8 the Ghurids
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Qutb Minar: Religion and Power in 13Th-Century India Professor Munis Faruqui (Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley)
The Making of a Modern Myth Qutb Minar: Religion and Power in 13th-Century India Professor Munis Faruqui (Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley) I. Introduction India is the world’s largest democracy, and has the world’s second largest population of Muslims. Over the last few decades, deep religious divisions have appeared between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority, who comprise 12–15 percent of the population. Extremists in either community have stoked violent religious conflict in ways that will be discussed shortly. Most of the violence in recent history has occurred in the form of pogroms. Most of the victims are Muslims. There are at least two critical threads that link contemporary anti-Muslim violence: first, a rising tide of Hindu nationalism. Second, much of the violence has been continuously stoked by rhetoricians’ use of an exaggerated and distorted history of endless conflict between these two groups—especially during the period when Muslim political authorities dominated northern India (c. 1200–1750). According to Hindu nationalists, the experience under the Muslims was oppressive, the Muslim rulers tyrannical, Hindu temples were destroyed, and so on. So the current anti- Muslim pogroms are payback, as the more extreme elements among the Hindu nationalists openly assert: attacking Muslims today is thus justified for what happened 500, 600, or 700 years ago. Like many groups elsewhere in the world, Hindu nationalists invoke history. Irish Republicanism invokes battles that happened in 1690 and so on. Groups in the Balkans are another example: Serbs, Croats, and Bosniacs have their own histories, and the 1389 battle of Kosovo becomes a central rallying cry for Serbian nationalism. -
States Systems and Universal Empires - David Wilkinson
WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY – States Systems and Universal Empires - David Wilkinson STATES SYSTEMS AND UNIVERSAL EMPIRES David Wilkinson Department of Political Science, UCLA, USA Keywords: World system, civilization, states system, universal empire, world state. Contents 1. Civilizations and World Systems 2. The Character of States Systems. 2.1. Conditions Favorable to States Systems 2.2. Conditions Favored by States Systems 3. The Character of Universal Empires. 4. The Pathology and Survival of States Systems 5. The Pathology and Survival of Universal Empires. 6. Why is there no Universal Empire Today? Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary "Civilizations" and "world systems" are alternative labels for the largest macropolitical entities that have existed in human history. These historical civilizations/world systems may be seen as having two polar types of power structure, the "states system" and the "universal empire." Each form has certain characteristic accompaniments, which may promote it, be promoted by it, or both. For states systems, these are diversity, creativity, self-government and war. For universal empires, they are homogeneity, peace, repression. Universal empires tend to be late and short-lived formations, but also tend to recur. Each power structure also has its specific pathologies, which tend toward its transformation. States systems produce a great power oligarchy, out of which from time to time emerges a dominant power, which (again from time to time) establishes a universal empire. Universal empires, though -
Configurations of the Indic States System
Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 34 Number 34 Spring 1996 Article 6 4-1-1996 Configurations of the Indic States System David Wilkinson University of California, Los Angeles Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Wilkinson, David (1996) "Configurations of the Indic States System," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 34 : No. 34 , Article 6. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol34/iss34/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Wilkinson: Configurations of the Indic States System 63 CONFIGURATIONS OF THE INDIC STATES SYSTEM David Wilkinson In his essay "De systematibus civitatum," Martin Wight sought to clari- fy Pufendorfs concept of states-systems, and in doing so "to formulate some of the questions or propositions which a comparative study of states-systems would examine." (1977:22) "States system" is variously defined, with variation especially as to the degrees of common purpose, unity of action, and mutually recognized legitima- cy thought to be properly entailed by that concept. As cited by Wight (1977:21-23), Heeren's concept is federal, Pufendorfs confederal, Wight's own one rather of mutuality of recognized legitimate independence. Montague Bernard's minimal definition—"a group of states having relations more or less permanent with one another"—begs no questions, and is adopted in this article. Wight's essay poses a rich menu of questions for the comparative study of states systems. -
Sources of Maratha History: Indian Sources
1 SOURCES OF MARATHA HISTORY: INDIAN SOURCES Unit Structure : 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Maratha Sources 1.3 Sanskrit Sources 1.4 Hindi Sources 1.5 Persian Sources 1.6 Summary 1.7 Additional Readings 1.8 Questions 1.0 OBJECTIVES After the completion of study of this unit the student will be able to:- 1. Understand the Marathi sources of the history of Marathas. 2. Explain the matter written in all Bakhars ranging from Sabhasad Bakhar to Tanjore Bakhar. 3. Know Shakavalies as a source of Maratha history. 4. Comprehend official files and diaries as source of Maratha history. 5. Understand the Sanskrit sources of the Maratha history. 6. Explain the Hindi sources of Maratha history. 7. Know the Persian sources of Maratha history. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The history of Marathas can be best studied with the help of first hand source material like Bakhars, State papers, court Histories, Chronicles and accounts of contemporary travelers, who came to India and made observations of Maharashtra during the period of Marathas. The Maratha scholars and historians had worked hard to construct the history of the land and people of Maharashtra. Among such scholars people like Kashinath Sane, Rajwade, Khare and Parasnis were well known luminaries in this field of history writing of Maratha. Kashinath Sane published a mass of original material like Bakhars, Sanads, letters and other state papers in his journal Kavyetihas Samgraha for more eleven years during the nineteenth century. There is much more them contribution of the Bharat Itihas Sanshodhan Mandal, Pune to this regard. -
Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces
European Asylum Support Office Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces Country of Origin Information Report August 2020 SUPPORT IS OUR MISSION European Asylum Support Office Afghanistan State Structure and Security Forces Country of Origin Information Report August 2020 More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). ISBN: 978-92-9485-650-0 doi: 10.2847/115002 BZ-02-20-565-EN-N © European Asylum Support Office (EASO) 2020 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, unless otherwise stated. For third-party materials reproduced in this publication, reference is made to the copyrights statements of the respective third parties. Cover photo: © Al Jazeera English, Helmand, Afghanistan 3 November 2012, url CC BY-SA 2.0 Taliban On the Doorstep: Afghan soldiers from 215 Corps take aim at Taliban insurgents. 4 — AFGHANISTAN: STATE STRUCTURE AND SECURITY FORCES - EASO COUNTRY OF ORIGIN INFORMATION REPORT Acknowledgements This report was drafted by the European Asylum Support Office COI Sector. The following national asylum and migration department contributed by reviewing this report: The Netherlands, Office for Country Information and Language Analysis, Ministry of Justice It must be noted that the review carried out by the mentioned departments, experts or organisations contributes to the overall quality of the report, it but does not necessarily imply their formal endorsement of the final report, which is the full responsibility of EASO. AFGHANISTAN: STATE STRUCTURE AND SECURITY -
The History of the Mongol Conquests Pdf, Epub, Ebook
THE HISTORY OF THE MONGOL CONQUESTS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK J. J. Saunders | 296 pages | 22 Feb 2001 | University of Pennsylvania Press | 9780812217667 | English | Pennsylvania, United States The History of the Mongol Conquests PDF Book Read more In doing so, he avoided the mountainous area south of the Caspian Sea. Jalal al-Din, although a great warrior, was more of a freebooter than a king. I definitely thought this book came out in - until I got a copy from work that was published in Next winter, 6 Dec , Kiev fell to the Mongols and was reduced to ashes. Had Shah Muhammad's manners been better, the western world might never have learned to tremble at the name of Genghis Khan. Instead, he occupied Persia and Khurasan, two long-standing bases of Khwarazmian support. Toghta Noyan then reunited with his superior, Chaghatai Noyan. Gaian was a fortress of considerable strength. Other editions. Same Day Delivery. It also ensured that it was easy to create an army in short time and gave the khans access to the daughters of local leaders. An appendix devoted to a study of the history of the feathered headdress confirms that the group originated in the Mesopotamian region. Bodyguards had existed among the nomadic rulers of the nomads before Genghis Khan, but they did not become a permanent and important institution until he established his keshik. Yet, he lived only two years after completing his conquests. The two smaller contingents, led by Jula and Yissaur, rode into regions of Arran and eastern Armenia. Chormaqan ordered the assault to begin. -
In the Hari River Basin, with Re-Validation of P. Turcomana
Journal of Applied Biological Sciences 9 (3): 01-05, 2015 ISSN: 1307-1130, E-ISSN: 2146-0108, www.nobel.gen.tr Taxonomic Status of the Genus Paraschistura (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) in the Hari River Basin, with Re-validation of P. turcomana Hamed MOUSAVI SABET1* Saber VATANDOUST2 Arash JOULADEH ROUDBAR3 Soheil EAGDERI4 1Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran 2Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch, Babol, Iran 3Department Fisheries, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Mazandran, Iran 4Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran *Corresponding author: Received: July 12, 2015 Email: [email protected] Accepted: August 23, 2015 Abstract The genus Paraschistura in the Hari River basin is reviewed, and diagnoses are presented for all the three recognized species. Paraschistura cristata and P. turcmenica are considered valid; and P. turcomana is revalidated. Paraschistura turcomana is a poorly known species from the Kushk River in the Murghab drainage at the border of Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, its validity has been questioned and a synonymy with P. turcmenica has been suggested. In this study, we compare P. turcmenica with the syntypes of P. turcomana. A comparison with the related taxa P. cristata and P. turcmenica reveals that P. turcomana can be separated from them by 7½ branched rays in dorsal fin, scaleless body, elongated and shallow body, shallow caudal peduncle, and colour pattern including obvious dark cross bars. The presence of two additional undescribed species is suggested from the basin. Keywords: Freshwater Fishes, Loach, Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan. -
Archives in Medieval Islam by ERNST POSNER
Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/35/3-4/291/2745727/aarc_35_3-4_x1546224w7621152.pdf by guest on 03 October 2021 Archives in Medieval Islam By ERNST POSNER N A CHAPTER of his Muqaddimah: An Introduction to His- tory, which deals with royalty and government, Ibn-Khaldun I (1332-1406) observes, "Royal authority requires soldiers, money, and the means to communicate with those who are absent. The ruler, therefore, needs persons to help him in the matters concerned with 'the sword,' 'the pen,' and finances; and among them the pen ranks high."1 It may have been thought to rank even higher than the sword and finances, for, according to Muslim tradition, the pen was the first object God created.2 Of its power and creativeness in Islamic culture there can be no doubt, and those who wielded the pen enjoyed great esteem. Poets and literati lent their talents to the business of government and, according to Ibn al-Sayrafl, achieved "with the pen what the sword and the lance over a long period of years had been unable to produce."3 Unfortunately, the use of the pen as an instrument of Muslim policy and the preservation of the products of the pen, namely offi- cial documents, have received too little attention so far. As a re- sult, archives-keeping in the Muslim states during the Middle Ages has not been fully recognized as a continuation of preceding prac- The author, Fellow and past president of the Society, continues with this essay his history of archives administration begun in Archives in the Ancient World [Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press; xviii, 283 p., illus.; bibliography, index; $>io] pub- lished in May 1972. -
Powerful Empires Webquest (India 2018)
Powerful Empires of South Asia Name: Directions: Using the teacherpage from the BMSD homepage answer the following questions correctly. Each question is worth 2 points for a total of 140 points. MAURYA EMPIRE Ancient History Encyclopedia 1. During what years did the Maurya empire exist? 2. Who established the Maurya empire? 3. Who was Kautilya and what is he best known for in South Asian history? A. Consolidation of Power 4. What tactics did Chandragupta use to expand his kingdom? 5. Who ruled after Chandragupta abdicated? 6. How did Ashoka patronize Buddhism? B. Economy 7. Describe the economy of the Maurya empire. 8. What industries did the state have a monopoly over? 9. What areas of the world traded with the Maurya? C. Administration 10. Describe the government of the Maurya. 11. How was the government of the Maurya like the government today? 12. What departments made up the government? D. Religion 13. What were the three major religions of the Maurya people? E. Downfall 14. What were the two main causes for the fall of the Maurya empire? Ashoka: video 15. What happened to Ashoka after the battle of Kalinga? 16. How did Buddhism change Ashoka? 17. What achievements did Ashoka implement in the Maurya empire? 18. What was Ashoka’s legacy? GUPTA EMPIRE Gupta Empire: video 19. Who founded the Gupta empire and when? 20. Why was the Gupta empire known as the “golden age”? 21. What were achievements of the Gupta empire? 22. Who attacked and destroyed the Gupta? 23. Who was Kalidasa? 24. Who was Aryabhatta? 25. -
Timothy May on Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
Jack Weatherford. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Crown Publishers, 2004. xxxv + 312 pp. $25.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-609-61062-6. Reviewed by Timothy May Published on H-World (March, 2005) The name of Genghis Khan is often associated cluding with an epilogue, notes, glossary, and bib‐ with destruction, although the image of Genghis liography. Preceding all of these is a genealogical Khan has been rehabilitated somewhat in the table showing Genghis Khan, his sons, and the west. The western world, saturated in media dis‐ successor khanates. In addition to showing the tortion and a reluctance to accept changes in per‐ rulers of the empire, the terms of the regents are ceptions of history, has been rather averse in ac‐ designated. The latter is something that is often cepting Genghis Khan's activities as pivotal in remiss in these sorts of tables, but a welcome ad‐ world history and the shaping of the modern dition here. There is an odd segment of the table world. Thus, the publication of Jack Weatherford's though. All of the Khanates or states resulting book, Genghis Khan and the Making of the Mod‐ from the split of the Mongol Empire are shown ern World, is a welcome addition to the literature except the Chaghatayid Khanate of Central Asia. on the Mongols. In its place is the Moghul Empire of India. Indeed, The author, Jack Weatherford, the Dewitt the Moghul Empire has connections back to the Wallace Professor of Anthropology at Macalester Mongols (Moghul is Persian for Mongol), but the College, has written several books targeted for the founder of the Moghul Empire, Babur, was him‐ non-academic world and writes in a very engag‐ self a Timurid, the dynasty of the Emir Timur, ing style. -
PROCLAMATION 5621—MAR. 20, 1987 101 STAT. 2091 Afghanistan
PROCLAMATION 5621—MAR. 20, 1987 101 STAT. 2091 with protection of national security and rights of privacy. As we celebrate free access to information as part of our heritage, let us honor the memory of President Madison for the wisdom and the devotion to the liberty of the American people that were his credo and his way of life. The Congress, by Public Law 99-539, has designated March 16, 1987, as "Freedom of Information Day" and authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation in observance of this event. NOW, THEREFORE, I, RONALD REAGAN, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim March 16, 1987, as Freedom of Information Day, and I call upon the people of the United States to observe this day with appropriate programs and activities. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this sixteenth day of March, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and eleventh. RONALD REAGAN Proclamation 5621 of March 20,1987 Afghanistan Day, 1987 By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The people of Afghanistan traditionally celebrate March 21 as the start of their new year. For the friends of the Afghan people, the date has another meaning: it is an occasion to reaffirm publicly our long-standing support of the Afghan struggle for freedom. That struggle seized the attention of the world in December 1979 when a massive Soviet force invaded, murdered one Marxist ruler, installed another, and attempted to crush a widespread resistance movement. -
Water, Peace and Capacity Building
Welcome Water, Peace and capacity building Amir Haidari, Delft University of technology Table of Content Introduction Afghanistan Water Challenges Possible solution Summary Afghanistan A Short Introduction Location - Landlocked country NL - Strategically located - ¾ is covered with mountain AFG Afghanistan 4 A Short Introduction Mountains: source of wealth • Hindukush: Continuation of Himalia • Source of precious stones such as: – Emerald, ruby, sapphire, Lazuli (for making ornaments) – Uranium, Lithium (Arabia of Uranium and Lithium) • Main source of water (80%) in the summer and winter Water in Afghanistan A very short summary River Basins in Afghanistan Name of River Biggest Important Basin river stakeholder(s) Kabul Kabul Pakistan Helmand Helmand Iran Hari_rood (Hari Hari_rood Iran / river) Turkmenistan Shomali (Northen) Shomali - Amu Darya (Amu Amu Tajikistan, River) Darya Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan Water Challenges • National Challenges • International challenge and the role of neighbouring countries - Rural area - Urban area Water Challenges Rural Area Challenges 80% of people living in Rural area 90% of poor living in Rural area Agriculture: - Accounts about ¼ of GDP (excluding opium Poppy) - Afghanistan has much bigger capacity for agriculture - Security: A part is in occupation of poppy fields - Technical support: Not intensive use of the land - Urbanization: A part is not in used due to immigration to cities Water Challenges Urban Area Challenges • The urban population increases rapidly (14% between 1999-2010) • Immigration