMPLEWASUSED FORALONGPERIODOFTIMEANDTHATSEVERALCHANGESWEREMADEAFTERTHETIMEITWAS BUILT!FEWEXAMPLESOFTHEEVIDENCEOFRENOVATIONWORKIDENTIÎEDINTHETEMPLE AREGIVENBELOW #ENTRALSHRINESHRINE.  4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCLEAREDTHEACCUMULATEDSOILAND BRICKSTHATCOVEREDTHECENTRALSHRINEOF0RASAT3AMBORSHRINE. UPTOTHEMIDDLE OFITSWALLINAND!TTHEENDOFTHEÎRSTCAMPAIGNIN APPROXIMATELY MHIGHOFACCUMULATEDRUBBLESTILLREMAINED4HECAMPAIGNÎNISHEDCLEARING THESOILDOWNTOTHEORIGINALÏOORONTHENORTHERNHALFOFTHECENTRALTERRACE4HIS WORKREVEALEDRENOVATEDSTRUCTURESAROUNDTHEBASEANDPILASTERSOFTHESHRINE &IG 3OMEPARTSOFTHEMSHOWTHATTHESHRINEUNDERWENTMULTIPLERENOVATIONS ATDIլERENTTIMES4HEQUALITYOFTHESERENOVATIONSISREMARKABLETHEADDITIONAL BRICKMASONRYWASÎTTEDPRECISELYINTOTHECAREFULLYRECARVEDORIGINALSTRUCTURE IN order to provide the best possible stability. A similar observation can be made about THEBRICKWORKOFTHEPILASTERSOFSHRINE.WHERETHEADDITIONALBRICKMASONRYHAS NOWBEENCOMPLETELYLOST !TSHRINE. THEARRANGEMENTOFTHEREMAININGUPPERBRICKSURFACESUGGESTS THATTHEPEDIMENTSANDROOFSTRUCTUREWEREREPLACEDATTHESAMETIMEASTHEBASEAND PILASTERSWERERENOVATED)NTHISCASE ITISPOSSIBLETHATTHEMAINAIMOFTHERENOVATION WASTOREPLACETHEMOTIFOFTHEPEDIMENTSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDECORATIVEELEMENTSOF THETOWER ANDTHATITNECESSITATEDTHEENLARGEMENTOFTHEPILASTERSANDOFTHEBASE 3HRINES.AND. )N THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCONDUCTEDARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONSURVEYSONTHECENTRALTERRACEATITSSOUTHWESTCORNERSHRINE. AND ITSNORTHWESTCORNERSHRINE. "OTHSHRINESWERESEVERELYDAMAGEDWITHONLYTHE LOWERHALFOFTHEIRWALLSREMAINING4HEBRICKSOFTHESESHRINESARERELATIVELYSMALLER ANDTHECRAFTMANSHIPOFTHEMASONRYISOFALOWERQUALITYTHANINOTHERSTRUCTURES of the temple.

4HEMAINSURVEYS CONDUCTEDFROMTOWEREREPORTEDINDETAILINPREVIOUSPAPERS 3HIMODAet al.3HIMODAet al. 

4HISCLEARANCEWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYTHE5.7ORLD&OOD0ROGRAM ANDMANYLOCALPEOPLE JOINEDTHEWORKONTHESITE

4HEAVERAGEBRICKSIZEAT0RASAT3AMBORISÜÜCM WHICHDOESNOTVARYMUCH WHILE THEAVERAGESIZEOFTHEBRICKSAT.ISÜÜCM

3011-v2.indd 21 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE%LEVATIONOFSHRINE.AFTERCLEARANCEOFTHEACCUMULATEDSOIL

&IGURE5NEARTHEDLINTEL FRAGMENTFROMSHRINE.

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!FRAGMENTOFADECORATIVELINTELBELONGINGTOTHE0REI+HMENGSTYLEWASFOUND INFRONTOF.&IG #HISELMARKSONTHESIDEOFTHELINTELINDICATE DESPITETHE FRAGMENTARYSTATEOFTHESTONE THATTHELINTELWASSHORTENEDINORDERTOADJUSTITS length at a later period. !NOTHERDECORATIVELINTELBELONGINGTOTHE3AMBOR0REI+UKSTYLEWASFOUNDAT THEFRONTOFTHEENTRANCEDOOROF."OTHEDGESOFTHELINTELWERECUTOլ WHICHSHOWS THATITWASALSOREUSED&IG 4HELINTELISNOWVERYSHORTCMINLENGTH THE ESTIMATEDORIGINALLENGTHISAPPROXIMATELYCM WHICHISALSOSHORTASCOMPARED WITHOTHERLINTELS4HEREFORE THEORIGINALTOWERITWASASSOCIATEDWITHWASPROBABLY a relatively small building. Colonnette fragments belonging to the Sambor Prei Kuk STYLEANDSHOWINGMARKSOFSHORTENINGWEREALSOUNEARTHEDONTHESITE4HISEVIDENCE SUGGESTTHATTHESESHRINESWERECONSTRUCTEDINALATERPERIODREUSINGSOMESTONE materials from previous structures.

&IGURE5NEARTHEDLINTELFROMSHRINE."OTHEDGESWERECUTOլANDSHORTENEDATALATERPERIOD

!STRUCTURELOCATEDWESTOFSHRINE. )N ANARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONCONDUCTEDBYTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK #ONSERVATION0ROJECTONAMOUNDLOCATEDWESTOFSHRINE.REVEALEDABRICK STRUCTURE4HEUPPERPARTOFTHESTRUCTUREWASCOMPLETELYCOLLAPSEDBUTITSBASE ANDTHELOWERPARTOFITSWALLWERESTILLINSOUNDCONDITION&IG 4HISBUILDING CONSISTSOFAMAINCHAMBERANDANANTECHAMBERATTACHEDTOITSWESTSIDE&IG  4HEANTECHAMBERISOBVIOUSLYANADDITION ANDTHEMAINSTRUCTUREWASRENOVATED at least once. 4HECONÎGURATIONOFTHEPLATFORMCONNECTINGTHEBUILDINGTO.SUGGESTSTHAT it may have been built after the shrine. Although it may not have been part of the ORIGINALDESIGNOFTHETEMPLE THEBUILDINGMAYHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDATARELATIVELY EARLYSTAGE CONSIDERINGTHATTHEQUALITYOFTHEBRICKWORKANDTHESIZEOFTHEBRICKS

3011-v2.indd 23 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE3TRUCTUREEXCAVATEDWESTOFSHRINE.

&IGURE0LANANDSECTIONOFSHRINE.ANDSTRUCTUREEXCAVATEDATTHEWESTSIDE

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in the main room are similar TOWHATISFOUNDINTHEOTHER BUILDINGS)NITSFIRSTSTAGE  the building might have been UNIQUE WITHAROOFSUPPORTED BYTWELVEPILLARSFOURONEACH SIDE )NASECONDSTAGE THE SPACEBETWEENTHEPILLARSWAS ÎLLEDWITHBRICKMASONRY4HE ANTECHAMBERWASATTACHEDAT a third stage in front of the ORIGINALBUILDING&INALLY THE ÏOOROFTHEANTECHAMBERWAS raised and a stone pavement WASLAID This building intro duces an asymmetrical dimen sion in the southeast quadrant of the temple layout and it FACESTOTHEWEST3UCHCHARAC teristics are common to the SO CALLEDÀLIBRARYÁSTRUCTURES in Khmer temples. These ÀLIBRARYÁBUILDINGSUSUALLY also have openings for venti LATION ESPECIALLYONTHEIRLEFT SIDES ACHARACTERISTICSHARED WITHTHEINITIALSTAGEOFTHIS BUILDINGWITHITSOPEN AIR pillared structure. 3HRINES. AND  "ETWEEN THE INNER ANDMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALLS  TWOBRICKSHRINES. AND .  WEREEXCAVATEDIN !T.  NOEVIDENCEWAS FOUNDTHATWOULDCONÎMTHE opinion of Parmentier that the INSCRIBEDDOORJAMBWASREUSED MATERIAL0ARMENTIER  &IGURE#ONJECTURALPROCESSOFTHERENOVATIONS  (OWEVER THEDISCOVERY  ATTHEEXCAVATEDSTRUCTURE

3011-v2.indd 25 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE3HRINE. AFTERCLEARANCEOFTHEACCUMULATEDSOIL

&IGURE5NEARTHEDPEDESTALFROMSHRINE. 

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NEARTHISTOWER OFA3AMBOR0REI+UK STYLEDECORATIVELINTELÎTTINGITSDOORFRAME  SUGGESTSTHATTHISSHRINEWASCONSTRUCTEDDURINGTHEINITIALSTAGEOFTHETEMPLE COMPLEX&IG  3HRINE. ISINRATHERPOORCONDITION)TSMASONRYISMADEOFROUGHBRICK WORKANDSMALLBRICKSTHATAREALMOSTTHESAMESIZEASTHEONESUSEDATTHEADDITIONAL ANTECHAMBEROFTHELIBRARY LIKEBUILDINGMENTIONEDABOVE4HELI΅GA YONI pedestal belonging to the Sambor Prei Kuk style unearthed in this shrine may originate from ADIլERENTBUILDINGANDMAYHAVEBEENPLACEDATTHECURRENTSITEDURINGALATER PERIOD&IG  %ASTGATEOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL %XCAVATIONSSURVEYSTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCARRIEDOUTAT THEEASTGATESOFBOTHTHEINNERANDMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALLSHAVEREVEALEDTRACESOF RECONSTRUCTEDSTRUCTURESATBOTHGATES4HESTRUCTURESATTHEINNERGATESHOWPOOR QUALITYWORKMANSHIPANDTHEMULTIPLERENOVATIONSMAKEITDIխCULTTOUNDERSTAND CLEARLYTHEPROCESSOFCONSTRUCTIONANDRECONSTRUCTION&ORTHATREASON THISREPORT WILLFOCUSONLYONTHEGATEATTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL4HISENCLOSUREMEAST WESTBYMSOUTH NORTH ISCUTBYONEGATEONEACHSIDE4HEGATESANDWALLARE MADEOFLATERITE4HEIRCURRENTCONDITIONISEXTREMELYPOOR BUTSOMESECTIONSOFTHE MIDDLEANDUPPERPARTSOFTHEWALLSTILLREMAIN4WOEXCAVATIONTRENCHESWEREDUG ONEATTHEEASTGATEANDONEMFURTHERNORTH 4HELOWERSTRUCTURESOFTHEEASTGATEWEREWELLPRESERVED ALLOWINGAGOOD UNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPLANOFTHEBUILDING3ANDSTONEWASUSEDFORNUMEROUSARCHI TECTURALELEMENTS SUCHASDOORFRAMES STEPS PAVEMENT LINTELS COLONNETTES AND MOONSTONES!SMENTIONEDABOVE ONEOFTHEDOORJAMBSBEARSTHETENTHCENTURY INSCRIPTION+/RIGINALLY ASTAIRCASECONSISTINGOFFOURSTEPSINCLUDINGA MOONSTONEATTHEBOTTOMWASBUILTONEACHSIDEOFTHEGATE&IG (OWEVER  INSIDETHEENCLOSURE THELOWESTPARTOFTHESTAIRCASE INCLUDINGTHEMOONSTONE WAS BURIEDUNDERABRICKPAVEMENTSHOWINGTHATTHEINNERFLOORWASRAISEDINALATER PERIOD4HEEXCAVATIONSCONDUCTEDBETWEENTHEMIDDLEANDINNERGATESSHOWEDTHAT THISPAVEMENTWASLIMITEDINWIDTHAPPROXIMATELYM ANDTHATITCONNECTED BOTHGATESASACAUSEWAY 4HEEXCAVATIONSREVEALEDTHEEXISTENCEOFACONTINUOUSFOUNDATIONABOUT MDEEPUNDERTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL4HISFOUNDATIONUSEDVARIOUSMATERIALS LATERITEBLOCKS ROUGHSANDSTONEBOULDERS ANDBRICKFRAGMENTS&IG . Considering THEDISPROPORTIONBETWEENTHESIZEOFTHEFOUNDATIONANDTHELIMITEDWALLSTRUCTURE ITSUPPORTSWEBELIEVETHATTHEINITIALWALLWENTTHROUGHTWORECONSTRUCTIONS EACH TIMEWITHARISINGOFTHEÏOORLEVEL)NOTHERWORDS THESTRUCTURESOFTHEÎRSTAND SECONDPHASESOFTHEENCLOSUREWERELIKELYDISMANTLEDEXPLAININGWHYNOTHINGREMAINS OFTHEMINTHEPRESENTSTRUCTURE EXCEPTFORTHEESTIMATEDSUCCESSIVEPAVINGLEVELS OUTSIDEOFTHEWALLASSHOWNIN&IGURE

3011-v2.indd 27 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE0LANANDSECTIONOFTHEEASTGATEOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL

3011-v2.indd 28 15/09/13 09:01 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK  ELEFT ANDMNORTHFROMEASTGATERIGHT  &IGURE3ECTIONSOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL NEAREASTGAT

3011-v2.indd 29 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

&IGURE%ASTFACEOFSHRINE.

&IGURE5NEARTHEDLINTELFROMTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALLOF0RASAT3AMBOR

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4HEIDENTIÎCATIONOFSOMEREUSEDSANDSTONEARCHITECTURALELEMENTSINTHIS GATESUPPORTTHISHYPOTHESIS&ORINSTANCEADOORWAYELEMENTWITHAPIVOTHOLE WASREUSEDASASTEP!NUNEARTHEDDECORATIVELINTELTHATWEWILLDESCRIBELATERALSO INDICATESTHATTHISSTRUCTUREWASNOTCONSTRUCTEDDURINGTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD )NADDITION THETENTH CENTURYINSCRIPTIONONTHEDOORJAMBOFTHEGATEISALSOAN EVIDENCEOFALATERRECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEEASTGATEANDMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALL!LLOF THISPOINTSTOTHEEXISTENCEOFANEARLIERSTRUCTUREATALOWERLEVEL 4HEEXCAVATIONSURVEYIN0RASAT3AMBORIDENTIÎEDMANYRECONSTRUCTIONTRACES 4HEYSUGGESTTHATTHERENOVATIONSTOOKPLACEATDIլERENTPERIODSINTIMEANDSHOW THATTHEQUALITYOFWORKGRADUALLYDECREASED/NEOFTHEMOSTINTERESTINGELEMENTS OFTHESERENOVATIONSISTHERECONSTRUCTIONOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREIFTHEINITIAL STAGEOFTHEENCLOSUREWALLWASLOWERTHANTHEPRESENTSTRUCTURE ITMEANSTHATTHE TEMPLEORIGINALLYSTOODONASTEPPEDELEVATIONRATHERTHANONAÏATPLANE)NOTHER WORDS THEORIGINALÏOORLEVELSGRADUALLYROSEANDPEAKEDATTHEMAINSHRINEONTHE CENTRALTERRACE ACONÎGURATIONSIMILARTOTHEPYRAMIDTEMPLESINTHE!NGKORIAN PERIOD0RASAT3AMBORISTHEÎRSTTEMPLEIN+HMERARCHITECTURETOCOMBINEMULTIPLE RECTANGULARENCLOSUREWALLS AGEOMETRICCLUSTEROFSHRINESANDASTEPPEDELEVATION #ONSEQUENTLY THECONSTRUCTIONOFTHISTEMPLECANBECONSIDEREDASANEPOCH MAKING achievement that set a general direction for the development of Khmer architecture. $ECORATIVELINTELSAT0RASAT3AMBOR Decorative heraldic and narrative lintels are commonly used for identifying THEDATEOFCONSTRUCTIONOFAMONUMENT-ANYLINTELSWEREFOUNDAT3AMBOR0REI +UK BUTWEWILLLIMITOURDISCUSSIONTOTHELINTELSFROM0RASAT3AMBOR !TOTALOFNINELINTELSWEREIDENTIÎEDATTHISTEMPLEAT. . . . .   .  . . AND./NLYONEOFTHEMSTILLREMAINSINITSORIGINALPOSITIONAT. &IG 3IXWEREUNEARTHEDDURINGTHERECENTEXCAVATIONSAT.&IG .&IG  . . &IG .  AND.&IG 4HEORIGINALLOCATIONOFTWOOTHERLINTELS  NOWKEPTATTHESITESTORAGE WASIDENTIÎEDBYOLDPHOTOGRAPHS.AND. -ANY OFTHEMBELONGTOTHE3AMBOR0REI+UKSTYLE. . . .  .  AND. ONLY TWOBELONGTOTHE0REI+HMENGSTYLE.AND. 4HECARVINGOFTHELINTELAT. ISJUSTROUGHEDOUTBUTITSSHAPESLOOKMORE!NGKORIANTHAN0RE !NGKORIAN&IG  4WOCORNERSHRINESONTHECENTRALTERRACE.AND. ARELATERSTRUCTURES THEIRLINTELSWERECUTOլATBOTHENDS WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEYBELONGEDTOEARLIER BIGGERBUILDINGSPROBABLYLOCATEDINTHEVICINITY ANDWERESHORTENEDINORDERTOBE REUSEDINTHESESMALLERSHRINES(OWEVER THESTYLEOFTHELINTELSISDIլERENTTHELINTEL

4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTMADEANINVENTORYOFORNAMENTEDSTONESSCATTERED ONTHESITE STONEOBJECTSKEPTATTHESITEDEPOT ANDOTHERSSTOREDATTHE$EPARTMENTOF#ULTURE AND&INE!RTSDEPOTIN+OMPONG4HOM0ROVINCE!TOTALOFÎFTY NINEDECORATIVELINTELSWERE RECORDEDINTHISINVENTORY BUTTHEPROVENANCEOFSOMESTONEOBJECTSKEPTAT+OMPONG4HOM ISUNKNOWN

3011-v2.indd 31 15/09/13 09:01 Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

ON.BELONGSTOTHE3AMBOR0REI+UKSTYLEANDTHEONEON.TOTHE0REI+HMENG style. The reuse of former elements can be interpreted either as a sign of a decline INCONSTRUCTIONRESOURCESORASACONVENIENTWAYFORANEWRULERTODISPOSEOFTHE FORMERDYNASTYÁSLEGACYANDRELIGIOUSAխLIATIONS 3TATUESAT0RASAT3AMBOR %VERYSHRINEINTHETEMPLEORIGINALLYCONTAINEDANIMAGEOFTHEGODITWAS DEDICATEDTOONAPEDESTAL BUTMANYOFTHESEIMAGESHAVEBEENLOSTANDAVERY LIMITEDNUMBEROFTHEMSTILLEXISTTODAY3OMEINSCRIPTIONSAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUN MENTIONTHEIMAGESKEPTINTHESHRINESSUCHASASMILINGĹIVA ABULL.ANDI ORA LI΅GA5NFORTUNATELYNONEOFTHEMWEREFOUND!LLIMAGESFOUNDAT3AMBOR0REI+UK come from Prasat Sambor. Harihara -ANYFRAGMENTSOFAN(ARIHARAIMAGEWEREFOUNDATTHEWOODENSHRINEAT3AMBOR  AVILLAGECLOSETO3AMBOR0REI+UK ANDATSHRINE.AT0RASAT3AMBOR'OLOUBEW  4HEIMAGEWASBROKENINTOMORETHANÎFTYPIECES BUTITWASRECONSTITUTED

&IGURE(ARIHARA STATUEREPLICA ON the pedestal in shrine .ORIGINALIN 0HNOM0ENH.ATIONAL -USEUM 

3011-v2.indd 32 15/09/13 09:01 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK 

AFTERITSTRANSFERTOTHE.ATIONAL-USEUMIN0HNOM0ENH2ECENTLY THE3AMBOR0REI +UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTRECONSTRUCTEDTHEPEDESTALFOUNDAT. ANDNOTEDTHAT THESHAPEOFTHETENONOFTHEIMAGEÎTTEDTHETENONHOLEOFTHEPEDESTAL&IG  !DDITIONALLY ONESTONEPIECEFOUNDDURINGTHECLEARANCEWORKINTHISSHRINEMATCHED ONEOFTHESTILLMISSINGPARTSOFTHEIMAGE!CCORDINGTO$UPONT THESTATUEBELONGS TOTHE0RE !NGKORIANSTYLE$UPONT  $URGã 4HREEPIECESOFTHEBODYOFA$URGãIMAGEWEREFOUNDONDIլERENTOCCASIONS NEARTHESHRINES.AND.4HEREFORE THEORIGINALLOCATIONOFTHISIMAGEISUNCLEAR !CCORDINGTO"OISSELIER THISIMAGEALSOBELONGSTOTHE0RE !NGKORIANSTYLE"OISSELIER  4HECLEARANCESURVEYAROUND.ANDTHEEXCAVATIONSURVEYUNEARTHED STONEFRAGMENTSWHICH ONCEASSEMBLED FORMEDONEOFTHELAYERSOFTHEORIGINAL PEDESTALOFTHESHRINE4HISLAYERISASQUARESLABCMÜCM WITHAROUNDHOLE CMINDIAMETER ATTHECENTER&IG .OIMAGEHASBEENFOUNDYETTHATCOULD HAVEBEENINSTALLEDINTHISHOLE BUTALARGELI΅GAMIGHTÎTSUCHAHOLEANDWOULDBE ASUITABLEIMAGEFORTHECENTRALSHRINEOFTHETEMPLE)FITWERETHECASE THE$URGã IMAGEMIGHTTHENHAVEBEENINSTALLEDAT.ONAPEDESTALNOTYETDISCOVERED

&IGURE5NEARTHEDPEDESTALFRAGMENTSAROUNDSHRINE.

4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTTEAMCONDUCTEDANEXCAVATIONSURVEYMDEEPAT TOWER.ANDFOUNDNOPEDESTALOROTHERSTONEOBJECTS

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&IGURE0EDESTALINSHRINE. AFTERRECONSTITUTIONBY3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECT

Renovated square trace

Original round trace

&IGURE2EMODELLINGTRACEONTHETOPLAYEROFTHEPEDESTALINSHRINE.

3011-v2.indd 34 15/09/13 09:01 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK 

6AJIMUKHAOR+ALKIN !6AJIMUKHAOR+ALKINIMAGEFOUNDATSHRINE.ISNOWDISPLAYEDINTHE 'UIMET-USEUM!CCORDINGTO"ONHEUR"ONHEUR THISIMAGEBELONGSTOTHE 0RE2UP STYLE WHICHFALLSWITHINTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD4HEEXCAVATIONSURVEY AT.UNEARTHEDTHEREMAINSOFAROUNDSHAPEDPEDESTALMADEOFFIVESTONECOURSES 4HEPEDESTALWASRECONSTITUTEDANDPLACEDINITSORIGINALPOSITIONINTHESHRINE &IG -ARKSONTHESURFACEOFTHEUPPERCOURSESUGGESTTHATTHEFIRSTSTATUE PLACEDONTHISPEDESTALHADAROUNDBASE BUTTHATANOTHERSTATUEWITHASQUARE BASEWASLATERINSTALLED&IG 3INCETHELOWERPARTOFTHE6AJIMUKHASTATUEIS MISSING ITISIMPOSSIBLETOKNOWIFTHETENONOFTHE6AJIMUKHAIMAGEFITTEDTENON HOLEOFPEDESTAL(OWEVER ITCANBESTRONGLYARGUEDTHATTHISIMAGEHADASQUARE BASETHATITWASPLACEDONTHEPEDESTALINTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD "RAHMã ! "RAHMã IMAGE OF 0REI +HMENGSTYLEWASFOUNDATSHRINE .INTHEFIRSTHALFOFTWENTIETH CENTURY$UPONT 4HEARCHAEO LOGICALEXCAVATIONSURVEYCONDUCTED by the Sambor Prei Kuk Conservation 0ROJECTATTHISTOWERUNEARTHED SEVERALELEMENTSOFTWOSMALLPEDES tals and reconstituted them. Since the base of this image is also missing WECANNOTSAYFORSUREONWHICH PEDESTALITWASINSTALLED ANDTHE SMALL"RAHMãIMAGECANFITONBOTH PEDESTALS&IG  ,I΅GA A set of LI΅GA YONIWASUNEARTHED ATSHRINE. IN0RASAT3AMBORIN )TSSURFACEISWELLPOLISHEDAND  unlike classical Angkorian LI΅GAS IT HASAÀCANNONBALLÁSHAPE&IG  Similarly shaped LI΅GAS are kept in

&IGURE"RAHMã3TATUEREPLICA ON RECONSTITUTEDPEDESTALINSHRINE.ORIGINAL IN3IEM2EAP.ATIONAL-USEUM 

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&IGURE5NEARTHED'A·EĺAIMAGEFROMTHEWESTSTRUCTUREOFSHRINE.

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THEDEPOTOFTHE$EPARTMENTOF#ULTUREAND&INE!RTSIN+OMPONG4HOM0ROVINCE  but their provenance is unclear and they cannot be dated. This LI΅GA image is the FIRSTOFTHATKINDFOUNDAT3AMBOR0REI+UK ANDITMAYCONTRIBUTETOTHEIRDATING the decorations carved on the YONI definitely resemble other pedestal decorations FOUNDAT0RASAT3AMBORAND0RASAT9EAI0OEUNANDTHUSWEMAYSURMISETHATTHE LI΅GABELONGSTOTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD 'A·EĺA 3EVERALFRAGMENTSOFA'A·EĺAIMAGEWEREFOUNDINDURINGTHEEXCAVA TIONOFTHESTRUCTUREWESTOF.4HEIMAGEHASTWOARMSANDISSTANDING&IG  )TSSTYLISTICSTUDYANDDATINGARESTILLINPROGRESS 3TONEOBJECTSEXCAVATEDBY'OLOUBEWIN 'OLOUBEWLEDANEXCAVATIONSURVEYAT0RASAT9EAI0OEUNIN!CCORDING TOHISREPORT HEUNEARTHEDSEVERALOBJECTS INPARTICULARASANDSTONEMALEÎGUREON A'ARU͍ATHATRESEMBLESASTATUEFOUNDAT!NGKOR4HOM(EALSOMENTIONEDATERRA COTTA'A·EĺAWHICHHEDATEDTOTHEELEVENTHCENTURY'OLOUBEW  /BJECTS5NEARTHEDBYTHE'ROSLIER%XCAVATION 4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTEXCAVATIONSURVEYSAT0RASAT3AMBOR UNEARTHEDFEWCERAMICOBJECTSANDCONSIDERINGTHEPRESENTLACKOFDATATHEREISNO POINTATTHISSTAGEINTRYINGTODATETHEMORDISCUSSTHEIRCHARACTERISTICS(OWEVER THE 0HNOM0ENH.ATIONAL-USEUMKEEPSMANYOBJECTSTHAT'ROSLIERUNEARTHEDDURINGAN EXCAVATIONHECONDUCTEDINOUTSIDETHEENCLOSUREOFTHETEMPLE#ONSEQUENTLY IN  THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTSTUDIEDTHESEOBJECTSANDCONDUCTED ANEXCAVATIONSURVEYNEAR'ROSLIERÁSTRENCHES 'ROSLIERÁSEXCAVATIONPRODUCEDAREMARKABLECERAMICASSEMBLAGEFOR3AMBOR 0REI+UK5NFORTUNATELYITSRESULTSWERENEVERFULLYPUBLISHED4HEFEWDOCUMENTS available provide only fragmentary information and the accurate location of discovery OFTHEARTIFACTSANDTHESTRATIGRAPHICALDATAREMAINUNCLEAR!DDITIONALLY ALTHOUGH 'ROSLIERDISCUSSESTHEEARTHENWAREOF)NDIANORIGINFOUNDDURINGTHESEEXCAVATIONS INHISÀ)NTRODUCTIONTOTHE#ERAMIC7ARESOF!NGKORÁ'ROSLIER   HENEVER addresses in detail the Khmer and Chinese ceramics that he unearthed together WITHTHIS)NDIANEARTHENWARE&INALLY THEOBJECTSNOWSTOREDINTHE0HNOM0ENH National Museum most probably represent only a selection of all the artifacts he FOUND(ENCE WECANNOTHAVEACOMPLETEANDCLEARPICTUREOFTHEWHOLEOUTPUTOF 'ROSLIERÁSEXCAVATION !CCORDINGTOTHEAVAILABLEDOCUMENTS IN 'ROSLIERCONDUCTEDANEXCAVATION SURVEYBETWEENTHETHREELARGETEMPLECOMPLEXES!FTERDIGGINGTHIRTY NINETESTPITS BETWEEN0RASAT3AMBORAND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN HECONDUCTEDAFULL SCALEEXCAVATION OVERALARGEAREA(EREPORTED AMONGOTHERTHINGS THATHEIDENTIÎEDEIGHTLAYERS WHICHHEDATEDFROMTHESEVENTHTOTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYANDTHATHEDISCOVERED THEVESTIGESOFPRIVATEHOUSES TRACESOFPOTTERYANDMETALACTIVITIES PITSÎLLEDWITH

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EARTHENWARE WHEEL MADEPOTTERYDERIVEDFROM)NDIA ANDMASSIVEAMOUNTSOFLOCAL EARTHENWARE'ROSLIER  )N +OJOSTUDIEDTHEARTIFACTSKEPTATTHE0HNOM0ENH-USEUM LISTING THEMANDNOTINGTHEIRCONDITION+OJOet al. )NTHE-!&+!4!MISSION STUDIED CLASSIFIEDANDREPACKEDTHEM'UœRIN   &INALLY THE3AMBOR 0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTTEAMSTUDIEDTHEOBJECTSINTHEMUSEUMFROM-AY TO*UNEANDIN/CTOBER!SARESULT THECONTENTOFTHETENBOXESOF ARTIFACTS WHICHAREPRESUMABLYAPARTOFTHEITEMSEXCAVATEDAT3AMBOR0REI+UK  CANBESUMMARIZEDASFOLLOWSEARTHENWAREFRAGMENTS +HMERSTONEWARES FRAGMENTS #HINESECERAMICSFRAGMENTS ROOFTILESFRAGMENTS STONE TOOL ANDMETALOBJECTS 

&IGURE5NEARTHED ROOFTILEÎRSTTYPE 

&IGURE5NEARTHEDROOFTILESECONDTYPE 

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%ARTHENWARE 0OTTERYFRAGMENTS-OSTOFTHESTOREDEARTHENWARECONSISTSINFRAGMENTSOF UNGLAZEDVASES BOWLS ASWELLASSPOUTEDJARSCALLEDKENDI 'ROSLIERMIGHTHAVECLASSI ÎEDTHEMASÀLOCALEARTHENWAREÁ!LLARTIFACTSARESHARDSFULL SHAPEDOBJECTSWERENOT FOUNDINTHEINVENTORY3OMEOFTHEEARTHENWAREFRAGMENTSAREBRILLIANTLYPAINTED  indicating that some of the vases and KENDIHADDECORATIONSOFREDORWHITESTRAIGHT LINESRUNNINGFROMSHOULDERTOBASEORWEREPAINTEDREDONTHEWHOLEBODY4HESE DECORATEDOBJECTSAREMADEOFAÎNEQUALITYPASTEANDCANBEREGARDEDASREÎNED ARTICLESSUPERIORTOMOSTOFTHEEARTHENWARE!PPARENTLY 'ROSLIERCONSIDEREDTHESE REÎNEDPAINTEDVESSELSTOBEWHEEL MADE 2OOFTILEFRAGMENTS!TOTALOFNINETY SEVENROOFTILEFRAGMENTSWEREFOUNDINTHE COLLECTION4HEYAREMADEOFAPASTEOFAQUALITYSIMILARTOTHATOFTHEEARTHENWARE PIECES!LTHOUGHNOCOMPLETESAMPLESCOULDBEFOUND THESETILESCANBEDIVIDED ROUGHLYINTOTWOTYPES BASEDONTHEIRSHAPE4HEÎRSTTYPEISÏATANDRECTANGULAR WITHADEPRESSIONATTHECENTERPARALLELTOTHELONGERSIDE ANDTWOHOLESAPPROXI MATELYCMINDIAMETER MADESYMMETRICALLYONEACHSIDESOFTHEIMPRESSEDBELT CONNECTEDBYATHINPROTUBERANTLINE&IG ,ARGEQUANTITIESOFSUCHTILESWERE collected by the surface collection survey at Sambor Prei Kuk and at other archaeo LOGICALSITESSUCHAS/C%OAND!NGKOR"OREI(IRANO  0ROBABLYTHESETILES WEREÎXEDTOTHEROOFBYTYINGSTRINGSORPASSINGPEGSTHROUGHTHEHOLESAS-ALLERET PRESUMES-ALLERET    4HESECONDTYPEISALSOÏATANDRECTANGULAR BUTTHEREARETWOCONICALPROJEC TIONSINTHEUPPERCORNERSINSTEADOFHOLES&IG ANDTWOORTHREEEDGESOFTHE TOPSIDEARERAISEDWITHACLAYBANDTOCMINWIDTH 4HISBANDISFORMEDBY ATTACHINGTHEMTOTHESURFACEORSCRAPINGTHECLAYPLATE.OTILESOFTHISTYPEWERE EVERCOLLECTEDDURINGOUROWNSURVEYSANDEXCAVATIONSAT3AMBOR0REI+UK #LAYDISKS!LARGENUMBEROFCLAYDISKS&IGSAND WEREFOUNDAMONG THEARTIFACTS4HEYAREGENERALLYMADEOFREUSEDFRAGMENTSOFGLAZEDANDUNGLAZED CERAMICOBJECTS4HESURVEYIDENTIÎEDSEVERALITEMSSHOWINGTYPICALCHARACTERISTICS OFTHECORPUS4HESEARTICLESARETOCMINDIAMETERWITHATOMMHOLEATTHE CENTER WHICHSUGGESTSTHATTHEYMAYHAVEBEENUSEDASLOOMWEIGHTSORNETSINKERS (OWEVER SINCEMORETHANHALFOFTHECLAYDISKSINTHECOLLECTIONDONOTHAVEAHOLE  THEYMAYHAVEBEENUSEDFORADIլERENTPURPOSE3INCESOMEDISKSSEEMTOHAVE BEENINTENTIONALLYCUTINTOTHEDECORATEDPARTSOFVESSELSPAINTEDUNGLAZEDWARE ANDBROWNGLAZEDWARE THEYMAYHAVEBEENINTENDEDFORSPECIALOCCASIONSSUCHAS ceremonies and not for any utilitarian use. +HMERSTONEWARES 'LAZEDSTONEWARES4HEQUANTITYOFGLAZEDSTONEWARESCOMESSECONDAFTERTHE EARTHENWARE4HEVARIETYOFPOTTERYTYPES DECORATION ANDGLAZEINDICATESTHATTHEY may have been produced during the Angkorian period. They include some pottery

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&IGURE5NEARTHED CLAYDISKS

&IGURE5NEARTHEDCLAYDISKS

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TYPESSUCHASBOTTLESWITHANEVERTEDRIM VARIOUSSIZESOFVASES PLATES ANDCOVERED BOXES4HEYAREDECORATEDWITHINCISEDLINES SHORTDIAGONALHATCHESBETWEENTIERS AND MOTIFSOFLOTUSPETALSORGEOMETRICDESIGNS!SH GLAZEDARTIFACTSAREMORENUMEROUS THANBROWN GLAZEPIECES4HEFORMERMIGHTHAVEBEENPRODUCEDBETWEENTHEBEGIN NINGOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURYANDTHETWELFTHCENTURY2OONEY    5NGLAZEDSTONEWARES5NGLAZEDSTONEWARESAREFEWERINNUMBERTHANGLAZED STONEWARES7EIDENTIÎEDTWOVESSELTYPESWIDEMOUTHEDJARSANDBOTTLESWITHAN EVERTEDRIM"OTHTYPESDISPLAYACOMBINATIONOFINCISEDHORIZONTALANDDIAGONALLINES BUTNONESHOWSANYGEOMETRICPATTERN4HECLAYISMAINLYASH COLOURED ANDTHEÎRED SURFACEVARIESFROMASH COLOUREDTOORANGE4HESEUNGLAZEDCERAMICSMIGHTBELONGTO THE!NGKORIANERASINCESIMILARONESWEREUNEARTHEDTOGETHERIN!NGKORIANKILNSITES SUCHAS4ANI3UGIYAMA  4ABATA (OWEVER WEHAVENOCONCLUSIVE EVIDENCEALLOWINGTODATETHEBEGINNINGOFTHEPRODUCTIONOFSUCHHARDUNGLAZEDCERAMIC Chinese Ceramics $ESPITETHEFACTTHAT#HINESECERAMICSAREFEWERTHANANYOTHERTYPEOFVESSELS  they are highly valuable since they can be dated precisely. )NTHISSTUDYWEWILLFOLLOWTHECHRONOLOGYPERIODS!TO' ESTABLISHEDFORTHE NUMEROUS#HINESECERAMICSRECOVEREDIN*APAN-ORITA/NO5EDA 9AMAMOTOAND !LTHOUGHTHEREGIONALINDIVIDUALITYOF#AMBODIASHOULD ALSOBETAKENINTOCONSIDERATION THEPRESENCEOFCOMMONDISTINCTIVEARTIFACTSSUCH ASBOWLSANDPLATESINWHITEPORCELAINANDCELADONALLOWSUSTOAPPLYTHEÎNDINGS *APANTOTHECHRONOLOGICALSTUDYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK!PPROPRIATEMARKERSARE PROVIDEDBYBOWLSANDPLATESRATHERTHANLIDDEDBOXESWHICHMAYHAVEBEENUSED in religious rituals.

&IGURE&RAGMENTSOFAPORCELAINBOWLLATE EIGHTHCENTURYTONINTHCENTURY 

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&IGURE &RAGMENTSOF ALARGEPOTOF 9UEZHOUCELADON LATEEIGHTH CENTURYTONINTH CENTURY 

0ERIOD!LATEEIGHTHCENTURYTONINTHCENTURY &OURFRAGMENTSOFWHITEPORCELAIN BOWLSFROM(ENAN0ROVINCE&IG ANDTWOFRAGMENTSOFALARGEPOTOF9UEZHOU CELADONTHATISTYPICALOFTHISPERIOD&IG  0ERIOD"SECONDHALFOFTHETENTHCENTURYTOMIDDLEOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURY 4HREE FRAGMENTSOFTHEBOTTOMOFAWHITE PORCELAINBOWLFROM$INGIN(EBEI0ROVINCEOR FROM*INGDEZHENIN*IANGXI0ROVINCEORFROMSOUTHERN#HINA&IG !RTIFACTSFROM this period are rarely found in Southeast Asia. 0ERIOD#SECONDHALFOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURYTOTHEÎRSTHALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURY  &RAGMENTSOFAWHITE PORCELAINBOWL&IG OFAWHITE PORCELAINJUGORVASE DATING FROMTHEEARLY,ONGQUANPERIOD FRAGMENTSOFA4ONGANCELADONVASE&IG AND 'UANGTONGWARES 0ERIOD$MIDDLETOSECONDHALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURY 6ARIOUSFRAGMENTSOFARTIFACTS FROMTHISPERIOD SUCHASA,ONGQUANCELADONBOWL&IG ANDA4ONGANCELADON BOWL&IG  0ERIOD&MIDDLEOFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYTOÎRSTHALFOFTHEFOURTEENTHCENTURY  &RAGMENTSOFAWHITEPORCELAINBOWL&IG . 0ERIOD'BEGINNINGTOSECONDHALFOFTHEFOURTEENTHCENTURY &RAGMENTSOF,ONGQUAN TYPEBOWLSANDPLATES4HEABOVE MENTIONEDFRAGMENTOFA&UJIANWHITEPORCELAIN BOWLMAYBELONGTOTHISPERIOD

&IGURE&RAGMENTOFAWHITE PORCELAINBOWL &IGURE&RAGMENTSOFAWHITE PORCELAINBOWL SECONDHALFOFTHETENTHCENTURYTOMIDDLEOF SECONDHALFOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURYTOTHEÎRST THEELEVENTHCENTURY  HALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURY 

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&IGURE &RAGMENTSOF ACELADONVASE SECONDHALFOF THEELEVENTH CENTURYTOTHE ÎRSTHALFOFTHE TWELFTHCENTURY 

-ANYPIECESORFRAGMENTSOFWHITEPORCELAINANDCELADONLIDDEDBOXESCANBE DATEDFROMPERIOD#TO'&IGSAND 3UCHBOXESAREMOREDIխCULTTODATETHAN BOWLSANDPLATES BUTCANBEDIVIDEDROUGHLYINTOTHREEPERIODSTHESECONDHALFOF THEELEVENTHCENTURYTOÎRSTHALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURY*INGDEZHENAND3OUTHERN #HINA THESECONDHALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURYTOÎRSTHALFOFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURY *INGDEZHENAND3OUTHERN#HINA ANDTHESECONDHALFOFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYTO ÎRSTHALFOFTHEFOURTEENTHCENTURY$EHUA  ,IDDEDBOXESREPRESENTMORETHANPERCENTOFTHEENTIRE#HINESECERAMICS ARTIFACTS4HISRATIOHASBEENCOMMONLYFOUNDINSOMEEXCAVATIONSSUCHAS0RASAT 3UOR0RATAND"AYONTEMPLEIN!NGKOR+OU6ET ANDITISANIMPORTANT characteristic of Chinese ceramic imports before the fourteenth century. )NADDITION THECOLLECTIONALSOCONTAINSFRAGMENTSOFALARGEBLUE WHITE PORCELAINBOWL ASMALLVASE AWHITEPORCELAINSMALLVASEFROM0ERIOD#TO$ THELID OFAGREENGLAZEDLIDDEDBOXFROM0ERIOD%TO' ABLUE WHITEPORCELAINPEDESTALED

&IGURE&RAGMENTSOFA,ONGQUANCELADONBOWL &IGURE&RAGMENTSOFA4ONGANCELADON MIDDLETOSECONDHALFOFTHETWELFTHCENTURY  BOWLMIDDLETOSECONDHALFOFTHETWELFTH CENTURY 

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&IGURE&RAGMENTS OFAWHITEPORCELAIN BOWL

&IGURE/NELIDAND TWOBOTTOMPARTSOF WHITE PORCELAINLIDDED BOXESSECONDHALFOF THEELEVENTHCENTURY TOSECONDHALFOFTHE FOURTEENTHCENTURY  BOWL$EHUA ANDAGREENGLAZEDPLATE&IG FROM0ERIOD&TO'+OJOPREVIOUSLY CONSIDEREDTHISGREENGLAZEDPLATETOBEA4ANGTHREE COLORGLAZEWARE+OJOet al.  BUTLATER3HIMAMOTOIDENTIÎEDITASAPRODUCTDATINGFROMTHE3OUTHERN3ONG PERIODTOTHE9UANPERIOD3HIMAMOTOet al.  )NBRIEF THE#HINESECERAMICSRANGEFROMTHEEIGHTHTOTHEFOURTEENTHCENTURY %ARLYEXAMPLESARERARE BECAUSE#HINESECERAMICSBECAMEMAINTRADEGOODSAFTER THESECONDHALFOFTHEEIGHTHCENTURY&URTHERMORE ITISDIխCULTTODISCUSSTHEVARIA

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TIONSINQUANTITYFORTHESEPERIODSBEYONDNOTINGTHATTHEREWASANINCREASEOFTHE #HINESECERAMICARTIFACTSAFTERTHEELEVENTHCENTURY4HE+HMERSTONEWARES WHICH AREPREDOMINANTINTHISCERAMICASSEMBLAGE DATEFROMTHE!NGKORIANPERIODAND MOSTOFTHEMAREASH GLAZEDWARESPRODUCEDINTHEELEVENTHCENTURY4HEPARALLEL EVOLUTIONOFBOTH+HMERAND#HINESECERAMICS WITHAPEAKINTHEELEVENTHCENTURY  suggest that this period might be an innovative time at Sambor Prei Kuk.

&IGURE0ARTSOFCELADONLIDDEDBOXESSECONDHALFOFTHEELEVENTHCENTURYTOSECONDHALFOFTHE FOURTEENTHCENTURY 

&IGURE&RAGMENTSOFA GREEN GLAZEDPLATEMIDDLE OFTHETHIRTEENTHCENTURYTO SECONDHALFOFTHEFOURTEENTH CENTURY 

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.EW%XCAVATIONSNEXTTO'ROSLIERÁSONES &ROM&EBRUARYTO-ARCH THE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTCARRIED OUTARCHAEOLOGICALEXCAVATIONSINONEOFTHERICHESTAREAS'ROSLIEREXCAVATEDIN &IGSAND INORDERTOSTUDYTHESTRATIGRAPHYOFTHATSITEANDTOCOLLECTANEWSET OFSTRATIGAPHICALLY BASEDARTIFACTS!CCORDINGTO'ROSLIERÁSUNPUBLISHEDREPORT HIS EXCAVATIONSCONSISTEDOFSIXSQUARESOFÜM-TO-AND.TO. BETWEEN TWOPRELIMINARYRECTANGULARTESTPITS3AND3  6ARIOUSOBJECTS SUCHASFRAGMENTSOFEARTHENWARE STONEWARESANDTILES AND ASMALLAMOUNTOFBRICKFRAGMENTS LAIDSCATTEREDONTHESURFACEBEFORETHE3AMBOR 0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTSTARTEDTHEEXCAVATIONS!ÎRSTTESTPITOFÜM4EST 0IT! WASSETUPANDDUGDOWNTOTHENATURALGROUNDONTHEEDGEOF'ROSLIERÁS. SQUAREINORDERTOASSESSITSSTRATIGRAPHY(ALFOFTHEPITCONSISTEDOFTHEBACKÎLLOF .WHILETHEOTHERHALFWASUNDISTURBED!FTERTHAT TWOOTHERPITSWERESETUP ONEOFÜM4EST0IT" NORTHOF.ANDONEOFÜM4EST0IT# SOUTHOF- 4EST0IT! 4EST0IT!REACHEDOVERMDEEPFROMTHEPRESENTGROUNDLEVEL)NTOTALEIGHT LAYERSWEREIDENTIÎED WITHTHELASTLAYERBEINGCONSIDEREDTHENATURALLAYER&IG  3URFACEANDÎRSTLAYER4HESEARELOOSERTHANTHELOWERLAYERSANDINCLUDEMANY TREEROOTSBUTONLYAFEWARTIFACTS 3ECONDTOFOURTHLAYER. The quantity of artifacts increases dramatically. Most OFTHEMAREEARTHENWARE GENERALLYQUITEWELLÎRED DECORATEDWITHINCISEDAND IMPRESSEDMOTIFS4HEREAREALSOSOME+HMERSTONEWARES MOSTLYGREEN GLAZED AND #HINESEWHITEPORCELAINSANDBLUE WHITEPORCELAINS!SUB LAYER)6 B WASIDENTIÎED

Test Pit B Test Pit A

&IGURE,OCATIONS OFTHE'ROSLIERAND 3AMBOR0REI+UK Test Pit C #ONSERVATION0ROJECT EXCAVATIONSURVEYS

3011-v2.indd 46 15/09/13 09:01 3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK  West S11-I S12-II Pit 9 S I II V VI B III-a III-b S12-I Surface L B IV East -1m -2m -3m -4m No.2 (PLD-11511) 777-896 AD No.3 (PLD-11512) 611-664 AD No.1 (PLD-11510) 535-624 AD IV-b S03-I S03-III V-a S03-II S03-IV I II III IV-a VI VII S03-V VIII Surface V-b East West

&IGURE0ROÎLEANDSTRATIGRAPHYOF4EST0IT!LEFT AND4EST0IT"RIGHT 

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INTHEFOURTHLAYERASCONTAININGMORESTONEWARES ASWELLASFRAGMENTSANDCHIPS of bricks and laterite. &IFTHLAYER4HEMATRIX CONSISTINGOFSANDYSOIL ISSIMILARTOTHEMATRIXOFTHE SECONDTOFOURTHLAYERS)TCONTAINSMANYCHIPSANDFRAGMENTSOFBRICKSANDLATERITE %ARTHENWAREINTHISLAYERISSIMILARTOTHATFOUNDINTHESECONDTOFOURTHLAYERS BUT +HMERSTONEWARESAND#HINESECERAMICSAREABSENT!PIT6 B WASIDENTIÎEDON THEWESTERNSIDEOFTHETESTTRENCH$UGINTOTHEÎFTHLAYER THEPITISÎLLEDWITHLOOSE SOIL SIMILARTO)6 A 3IXTHLAYER4HISCONTAINSFEWERARTIFACTSANDCHIPSOFBRICKSANDLATERITETHAN THEÎFTHLAYER 3EVENTHLAYER. The sandy soil becomes coarse and its color changes to a lighter hue. This layer contains no artifacts. %IGHTHLAYER4HEMATRIXCONSISTSOFYELLOWISHBROWNCOARSESANDYSOILSIMILAR TOTHENATURALLAYERIDENTIÎEDINTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREWALLAT0RASAT3AMBORBYTHE  EXCAVATIONS4HEREFORE THISLAYERISCONSIDEREDTHENATURALLAYERINTHIS AREA!PITDUGINTONATURALSOIL3 APPROXIMATELYCMWIDTHANDCMDEEP WAS IDENTIÎED!CARBONIZEDCOOKINGPOTANDTHESPOUTOFAKENDIWEREFOUNDATTHEBOTTOM OFTHEPIT WHICHWASÎLLEDWITHAÎNESANDCONTAININGMUCHCHARCOAL4HEPRESENCE of the KENDIFRAGMENTINDICATESTHATTHISPITCANBEDATEDTOTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD 3OMECHARCOALATTACHEDTOTHEPOTWASSAMPLEDANDSUBMITTEDFORACCELERATORMASS SPECTROMETER!-3 RADIOCARBONDATING4HECALIBRATEDRESULTINDICATESADATEFALLING BETWEENTHEMIDDLEOFTHESIXTHCENTURYANDTHEÎRSTHALFOFTHESEVENTHCENTURY  WHICHMATCHESTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD3AMPLE.O 4ABLE 

4!",%2!$)/#!2"/.$!4!4)/.%34)-!4%$&2/-#!2"/.):%$7//$3!-0,%3 ,ABORATORY.O 3AMPLE.O ̠# #AGEYR"0n̮ ̮CALIBRATED#AGE PROBABILITY !$  0,$   n n !$  !$  0,$   n n !$ 

0,$   n n !$ 

4EST0IT!ESTABLISHESSEVERALIMPORTANTPOINTS&IRST THESURFACEANDÎRST LAYERAPPEARTOBEMODERNANDMAYCOMEFROMTHEPREVIOUSEXCAVATIONSBY'ROSLIER

 4HERADIOCARBONDATINGWASPERFORMEDBY0ALEO,ABO#O,T+OBAYASHIet al. 4HE GRAPHITESAMPLESWEREMEASUREDFOR# #AND#CONTENTSUSINGTHE0ALEO,ABO#OMPACT 2ADIOCARBON!-3SYSTEM.%# !FTERTHECORRECTIONFORISOTOPICFRACTIONATION THEOBTAINED #AGESWERECALIBRATEDUSINGTHEPROGRAM/X#ALANDTHE).4#!,CALIBRATIONCURVE

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3ECOND THESECONDTOFOURTHLAYERSCANBEDATEDTOTHE!NGKORIANPERIODBASEDON THEPRESENCEOF+HMERAND#HINESECERAMICS4HEEARTHENWAREFOUNDINTHESELAYERS ISOFMUCHBETTERÎRINGTHANTHATOF0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD4HIRD THELOWERLAYERS MAYPOSSIBLYBELONGTOTHE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD CONSIDERINGTHELACKOFSTONE WARESANDWELL ÎREDEARTHENWARE0IT3 DUGINTOTHEEIGHTHLAYER CANBEDATEDAS 0RE !NGKORIAN BASEDONTHEPRESENCEOFAKENDI spout and the result of AMS dating. &INALLY THEACCUMULATIONOFSOILREACHESTOOVERMOFCULTURALLAYERS ANDCANBE DIVIDEDINTOATLEASTTWOCULTURALPERIODS!NGKORIANAND0RE !NGKORIAN 4EST0IT" 4EST0IT"WASTHELARGESTEXCAVATIONCONDUCTEDBYTHE3AMBOR0REI+UK #ONSERVATION0ROJECT'UIDEDBYTHERESULTSOF4EST0IT! THEEXCAVATIONFOLLOWED ASTRATIGRAPHICMETHODANDALLTHEARTIFACTSWERECLEARLYLOCALIZEDACCORDINGTOTHE LAYERS7ECANTHENPROPOSEDATEESTIMATESFOREACHLAYERBASEDONTHEVARIETY TYPE and quality of the artifacts. 4HECOMPARISONOFTHESOILSEQUENCESONTHESOUTHERNWALLOF4EST0IT"AND OFTHESOILSEQUENCESATTHENEIGHBOURING4EST0IT!SHOWSTHATTHEIRSTRATIGRAPHIES AREALMOSTTHESAME(OWEVER SINCETHEEXCAVATIONAT4EST0IT"WASINTERRUPTEDAT ADEPTHOFMDUETOTIMECONSTRAINTS ONLYSIXLAYERSWEREIDENTIÎED&IG WITH THEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICS 3URFACEANDÎRSTLAYER4HESEARELOOSEANDCONTAINONLYAFEWARTIFACTS AN INDICATIONTHATTHEYARETHERESULTOFRECENTHUMANACTIVITY PARTICULARLYTHEPREVIOUS EXCAVATION$URINGTHATTIME SOMEAMOUNTOFSOILWITHASMALLNUMBEROFARTIFACTS WOULDHAVEACCUMULATEDONTHEGROUNDSURROUNDINGTHEEXCAVATIONAREA 3ECONDANDTHIRDLAYER The second layer can be considered the latest historical CULTURALLAYERINTHEAREA4HEMATRIXISABROWNSANDYSILT4HETHIRDLAYER MADEOF DARKBROWNSANDYSILT STARTSAPPROXIMATELYCMFROMTHESURFACE)NBOTHLAYERS  THESOILISVERYHARDANDCONTAINSMANYARTIFACTS4HETHIRDLAYERISDIVIDEDINTOTWO SUB LAYERS))) AAND))) B THELOWERONECONTAININGMOREDARKGRAYISH YELLOWSOIL patches. -OSTOFTHEARTIFACTSFOUNDINTHESELAYERSAREEARTHENWAREWHOSEDETAILED CHARACTERISTICSWEDISCUSSLATER3OME+HMERGREEN GLAZEDANDUNGLAZEDWARES AREALSOFOUND"ROWN GLAZEDWARES WHICHHAVEBEENTYPICALOF+HMERSTONEWARES SINCETHETWELFTHCENTURY ARERARE)NADDITION THESELAYERSCONTAINSEVERAL#HINESE CERAMICS INCLUDINGSHARDSOFTHEBODYORCOVEROFALIDDEDBOX ANDOFABOWLANDA PLATEDATEDFROMTHEELEVENTHTOTHETWELFTHCENTURY &OURTHLAYER-ADEOFDULLYELLOWISHBROWNSANDYSILT THISLAYERCONTAINSFEWER ARTIFACTSTHANTHETWOLAYERSABOVE3OMEOFTHESEMAYBEDATEDFROMTHE!NGKORIAN PERIODBASEDONTHEIRQUALITY HARDNESSANDDECORATION)NADDITION THELOWERPART OFTHELAYERCONTAINSAFEWPOTSHERDSWITHREDPAINT4HEIRDECORATIONPATTERN SHOWSSIMILARITIESWITHSOMEEARTHENWAREEXCAVATEDIN+HMERSTONEWARES

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AREQUITERAREANDONLYONE#HINESESHARD ABLUISHWHITEPORCELAIN WASUNEARTHED This change in the ceramic assemblage is interpreted as a chronological shift from !NGKORIANTO0RE !NGKORIANTIMES4HE!-3DATINGDONEONACARBONSAMPLEFROM this fourth layer has provided a date ranging from the late eighth century to the end OFTHENINTHCENTURY3AMPLE.O 4ABLE 4HISRESULTÎTSWITHTHEOBSERVATIONAND ANALYSISOFTHESTONEWARES 4HESOUTH WESTERNPARTOFTHEPITSHOWSADISTINCTDISTRIBUTIONOFSOIL ASPECTSANDOFARTIFACTS THEREFOREITWASDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEFOURTHLAYER ANDIDENTIFIEDASTWODIFFERENTLAYERS3AND3 3AND3ARESLIGHTLYLESS COMPACTTHANTHEFOURTHLAYERANDINCLUDEMOREDARKGRAYISH YELLOWPATCHY SOIL BRICKANDLATERITECHIPS ANDSTONEFRAGMENTS3CONTAINSACONSIDERABLE AMOUNTOFCHARCOAL4HECONCENTRATIONOFPOTSHERDS ASWELLASBRICKANDLATERITE FRAGMENTS INCREASESATTHEBOTTOMOF3AND33TRATIGRAPHICOBSERVATIONSOF THESOUTHERNWALLOFTHEPIT CONFIRMTHAT3AND3WEREDUGINTOTHEFOURTH LAYERANDPARTOFTHEFIFTHDOWNTOAPPROXIMATELYMFROMTHESURFACE3AND 3CONTAINEARTHENWAREANDONLYONE+HMERCERAMICFRAGMENT4HISSUGGESTS that they belong to the Angkorian period. &IFTHLAYER)TISLOCATEDAPPROXIMATELYCMFROMTHESURFACE UNDERTHE FOURTHLAYER ANDWASDISTURBEDBY3AND3INTHESOUTHWESTAREAOFTHEPIT4HE MATRIXISROUGHLYTHESAMEASINTHEFOURTHLAYERBUTITCONTAINSMOREPATCHESOFDARK YELLOWISHSOIL)TALSOCONTAINSMOREARTIFACTSBRICKANDLATERITEFRAGMENTS CHARCOAL  ANDEARTHENWARETHATISPOORLYÎREDINCOMPARISONWITHTHEONEINTHEUPPERLAYERS Spouts of KENDIANDSOMEPOTSHERDSPAINTEDREDWERECOLLECTEDATTHISLEVEL BUTNO +HMEROR#HINESECERAMICSWEREFOUND4HISSUGGESTSTHATTHEÎFTHLAYERCANBE dated from an older period. The AMS dating made on a carbon sample from this LAYERPROVIDEDADATEBETWEENTHEBEGINNINGANDTHEMIDDLEOFTHESEVENTHCENTURY 3AMPLE.O 4ABLE WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHEPERIODWHEN3AMBOR0REI+UKWAS thought to be the capital city of Chenla. 3IXTHLAYER$UETOTIMECONSTRAINTS THESIXTHLAYERWASONLYEXCAVATEDDOWNTO APPROXIMATELYM)TSMATRIXISDULLYELLOWISHBROWNSANDYSILT LESSCOMPACTTHAN THATOFTHEÎFTHLAYER.OARTIFACTSWEREFOUND(OWEVER BASEDONTHEEXCAVATIONOF 4EST0IT!WHOSELOWERLEVELSINCLUDEAPITANDAFEWEARTHENWAREANDBRICKCHIPS  WECANEXPECTTHATTHEUNEXCAVATEDLOWERPARTSOFTHESIXTHLAYERWILLCONTAINMORE ARTIFACTS&URTHEREXCAVATIONSWILLBEREQUIREDHOWEVERITISPOSSIBLETOCONSIDERTHAT THEIMPORTANTCULTURALLAYERSINTHISAREAAREAPPROXIMATELYMTHICKANDGOFROM THESECONDTOTHEÎFTHLAYER 4EST0IT# 4HISPITISNARROWERTHAN4EST0IT"BUTPRODUCEDASTRATIGRAPHYSIMILARTOTHE OTHERTWOPITS)TSUGGESTSTHATTHESOILACCUMULATIONINTHISAREAISHORIZONTALAND homogeneous. Therefore a detailed description of each layer in this pit is not necessary.

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5NEARTHED!RTIFACTS )NTOTAL MORETHAN POTSHERDSWEREUNEARTHEDFROMTHESEPITSTable  !RTIFACTSINCLUDEEARTHENWARE STONEWARE TILES +HMERGREENGLAZEDANDBROWN GLAZEDSTONEWARES #HINESECERAMICS ANDCLAYPRODUCTS A%ARTHENWARE %ARTHENWAREREPRESENTTHEMAJORITYOFARTIFACTSFOUNDDURINGTHE3AMBOR0REI +UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTEXCAVATIONS ASWASTHECASEOF'ROSLIERÁS%ARTHENWARECAN BECLASSIÎEDINTOTWOCATEGORIESHARDEARTHENWAREÎREDATHIGHTEMPERATUREAND SOFTEARTHENWAREÎREDATALOWERTEMPERATURE7EUNEARTHEDHARDEARTHENWAREIN LARGEQUANTITIESFROMTHESECONDTOTHEFOURTHLAYERS3HAPEDBYWHEELORTURNING BOARDTHISEARTHENWARECONSISTSOFFRAGMENTSOFVASES JARS COOKINGPOTS ETCANDIT ISDECORATEDWITHINCISIONSANDIMPRESSIONSONTHENECKANDSHOULDER#ONSIDERING THATSIMILAREARTHENWAREHASBEENEXCAVATEDIN!NGKOR THESECHARACTERISTICSSTRONGLY SUGGESTTHATTHISHARDEARTHENWAREDATESFROMTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD!DDITIONALLY  WEUNEARTHEDHARDEARTHENWARETOGETHERWITHARTIFACTSTYPICALOFTHISPERIODSUCHAS STONEWARE AND+HMERSTONEWARES4HEÎFTHLAYERDOESNOTINCLUDEANYEARTHENWARE ÎREDATHIGHTEMPERATURE WHICHSUGGESTSTHATITBELONGSTOADIլERENTHISTORICALPERIOD 4HESECONDCATEGORY SOFTEARTHENWARE WASFOUNDMOSTLYINTHEÎFTHLAYER AND CONSISTSOFFRAGMENTSOFVASESGENERALLYWITHSTRONGLYEVERTEDRIMS JARS COOKING pots and KENDIS3OMECONTAINERS ESPECIALLYCOOKINGPOTS ARECARBONIZEDONTHE SURFACE4HEIRDECORATIONISUSUALLYLIMITEDTOREDPAINTINGINCISIONSORIMPRES SIONSARERARE/CCASIONALLYTHEENTIREOUTSIDEOFTHEEARTHENWAREISPAINTEDRED  ANDOTHERSFRAGMENTSAREDECORATEDWITHHORIZONTALREDLINESONTHERIM NECKOR SHOULDER/NLYAFEWFRAGMENTSDISPLAYAMOTIFWHICHHASALSOBEENFOUNDAT!NGKOR Borei. The KENDISANDREDPAINTINGFRAGMENTSARECOMPARABLETOEARTHENWAREFOUND ATSOMEOTHER0RE !NGKORIANSITESIN#AMBODIAANDINSOUTHERN6IETNAM-OREOVER  SOFTEARTHENWAREWASMOSTLYUNEARTHEDFROMTHELOWERLAYERSWHERE+HMERSTONE WARESOR#HINESECERAMICSWEREABSENT RATHERTHANFROMTHEOTHERLAYERSIDENTI ÎEDAS!NGKORIAN4HEREFORE WECANCONCLUDETHATSOFTEARTHENWAREDATESFROMTHE 0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD B+HMERSTONEWARES 3TONEWAREISATYPICALARTIFACTOFTHESECONDTOTHEFOURTHLAYERS)TCONSISTS MAINLYINFRAGMENTSOFVASESWITHSTRONGLYEVERTEDRIMS JARS ANDLIDDEDBOXES 3OMEOFTHESTONEWAREWASDECORATEDWITHINCISEDHORIZONTALLINESORIMPRESSIONS WHICHARECOMMONLYFOUNDIN+HMERGLAZEDANDUNGLAZEDSTONEWARES !SINDICATEDABOVE MANYGREENGLAZEDANDBROWNGLAZEDSTONEWARESHAD BEENFOUNDBY'ROSLIERIN!LTHOUGHSOMEGREENGLAZEDCERAMICFRAGMENTSWERE RECOVEREDINFROMTHESECONDTOTHEFOURTHLAYERS BROWNGLAZEDSTONEWARES WERERARELYFOUND'REENGLAZEDARTIFACTSCONSISTOFBOWLS VASESANDCOVEREDBOXES DECORATEDWITHINCISEDLINESANDIMPRESSEDMOTIFS-OSTOFTHEMWEREBROKENINTO

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Aséanie 30 | 2012 Ichita Shimoda and Sae Shimamoto

Ceramic Chinese Chinese

9ES 3OIL0ATCH

OME-ANY Charcoal

,ATERITE"LOCK

,ATERITE#HIP

"RICK"LOCK "RICK#HIP

1UANTITY.ONE,ITTLE!LITTLE3 Ceramic    :FT :FT :FT /P /P /P /P /P /P /P /P /P /P /P %340)43!!.$" hard hard hard loose Hardness quite hard quite hard quite hard quite hard quite hard quite hard quite loose quite loose quite loose quite loose quite loose quite loose quite loose Color Color (UE 92 "RIGHTYELLOWISHBROWN 92 "ROWN 9292 'RAYISHBROWN "ROWN 92 'RAYISHBROWN 92 'RAYISHBROWN  92 "ROWN  92 92 'RAYISHBROWN "ROWN  92 "RIGHTYELLOWISHBROWN   B 92 "ROWN B B 3 3  923  923  $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN 92 'RAYISHYELLOWBROWN 92 'RAYISHYELLOWBROWN "ROWNISHGRAY 3 3  92 92 $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN Surface ,AYER 4%340)4! 4!",%#/-0!2!4)6%4!",%/&-!42)8!.$5.%!24(%$/"*%#43).4

3011-v2.indd 52 15/09/13 09:01

3PATIALAND#HRONOLOGICAL3KETCHOFTHE!NCIENT#ITYOF3AMBOR0REI+UK 

Ceramic Chinese Chinese

No No No No No No No No 9ES 9ES 9ES 3OIL0ATCH

OME-ANY Charcoal

,ATERITE"LOCK

,ATERITE#HIP

"RICK"LOCK "RICK#HIP     

1UANTITY.ONE,ITTLE!LITTLE3 Ceramic number of the ceramic             hard hard hard loose Hardness very hard quite hard quite hard quite hard quite hard quite loose quite loose quite loose Color Color (UE 92 'RAYISHYELLOWBROWN 92 $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN 92 $ULLBROWN    92 92 $ULLBROWN "ROWN WUITELOOSE  92 $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN    A 92 $ARKBROWN  B 92 $ARKBROWN 0IT 92 $ARKBROWN 3 3  923  923  92 $ARKBROWN 92 $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN $ARKBROWN $ULLYELLOWISHBROWN Surface ,AYER 4%340)4"

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SMALLFRAGMENTS MAKINGITDIխCULTTOIDENTIFYTHEIRORIGINALSHAPE.EVERTHELESS THEY indicate that the upper layers of the stratigraphy can be dated from the Angkorian PERIOD ESPECIALLYITSÎRSTHALF c. Chinese ceramics #HINESEWARESWEREUNEARTHEDINTHESECONDANDTHIRDLAYERSOFTESTPITS"AND #%VENTHOUGHTHEYREPRESENTAVERYSMALLPARTOFTHEOVERALLASSEMBLAGE THEYARE very important for the establishment of the ceramic chronology in Sambor Prei Kuk. -OSTOFTHEMAREBLUEANDWHITELIDDEDBOXESSEVERALWEREIDENTIÎEDASPRODUCTS OFTHE$EHUAKILNS *INGDEZHENKILNSOROFTHE&UJIAN0ROVINCEIN#HINA ANDMOSTOF THEMCANBEDATEDFROMTHEELEVENTHANDTWELFTHCENTURY3EVERALSHARDSOFWHITE PORCELAINLIDDEDBOXESANDVASES ANDONLYAFEWCELADONSHARDSHAVEBEENUNEARTHED INASSOCIATIONWITHBLUEANDWHITESHARDS3OMEOFTHESEIMPORTEDCERAMICSAREOF HIGHQUALITYSUGGESTINGTHAT3AMBOR0REI+UK ALTHOUGHNOTTHECENTREOFTHEEMPIRE INTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD WASSTILLANIMPORTANTTRADINGANDADMINISTRATIVECENTRE #HRONOLOGICALREFERENCESINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE !FTERHAVINGDISCUSSEDTHECHRONOLOGYOFTHETEMPLEZONE ANDESPECIALLY0RASAT 3AMBOR WEWILLNOWFOCUS INTHEREMAINDEROFTHISPAPER ONTHEMOATEDCITYZONE  its date of establishment and the duration of its occupation. Although the survey in THEMOATEDCITYZONESTILLREQUIRESMOREEXTENSIVERESEARCH AFEWCHRONOLOGICALDATA SUCHASBUILDINGSTYLEANDDECORATIVESTONEELEMENTSWEREIDENTIÎEDBYTHE3AMBOR 0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTÎELDSURVEY 4EMPLESINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE !SPREVIOUSLYSTATED ATOTALOFÎFTY SIXSITESWERELISTEDINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE -ANYOFTHEMARESEVERELYDAMAGED ANDSEVERALTEMPLESHAVENOWBEENREDUCEDTO

N &IGURE0LANOF 01020304050m 0RASAT+HNACH4OL - 

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&IGUREÀ&LYING0ALACEÁMOTIVEAT 0RASAT4AMON- 

AHEAPOFBRICKRUBBLE(OWEVER AFEWBUILDINGSAREINACONDITIONGOODENOUGHTO study their architectural style and dating. /NEOFTHELARGESTTEMPLESINTHEMOATEDCITYZONEIS0RASAT+HNACH4OL-  4HISTEMPLEISLOCATEDINTHENORTH WESTQUADRANT4HISTEMPLEISSURROUNDEDBYA LOWEARTHENENCLOSURESCATTEREDWITHMANYLATERITEBLOCKS&IG 4HERECTAN GULARENCLOSUREMEAST WESTBYMNORTH SOUTH ISORIENTEDTOTHENORTH EAST APPROXIMATELYDEGREESFROMTRUEEAST)TCONTAINSFOURBRICKSHRINESIRREGULARLYLAID OUT4WOOFTHEMSHOWASQUAREPLAN ONEANOCTAGONAL4HELASTONEISCOMPLETELY COLLAPSEDANDITSPLANISDIխCULTTOASCERTAIN)NTHELIGHTOFTHEFACTTHATNOOCTAGONAL SHRINEWASEVERBUILTDURINGTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD THISSHRINEWASPROBABLYBUILTIN THESEVENTHCENTURY WHENMANYOCTAGONALSHRINESWEREERECTEDIN0RASAT3AMBOR AND0RASAT9EAI0OEUN !NOTHEREXAMPLERECOGNIZEDASA0RE !NGKORIANPERIODBUILDINGISTHEMAIN SHRINEOF0RASAT4AMON- INTHENORTH EASTQUADRANT)TISONEOFTHEBEST PRESERVEDBRICKTOWERSINTHECITY ANDITSROOFSTRUCTUREISALMOSTINTACT)TSSIDE

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1422570, 503220 Trench B

D3

Trench A D2 Trench C

D1

1422530, 503270 N &IGURE0LANOF 0102030m0RASAT$ONMONG - 

WALLSAREDECORATEDWITHA&LYING0ALACE ACHARACTERISTICDECORATIONDURINGTHE 0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD&IG 4HECARVEDLINTELDECORATIONSONTHEFALSEDOORARE also typical of the Sambor Prei Kuk style. 0RASAT$ONMONG- LOCATEDONTHEEASTSIDEOFTHEMOATEDCITYZONEON THEWESTBANKOFTHE/+ROU+E2IVER ISALSOA0RE !NGKORIANBUILDING4HISTEMPLE CONSISTSOFTHREESHRINESALIGNEDONAPLATFORMENCLOSEDBYLATERITEWALLMÜM  SEE&IG 4HECENTRALSHRINEISINGOODCONDITION BUTTHESIDESHRINESARETOTALLY

&IGURE#ONJECTURAL PROCESSOFRENOVATION ATTHEEASTGATEOF 0RASAT$ONMONG

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COLLAPSED!NELEVATEDCAUSEWAY LIKEFEATUREWASIDENTIÎED RUNNINGSTRAIGHTFROM THEEASTGATEOFTHETEMPLETOTHE/+ROU+E2IVER)TISPOSSIBLETHATTHISTEMPLE ACTEDASANENTRANCETOTHEMOATEDCITYZONE CONNECTINGITWITHTHETEMPLEZONE 4HEEXCAVATIONONTHEEASTGATEOFTHETEMPLEINREVEALEDSEVERALSTAGESOF STRUCTURES&IG 4HISEXCAVATIONBEINGTHEÎRSTEXECUTEDINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE  ITISSTILLDIխCULTTOASCERTAINTHEDATEOFTHESESTRUCTURES(OWEVER THEIRQUALITYIS DEÎNITELYPOORERTHANTHATOFTHERENOVATIONWORKS WHICHMAYDATEBACKTOTHETENTH CENTURY DONEATTHEEASTGATEOFTHEMIDDLEENCLOSUREAT0RASAT3AMBOR"ASEDON THIS WECANESTIMATETHATATLEASTSOMETEMPLESINTHEMOATEDCITYZONEWEREUSED INTHE!NGKORIANPERIODORATALATTERPERIOD ASWASTHECASEWITHTHETEMPLEZONE $ECORATIVESTONEOBJECTSINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE 6ARIOUSDECORATIVESTONEOBJECTSWEREFOUNDSCATTEREDINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE 4HE3AMBOR0REI+UK#ONSERVATION0ROJECTMADEANINVENTORYOFTHESEOBJECTSANDTRANS PORTEDTHEMTOTHESITESTORAGEWHENEVERPOSSIBLE!LTHOUGHMANYVALUABLESCULPTED OBJECTSMIGHTHAVEBEENSTOLENFROMTHISSITEINTHEPAST THEREMAININGONESAREUSEFUL FORDATING!DECORATIVELINTELWASRECOVEREDAT-)TBELONGSTOTHE3AMBOR0REI +UKSTYLEANDTHEQUALITYOFTHECARVINGISCOMPARABLETOWHATISFOUNDINTHETEMPLE ZONE&IG !SECONDLINTELFOUNDAT-BELONGSTOTHE0REI+HMENGSTYLE&IG  !MONGTHEPEDESTALSFOUNDINTHEMOATEDCITYZONE TWOWERECARVEDINTOONE MONOLITH-AND WHILEOTHERSWEREMADEOFMULTIPLELAYEREDBLOCKS-  - - - - - - - - - 4HEFORMERCATEGORYIS USUALLYASSOCIATEDWITHTHE!NGKORIANPERIOD ANDTHELATTERWITHTHE0RE !NGKORIAN ONE(OWEVER THEPEDESTALFROM--0 ISVERYSMALLCMÜCM  &IG ANDTHEFORMOFTHEPEDESTALFROM--0 ISRATHERATYPICAL&IG  #ONSEQUENTLY ITMAYBEINAPPROPRIATETOSIMPLYDATETHESETWOMONOLITHICPEDESTALS from the Angkorian period.

&IGURE,INTELFROM SITE-3AMBOR 0REI+UKSTYLE 

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&IGURE,INTELFROMSITE -0REI+HMENGSTYLE 

&IGURE0EDESTALFROMSITE-

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&IGURE0EDESTAL FROMSITE-

#OLONNETTESCANBEROUGHLYCLASSIÎEDBASEDONTHEIRSECTIONCYLINDRICALOR POLYGONAL"ASICALLY CYLINDRICALCOLONNETTESWEREUSEDDURINGTHE0RE !NGKORIAN PERIOD4WOCOLONNETTESFROM-AND- FALLINTOTHATCATEGORY %VENIFTHEYARELIMITEDINNUMBER ALLTHEDECORATIVEOBJECTSAVAILABLEPOINTTO THE0RE !NGKORIANPERIOD SUGGESTINGTHATTHEMOATEDCITYZONEWASESTABLISHEDAND DEVELOPEDJOINTLYWITHTHETEMPLEZONE ASITSPOLITICALANDECONOMICCOUNTERPART

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