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Effect of Temperature on the Interactions Between Beet Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera Schachtii and Heterodera Betae) and Sugar Beet

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Effect of Temperature on the Interactions Between Beet Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera Schachtii and Heterodera Betae) and Sugar Beet Effect of temperature on the interactions between beet cyst nematodes (Heterodera schachtii and Heterodera betae) and sugar beet Dissertation to obtain the Ph.D. degree in the Ph.D. Program for Agricultural Sciences in Göttingen (PAG) at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany Presented by Bart AB Vandenbossche Born in Gent, Belgium Göttingen, May 2016 D7 1. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal (Promoter) Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Germany 2. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Johannes Hallmann Fachgebiet Ökologischer Pflanzenschutz University of Kassel, Witzenhausen 3. Examiner: Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann Director of the Department of Crop Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Crop Protection, University of Göttingen, Germany Place and date of defense: Göttingen, 11 May 2016. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... I SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................................IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ........................................................................................................................................VI CHAPTER 1: .............................................................................................................................................................. 8 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2: ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE HATCH OF TWO GERMAN POPULATIONS OF THE BEET CYST NEMATODES, HETERODERA SCHACHTII AND HETERODERA BETAE .............................................................................................. 15 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 16 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 17 2. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................................. 18 3. Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 19 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 22 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. 24 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: ............................................................................................................................................................ 28 INFLUENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL SOIL WARMING ON POPULATION DENSITY OF HETERODERA SCHACHTII AND THE PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT SUGAR BEET CULTIVARS ....................................................................................... 28 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 29 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 30 2. Materials and methods .............................................................................................................................. 31 3. Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 33 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. 42 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER 4: ............................................................................................................................................................ 48 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION BETWEEN THE BEET CYST NEMATODE SPECIES HETERODERA SCHACHTII AND HETERODERA BETAE ON SUGAR BEET ..................................................... 48 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 49 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 50 2. Materials and methods .............................................................................................................................. 51 3. Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 4. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................. 60 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. 62 References .......................................................................................................................................................... 63 CHAPTER 5: ............................................................................................................................................................ 66 GENERAL DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................ 66 DECLARATIONS ................................................................................................................................................. 76 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A thesis is actually expected to strive for brevity. However, I want to make an exception when it comes to thanking all people who helped and supported me in making this work come true. First of all, I would like to thank two people who were closely involved with my work: my supervisor Dr. Björn Niere and my promoter Prof. Dr. Stefan Vidal. Stefan, I would like to thank you for taking me up as your “Doktorsohn” and encouraging me throughout the thesis. Thank you for your guidance and directions in the development of the research and the manuscripts Thanks for all logistic support at the University. It was every time a pleasure to come visiting your group during seminars and courses. Björn, thank you for taking me as your student and introducing me in the JKI Braunschweig. You were there for me from the absolute beginning until the end. Your practical advice and countless suggestions not only developed the research path but also made me grow as a scientist. You taught me to keep it simple when I tended to make it too complicated. You supported me in practicing the German language in both small- and scientific talks. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Holger Heuer, for teaching and guiding me in the molecular world. Thank you for your valuable advice and suggestions. Special thanks also come to Dr. Bernd Ulber, which helped me a lot with administrative tasks and his advice during seminars and visits are highly appreciated Prof. Dr. Johannes Hallmann, I would like to appreciate you for accepting to be my co- supervisor. Prof. Dr. Andreas von Tiedemann thanks for accepting to be a serving committee member. Thanks to all colleagues and friends at the Julius Kühn Institute and in special the Institute for National and International Plant Health, Braunschweig. i Special thanks to my PhD-partners in the lab, Peter, and Mohamed, for all scientific and friendly support. Peter, thank you for always being there to give a helping hand, a listening ear and to be a great friend. Steffi and Martin, you are earning a special mentioning in this list. Steffi the lunch breaks in the “Kantine” and the badminton games were a real joy and refreshment. Thank you for proofreading and improving several chapters. You became very close friends and welcomed me always as family for all short and longer stays. Thanks also to all colleagues at Göttingen University. Thank you Antje for offering accommodation during longer stays in Göttingen. Thanks to Ms. Schachtebeck for all her kind help. The financial support of the Ministry for Science and Culture of Lower Saxony, Germany, within the research network “KLIFF” - climate impact and adaptation research in Lower Saxony” is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks to the colleagues at E-nema for believing
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