Screening of Sugar Beet Genotypes to Beet Cyst Nematode
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Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Heterodera Schachtii and the Newly Recorded Cyst Nematode, H
Plant Pathol. J. 34(4) : 297-307 (2018) https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.12.2017.0262 The Plant Pathology Journal pISSN 1598-2254 eISSN 2093-9280 ©The Korean Society of Plant Pathology Research Article Open Access Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Heterodera schachtii and the Newly Recorded Cyst Nematode, H. trifolii Associated with Chinese Cabbage in Korea Abraham Okki Mwamula1†, Hyoung-Rai Ko2†, Youngjoon Kim1, Young Ho Kim1, Jae-Kook Lee2, and Dong Woon Lee 1* 1Department of Ecological Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea 2Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea (Received on December 23, 2017; Revised on March 6, 2018; Accepted on March 13, 2018) The sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii population whereas those of H. schachtii were strongly is a well known pathogen on Chinese cabbage in the detected in H. schachtii monoxenic cultures. Thus, this highland fields of Korea. However, a race of cyst form- study confirms the coexistence of the two species in ing nematode with close morphological resemblance to some Chinese cabbage fields; and the presence of H. tri- H. trifolii was recently isolated from the same Chinese folii in Korea is reported here for the first time. cabbage fields. Morphological species differentiation between the two cyst nematodes is challenging, with Keywords : infective juvenile, morphometrics, vulval cone only minor differences between them. Thus, this study described the newly intercepted H. trifolii population, Handling Associate Editor : Lee, Yong Hoon and reviewed morphological and molecular charac- teristics conceivably essential in differentiating the two nematode species. -
JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY Morphological And
JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-098 e2020-98 | Vol. 52 Morphological and molecular characterization of Heterodera dunensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Gran Canaria, Canary Islands Phougeishangbam Rolish Singh1,2,*, Gerrit Karssen1, 2, Marjolein Couvreur1 and Wim Bert1 Abstract 1Nematology Research Unit, Heterodera dunensis n. sp. from the coastal dunes of Gran Canaria, Department of Biology, Ghent Canary Islands, is described. This new species belongs to the University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat Schachtii group of Heterodera with ambifenestrate fenestration, 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium. presence of prominent bullae, and a strong underbridge of cysts. It is characterized by vermiform second-stage juveniles having a slightly 2National Plant Protection offset, dome-shaped labial region with three annuli, four lateral lines, Organization, Wageningen a relatively long stylet (27-31 µm), short tail (35-45 µm), and 46 to 51% Nematode Collection, P.O. Box of tail as hyaline portion. Males were not found in the type population. 9102, 6700, HC, Wageningen, Phylogenetic trees inferred from D2-D3 of 28S, partial ITS, and 18S The Netherlands. of ribosomal DNA and COI of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate *E-mail: PhougeishangbamRolish. a position in the ‘Schachtii clade’. [email protected] This paper was edited by Keywords Zafar Ahmad Handoo. 18S, 28S, Canary Islands, COI, Cyst nematode, ITS, Gran Canaria, Heterodera dunensis, Plant-parasitic nematodes, Schachtii, Received for publication Systematics, Taxonomy. September -
Histopathology of Brassica Oleracea Var. Capitata Subvar
Türk. entomol. derg., 2012, 36 (3): 301-309 ISSN 1010-6960 Orijinal araştırma (Original article) Histopathology of Brassica oleracea var. capitata subvar. alba infected with Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) Heterodera cruciferae Franklin, 1945 (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae) ile bulaşık Brassica oleracea var. capitata subvar. alba`nın histopatojisi Sevilhan MENNAN1* Zafar A. HANDOO2 Summary Anatomical changes induced by the cabbage cyst nematode (Heterodera cruciferae) have been insufficiently characterized. Here these changes were described in the root tissues of white head cabbage variety (Yalova F1) commonly grown in the Black Sea region of Turkey, where cabbage-growing areas are heavily infested. In glasshouse experiments conducted at 20 degrees C, susceptible white head cabbage seedlings were inoculated with 0 (untreated control) or 1000 juveniles/300 ml soil. Three, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 h and 30 days after inoculations, two plants from each treatment were removed, embedded in paraffin by using microwave technique and then examined by photomicrography. Second-stage passed through the vascular system after root penetration and they started to feed as sedentary. In cross section of the roots, large cells in the cortex of infected plants were filled with moderately dense cytoplasm and the walls were heavily stained and ruptured. In longitudinal section, internal walls were perforated. Syncytia that had different degrees of vacuolization, and syncytial nuclei were hypertrophied and deeply indented. Contained conspicuous nucleoli were noticeable 24 h after inoculation. Syncytia originating from endodermal cells possessed ruptured walls around the feeding site of the developing juvenile. White females were observed on the roots 30 days after inoculation, a time at which plant height was reduced and root proliferation increased. -
Functional Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Relation to the Impact of Agriculture—A Review
diversity Review Functional Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Relation to the Impact of Agriculture—A Review Stela Lazarova 1,* , Danny Coyne 2 , Mayra G. Rodríguez 3 , Belkis Peteira 3 and Aurelio Ciancio 4,* 1 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Y. Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria 2 International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Kasarani, Nairobi 30772-00100, Kenya; [email protected] 3 National Center for Plant and Animal Health (CENSA), P.O. Box 10, Mayabeque Province, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; [email protected] (M.G.R.); [email protected] (B.P.) 4 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, 70126 Bari, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (A.C.); Tel.: +359-8865-32-609 (S.L.); +39-080-5929-221 (A.C.) Abstract: The analysis of the functional diversity of soil nematodes requires detailed knowledge on theoretical aspects of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship in natural and managed terrestrial ecosystems. Basic approaches applied are reviewed, focusing on the impact and value of soil nematode diversity in crop production and on the most consistent external drivers affecting their stability. The role of nematode trophic guilds in two intensively cultivated crops are examined in more detail, as representative of agriculture from tropical/subtropical (banana) and temperate (apple) climates. The multiple facets of nematode network analysis, for management of multitrophic interactions and restoration purposes, represent complex tasks that require the integration of different interdisciplinary expertise. Understanding the evolutionary basis of nematode diversity at the field Citation: Lazarova, S.; Coyne, D.; level, and its response to current changes, will help to explain the observed community shifts. -
Ultrastructure of the Eggshell of Heterodera Schachtii and H
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Horizon / Pleins textes Ultrastructure of the eggshell of Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines (Nematoda : Tylenchida) Roland N. PEFUXY and Marcus W. TRETT Department of Nematology, Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Ultrastructure de la coque de l’cswf de Heterodera schachtii et H. glycines (Nematoda : Tylenchida) TJhrastructural studies demonstrate that the eggshells of Heterodera schachtii and H. glycines consist of a chitinous layer and a lipid layer. The chitinous layer comprises an osmiophilic outer portion and a more substantial, less-densely staining inner portion. The lipid layer is composed of a thin, amorphous outer layer external to a predominantly tetra- or pentalaminate imrer layer. An outer vitelline membrane was not identified in either species. During embryonation, a secondary vitelline membrane, initially indistinguishable from the inner lipid layer, separates to form the epicuticle as the fïrst-stage juvenile cuticle is secreted. The inner lipid layer was not detected in eggs of H. schachtii from cysts with extensive fungal contamination and this is discussed in context of possible fungal enzyme action and mechanical abrasion by the enclosed juvenile. Ultrastructure de la coque de l’œuf de Heterodera schachtii et ,H. glycines (Nematoda : Tylenchidal L’étude ultrastructurale de la coque de l’œuf chez Heterodera schachtii et H. glycines a montré que celle-ci comprend une couche chitineuse et une couche interne lipidique. La couche chitineuse est constituée d’une partie externe osmiophile et d’une partie interne, plus importante, moins densément colorée. La couche lipidique est composée d’une fine couche basale et d’une membrane plus importante comportant elle-même quatre ou cinq couches. -
Source of Useful Traits
Chapter 8 Source of Useful Traits Leonard W. Panella, Piergiorgio Stevanato, Ourania Pavli and George Skaracis Abstract In the late 1800s, there already was speculation that Beta maritima might provide a reservoir of resistance genes that could be utilized in sugar beet breeding. European researchers had crossed Beta maritima and sugar beet and observed many traits in the hybrid progeny. It is impossible to estimate how widely Beta maritima was used in the production of commercial varieties, because most of the germplasm exchanges were informal and are difficult to document. Often these crosses of sugar beet with sea beet germplasm contained undesirable traits, e.g., annualism, elongated crowns, fangy roots, high fiber, red pigment (in root, leaf, or petiole) and much lower sucrose production. It is believed that lack of acceptance of Beta maritima as a reservoir of genes was because most of the evaluations of the progeny were done in early generations: The reactions of the hybrids vulgaris × maritima were not impressive, and it is clear now that they were not adequately studied in the later generations. Keywords Disease resistance · Rhizomania · Cercospora · Nematodes · Drought · Salt stress · Root rot · Curly top · Virus yellows · Powdery mildew · Polymyxa betae Contrary to other species of the genus Beta, the evolutionary proximity between the sea beet and the cultivated types favors casual crosses (Hjerdin et al. 1994). Important characters of resistance to diseases, currently present in cultivated varieties, have been isolated from wild material (Table 8.1). According to several authors, Beta maritima is also an important means to increase the genetic diversity of cultivated types, now rather narrow from a domestication bottleneck and continuous selection for improve- ment of production and quality traits (Bosemark 1979; de Bock 1986; Doney 1998; L. -
First Report of Sugar Beet Nematode, Heterodera Schachtii
Türk. entomol. derg., 2016, 40 (3): 303-314 ISSN 1010-6960 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/ted.86631 E-ISSN 2536-491X Original article (Orijinal araştırma) First report of sugar beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 (Nemata: Heteroderidae) in sugar beet growing areas of Şanlıurfa, Turkey Şanlıurfa ili Şeker pancarı üretim alanlarında yeni bir zararlı; Şeker pancarı kist nematodu, Heterodera schachtii Schmidt (Nemata: Heteroderidae) Jiangkuan CUI1 Gul ERGINBAS-ORAKCI2 Huan PENG1 Wenkun HUANG1 Shiming LIU1 Fen QIAO1 I. Halil ELEKCIOGLU3 Mustafa IMREN4 Abdelfattah A. DABABAT2* Deliang PENG1* Summary The sugar beet nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is the major pest of sugar beet and causes serious yield losses of about 10-70%. Heterodera schachtii occurs in more than 50 countries and regions, however, there has be limited investigation of H. schachtii in Turkey. Therefore, a survey of H. schachtii in the sugar beet producing regions of Şanlıurfa was conducted in 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Using morphological and molecular methods, 12 samples collected from three districts, Bozova, Karaköprü and Siverek, in Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey, were identified as H. schachtii. In pathogenicity test, the seedling emergence was delayed and reduced, the seedlings were stunted and necrotic, and the white females of H. schachtii were evident 25 days after inoculation. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted. The 12 H. schachtii populations from Şanlıurfa Province clustered together with populations from Europe and Morocco at the value of 99%. Sugar beet is the second largest crop in Turkey with the annual production of more 16 Mt. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of H. -
Encyclopaedia of Pests and Natural Enemies in Field Crops Contents Introduction
Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Contents Introduction Contents Page Integrated pest management Managing pests while encouraging and supporting beneficial insects is an Introduction 2 essential part of an integrated pest management strategy and is a key component of sustainable crop production. Index 3 The number of available insecticides is declining, so it is increasingly important to use them only when absolutely necessary to safeguard their longevity and Identification of larvae 11 minimise the risk of the development of resistance. The Sustainable Use Directive (2009/128/EC) lists a number of provisions aimed at achieving the Pest thresholds: quick reference 12 sustainable use of pesticides, including the promotion of low input regimes, such as integrated pest management. Pests: Effective pest control: Beetles 16 Minimise Maximise the Only use Assess the Bugs and aphids 42 risk by effects of pesticides if risk of cultural natural economically infestation Flies, thrips and sawflies 80 means enemies justified Moths and butterflies 126 This publication Nematodes 150 Building on the success of the Encyclopaedia of arable weeds and the Encyclopaedia of cereal diseases, the three crop divisions (Cereals & Oilseeds, Other pests 162 Potatoes and Horticulture) of the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board have worked together on this new encyclopaedia providing information Natural enemies: on the identification and management of pests and natural enemies. The latest information has been provided by experts from ADAS, Game and Wildlife Introduction 172 Conservation Trust, Warwick Crop Centre, PGRO and BBRO. Beetles 175 Bugs 181 Centipedes 184 Flies 185 Lacewings 191 Sawflies, wasps, ants and bees 192 Spiders and mites 197 1 Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops Encyclopaedia of pests and natural enemies in field crops 2 Index Index A Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth) 139 Black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) 45 Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) 61 Boettgerilla spp. -
Venom Allergen-Like Proteins in Secretions of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Activate and Suppress Extracellular Plant Immune Receptors
Venom allergen-like proteins in secretions of plant-parasitic nematodes activate and suppress extracellular plant immune receptors José Luis Lozano Torres Thesis committee Promotor Prof. dr. ir. Jaap Bakker Professor of Nematology Wageningen University Co-promotors Dr. ir. Geert Smant Assistant professor Laboratory of Nematology Wageningen University Dr. ir. Aska Goverse Assistant professor Laboratory of Nematology Wageningen University Other members Prof. dr. ir. Francine Govers, Wageningen University Prof. dr. ir. Corné Pieterse, Utrecht University Prof. dr. Godelieve Gheysen, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Prof. dr. Sophien Kamoun, The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich, UK This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences Venom allergen-like proteins in secretions of plant-parasitic nematodes activate and suppress extracellular plant immune receptors José Luis Lozano Torres Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 28th of May 2014 at 11:00 a.m. in the Aula José Luis Lozano Torres Venom allergen‐like proteins in secretions of plant‐parasitic nematodes activate and suppress extracellular plant immune receptors, 202 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978‐90‐6173‐919‐3 To my -
Fungi Associated with Cysts of Globodera Rostochiensis, Heterodera Cruciferae and Heterodera Schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)
MJAL MANAS Journal of Agriculture and Life Sciences MJAL 4(1) (2014) 10-–16 http://journals.manas.edu.kg Fungi Associated with Cysts of Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae and Heterodera schachii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) Mehmet Karakaş Ankara University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology 06100 Tandogan-Ankara, Turkey, [email protected] Received ; 25/03/2014 Reviewed;13/11/2014 Accepted:05/12/2014 Abstract Cysts of Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) fields and Heterodera cruciferae Franklin from cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra L.) fields and Heterodera schachtii Schmidt from sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L.) fields in Turkey were collected and examined for the presence of fungi. Of the total of 196 cysts of G. rostochiensis, 39.7% were colonized by one or more of 7 different species of fungi, all of which were from the genera Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Verticillium and Alternaria. Of the total of 136 cysts of H. cruciferae, 37.5% were colonized by one or more of 7 different species of fungi, all of which were from the genera Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Nematophthora, Periconia and Verticillium, and 38.9% of the 154 cysts of H. schachtii were colonized by one or more of 7 different species from the same genera. Keywords: Nematophagous fungi, Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae, Heterodera schachtii, biological control Globodera rostochiensis, Heterodera cruciferae ve Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda: Heteroderidae)’nin Kistleri ile İlişkili Mantarlar Özet: Türkiye’de patates (Solanum tuberosum L.) tarlalarından Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens, lahana (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata subvar. rubra L.) tarlalarından Heterodera cruciferae Franklin ve şeker pancarı (Beta vulgaris L.) tarlalarından Heterodera schachtii Schmidt kistleri toplanmış ve mantar mevcudiyeti bakımından incelenmiştir. -
Analysis of the Role of Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Proteins in the Interaction Between Plants and Nematodes
Institut für Nutzpflanzenwissenschaften und Ressourcenschutz Analysis of the role of polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins in the interaction between plants and nematodes Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn von Syed Jehangir Shah aus Peshawar, Pakistan Bonn, 2018 Referent: Prof. Dr. Florian M.W. Grundler Externer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Markus Schwarzländer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.12.2017 Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Bonn Dedication I dedicated my dissertation to my parents and teachers for their efforts and support through out my academic career Table of Contents Contents Page number Abstract i Zusammenfassung iii List of figures vi List of tables viii Acronyms and abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Types of Nematodes 3 1.2. Plant parasitic nematode 4 1.2.1 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) 8 1.2.2. Cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) 10 1.3. Plant defence responses 14 1.3.1. PTI and ETI responses in plants 16 1.3.2. DAMPs responses in plants 19 1.3.3. Role of PG, PGIP and OG in plant-pathogen interactions 22 1.3.4. Role of PG, PGIP and OG in plant-nematode interactions 25 2. Material and Methods 27 2.1. Plant material 27 2.2. Preparation of medium 27 2.2.1. Preparation of Knop medium 27 2.2.2. Preparation of MS medium 28 2.2.3. Preparation of LB medium 29 2.2. 4. Preparation of YEB media 29 2.3. Sterilization of Seeds 30 2.4. -
JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY DNA Barcoding Evidence for the North
JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-016 e2019-16 | Vol. 51 DNA barcoding evidence for the North American presence of alfalfa cyst nematode, Heterodera medicaginis Thomas Powers1,*, Andrea Skantar2, Tim Harris1, Rebecca Higgins1, Peter Mullin1, Saad Hafez3, Abstract 2 4 Zafar Handoo , Tim Todd & Specimens of Heterodera have been collected from alfalfa fields 1 Kirsten Powers in Kearny County, Kansas and Carbon County, Montana. DNA 1University of Nebraska-Lincoln, barcoding with the COI mitochondrial gene indicate that the species is Lincoln NE 68583-0722. not Heterodera glycines, soybean cyst nematode, H. schachtii, sugar beet cyst nematode, or H. trifolii, clover cyst nematode. Maximum 2 Mycology and Nematology Genetic likelihood phylogenetic trees show that the alfalfa specimens form a Diversity and Biology Laboratory sister clade most closely related to H. glycines, with a 4.7% mean (MNGDBL), USDA, Beltsville, MD. pairwise sequence divergence across the 862 nucleotides of the COI 3Department of Plant Pathology, marker. Morphological analyses of juveniles and cysts conform to the University of Idaho, Boise, ID. measurements of H. medicaginis, the alfalfa cyst nematode originally described from the USSR in 1971. Initial host testing demonstrated 4Kansas State University, that the nematode reproduced on alfalfa, but not on soybeans, Manhattan Kansas. tomato, or corn. Collectively, the evidence suggests that this finding *Email: [email protected] represents the first record of H. medicaginis in North America. Definitive confirmation of this diagnosis would require COI sequence This paper was edited by of eastern European isolates of this species. Erik J. Ragsdale. Received for publication Key words September 4, 2018.