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Screening of Sugar Beet Genotypes to Beet Cyst Nematode

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Screening of Sugar Beet Genotypes to Beet Cyst Nematode ﻏﺮﺑﺎل ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ Screening of sugar beet genotypes to beet cyst nematode ﻟﻴﻼ ﻣﻄﻴﻌﻴﺎن1 ، ﻣﻬﺪي ﻧﺼﺮ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ *2 و ﻣﺠﻴﺪ اوﻟﻴﺎ 3 3 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 31/5/94 ؛ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 95/8/22 ل. ﻣﻄﻌﻴﺎن، م.ن. اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ و م. اوﻟﻴﺎ . 1395. ﻏﺮﺑﺎل ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ . ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، 32(2 ): 107 - 121 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ( Heterodera schachtii Schmidt) ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪودﻛﻨﻨﺪه رﺷﺪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ و ﮔﺴﺘﺮدﮔﻲ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ در اﻳﺮان و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮي از ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت آن اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮ د. ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎز ﺗﻬﻴﻪ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوم، وﺟﻮد ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ 70 ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ در ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻃﺮح ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ و ﻃﺮح ﺑﻠﻮك ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ در ﺳﻪ ﺗﻜﺮار در ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ در اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ آﻣﺎري داده ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎت ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي و ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SAS و ﮔﺮوه ﺑﻨﺪي ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي آن ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار SPSS ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي SB32-HSF-5) 16 ، (NE 0911 ) 69 ، (SB-2) 53) ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻴﺴﺖ و ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي SB32-HSF-5) 16) و SB31-HSF-2) 5) ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﺨﻢ و ﻻرو و ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻣﺜﻞ را دارا ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. دو ﻻﻳﻦ SB32-HSF-5) 16 ) وSB31-HSF-2) 5) ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ و در ﻳﻚ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻮق اﻟﺬﻛﺮ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻬﻴﻪ رﻗﻢ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻬﺮه ﺟﺴﺖ. واژ ه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ، Heterodera schachtii Archive of SID 1 - ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد، ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد، اﻳﺮان. 2 - داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﺑﻴﻤﺎري ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﮕﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت و آﻣﻮزش ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي،اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، اﻳﺮان * - ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل [email protected] 3 - داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد، ﺷﻬﺮﻛﺮد، اﻳﺮان. www.SID.ir 108 ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻨﺎوب،ﻛﺎﺷﺖ زودﻫﻨﮕﺎم، اﺳﺘ ﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻛﺶ،ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺗﻠـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـ ﺪ (Heterodera schachti) از و ارﻗﺎم ﻣﻘﺎوم در ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘ ﻲ ﭼﻐﻨـﺪر ﻗﻨـﺪ اﻋﻤـﺎل ﻣﻬ ﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺴﺎرت زاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻲآﻳـ ﺪ و ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد. ﺗﻨﺎوب ﺳﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺳـﺎﻟﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎن ﻏﻴـﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑـﺎن در در ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻛﺎري دﻧﻴﺎ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اروﭘﺎ، آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل اﻳـﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﺿـﺮوري اﺳـ ﺖ Steel and Savitsky) و آﺳﻴﺎ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Draycott 2006) . اﻳـﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ در اﻳـﺮان . (1981 وﻟﻲ، ﻫﺮ روش ﻣﺒﺎرزهاي ﺑﺎﻳﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي، ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ اﺟـﺮا در ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از ﻣﺰارع ﺗﺮﺑﺖ ﺣﻴﺪرﻳﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن ﺟﻤـ ﻊ آوري ﺳﻄﺢ وﺳﻴﻊ و ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳﻦ اﺛﺮات ﺳﻮءزﻳﺴـ ﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﺑـ ﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑـﺎ و ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪ. ﭘـﺲ از آن ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ در ﻣـﺰارع ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ ﻣﺸـﻬﺪ، وﺟﻮد اﻳﻦ، ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ در ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن زراﻋﻲ از ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻨﺪ، ﻣﺮودﺷﺖ، اراك و ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺪوآب ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷـ ﺪ. از آن زﻣ ــ ﺎن ژﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﺪودي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳـﺖ. اﻏﻠـﺐ ژ نﻫـﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ در ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ، ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻣـﺬﻛﻮر از اﻛﺜـﺮ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ اﺳـﺘﺎ نﻫـﺎي ﺧﺮاﺳ ــ ﺎن، راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎي زﻧﺪه و ﻏﻴﺮزﻧﺪه در ﮔﻮﻧـ ﻪﻫـﺎي دﻳﮕـﺮ ﺟـﻨ ﺲ ﻓـﺎرس، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑـﻲ، ﻛﻬﻜﻴﻠﻮﻳـﻪ و ﺑ ــﻮﻳﺮاﺣﻤﺪ و ﻣﺮﻛـﺰي Beta دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ژن از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . اﻣﺮي ﺑﺲ دﺷﻮار اﺳﺖ، زﻳﺮا در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻮارد ﻳﺎ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ Sharafeh and Teymoori 1980 ; Mehdikhani) ﻧﺒﻮد ه و ﻳﺎ در ﺻﻮرت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻼﻗﻲ، ﻧﺘﺎج ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺗﻼﻗـﻲ ﻋﻘـﻴﻢ Moghadam et al . 1996 ; Kalali and ForivarMahin ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ (Van Geyt et al .1990) . ﻋـﻼوه ﺑـﺮ اﻳـﻦ در ﺑﺴـﻴﺎري .(Parvizi 1989; 1979 ﻣﻮارد ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺗﻼﻗﻲ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ژن، ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎ زار در اﺳﺘﺎن اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ا وﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﻮرد آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪر ﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺒﻮده زﻳﺮا ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ژن ﻳﺎ ژن ﻫﺎي ﻣـﻮرد ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻌـﺪاد زﻳـﺎدي از در ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﺰارع ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻛﺎري ﻛﻤﺎل آﺑﺎد ﺑﺮﺧـﻮار در ﺳـﺎل 1364 ﺻﻔﺎت ﻧﺎﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﮔﺸﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨـﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺴـﻞ ﻣﺸـــﺎﻫﺪه و ﮔﻮﻧـــﻪ آن H. schachtii ﺗﺸـــﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷـــﺪ ﺗـ ﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ اﺛﺮﺷﺎن از ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺣﺬف ﻧﻤﻲﺷـ ﺪ Van Geyt) ( Akhyani et al . 1993 ). ﻫـﻢ اﻛﻨـﻮن اﻳـﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ در ﻣـﺰارع (et al .1990. در ﮔﺮوه ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻫﺎي زراﻋـ ﻲ، ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣﻘـﺎوﻣﺘﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺎنﻫـﺎي ﺧﺮاﺳـﺎن، اﺻـﻔﻬﺎن، آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠـﺎن ﻏﺮﺑـﻲ و وﺟــﻮد ﻧــﺪار د ( Muller1998) . ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗــ ﺪ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻲ ﻓﺎرس ﺧﺴﺎرت وارد ﻣﻲﻛﻨـ ﺪ Jafarpoor and Mahdikhani) ﭼﻐﻨ ــ ﺪرﻗﻨـ ﺪ درﮔﺮوه Procumbentes در ﮔـﻮﻧ ــﻪ ﻫـــ ـﺎي .B (1997 . ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻣﺤﺼﻮل در ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ از ﻣﺰرﻋﻪ ﻛﻪ آﻟـﻮدﮔﻲ procumbens, B . webbiana و B. Paterllaris دﻳﺪه ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ دارد ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﭘﮋﻣﺮدﮔـﻲ در اوﻗـﺎت ﮔـﺮم روز ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺎن اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و واﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. در ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﻣﺒﺘﻼ، رﻳﺸﻪ اﺻﻠﻲ SIDﻛﻮﺗﺎه و رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎيof ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻓﻮق ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ اﺳﺖ ( MullerArchive 1998 .) ژن ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑ ــﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗ ــﺪ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪدي اﻳﺠـﺎد ﻣـ ﻲﺷـﻮ د ( Whitney and Duffus 1986) . ﻛــﻪ روي ﻛﺮوﻣـ ــ ﻮزوم ﺷﻤـــ ﺎره 1 ﮔﻮﻧــﻪ B. Procumbens ﺳﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻴﺮي رﻧ ﮓ روي رﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺸﻢ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ را HS1 Pro1 ﻧـﺎم ﻧﻬﺎدﻧـﺪ. ﻫـﻢ اﻛﻨـﻮن ﭼﻨـﺪ ژن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ روﻳﺖ اﺳـﺖ. ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﻠـﻮص ﺷـﺮﺑﺖ ﺧـﺎم ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ وﻣﺖ روي ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوم ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫـﺎي وﺣﺸـﻲ ﮔـﺮو ه اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ اﻣﻼح ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ در رﻳﺸﻪ از دﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫـﺎي ﺧﺴـﺎرت Procumbentes ﺷﻨﺎﺳـــﺎﻳﻲ ﺷـــﺪهاﻧـــﺪ ( Mesbah 1997 ) . ) ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛـﻪ در ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﻛـﺎﻫﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺖ ﻣﻘـﺎوﻣ ــﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﺻـﻮرت ﻧـﺎﻗﺺ در ﮔﻮﻧـ ﻪ . B. vulgaris ssp ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ( Parvizi et al .1993 ). روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از maritima ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﭼﻨﺪ ژﻧﻲ و www.SID.ir ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ/ ﺟﻠﺪ 32 / ﺷﻤﺎره 2 / 1395 109 ﻣﻐﻠــﻮب ﺑــﻪ ارث ﻣــ ﻲ رﺳــﺪ ( Heijbroek 1977 ). از ﻣﻨـﺒـــﻊ ﻣﺎدري و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ، ﺗﻬﻴﻪ رﻗﻢﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ وﺟـﻮد آﻣـﺪه اﺳـﺖ. ﻣـﻘـ ﺎوﻣ ــﺖ ﭼﻨ ﺪـــ ژﻧـ ﻲ B. vulgaris ssp . maritima ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻏﺮﺑﺎل ﺑﻮﺗﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ، و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ و وﻳﺮوس رﻳﺰوﻣﺎﻧﻴـﺎ ژن HS1 Pro1 از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺗﻬﻴﻪي رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎي اﺳـﺘﻔﺎده ﺷـﺪه اﺳـ ﺖ (Lewellen 2006 .) در ﺑـﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧـ ﻪﻫـﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . Bani-Hashemi et al) وﺣﺸﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ B. maritima ﻗﺎدر ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻼﻗـﻲ ﺑـﺎ (Rahmani et al . 2013 ;2004 ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ در ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي وﺣﺸﻲ ﺗﻼﻗـ ﻲﭘـﺬﻳﺮي ﭘـﺎﻳﻴﻨﻲ ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔ ﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ ﻻروﻫﺎي ﺳﻦ دوم زﻧﺪه و ﻓﻌﺎل اﻧﺠـﺎم دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر زﻳﺎد در ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺎ 300 ﻻرو ﺳـﻦ دوم ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي وﺣﺸﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﺗﻚ ژﻧﻲ دارﻧﺪ ، ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮه، ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻳﻪزﻧﻲ و ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎه ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻴﺴﺖ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن دﻳﭙﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ زراﻋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوم اﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و از آن ﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه روي رﻳﺸﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻮﺗﻪﻫﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ در ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ي رﻗـ ﻢﻫـﺎي ﻣﻘـﺎوم ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗـﺪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن داراي ﻛﻤﺘﺮ از 10 ﻋﺪد ﺳﻴﺴـﺖ، ﻣﻘـﺎوم در ﻧﻈـﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ ( Taleghani et al . 2010 ) . در ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ــﺖ، ژﻧﻮﺗﻴـ ﭗ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ (Mesbah 199 7 ). ). B88 3 ﻛﻪ داراي ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوم ﺷﻤﺎره 1 از B. procumbens ﺑﻮد ، در ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـ ﺎت رﺣﻤـ ﺎﻧﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران . Rahmani et al) ﻣﻘﺎوﻣــﺖ ﻛﺎﻣــﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗــﺪ ﻣﻮﻟــﺪ ﺳﻴﺴــﺖ از ﺧــﻮد ﻧﺸــﺎن دا د (2006 ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي W-1010 ، W-1009 و ر ﻗﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري ( Taleghani et al . 2010 ) . در اﻳـﺮان ﺑ ــﺮاي اوﻟﻴ ــﻦ ﺑـﺎر دو ﻧﻤﺎﻛﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻛﺎر آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺒـﻊ ﻣـﻘـ ﺎوم ﺑـ ﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ W-1009 (ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺗﻚ ژﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪان ﻣﻼك ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ . ژن ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻗﻄﻌﻪاي از ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوم Beta procumbens داراي ژن ﻣﻘﺎوم HS 1pro1 ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﺗﻮاﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺷﺪه و ﭘﺎﻳﺪاري آن در HS1 Pro1 ) و W - 1010 (ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﭼﻨﺪ ژﻧـﻲ از ﻣﻨﺸـ ﺎ Beta ﻧﺴﻞ ﻫﺎي ﺑﻌﺪي ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ اﺛﺒﺎت رﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ Capistrano) maritima ) ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻦﻫـﺎي ﻧـﺮ ﻋﻘـﻴ ﻢ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧـ ﻪ NB1 و Jajer 201 3) C2 ;2010. ﻫـ ﻢ ﭼﻨﻴ ــ ﻦ، ﻛﻴـﺎ و و ﻫﻤـﻜ ــ ﺎران ﺗﻼﻗﻲ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻚ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺮ ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ژﻧﺘﻴﻜـﻲ ﭘﺮﻣﺤﺼـﻮ ل ( Qiao et al . 2013) ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ژن ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ 231 و 261 ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑـﻪ آ نﻫـﺎ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ را از ﭼﻐﻨﺪر وﺣﺸﻲ ﻛﻠﻮن ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ. رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ و ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮد. ﺑﻌﺪ از ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻣﺠﺪد ﺗﻮدهﻫـﺎي اوﻟﻴـﻪ، ﻣﻘﺎوﻣـﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎران.(2013) ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دو آﻏﺎزﮔﺮ OP-D-13 و - Sat ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي ﺗﻚ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪو ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻮاﻧﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷـ ﺪ 121ﻧ ﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ژن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ (Vahedi SIDet al . 2008; Mahmoudi 2007). ﻣﺆofﺳﺴـ ﻪي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ را ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ Archiveﻛﺮده اﻧﺪ. ﻫﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ، در ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ در ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘـﺎوم آﻟﻤﺎن، ژن ﻣﻘﺎوم Hs1-2 در دو ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﭼﻐﻨﺪر ﻗﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي وﺣﺸﻲ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ از آنﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ، ﺗـﻮد ه- اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ (Capistrano 2010) . رﺣﻤﺎﻧﻲ و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران ﻫﺎي اﺻﻼﺣﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوم اﻣﻴﺪﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻛـﺮده اﺳـ ﺖ ( Mesbah ( 2006) ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪه در رﻳﺸﻪ و 1997). ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد ژن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺗﻮدهﻫـ ﺎ ي ﺧﺎك، ﺗﻌﺪادي ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻣﻘﺎوم ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ را در ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ و اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ و ﺧﻮدﮔﺸـﻨﻲ ﺑﻮﺗـ ﻪﻫـﺎي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮدﻧﺪ ، ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺧﻴﺮاً ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﻘﺎوم، ﺗﻮده ﻫﺎي در ﺧﻮر ﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ ﺑﺮاي اﺻﻼح ﮔﺮدهاﻓﺸـﺎن، واﻟـﺪ www.SID.ir 110 ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ... اﺻﻼح و ﺗ ﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺬر ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ دو رﻗﻢ ﻣﺘﺤﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮدﻛﻦ ﺧﺮد ﻛﺮده و ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ داﺧﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎي آرﻳﺎ و ﺷﻜﻮﻓﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ. ﮔﻠﺪان ﻫﺎ از ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﺑﺮﮔﻲ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺎ 1000 ﻻرو ﺳﻦ ﻫﺪف از اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻫﺎي دوم ﻓﻌﺎل ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ در ﻣﺠﻤﻮع 4000 ﻻرو و ﺗﺨﻢ در ﭼﻬﺎر ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭼﻐﻨﺪرﻗﻨﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ و در ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻔﺖ روزه ﻣﺎﻳﻪ زﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ.
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