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Name: AP World History Chapter 27 Study Packet Name: AP World History Chapter 27 Study Packet The Islamic Empires Table of Contents 2.......Overview 3.......Introduction 4.......A.P. Key Concepts 5....... Study Questions - Formation of Islamic Empires 8....... Study Questions- Imperial Islamic Society/ Empires in Transition 10..... Study Questions- Review Chapter 27 Study Packet Overview- The Islamic Empires Overview Three powerful Islamic empires emerged in India and southwest Asia after the fifteenth century. Beginning with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, Turkish warriors and charismatic leaders established first the Ottoman empire, then the Safavid dynasty in Persia (1502), and finally the Mughal dynasty in India (1526). Three distinct empires emerged with different cultures and traditions. Yet there are some striking similarities, including the following: • Autocratic rule. All three empires began as military states in which all power and prestige centered on the person of the ruler. All three were plagued by problems of succession from one ruler to the next. • Islamic faith. All three empires embraced Islam. Sizeable Christian minorities in the Ottoman empire and a large Hindu majority in India forced those rulers to craft policies of religious toleration. The Safavid dynasty followed the Shia sect of Islam, which brought them into conflict with their Sunni Ottoman neighbors. • Inward-looking policies. Although all three Islamic states maintained power through the military, neither the Safavid nor the Mughal dynasties developed a navy or a merchant fleet. Military resources were concentrated on defending inland borders. The Ottoman did have a powerful navy at one time, but by the eighteenth century, Ottoman armaments were outmoded and usually of European manufacture. • Agricultural economies. Agriculture was the basis of the Islamic empires, and the majority of the population was engaged in raising and processing food. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Ottoman and Safavid populations grew slowly; the population in India grew more dramatically. • Ambivalence toward foreign trade. All three empires existed along important historic trade routes and derived benefit from their locations. The Safavids actively encouraged foreign trade. However, none of the three states sent merchants abroad or encouraged new industries. • Cultural conservatism. The Islamic empires did not seek out new ideas or technologies and proved hostile to innovation by the eighteenth century. Like leaders in the Qing and Tokugawa dynasties (Chapter 26), Islamic conservatives feared that new ideas would lead to political instability. Chapter 27 Study Packet Introduction- The Islamic Empires In 1289, Osman Bey led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi) and began to conquer the Byzantine Empire. Using gunpowder, effective tactics, and the Janissaries (slave troops who later became a very formidable force), he moved into the Balkans, forming the empire named after him, The Ottoman Empire. In 1453, Mehmed the Conquer (r. 1451–1481) finally captured Constantinople and established an absolute centralized state that covered the eastern Mediterranean. Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566) expanded the empire into Europe, laid siege to Vienna, and built a fleet that rivaled the Europeans. To the east was the Safavid Empire. The Turkic peoples followed Shah Ismail (r. 1501‐1524) and established a Shiite government over the Sunni population. The clash between the Ottoman Sunnis and the Safavid Shiites came at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 where the Safavids were defeated by the Ottomans. Shah Abbas the Great (r. 1588–1629) brought the empire back and tried to form alliances with European powers against the Ottomans. In India, Babur, who came from central Asia, founded the Mughal (“Mongol”) dynasty after invading India and seizing Delhi in 1526. By his death in 1530 most of India was under Mughal control. His grandson Akbar created an absolutist government, expanded the empire, and encouraged tolerance between Muslims and Hindus. Akbar’s great‐grandson Aurangzeb expanded the empire to its greatest extent but, unlike Akbar, he taxed Hindus, and during his rule he had problems with religious tensions. All three of these empires had much in common. They were all created with military power and the power of the ruler came from his military ability. They encouraged devotion to Islam. They were all autocratic, but there were many problems arising from the fact there was no established succession. All three were based in agriculture, especially wheat and rice, where the population growth was the most dramatic in the Mughal Empire with its emphasis on food. In terms of trade, the Ottomans and the Safavids established extensive relations with the Europeans while the Mughals less so, permitting only small trade stations for the English, French, and Dutch. Another constant was patronage of the arts and public works such as mosques, schools, and hospitals. A common theme among these three empires was consistent religious tolerance. The mix of religions in these empires created a challenge for the various rulers. Akbar tried to create a syncretic faith and Aurangzeb taxed the Hindus. But in most cases, various religions were tolerated. As in other cases, all three of these empires declined for various reasons. Corrupt officials, bad rulers, and religious tensions all created problems. There was also economic and military decline. The end of expansion meant an economic slow‐ down, long costly wars, and a failure to keep up with trade and industry also hurt the economies. The empires also failed to keep up with the changes in military technology. The conservatives in the empires also resisted western science and technology, including the telescope and the printing press. Chapter 27 Study Packet The Islamic Empires World A.P. Key Concepts Key Concept 4.1. Globalizing Networks of Communication and Exchange VI. The increase in interactions between newly connected hemispheres and intensification of connections within hemispheres expanded the spread and reform of existing religions and created syncretic belief systems and practices. Key Concept 4.2. New Forms of Social Organization and Modes of Production II. As new social and political elites changed, they also restructured new ethnic, racial and gender hierarchies. Key Concept 4.3. State Consolidation and Imperial Expansion I. Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power. II. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres. Chapter 27 Study Packet Questions Formation of Islamic Empires (Pages 1-11) IDENTIFICATION: PEOPLE 1. Osman 2. Mehmed the Conqueror 3. Suleyman the Magnificent 4. Shah Ismail 5. Shah Abbas 6. Bahur 7. Akbar 8. Aurangzeb IDENTIFICATION: TERMSICONCEPTS 1. Ottoman empire 2. Safavids 3. Mughals 4. Ghazi 5. Janissaries 6. Twelver Shiism STUDY QUESTIONS 1. How did the Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine empire? What was the basis of their military strength? 2. Discuss the religious and political issues that separated the Ottoman Turks and the Safavid Turks, two neighboring Islamic states, in the sixteenth century. 3. By what steps did Shah Abbas achieve a strong and unified Safavid state? 4. What was Babur's assessment of India? Why did he decide to remain? 5. Compare Akbar's policies with those of Aurangzeb. Chapter 27 Study Packet Questions Imperial Islamic Society/ Empires in Transition (Pages 11-24) IDENTIFICATION: TERMSICONCEPTS 1. Qizilbash 2. Sikhs 3. Taj Mahal STUDY QUESTIONS 1. What aspects of these Islamic empires made political succession so uncertain? What often happened when the ruler died? 2. What were some of the principal commodities traded in and out of the Islamic states? 3. Which state had the most to offer western merchants? 4. Identify and compare the status of religious minorities within the three Islamic empires. Which empire faced the greatest challenges in this regard? 5. What factors led to the economic and military decline of the Islamic empires? Chapter 27 Study Packet Questions Review MATCHING Match these figures or groups with the statements that follow. A. Shah Abbas G. Osman B. Ghazs H. Babur C. Janissaries I. Akbar D. Qizilbash J. Suleyman the Magnificent E. Shah Ismael K. Aurangzeb F Mehmed the Conqueror L. Shan Jahan 1. Thirteenth-century founder of the Ottoman dynasty. 2. Sixteenth-century founder of the Safavid dynasty. 3. Sixteenth-century founder of the Mughal dynasty. 4. Religious warriors in service of the Ottoman empire. 5. Followers of Twelver Shiism. 6. Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople and created a unified Ottoman empire. 7. Ottoman troops comprised of captive Christian boys, raised in Islam and devoted to the sultan. 8. Seventeenth-century ruler who sponsored the creation of the Peacock Throne and the construction of the Taj Mahal, two symbols of the wealth of the Mughal empire. 9. Ottoman sultan, known to his subjects as "the Lawgiver," who expanded his empire into central Europe. 10. Ruler who extended Mughal rule into southern India but faced many challenges from his Hindu subjects. 11. Effective Safavid ruler who modernized the army and retook Hormuz from the Portuguese. 12. Mughal ruler who created a centralized administrative structure that included both Hindus and Muslims in positions of power. SEQUENCING Place the following clusters of events in chronological order. Consider carefully how one event leads to another, and try to determine the internal logic of each sequence. Sequence 1 Sequence 2 With powerful forces and gunpowder Safavid empire weapons, Mehmed the Conqueror encircles and finally captures Constantinople. Abbasid empire Moving into the Balkans, the Ottomans create a special military force comprised of Iran captive Christian slaves. Osman Bey founds the Turkish dynasty in the Ilkhanate of Persia northwest Anatolia. Renamed Istanbul, the city is the capital of a vast and wealthy empire. Turkish ghazi seize territory in Anatolia from the Byzantine empire .
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