A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF 140 TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS THAT WILL NOT EXCEED AN ULTIMATE HEIGHT OF 35 FT. PUBLISHED BY THE CORPORATION OF THE DISTRICT OF WEST VANCOUVER THE WEST VANCOUVER TREE BOOK

A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF 140 TREES AND LARGE SHRUBS THAT WILL NOT EXCEED AN ULTIMATE HEIGHT OF 35 FT PUBLISHED BY THE CORPORATION OF THE DISTRICT OF WEST VANCOUVER THE WEST VANCOUVER TREE BOOK

West Vancouver's Tree Book is not a standard manual on how to grow trees and large shrubs. It is unique in that the catalyst was the concern of many residents over the abundance of view and light­ blocking trees in the community.

The book's primary objective is to present homeowners of West

Vancouver and landscape specialists and nursery personnel with a list of trees and large shrubs that will add beauty to any garden yet not infringe on neighbours' marine views and sunlight.

Heinz Berger, Manager, Parks Department, The Corporation of the District of West Vancouver

Written and line drawings by:

Jay Lazzarin, Parks Department

Editorial assistance:

Louise Spratley

Clive Justice & Christine Sharman, Justice, Webb & Vincent Landscape Architects Ltd.

� The Corporation of the Dis trict of West Vancouver, 1980

Copyright Reserved The Corporati on of the District of West Vancouver West Vancouver, British Columbia

III THE CONTROVERSY

West Vancouver is a seaside communit y. Homes are sited in a narrow, 12 mile length along the mountain slopes, enjoying dramatic marine views. It is also a community with abundant tree coverage.

Native trees grow wild along road allowances and lanes, and residents plant trees to match the rural, parklike character of their municipality. There are few cement sidewalks, and as a consequence, boulevards are free to nourish native firs, cedars,

hemlocks, alder and cot tonwood. All trees that grow quickly.

Trees and marine views are now in conflict. View-blocking

trees, whether in lanes, on municipal land, in parks or private

gardens, are the centre of a tree controversy.

Council has set this policy on cutting trees on boulevards or

road allowances : If there is a potential hazard, trees are cut

down by the municipality on complaint if cost is approved by

the municipality or the complainant meets the cost. View­

blocking trees are cut down at residents' request if they meet

the cost and neighbours do not object.

IV Trees in Altamont Park block most of the marine view from this home at 2947 Marine Drive, seen in these photographs taken from the deck looking south and south west. Municipal policy is to encourage residents in neighbourhoods to discuss their view-blocking problem and meet with municipal staff in an effort to solve it. Some trees in smaller parks can be thinned or removed as long as it does not change the character of the park. Class I parks, such as Lighthouse, Woodward, Nelson Canyon, are outside this policy and trees would not be touched. Residents must bear the cost of tree removal to improve the view. Removal of dangerous trees from municipal land is a municipal cost.

v CYPRESS PARK

WEST VANCOUVER'S HEAVILY TREED LANDSCAPE PROVIDES A PARK SETTING FOR HOMES ..

FISHERMAN'S COVE

VI AMBLE SIDE

BUT CREATES A NEIGHBOURHOOD CONTROVERSY WHEN TALL TREES BLOCK MARINE VIEWS. OWNER OF THE PROPERTY BELOW HAS CUT 17 TREES FROM THE 1 ACRE SITE TO OPEN UP THE VIEW.

CYPRESS PARK

VII PURPOSE OF THE TREE BOOK

The purpose of this tree book is two-fold : a list and description of 140 of the best trees and large shrub s that will not reach an ultimate height of more than 35 feet, and a short list of fast­ growing trees to avoid - trees that will reach majestic heights in a short span of time.

New homeowners, anxious to have maximum landscaping results

in minimum time, will often ask garden nursery staff for

"something that will grow quickly'' . They will oblige (fast­

growing stock is the easiest to propagate) and the homeown er

finds trees are towering over his house in a few years and

irate neighbours at his door. Homeowners are asked to assess

their gardens, find out from the lists what trees will cause

view-blocking problems in a few years and set up a replacement

plan of better , and often, more attractive trees and shrubs.

VIII C 0 N T E N T S

How To Use This Book 2

Description of Terms 3

Design 4

Tree Selection Guide 5

Illustrations And Text 18

Common Trees Not To Plant 68

Index Of Common Names 69

References 74 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

Trees and shrubs are listed alphabetically by their Latin names in the

description section and in the Common and Latin name index.

The 140 trees and shrubs are further grouped in categories for special

effects and special cultural conditions. Care must be taken to select

plant species suitable to the microclimate.

West Vancouver's climate can best be described as varied. The community

is sheltered on the north from artie winds, by the Hollyburn Ridge, and

still further protected from the Squamish winds by the more lofty Black

Mountain. Areas in Horseshoe Bay, Whytecliff and Gleneagles are still

susceptible to the Squamish winds, making it necessary to protect less

hardy, newly planted trees and shrubs from dessicating and physical

effects of the wind.

Generally, the annual precipitation is heavier the farther east one

-travels in the community. Cedardale (190 cm/75"), for example, will

receive- 50% more pr ecipitation than Gleneagles (126 cm/50"). Precipitation

also increases proportionately with altitude. Glenmore receives the

greatest annual precipitation of all neighbourhoods, close to 100" per

year. So we see native drybelt vegetation, such as Arbutus, growing

well in Gleneagles, while Vine Maple, typical of wetbelt vegetation,

flourishes in Cedardale and Glenmore.

2 ......

DESCRIPTION OF TERMS

Name

Each tree and shrub has two names, one the common name used in everyday

speech, such as Vine Maple or English Holly, and its Latin scientific

name,

Height

Heights are given for the first ten years, and the ultimate height

achieved under average conditions. Exposure, annual rainfall, quality

of soil are all factors that control height and rate of growth. In the

growth scale, the term "rapid" is used to describe a growth rate greater

than 1.5 feet per year; "moderate", 1 to 1.5 feet; and "slow", less than

one foot per year.

Time of Bloom

The date when the tree is likely to flower can vary from place to place

and year to year, depending on local conditions., Dates given are an

average.

Drawings

The simple line drawings indicate the shape of the mature tree.

3 DESIGN

It is not the purpose of this book to dictate design criteria, but it will be helpful to keep the following ideas in mind when landscaping a garden: l ) All trees near traffic areas with a spreading or horizontal habit

should be purchased on a six foot or higher standard. This means

a six foot clearance between ground level and the lowest branch.

2) Where possible, plant trees in a bed with other trees, shrubs,

flowers and groundcover plants. Avoid planting in lawn areas.

3) Select trees that will not naturally outgrow their location. Even

trees and treelike shrubs selected as hedges need not require

severe clipping with the correct choice of material. Avoid

unnecessary pruning.

4) Mix evergreen and deciduous trees for seasonal variety and change.

Flowering trees are dramatic against a background of green conifers

Variegated or yellow forms of conifers will brighten up dark areas

or structures, or provide a focal point when planted with a group

of dark green conifers.

5) Use multi-stemmed trees rather than single stemmed where a more

natural, interesting or sculptural effect is desired.

6) Select smaller trees close to buildings. The larger spreading

deciduous trees will have their natural growth habits disrupted,

as well as clogging gutters with their leaves, in these areas.

4 TREE SELECTION GUIDE FOR WEST VANCOUVER

Page

e FULL SUN 1 MODERATELY DRY CONDITIONS 6

e POORLY DRAINED SOILS 6

e SEASIDE PLANTING 6

e SHADED LOCATIONS 7

e SUITABLE FOR SHALLOW SOILS 7

e FAST GROWING TREES 8

e SLOW GROWING TREES 8

e TREES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS 9

Less than 3M (101)

3-6M (101-20')

6-9M (20'-301)

e SEASONAL EFFECT 11

Ornamental Flowers

Showy Fruits

Autumn Colour

e TREES WITH DIFFERENT FORMS • 14

Columnar

Weeping

Pyramidal

Horizontal Branching

Round or Round Head

Vase-Shaped

e HEDGES 15

e SCREEN AND WINDBREAKS 16

Deciduous

Broad-leaved Evergreens and Conifers

e SHADE TREES • 17 e TREES THAT CAST LIGHT SHADE 17

5 e FULL SUN, MODERATELY DRY CONDITIONS

Page

Acer ginnala (Amur maple) 19 Acer negundo aurea - variegatum (Goldedge Box Elder) 21 Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) 24 Arbutus menziesii (Native Arbutus) 24 Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) 25 Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) 27

Cercis siliquastrum (Judas Tree) • 27 Chamaecyparis obtusa varieties (Hinoki False Cypress) • 28 Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) 31

Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster) • 31 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) 32

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive) • 33 Ficus carica (Common Fig) 35 Hippophae rhamnoides (Common Sea-Buckthorn) 37 Juniperus vars. (Juniper) 38-9 Pinus cembra (Swiss Stone Pine) 49 Pinus contorta (Shore Pine) 49

e POORLY DRAINED SOILS

Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry) • 23

Enkianthus campanulatus (Redvein Enkianthus) • 33 Hippophae rhamnoides (Common Sea-Buckthorn) 37 Ilex species (Holly) • 37-8 Malus varieties (Flowering Crabapple) 41-5 Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum or Tupelo) 46 Thuja occidentalis vars. (Cedar vars.) • 65 Phyllostachys aurea (Golden Stem Bamboo) 48 Phyllostachys nigra (Black Stem Bamboo) 48

e SEASIDE PLANTING

Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry) 23 Arbutus menziesii (Native Arbutus) 24 Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) 25 Chamaecyparis pisifera vars. (Sawara False Cypress) 28 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster) • 31 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) 32 Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive) • 33

6 SEASIDE PLANTING

Page

Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-Buckthorn) • 37 Photinia serrulata (Chinese Photinia) 47 Pinus contorta (Shore Pine) 49 Thuja occidentalis vars. (Cedar vars. ) 65

e SHADED LOCATIONS

Acer circinaturn (Vine Maple) • 19 Acer palmaturn (Japanese Maple) 22 Acer japonicurn (Fullmoon Maple) 21 Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry) 23 Camellia japonica (Camellia) 25 Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) 27 Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 29 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Contoneaster) 32 Fatsia japonica (Japanese Fatsia) 35 Hamamelis mollis (Chinese Witch-hazel) 36 Ilex aquifoliurn (English Holly) 37 Ilex pernyi (Ferny Holly) 38 Photinia serrulata (Chinese Photinia) 47 Prunus laurocerasus (English Laurel) 51 Prunus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel) 51 Rhododendron large leaf varieties (Rhododendron) 59 Taxus baccata (English Yew) 64 Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) 66

e SUITABLE FOR SHALLOW SOILS

Acer negundo aureo variegaturn (Goldedge Box Elder} 21 Arbutus menziesii (Native Artutus) 24 Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) 25 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster) 31 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) 32 Juniperus scopulorum vars. (Rocky Mountain Juniper) 39 Pinus contorta (Shore Pine) 49

7 e FAST GROWING TREES

Acer campestre (Hedge Maple) 18 Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) 24 Cercis siliquastrum (Jud�s Tree) • 27 Chamaecyparis pisifera varieties (False Cypress) 28 Cornus nuttali 'Gold Spot' and 'White Wonder' (Dogwood) 30 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster) • 31 Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) 33

Malus floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple) • 43 Malus 'Marshal Oyama' (Flowering Crabapple) 44 Prunus cerasifera pissardi (Purple Leaf Plum) 50 �runus serrulata 'Kanzan' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 54

Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' (Spring Cherry) • 57 Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino Cherry) 58

Serbus aucuparia (European Mountain Ash) • 61 Serbus cashmiriana (Kashmir Mountain Ash) 62

Thuja plicata varieties (Giant Arborvitae varieties) • 66

e SLOW GROWING TREES

Acer glabrum (Rock or Dwarf Maple) • 20 Acer japonicum (Fullmoon Maple) • 21 Acer negundo aureo variegatum (Goldedge Box Elder). 22 Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple) 22 Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) • 25 Camellia japonica (Camellia) • 25 Cedrus deodora aurea (Golden Deodar Cedar) 26

Chionanthus virginicus (Fringe Tree or Old Man's Beard) • 29 Cornus kousa (Japanese Dogwood) • 30 Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) • 31 Charnaecyparis pisifera plurnosa (Plume Sawara Cypress) • 28 Enkianthus carnpanulatus (Redvein Enkianthus). 33 Fagus sylvatica purpurea pendula (Weeping Copper Beech) • 34 Hamamelis mollis (Chinese Witch-Hazel). 36 Hippophae rharnnoides (Sea-Buckthorn) 37 Ilex pernyi (Ferny Holly) • 38 Magnolia soulangiana (Saucer Magnolia). 40 Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) 46 Parrotia persica (Persian Parrotia). 47

Pinus cembra (Swiss Stone Pine) • 49 Prunus subhirtella pendula rosea (Rose Spring Cherry) 58

Sciadopitys verticillata (Japanese Umbrella Pine) • 60 Styrax japonica (Japanese Snowbell)· 63

Thuja occidentalis varieties (Pyramidal Cedar) • 65

8 e TREES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS

LESS THAN 3M. (10 feet)

Camellia japonica (Camellia) • 25 Phyllostachys aurea (Golden Stem Bamboo) • 48 Phyllostachys niger (Black Stem Bamboo) • 48 Rhododendron varieties (Rhododendron) • 59 Taxus baccata (English Yew) • 64 Thuja plicata varieties (Giant Arborvitae varieties) • 66 Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) • 66

3-6M. (10 feet - 20 feet)

Acer glabrum (Rock or Dwarf Maple) • 20 Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) • 19 Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple) • 22 Acer tataricum (Tartar Maple) • 22 Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) • 24 Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) • • 25 Cedrus deodora aurea (Golden Deodar Cedar) • 26 Chamaecyparis obtusa varieties (Hinoki False Cypress) • • 28 Chamaecypar.is pisifera plumosa (Plume Sawara Cypress) • • 28 Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) • • 29 Cornus kousa (Japanese Dogwood) • • 30 Cornus nuttali 'White Wonder' (White Wonder Dogwood) • • 30 Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) • • 31 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cotoneaster Cornubia) • • 31 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) • 32 Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) • 33 Enkianthus campanulatus (Redvein Enkianthus) • • 33 Euonymus europaeus (Spindle Tree) • 34 Fagus sylvatica purpurea pendula (Weeping Copper Beech) • • 34 Fatsia japonica (Japanese Fatsia) • 35 Ilex aquifolium (English Holly) • • 37 Ilex pernyi (Ferny Holly) • • 38

Magnolia sieboldi i (Oyama Magnolia)· • 40 Malus 'Evelyn' (Flowering Crabapple) • 42 Malus 'Red Jade' (Weeping Crabapple) • 45 Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper) • 39 Photinia serrulata (Chinese Photonia) • • 47 Phyllostachys aurea (Gold Stem Bamboo)• • 48 Phyllostachys niger (Black Stem Bamboo) • 48 Prunus laurocerasus (English Laurel) • 51 Prunus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel)· • 51 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • • 56 Prunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Sakura' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 55 Prunus subhirtella 'Accolade' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • 57 Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula Rosea' (Rose Spring Cherry) • • 58

9 TREES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS

Page

Rhododendron varieties (Rhododendron) • • 59 Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac) • 59

Stranvaesia davidiana (Chinese Stranvaesia) • 63 Taxus baccata (English Yew) 64

Thuja occidentalis varieties (Pyramidal Cedar varieties) • 65 Thuja plicata varieties (Giant Arborvitae varieties) 66

Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) • 66

Viburnum rhytidophyllum (Leatherleaf Viburnum) • 67

6 - 9M. (20 feet - 30 feet)

Acer campestre (Hedge Maple) • • 18

Acer cappadocicum (Coliseum Maple) • 18

Acer circinatum (Vine Maple) • 19 Acer grosseri hersii (Snake Bark Maple) 20

Acer japonicum (Fullmoon Maple) • 21

Acer negundo aureo variegatum (Goldedge Box Elder) • 21

Albizia julibrissim (Silk Tree) • 23 Amelanchier canadensis (Shadbush or Service Berry) • 23

Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) • 24

Arbutus menziesii (Native Arbutus) • 24 Carpinus betulus fastigiata (European Hornbeam) • 26

Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) • 27 Cersis siliquastrum (Judas Tree). 27

Chionanthus virginicus (Fringe Tree or Old Man's Beard) • 29 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster) • 31

Crataegus lavallei (Lavalle Hawthorn) • 32 Chamaecyparis obtusa varieties (Hinoki False Cypress) • 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera varieties (False Cypress) 28 Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) 33

Ficus carica (Common Fig) • 35

Halesia carolina (Silverbell or Snowdrop Tree) • 36 Hamamelis mollis (Chinese Witch-Hazel). 36 Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-Buckthorn) 37 Juniperus chinensis 'Robusta Green' (Green Chinese Juniper). 38 Magnolia sargentiana robusta (Sargent Magnolia) • 39 Magnolia soulangiana (Saucer Magnolia) • 40 Magnolia wilsonii (Wilson Magnolia) • 41

Malus 'Charlottae" (Flowering Crabapple) • 42

Malus floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple) • • 43

Malus 'Marshall Oyama' (Flowering Crabapple). • 44

Malus 'Makamik' (Rosybloom Flowering Crabapple) • • 44 Malus 'Liset' (Flowering Crabapple). 43

Malus 'Radiant' (Flowering Crabapple) • • 45 Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum) • 46

Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) • 46 Perrotia persica (Persian Parrotia) • 47

Photinia serrulata (Chinese Photinia) • 47

Pinus cembra (Swiss Stone Pine) • 49

10 TREES OF DIFFERENT HEIGHTS

Prunus blireiana (Japanese Flowering Plum) • 50

Prunus cerasifera pissardi (PurplelLeaf Plum) • 50

Prunus lustitanica (Portugal Laurel) • 51 Prunus padus (European Bird Cherry) 52 Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' (Spring Cherry or Higan) 57 Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 53 Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' (Japanese Flowerjng Cherry) 54 Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 54 Prunus serrulata 'Shirofugen' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55

Prunus serrulata 'Ukon' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • 56 Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino Cherry) 58 Sciadopitys verticillata (Japanese Umbrella Pine) 60 Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagoda Tree) 60

Sorbus americana (American Mountain Ash) • 61 Sorbus aucuparia (European Mountain Ash) • 61 Sorbus cashmiriana (Kashmir Mountain Ash) 62 Sorbus decora (Showy Mountain Ash) • 62 Stranvaesia davidiana (Chinese Stranvaesia) • 63 Styrax japonica (Japanese Snowbell) 63 Styrax obassia (Fragrant Snowbell) • 64 Thuja occidentalis varieties (Pyramidal Cedar) • 65 Thuja plicata varieties (Giant Arborvitae) 66 Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) • 66 Viburnum sieboldii (Siebold Viburnum) • 67

e SEASONAL EFFECT

ORNAMENTAL FLOWERS

Albizia julibrissin (Silk Tree) • 23 Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry) 23

Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) • 24

Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) • 25

Camellia japonica (Camellia) • 25

Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) • 27 Cercis siliquastrum (Judas Tree) 27 Chionanthus virginicus (Fringe Tree or Old Man's Beard) • 29 Cornus florida varieties (Flowering Dogwood) 29 Cornus kousa (Japanese Dogwood) • 30

Cornus nuttali varieties (Pacific Dogwood) • 30 Crataegus lavallei (Lavalle Hawthorn) • 32

Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) • 33 Enkianthus campanulatus (Redvein Enkianthus) 33 Halesia carolina (Silverbell or Snowdrop Tree) • 36

11 SEASONAL EFFECTS

Hamamelis mollis (Chinese Witch Hazel). 36 Magnolia sargentiana robusta (Sargent Magnolia). 39 Magnolia sieboldii (Oyama Magnolia). 40 Magnolia soulangiana (Saucer Magnolia). 40 Magnolia wilsonii (Wilson Magnolia). 41

Malus 'Charlottae' (Flowering Crabapple) • 42 Malus �Evelyn' (Flowering Crabapple) 42 Malus floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple). 43 Malus 'Liset' (Flowering Crabapple). 43 Malus 'Makamik' (Rosybloom Flowering Crabapple). 44 Malus 'Marshall Oyama' (Flowering Crabapple). 44

Malus 'Radiant' (Flowering Crabapple) • 45 Malus 'Red Jade' (Weeping Crabapple) 45 Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) 46 Parrotia persica (Persian Parrotia). 47 Prunus blireiana (Japanese Flowering Plum) 50 Prunus cerasifera pissardi (Purple-Leaf Plum) 50 Prunus padus (European Bird Cherry). 52 Prunus serrulata 'Amanogawa' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 53 Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 53 Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 54 Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 54 Prunus serrulata 'S himidsu Sakura' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirofugen' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 56 Prunus serrulata 'Ukon' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 56 Prunus subhirtella 'Accolade'. 57 Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' (Spring Cherry or Higan). 57 Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula Rosea' (Rose Spring Cherry) 58 Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino Cherry) 58

Rhododendron varieties (Rhododendron) • 59 Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagoda Tree) 60 Stranvaesia davidiana (Chinese Stranvaesia) 63 Styrax japonica (Japanese Snowbell). 63

Styrax obassia (Fragrant Snowbell) • 64

SHOWY FRUITS

Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry). 23

Arbutus menziesii (Native Arbutus) • 24

Arbutus unedo (Strawberry Tree) • 25

Chionanthus virginicus (Fringe Tree or Old Man's Beard) • 29 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster). 31 Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa (Willowleaf Cotoneaster) 32

Crataegus lavallei (Lavalle Hawthorn) • 32 Euonymus europaeus (Spindle Tree) 34

12 SEASONAL EFFECTS

Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive) • 33 Ficus carica (Common Fig) 35 Hippophae rhamnoides (Common Sea-Buckthorn) 37 Ilex aquifolium (English Holly) 37 Ilex pernyi (Perny Holly) 38 Malus 'Evelyn' (Flowering Crabapple) 42

Malus floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple) • 43

Malus 'Liset' (Flowering Crabapple ) • 43

Malus 'Marshall Oyama' (Flowering Crabapple) • 44 Malus 'Makamik' (Flowering Crabapple) 44 Malus 'Radiant' (Flowering Crabapple) 45 Malus 'Red Jade' (Weeping Crabapple). 45 Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) 46 Sciadop itys verticillata (Japanese Umbrella Pine) 60 Sorbus americana (American Mountain Ash) 61 Sorbus aucuparia (European Mountain Ash) 61 Sorbus decora (Showy Mountain Ash) 62 Stranvaesia davidiana (Chinese Stranvaesia) 63 Taxus baccata (English Yew) • 64 Viburnum sieboldii (Siebold Viburnum) 67 Viburnum rhytidophyllum (Leatherleaf Viburnum) 67

AUTUMN COLOUR

Acer circinatum (Vine Maple) 19 Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) 19 Acer glabrum (Rock or Dwarf Maple) 20 Acer grosseri hersii (Snake Bark Maple) • 20 Acer japonicum (Fullmoon Maple) 21 Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple) • 22

Acer tataricum (Tartar Maple) • 22

Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry) • 23 Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) 29 Euonymus europaeus (Spindle Tree) • 34

Halesia carolina (Silverbell) • 36

Hamamelis mollis (Chinese Witch-hazel) • 36 Nyssa sylvatica (Sour Gum or Tupelo). 46 Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) • 46

Parrotia persica (Persian Parrotia) • 47

Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • 54 Prunus serrulata 'Ukon' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 56 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 56 Prunus subhirtella 'Accolade' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 57

Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac) • 59 Sorbus americana (American Mountain Ash) 61 Sorbus aucuparia (European Mountain Ash) 61 Sorbus decora (Showy Mountain Ash) 62 Styrax obassia (Fragrant Snowbell) 64

13 e TREES WITH DIFFERENT FORMS

COLUMNAR

Carpinus betulus columnaris (Columnar European Hornbeam) 26 Malus 'Marshall Oyama ' (Flowering Crabapple) 44 Prunus serrulata 'Amanogawa' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 53 Thuja occidentalis varieties (Pyramidal Cedar) • 65

WEEPING

Fagus sylvatica purpurea pendula (Weeping Copper Beech) • 34

Malus 'Red Jade' (Weeping Crabapple) • 45 Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula Rosea ' (Rose Spring Cherry)· 58

PYRAMIDAL B - Broad N - Narrow

Cedrus deodora aurea (Golden Deodar Cedar) B • 26 Chamaecyparis obtusa (varieties) (Hinoki False Cypress) B 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera (varieties) (Sawara False Cypress) B 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa (Plume Sawara Cypress) B 28 !lex aquifolium (English Holly) B 37 !lex pernyi (Perny Holly) B 38

Pinus cembra (Swiss Stone Pine) • 49

Pinus contorta (Shore Pine) N • 49 Sciadopitys verticillata (Japanese Umbrella Pine) N 60 Sorbus cashmiriana (Kashmir Mountain Ash) B 62 Thuja occidentalis varieties (Pyramidal Cedar varieties) B 65 Thuja plicata varieties �iant Arborvitae varieties) N 66 Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) B 66

HORIZONTAL BRANCHING (WIDE SPREADING)

Prunus serrulata 'Shirofugen ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • 55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae" (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 56 Prunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Sakura ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55 Prunus yedoensis 'Akebono' (Yoshino Cherry). 58

Stranvaesia davidiana (Chinese Stranvaesia) • 63

ROUND OR ROUND HEAD

Acer cappadocicum (Coliseum Maple) • 18 Acer tataricum (Tartar Maple) 22 Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) 31

14 TREES WITH DIFFERENT FORMS

Crataegus lavallei (Lavalle Hawthorn) • 32 Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) 33

Halesia carolina (Silverbell or Snowdrop) • 36

Malus 'Charlottae' (Flowering Crabapple) • 42

Malus floribunda (Japanese Flowering Crabapple) • 43

Malus 'Makamik' (Rosybloom Flowering Crabapple) • 44

Rhododendron varieties (Rhododendron) • 59 Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagoda Tree) 60

VASE-SHAPED

Acer circinatum (Vine Maple) • 19

Albizia julibrissin (Silk Tree) • 23 Euonymus europaeus (Spindle Tree) 34

Magnolia sieboldii (Oyama Magnolia) • 40 Malus 'Evelyn' (Flowering Crabapple) 42 Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 53 Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 54 Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection' (Japanese Flowering Cherry 54 Prunus serru�ata 'Ukon' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 56

e HEDGES

CLIPPED HEDGES

Chamaecyparis obtusa aurea (Golden Hinoki Cypress) • 28 Juniperus chinensis 'Robusta Green' (Green Chinese Juniper). 38 Taxus baccata (English Yew) 64 Thuja occidentalis aurea spicata (Gold Tipped Cedar) 65 Thuja occidentalis 'Lutescens' (Light Yellow Cedar) 65 Thuja occidentalis pyramidalis (Pyramidal Cedar) 65

Thuja occidentalis smargd (Rich Green Cedar) • 65 -Thuja occidentalis spiralis (Bright Green Cedar) 65 Thuja plicata atrovirens (Dark Green Arborvitae) 66 Thuja plicata aurea (Golden Giant Arborvitae) 66 Thuja plicata excelsa (Bright Green Arborvitae) • 66

Thuja plicata zelerina • 66

Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) • 66

15 e SCREEN AND WINDBREAKS

DECIDUOUS

Acer campestre (Hedge Maple) 18 Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) • • 19 Acer glabrum (Rock or Dwarf Maple) 20 Acer palmatum (Japanese Maple) • • 22 Acer p. atropurpureum (Redleaf Japanese Maple) 22 Acer p. bloodgood (Deep Red Japanese Maple) • • • 22 Carpinus betulus columnaris (Columnar European Hornbeam) 26 Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) • 31 Cotinus 'Royal Purple' (Purple Leaved Smokebush) 31 Elaeagnus angustifolius (Russian Olive) 33 Euonymus europaeus (Spindle Tree) 34 Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea.Buckthorn) 37 Oxydendrum arboreum (Sorrel Tree or Sourwood) 46 Viburnum sieboldii (Siebold Viburnum) • 67

BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREENS AND CONIFERS

Chamaecyparis obtusa aurea (Golden Hinoki Cypress). 28 Chamaecyparis obtusa crippsi (Hinoki Cypress variety)· 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera aurea (Golden Sawara Cypress) • 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa (Plume Cypress) • 28 Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa aurea (Golden Plume Cypress). 28 Ilex aquifolium (English Holly) • 37 Ilex pernyi (Perny Holly) • 38 Juniperus chinensis 'Robusta green' (Green Chinese Juniper) • 38 Juniperus scopulurum (Rocky Mountain Juniper) 39

Photinia serrulata (Chinese Photinia) • 47 Phyllostachys aurea (Gold-Stem Bamboo). 48 Phyllostachys nigra (Black-Stem Bamboo) 48 Prunus laurocerasus (English Laurel) 51 Prunus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel). 51 Thuja occidentalis aurea spicata (Gold Tipp�d Cedar) 65 Thuja occidentalis lutescens (Light Yellow Cedar) • 65 Thuja occidentalis pyramidalis (Pyramidal Cedar) 65 Thuja occidentalis smaragd (Rich Green Cedar) • 65 occidentalis spiralis (Bright Green Cedar) Thuja 65 Thuja plicata atrovirens (Dark Green Arborvitae) 66 Thuja plicata aurea (Golden Giant Arborvitae) • 66 Thuja plicata excelsa (Bright Green Arborvitae) 66 Thuja plicata zelerina • • 66 Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) • 66 Viburnum rhytidophyllum (Leatherleaf Viburnum). 67

16 e SHADE TREES

Acer circinatum (Vine Maple) • 19

Acer ginnala (Amur Maple) • 19

Cercis canadensis (Eastern Redbud) • 27 Cercis canadensis 'Forest Pansy• (Purple Redbud) 27

Cornus kousa (Japanese Dogwood) • 30

Cornus nuttali 'Gold Spot• (Variegated Pacific Dogwood) • 30

Cornus nuttali 'White Wonder ' (White Wonder Dogwood) • 30 Crataegus lavallei (Lavalle Hawthorn) • 32

Ficus carica (Common Fig) • 35 Malus 'Charlottae ' (Flowering Crabapple) • 42 Malus 'Evelyn ' (Flowering Crabapple) 42 Malus 'Liset• (Flowering Crabapple). 43 Malus 'Makamik ' (Rosybloom Flowering Crabapple). 44 Prunus blireiana (Japanese Flowering Plum) 50 Prunus cerasifera pissardi (Purple-Leaf Plum) 50 Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 53 Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan• (Japanese Flowering Cherry). 54 Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 54 Prunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Sakura' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirofugen• (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) • 56 Prunus serrulata 'Ukon ' (Japanese Flowering Cherry) 56 Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis ' (Spring Cherry or Higan). 57 Prunus yedoensis (Yoshino Cherry) 58 Sophora japonica (Japanese Pagoda Tree) 60 Styrax japonica (Japanese Snowbell). 63

Styrax obassia (Fragrant Snowbell) • 64

e TREES THAT CAST LIGHT SHADE

Amelanchier canadensis (Shadblow or Service Berry). 23

Aralia elata (Japanese Angelica Tree) • 24 Cedrus deodara aurea (Golden Deodar Cedar) 26 Cedrus deodara 'Limelight ' (Pale Yellow Deodar Cedar). 26 Cercis siliquastrum (.Judas Tree). 27

Chiananthus virginicus (Fringe Tree or Old man 's Beard) • 29 Cotoneaster cornubius (Cornubia Cotoneaster). 31 Pinus contorta (Shore Pine) 49 Rhus typhina (Staghorn Sumac). 59

17 Acer campestre HEDGE MAPLE Acer cappadocicum COLISEUM MAPLE

Height: 10 years 6M/20'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/l0'; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Moderate to fast Growth: Moderately slow

Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Partial shade shade _Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils Form: Compact round head Form: Small tree or multi­ stem tree-like shrub, Foliage: 5 - 7 lobed dense, compact Flowers: Small, pale yellow, Foliage: Dark green, turns clusters, May yellow in Fall Fruit: Keys with wide spreading wings, Fall Flowers: Small green clusters; May USES Fruit: Downy keys Specimen, background tree, shade tree. Best known in USES its two varieties, A. c. aureum (Golden Coliseum Maple), and A. c. rubrum (Red Coliseum Maple). The Red Coliseum Dense Summer screen. Commonly used as clipped hedges Maple has dark red young growth, turning rich, dark due to its dense growth. More suitable Maples exist green. The Golden Coliseum Maple is similar, except for specimen planting. young growth is yellow in autumn. Both are attractive forms.

18 VINE MAPLE I Acer circinatum Acer ginnala JI..MUR MAPLE

4.5M/l5'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years Height: 10 years 3M/l01; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth: Moderate Growth: Moderate Exposure: Partial to full shade Exposure: Partial shade to full sun Soil: Moist, well-drained soils Soil: Grows under almost all conditions of soil and Form: Upright, rounded head, moisture shrublike

Wide-spreading 9M/30' Form: Foliage: Dense, fine texture, often multistem from small or palmate the base

Flowers: Yellowish white; fragrant, May Foliage: Dense, 5-ll lobed, light green, Fruit: Red winged keys. Summer Flowers: White, small clusters, April/May USES Fruit:· Red winged keys, Summer Specimen; summer screen or grouped with conifers. A dense shrub or small tree with comparatively small USES leaves. The fruits turn bright red in the summer while the leaves are still green, making an interesting and other native Best used in groups with conifers colour combination. The scarlet autumn colour of the a most interesting plants; stems twist and turn in foliage is as brilliant as any of the Maples. Requires winter effect; manner, thus giving rise to a striking practically no care. it exhibits good Autumn colour. Acer glabrum ROCK or DWARF MAPLE Acer grosseri hersii SNAKE BARK MAPLE

Height: 10 years 2. 5M/8'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Moderate to slow Growth: Slow

Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade

Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils

Form: Oval to round Form: Shrublike, upright, narrow Foliage: Turns yellow and orange in Autumn Foliage: 3 or 5 lobed, large leaves, bright yellow Flowers: Long spike, April/May in Fall

Fruit: Green wings, long racemes, Fall Flowers: Of no particular merit

USES Fruit: Curved wings, Fall

Bark is green with silver stripes giving the tree a beautiful marble effect. USES

Small shade tree, or grouped with conifers. In native setting it is found by mountain streams; is an excellent shade tree for a small garden.

20 Acer negundo aurea variegaturn Acer japonicurn FULLMOON MAPLE GOLDEDGE BOX ELDER

Height: 10 years 3M/l01; ultimately BM/25' Height: 10 years 2. 5M/8'; ultimately BM/251

Growth: Slow Growth: Slow

Exposure: Partial to full shade Exposure: Full sun or partial shade Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils, will Form: Shrublike, red stems, thrive in drier soils rounded to irregular better than most Maples

Foliage: Rounded leaves, 7-11 Form: Shrublike when young, lobes, turns red in oval to round

Autumn Foliage: Green leaves with a Flowers: Brightly coloured, April bright yellow margin

Fruit: Keys with wide spreading wings, Fall Flowers: Small, inconspicuous, April

Fruit: Keys with wings, Fall USES

Best used in groups with conifers as background. USES Similar in habit and form to the Japanese Maple (A. palmaturn). Can be grown as a multi-stemmed Attractive ornamental tree, deciduous screen. Will .shrub or single stem specimen which eventually takes withstand cold and dry locations as well as any the form shown above. deciduous tree. This variegated variety will add more colour to a dark wooded landscape. Acer tataricum TARTAR MAPLE Acer palmatum vars. JAPANESE MAPLE I

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M /20'

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Moderately slow

Exposure: Sun, partial shade, Exposure: Full sun/partial shade sheltered Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Rich, moist Form: Round head, shrublike Form: Irregular to rounded, when young dense branching Foliage: Shallow lobes, yellow Foliage: Green through to and red in Fall yellow red in Fall Flowers: White in May, erect Flowers: Small purple, April bunches

Fruit: Keys Fruit: Red keys in Fall USES

Ideally suited as specimens or groups of three. USES Best available full-leaf varieties (on the far right): Small shade tree, good for background or screen; well Acer palmatum (green) shaped, requires very little attentiono Acer p. atropurpureum Acer p. bloodgood Best available cut-leaf varieties seldom grow over 12' (on the left): A.p. Dissectum (green) A.p. d. Atropurpureum r r

Albizia julibrissin var. rosea SILK TREE Arnelanchier canadensis SHADBLOW or SERVICE BERRY

Height: 10 years 4. 5M/15'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Moderately rapid Exposure: Sun or partial shade Exposure: Full sun, sheltered location Soil: Moist garden soil

Soil: Dry, gravelly and well­ Form: Shrublike or small tree drained Foliage: Pinkish, turns yellow Form: Flat topped, wide to red spreading Flowers: White, very showy, Foliage: Light green, many precede the leaves in leaflets, fine texture, spring graceful Fruit: Red, edible, late Summer Flowers: Pink, silk-like, fluffy, held above leaves, July to September USES

As a specimen or group of 3 against a dark background. Fruit: 5-11" long pods A most attractive winter branch and twig pattern. Casts light shade. Good trees to garden under. Neat foliage takes on attractive autumn tints. Most USES commonly grown as a multi-stemmed tree.

Shade tree with a true canopy for a patio. Beautiful in flower when viewed from above. The leaves fall early without changing colour. Requires winter protection first 3 years after planting. Arbutus rnenziesii NATIVE ARBUTUS Aralia elata JAPANESE ANGELICA-TREE

' Height: 10 years 611:/20'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years SM/15'; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Rapid during ideal Growth: Rapid conditions, becoming slow growing after Exposure: Full sun or partial 15 years shade

Exposure: Full sun Soil: Most garden soils

Soil: Drier side, well­ Form: Multi-stemmed, branches drained, lime-free nearly vertical, spiny

Form: Broad, round head, Foliage: Glossy green, compound almost as wide as tall leaves to 2�" long

Foliage: Long, leathery, broad­ Flowers: Cream, large pyramidal spikes; August leaved evergreen

Fruit: Small black berries, attracts birds; Fall Flowers: White to pinkish, bellshaped, appear at branch ends, April

USES Fruit: Orange to red berries, early Fall through Winter Specimen. The Devil's Walking Stick, as it is often USES called, is a small tree, often suckering from the Specimen in a well-drained pocket or a rock outcrop. base. The branching habit is very coarse in texture. Main feature is smooth, reddish brown bark that peels The large feathery spikes of small flowers give the in thin flakes. The Arbutus is on the untidy side, as plant great beauty viewed from above. The sterns are it drops leaves in the summer, berries and bark in the clothed with long and very formidable spines, which fall and winter. Best planted with other drought­ can prove injurious if planted too near a pathway. resistant shrubs. Likes the coastal climate so do not water during summer dry periods. Arbutus unedo STRAWBERRY TREE Camellia japonica varieties CAMELLIA

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 3M/9'; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth: Slow Growth: Slow Exposure: Partial shade, Exposure: Full sun, sheltered sheltered from harsh from harsh winds winds

Soil: Slightly acidic, Soil: Slightly acidic, rich in well-drained organic matter, moist

Form: Shrublike, twisted, Form: Upright when young, irregular sterns branching to the ground, becoming rounded Foliage: Dark green, pointed leaves, broadleaf Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, lustrous, dark, evergreen leathery

Flowers: Delicate, greenish ivory coloured, Fall and Flowers: Large, conspicuous, white to red depending Winter on variety, February to April

Fruit: Bright red, strawberry-like in colour and USES size; Summer Specimen or espalier against walls. Numerous varieties exist, ranging in colour from pure white to a rich, USES deep red. Popular for growing in shaded areas where other plants may not bloom well. Often planted in tubs Trimmed hedge, small specimen tree in a well-drained and grown indoors during the winter. pocket or a rock outcrop. An evergreen member of the ericaceous family, tolerates a wide range of conditions Best white flowered variety Alba Plena from dry to moist. The fruit is produced in summer Best pink flowered variety Mrs. Tingley and lasts well into the winter, so the plant is in Best red flowered variety Adolphe Audusson flower and fruit at the same time. Not hardy in this region unless protected from harsh winter wind.

25 Carpinus betulus COLUMNAR EUROPEAN Cedrus deodara aurea GOLDEN DEODAR CEDAR columnar is HORNBEAM

Height: 10 years 4.5M/15'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/101; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade

Soil: Moist, heavy Soil: Deep, well-drained, rich loam Form: Narrow, columnar when young, egg-shaped at Form: Graceful, pyramidal, maturity coniferous tree, drooping branches Foliage: Dark green, small dense leaves Foliage: Golden - yellow foliage,�------� soft texture Flowers: Catkins, Spring Fruit: Cones, Fall and Winter Fruit: Small nutlets in bracts, Summer and Fall USES USES

Tree for a confined space, brackground screen or tall Specimen, large rock garden. Cedrus deodora, from narrow (as little as one foot wide) clipped hedge. the Himalayas is a very large tree. The golden Excellent for planting in the stiffest clay soils foliage form is slower growing and does not reach the height or spread of the species, but it has the where many trees would not thrive. The shade cast same form. C.d. 'Limelight' is similar to c.d. is heavy, but the root system is not unduly voracious. 'C.b. co lumnaris' is often marketed as 'C.b. fastigiata'. aurea, but with pale lemon-yellow foliage. Leaves turn yellow, then brown, in the late Fall and are retained until Christmas.

26 Cercis canadensis EASTERN REDBUD Cercis siliquastrum JUDAS TREE

Height: 10 years SM/15'; ultimately 9M/ 30 ' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Moderately rapid Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Full sun to partial. Exposure: Full sun or partial shade, sheltered from shade wind Soil: Deep, light, well-drained Soil: Deep, light, well­ drained Form: Flat top, irregular

Form: Flat top, irregular, Foliage: Heart-shaped, fine loose branching texture, open. Var. Forest Pansy has purple Foliage: Heart-shaped, open, foliage soft green

Flowers: Small, pink, pea-like in clusters. Car. Flowers: Profuse, bright rose, small, pea-like, Alba has white flowers, April April

Fruit: Short, brown pods, Fall through Winter USES

USES Specimen. The pea-shaped flowers are clustered along the bare branches, and show to advantage against the Background, specimen, or one of a group with conifers. background of dark brown bark. Do not plant in a windy Can be grown as a single trunk or multiple trunks. The or exposed location. Occasionally damaged by late frost. winter silhouette casts interesting shadows. It is lovely on the edge of a woodland or in a border of flowering shrubs.

27 { ( ( { ( ( { (

Charnaecyparis HINOKI FALSE CYPRESS Charnaecyparis obtusa vars. SA WARA FA LSE CYPRESS pisifera vars.

Height : Variable depending on the variety - Height : See below see below Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Moderately slow Exposure : Partial shade, protected Exposure: Full sun to partial from cold winds when shade juvenile form Soil: Suitable in gravelly soil Soil: Acidic, ample moisture , light and well drained Form : Extremely variable depending on the Form: Narrowly pyramidal, variety dense branching, Foliage: Evergreen, scalelike coniferous USES Foliage: Evergreen, scalelike, dense Specimen , screen. There are many varieties with similar foliage, but which vary considerably in size Fruit : Small, round cones , Fall and Winter of mature specimen and rate of growth. Many are unsuitable as trees as they rarely grow over lM/40'. Best varieties USES to form medium sized trees are: Specimen , screen. This species is not usually used in C. o. var. Crippsi - Golden foliage, open habit , full sun. gardens due to its size. There are several varieties In 10 years 2M/7'; ultimately BM/25'. which are suitable for the garden as trees. C. o. var. nana gracilis - Deep green foliage flattened , C. p. aurea - soft yellow green foliage, broad pyramid, semi twisted branches - irregular in form, full sun, open branches. In 10 years 2. 5M/ll'; ultimately lOM/33' . slow growing. In 10 years SM/18'; ultimately SM/16'. C. p. plumosa - green feathery foliage dense branches. C. o. var. Aurea - Coppery gold foliage, full sun , Same 10 year and J�timate height of c. p. aurea. irregular in shape, slow growing. In 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 12M/40'. C. p. plumosa aurea - golden form above with soft yellow green foliage. Same 10 year and ultimate height of C. p. aurea.

28 Chionan thus virginicus

FRINGE TREE or OLD MAN 'S BEARD Cornus florida FLOWERING DOGWOOD

10 years 2,7M/9'; ultimately 9M/ 30 ' Height: Height: 10 years 4M/12 '; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth : Moderate Growth : Slow Exposure: Partial sh ade Exposure : Full sun Soil : Most garden soils Soil: Rich loam, moist Form : Upward-curving Form : Shrub like branches, as broad as it is tall Foliage: Oblong, dark green leaves Foliage : Dense, lustrous, tear­ sh aped leaves, turning Flowers : Small, white, pink in Fall fragrant, greenish wh ite, May Flowers : Bracts in 4's, white, pink or red, true flowers, inc onspic uous, May Fruit: Dark blue, grapelike, Fall Fruit : Bright red berries in tigh t clusters, Fall USES USES One of th e last dec iduous plants to leaf out in Spring. Is a splendid ornamental. Fleec y wh ite flowers are Specimen in mass planting for bloom, as background for produc ed in great profusion. flowering shrubs, or in a group with conifers. An excellent small garden tree. It has special interest every season of the year - in Spring with flowers, in Summer with good foliage, in Fall with brilliant red berries and soft autumn colour, and in winter picturesque horizontal branches. Best pink flowered - C. f. Cherokee Princess. Best red flowered - C.f. Cherokee Cheif. [

Cornus nuttali vars. PACIFIC DOGWOOD Cornus kousa JAPANESE DOGWOOD

Height: 10 years 2. 5M/12'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 4. 5-6M/15 '-20' ; ultimately 20M/65'

Growth: Great variation Growth: Rapid

Exposure: Full sun Exposure: Partial shade

Soil: Rich in organic matter Soil: Well-drained, acidic

Form: Horizontal branching, Form: Pyramidal to horizontal widespreading, similar branc hing to c. florida Foliage: Oval leaves, rich green Foliage: Dense, lustrous, beautiful autumn colour slender twigs Flowers: Large, long lasting, Flowers: Inconspicuous, large white flower bracts fading to pink, Apri l bracts in 4' s are white to pinkish, June or May - often flowers again Aug. /Sept.

Fruit: Red, raspberrylike, late Summer-Fall Fruit: Small orange/red clusters of berries, Summer and Fall USES USES

Specimen, sc reen, or as a bac kground tree. The Specimen, massed with other B.C. natives, espec ially Japanese Dogwood is an exc ellent small tree suitable conifers. for an intimate place. The blossoms are not lost in Var. White Wonder - a good garden specimen, requires the foliage, but are in great number, and the effect minimum care. Similar habit to the native Dogwood, is a beautiful contrast of brilliant whit e and dark but not as large (4-6M/15'-20 ') . Flowering brac ts green. The red fruits ripen in Septemb er and the are larger than the native Dogwood. Cornus nuttali foliage becomes pink and scarlet in Autumn. 'Gold Spot ', a variegated variety, is a highly desirable species as it flowers twice a year, in Spring and Fall. It is similar in height and habit to C. n. 'White Wonder' .

30 Cotoneaster cornubius CORNUBIA COTONE ASTER Cotinus coggygria SMOKE TREE

Height: 10 years to 3M/ l0' ; ultimately 6M/20 ' Height: 10 years 2.5M/8-10 '; ultimately 3-SM/10'-15 '

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Slow

Exposure: Partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Most well-drained garden Soil: Well-drained soils

Form: Broad, dense shrub or Form: Irregular small tree small tree Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, Foliage: Green, round, turning rich green, silvery pink to purple in Fall underneath Flowers: Fawn turning to grey, very dramatic lik e Flowers: Profuse clusters of white flowers, June puffs of smoke - hence common name, June Fruit: Red, borne in profusion weighing down Fruit: Pinkish to greyish, Summer branches, Fall through Winter

USES USES

Colorful shrub, specimen or massed, good for focal Winter display of berries, background. Thrives with points. The variety 'ROYAL PURPLE ' is even more little or no maintenance. Looks better and produces beautiful with purplish plumes and young leaves larger crop of berries if planted on dry slopes or in appearing purple in the spring but later turning poor soils. a purple green. The "smoky" effect of the fruit panicles of both varieties lasts for two week s. At its best under stress in poor or rocky soil. Needs attention, especially watering during first few years until established.

31 r r

Cotoneaster WILLO WLEAF COTONEASTER Crataegus lavallei (c arrierei) LAVALLE HAWTHORN salicifolia flocc os a

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 4. 5M/15'; ultimately 7. 5M/25'

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Moderate

Expos ure: Full sun, partial shade Exposure: Full sun, partial shade

Soil: Most well-drained garden Soil: Rich, well-drained, soils prefers alkaline

Form: Long pendulous branc hes Form: Twiggy, spiny branc hes, round Foliage: Broad-leaved evergreen, narrow, willowlike with Foliag e: Dense, dark green,

silver indumentum on the �------J leathery leaves remaining �------� underside into winter

Flowers: White, small, in clusters, June Flowers: White clusters, late May

Fruit: Red berries, late Summer through Winter Fruit: Red to orange-red berries , used for pres erves, USES Fall and Winter

Background shrub. Showy clusters of berries give USES good colour in the winter, particularly when hanging over walls and fenc es. Spec imen. Bes t in planted areas as berries are messy on paving .

The Lavalle Hawthorn is princ ipally grown for its clusters of large, 5/8 " diameter, orange-red fruit which remain on the tree throughout the winter. The leaves remain after other dec iduous trees are naked, almost giving the effect of a broad-leaved evergreen . The leaves slowly turn red and drop off by the middle of the winter. [

Elaeagnus angustifolius

RUSSIAN OLIVE Enkianthus carnpanulatus REDVEIN ENKIANTHUS

Height: 10 years 4M/13'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 2. 4M/8'; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth: Slow Growth: Moderate Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun/partial shade shade

Dry, grows in poor Soil: Soil: Slightly acidic, soils rich (in organic matter) Form: Large shrub or small tree Form: Attractive shrub, erect sterns with Foliage: Silvery-grey/green horizontal branches leaves long, narrow Foliage: Whorled or crowded at Flowers: Silvery outside, yellow inside, fragrant, branch ends, neat, small turning scarlet in Fall

Fruit: Yellow coated berries, Fall, with silvery Flowers: Yellowish or light orange, bell-shaped, scales on female trees clusters; April to May

Fruit: Small berries USES USES Individual specimen or grouped with other trees, The especially effective against dark backgrounds. Specimen or clustered with conifers and broadleaf but the flowers and fruit are none too conspicuous, evergreens. The flowers hang in loose clusters under and the plant can silvery-grey foliage is outstanding the foliage, and are best appreciated when viewed from be used for this one feature . The unique crooked below. Requires no pruning. trunk covered with a brown shedding bark is most ornamental in Winter. Should not require pruning unless given too much moisture.

33 Fagus sylvatica purpure a pe ndula Euonymus europaeus SPINDLE TREE I WEEPING COPPER BEECH

Height: 10 years 3-4o 5M/10' -15' ; ultimate ly 6M/20' Height: 10 ye ars 2. 5M/8 '; ultimately 3-SM/10' -15'

Growth: Slow Growth: Mode rate

Exposure : Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun shade

Soil: Almost any garde n soil Soil: Most garden soils

Form: Upright shrub Form: Weeping, long branches, reaching to the ground, Foliage: Dark green, turning red irregular in Fall

Foliage: Colourful, dark purple Flowers: Inconspicuous

Fruit: Brilliant pink, opening USES capsules, Fall through early Winte r

Spe cimen, excellent plant in container, focal point. Grow only where branches can re ach the ground. Can USES be grown for many years in tubs or big pots. Will grow just as wide as high if vertical trunk is not Spe cime n, natural hedge or groupe d with other large established. The pur ple leaves, exce lle nt grey trunk shrubs. All varieties retain their le aves until late in winter, massive branching and the de nse habit Fall and so afford an exce lle nt foli age background make this varie ty a de sirable ornamental tree. for the display of the colourful fruit. The plants need no attention, except an occasional check for scale insects and minimal pruning . Unusual seed pods, which are usually rose or crimson, split ope n to show vivid orange see ds.

34 Fatsia japonica JAPANESE FATSIA Ficus carica COMMON FIG

Height : 10 years 3M/l0' ; ultimately 5M/l5 ' Height: 10 years 4M/ l3' ; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth : Moderate Growth: Moderate

Exposure : Partial shade to full Exposure: Full sun, sheltered from shade, sheltered from harsh winds, south facing cold wind exposure

Soil : Most garden soils Soil: Moist loam

Form : Tropical appearance. Form : Wide spreading and roun deq Upright sternlike often multi-stemmed branches with two or more sterns Foliage: Coarse, soft green

Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, Flowers: Inconspicuous

leathery, 7 - 9 lobed, Fruit: large, glossy Figs, pear-shaped, greenish to brownish violet, Fall Flowers : White, large panicles, in multiple heads or c�usters, late Fall USES

USES Edible fruit, specimen, trained in espaliered form. Contrary to popular belief, there are at least 4 or 5 A bold pattern specimen in shade or container. Will varieties that are satisfactory for West Vancouver, and turn yellowish in full sun. Can also be grown as a can be grown to raise a crop of figs. They give a dense house plant. Suckers from established plants when shade and their leaves are very large and coarse, allowed to grow. Best grown as a rnultistern tree. consequently the fig is to be recommended as a shade freeze to the ground in cold winters but renews Will tree on a hot , sunny, south-facing terrace. If grown itself quickly from roots. in too rich a soil may not produce much fruit . An application of super-phosphate or a root pruning will assist fruit bud formation. Sterns are killed in severe winters.

35 (

Halesia carolina CAROLINA SILVER BELL Hamameli s mollis CHINE SE WITCH-HAZEL or SNOWDROP TREE

Height : 10 years 2. 7M/9' , ultimately 9M/ 30 ' Hei ght : 10 year s l.BM/6 '; ultimately 9M/ 30 '

Growth: Slow to Moder ate Growth: Slow

Exposure: Full sun or partial shade Exposur e: Full sun or partial shade

Soil: Slightly ac idic , well­ Soil: Rich, loam , moist, well­ drained, rich dr ained

Fo:rm : Round, lar ge shrub or Form: Neat , round shrub to small tree small tr ee

Foliage: Open, loo se, oval, finely Foliage: Green, roundish leaves, toothed, turning yellow turning yellow in Fall in Fall Flowers: Fragrant, golden yellow, Flowers: Small , white, bell-shaped appear befor e leaves clusters, May H. m. rubra var iety flowers are rust red, February Fruit:. Winged pods, of no particular merit, Fall USES

USE S Late Winter blooming shrub , gr oup with others or can be effec ti vely espaliered.

Spec imen, plant as component of an ever green tree group. This Wi tch- hazel is very fragrant and colorful in The Snowdr op Tr ee is planted chiefly because the blooms the late Wi nter . It is not grown enough, due to are so easi ly seen, making a well- grown tree a uni quel y its slow gr owth . Also available: H. x. Inter medi a beautiful sight when in bloom. Flowers show off best 'Helena' copper coloured flowers, 'Ruby Glow ' reddish when viewed from below . At other times of the year , flowers. the tr ee has no par ticular merit.

36 Ilex aquifolium ENG LISH HOLLY Hippophae rhamnoides COMMON SEA-BUCKTHORN

Height : 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 21M/70' Height: 10 years l. BM/6'; ultimately 9M/30' Growth : Slow to moderate Gr owth : Slow Exposure: Partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial shade, tolerages wind Soil: Any well-drained and salt spray garden soil

Soil : Dry Form: Tree or large shrub, pyramidal, dense Form : Dioecious, open, round, branching spiny twigs Foliage: Dense, lustrous, Foliage: Narrow, willowlike, broad-leaved evergreen green silvery-grey beneath Flowers: Small, white, fragrant, June Flowers: Inconspicuous, Apr il Fruit : Red berries on female plant (dioecious) , Fruit : Bright orange berries, profusely bor n on Fall and Winter female plants, late Fall through Winter

USES USES

it is thinned out Mass effect in large gar dens for winter display, hedge, Extremely tolerant of clipping. If growth, it screening, good seashore plant in exposed situations. instead of being clipped back to a denser There Grown chiefly for its pr ofuse, br ight-or ange fleshy will prove a much more pleasing garden plant. in cultivation, fruits. Sexes are separ ate, with female flower s all are a large number of garden forms with less spiny on one tree and male flower s on another. Both must some with variegated leaves and others male grafted on be present to ensure fruiting, preferably in a ratio and waxy foliage. Need male plant or of one male plant to every six female plants. Difficult female to produce berries. to get established, but once established, makes a splendid specimen.

37 Juniperus chinensis Ilex pernyi PERNY HO LLY CHINESE JUNIPER Robusta Green

Height: 10 years 3r-1/10'; ultimately 9M/ 30' Height: 10 years 3M/l0'; ultimately 8M/25'

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Full sun Exposure: Full sun

Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils, will withstand drought Form: Comp act, pyramidal Form: Informal column Foliage: Glossy, broadleaved evergreen, dark green Foliage: Fine, dense, prickly, to bronzy, sp ined leaves brilliant green

Flowers: Inconspicuous, self Fruit: Round blue berries, fertile, May Fall to Wi nter

Fruit: Bright red berries in clusters, small, USES early Fall Specimen, hedge, screen in a confi ned sp ace. Neat USES foliage holds its shape well, especially in old age.

Background, tubbed sp eci men. Of easy culture, it is one of the most attractive Hollies.

38 Juniperous ROCKY MOUNTAIN JUNIPER Magnolia sargentiana robusta MAGNOLIA scopulorum vars .

Height : 10 years 3M/10' ; ultimately 6M/20' Height : 10 years 3M/10' ; ultimately lOM/33'

Growth: Moderate to slow Growth: Moderately slow

Exposure : Full sun to partial Exposure : Full sun to partial shade shade, protection from cold winds Soil : Slightly acidic, very drought res istent Soil: Rich in organic matter, light , good drainage, Form : Upright, divided trunk, moist bushy, coniferous Form : Wide spreading (up to Foliage: Evergreen, dense, green 30' ), deciduous , multi­ to light blue, fine stemmed texture Foliage: Leaves 6" - 8" long Fruit : Bright bluish berries , fall and Winter Flowers : Mauve-pink, huge - up to 30 cm/1" in USES diameter, March - April

Pictures que specimen. Hedge or screen in a confined Fruit : Long pods splitting open to reveal scarlet space. Several varieties are being grown, most of seeds, Fall them being forms selected for the marked colour of their foliage. Especially suited for arid, rocky USES locations.

Best available varieties are : Specimen requ1r1ng plenty of space to develop properly. One of the most spectacular Magnolias , blooms in early J.s. Bluehaven blue green foliage spring before the leaves start to develop. The flowers J.s. Colagreen compact rich green are borne all about the tree. Bes t bloom does not J.s. Pathfinder blue gray foliage dens e appear until the age of 8 years.

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Magnolia soulangiana Magnolia sieboldii OYAMA MAGNO LIA SAUCER MAGNO LIA I (and varieties)

Height : 10 years l. SM/5 '; ultimately 6M/20 ' Height : 10 years 2M/7'; ultimately 7. 5M/25'

Growth: Slow Growth: Slow

Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Exposure : Full sun, shelter from harsh winds Soil: Good drainage, light loam

Soil: Moist but well-drained, Form : Wide spreading, shrublike, tolerates poor soils open, loose, vase-shaped

Form : Round, low-spreading tree Foliage: Fine texture, leaves with several stems 2" - 6" long

Foliage: Coarse, long leaves Flowers : Fragrant , white, appear with the leaves, cup­ Flowers : Large, wh it e pink and purple, appear shaped, May until August before the leaves , May , sometimes again in Fall Fruit : Red, showy pod clusters split open to reveal red USES seeds, early fall Specimen with spectacular flowers. Blossoming lasts for USES nearly a mon th. It has an irregular branching pattern when young, but becomes handsomel y sculptural in maturity. Flowering specimen, ideal for small gardens . Sucker growth from the roots will appear, this should be removed. Valued chiefly for its flowers continuously produced Varieties: (all outstanding in bloom) M. s. Alba Superba - over a long period. Its foliage is not as good as flowers almost pure white on opening, scented. M. s. Lenne some Magnolias, but the fact that it flowers when very large flowers rose purple outside, cream and soft quite young makes it very popular. purple inside. M. s. Lombardy Rose - large flowers, dark rose outside, white inside, M. s. Rustica Rubra - deep rose red flowers followed by dark rose seed pods.

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Magnolia wilsonii WILSON' S MAGNO LI A

Height : 10 years 3M/10' ; ultimately 7.5M/25 '

Growth: Moderately slow

Expo sure: Partial shade

Soil: Good drainage, light, rich in organic matter

Form: Often shrubby, op en

Foliage: Velvety underside, fine MALUS (Flowering Crabapple) texture, 2 " - 4" long leaves Malus is a large family of easy-to-grow flowering trees. The Flowering Crabapple, along with the Flowers : Fragrant , white, cup­ Flowering Cherry , are two of the best flowering shaped, red stamens , trees for the mass display of colour. May/June The Crabapple replac es the Cherries in gardens Fruit: Pink pods, September where soil is heavy and drainage inadequate.

USES Careful attention should be paid to the pruning of juvenile trees to retain their beauty of form. Specimen Systematic pruning of new growth each summer will eliminate the problem of superfluous twigs and Flowers op en from the underside of branc hes and point cluttered branches. downwards. Valued chiefly for its fragrant flowers , whic h app ear at the tips of the new growth. Best The following are the best varieties and hybrids planted at a high location where flowers can be suitable for West Vancouver's climate. These looked up to. Can be grown as a multi-stemmed tree bare flowers and fruits annually, are disease or tree trim ed while still young to form a single- stem resistant (unless mentioned) and most are readily tree as shown above. available.

41 Malus 'Evelyn' FLOWERING CRABAPPLE Malus 'C harlottae' FLOWERING CRABAPPLE

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 3-6M/12'; ultimately 9M/30' Growth : Moderate Growth: Moderate Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils; prefers slightly Form: Erect, spread equal to alkaline height

Form: Rounded, spread equal Foliage: Purple maturing to bronze to height , often shrubby green , orange to purple Fall colouring. Foliage: Attrac tive , green, dense Flowers: Pink, single, May Flowers: Pink, large, multiple petals, fragrant; late May/early June Fruit: Red juic y and edible, Fall. Fruit: Sparse, green, late Fall USE S USES Specimen with edible fruit - planted in groups or Specimen or planted in groups or rows along driveways , rows. Effective in front of conifers. Shows good etc ; effec tive in front of conifers colour in the Spring. One of the better Flowering Crabapples in displaying Fall colour. Resistant to apple scab.

42 Malus fl oribunda JAPANESE FLOWERING CRABAPPLE Malus 'Liset ' FLOWERING CRA BAPP LE

Height : 10 years 6M/20' ; ul timately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ul timately 9M/30 '

Growth : Rapid Growth : Moderately slow

Expo sure : Ful l sun or partial Exposure: Ful l sun to partial shade shade Soil : Most garden soil s Soil : Grows well in most soil s Form : Round, densely branched Form: Round, densel y branched, semi-weeping Foliage: Purplish green

Fol iage: Dense, fine texture, Flowers: Bright red, very bright green floriferous, May

Flowers: Profuse pink to red flowers, gradually Fruit : Smal l, glossy, red , Fal l fade white, fragrant, April USES Fruit : Profusion of small red and yellow fruit As with other Fl owering Crabapples. The best bright USES red Flowering Crabapple for the west coast. Dependable fl owering specimen, grouped or planted in rows; effective in front of conifers. It grows vigorousl y and blooms while comparativel y young. Although the individual flowers are tiny, they are carried in such dense masses that the tree is literally smothered in bloom. Other crabapple trees may surpass this species in colour, size of flower, or fruit, but none are more dependabl y beautiful year in and year out. Resistant to rust and appl e scab.

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Malus "Makamik" RO SY BLOOM FLOWERING CRABAPPLE Malus "Marshall Oyama" FLOWERING CRABAPPLE

Height : 10 years 3.5M/l01 ; ultimately 9M/ 30 ' Height : 10 years 4M/13' ; ultimately to 25'

Growth : Moderate Growth : Moderately rapid

Exposure : Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade

Soil : Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils, will tolerate poorly drained Form : Round soil

Foliage: Bronze, dense Form : Columnar, stiff upright branches Flowers : China rose, early May Foliage: Green Fruit: Purple/red, 3/4 " diameter; Fall through Winter Flowers : Pink buds opening to white flowers, single, May

Fruit : Red and yellow, 1" diameter, Fall USES

Flowering specimen, shade tree. USES

Disease resistant; flowers fade rapidly in colour, but are Flowering specimen. excellent at the height of their bloom . Resistant to most diseases. Requires pruning to pre­ vent side shoots. Dark coloured wood in Winter gives good colour.

44 (

Malus' "Radiant" FLOWERING CRABAPPLE Malus "Red Jade" WEEPING CRABAPPLE

Height: 10 years 3.5M/12'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 4. 5M/15 '

Growth: MO derate Growth: Moderately slow

Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade

Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils, on the sandy side Form : Compact, upright Form : Equal spread, long, Foliage: Young-reddish, fading slender, weeping on maturity branches

Flow ers : Deep red buds opening Foliage: Small, white, single, to deep pink flowers, May profuse, May

Fruit : Bright red, small; Fall through Winter Fruit : Heavy crop of red fruits, Fall into Winter

USES USES

Flow ering specimen against a dark background. Resistant Specimen with a weeping habit, shade tree, effec tive to most diseases. Good all-round variety. Flow ers in a pocket on a roc k outc rop or bank. Good all­ annually. round variety. Flow ers annually. Disease resistant.

45 Nyssa sylvatica SOUR GUM or TUPELO Oxydendrum arboreurn SORRE L TREE or SOURWOOD

Height : 10 years 3M/101 ; ultimately 9M/30' Height : 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6-9M/20'-30'

Growth : Slow Growth : Slow to moderate Exposure: Full sun to deep shade Exposure : Partial shade, sheltered from harsh Soil : Rich in organic matter, winds slightly spreading head, irregular in shape Soil : Moist soils , tolerates poor drainage Foliage : Dense, leathery leaves , 5" to 7" long Form: Spreading, irregular; pyramidal when young Flowers : Small, white, in slightly pendulous racemes , June Foliage : Dark green, glossy, copper and red in Fall Fruit: Dried capsules, Fall through Winter

Flowers: Male and female flowers produced on separate USES trees ; June

Specimen, deciduous tree among broad-leaved ev ergreen Fruit: Dark bluish-black, or no particuiar merit, shrubs , companion with other ericaceous plants. Fall

This is one of the superior ornamental trees especially when young. Its leaves are lustrous USES and effective throughout the growing season, giv ing the tree the deceptive appearance of being a broad­ one of the bes t specimen trees for Fall colour; dependable leaved ev ergreen. The summer flowers, autumn colour with our mild Autumn climate; leaves come out late in ev en and graceful pyramid habit give this tree additional , twigs, and red-t�ng�d bark mak e a Spring; crooked branches interest throughout the year. fine dis play in Winter; should be planted �n �ts permanent location at an early age as it res ents root dis turbance.

46 Parrotia persico PERSIAN PARROTIA Photinia serrulata CHINESE PHOT INIA

Height : 10 years 2.5M/8'; ultimately 7.5M/25 ' Height: 10 years 4. 5M/15' ; ultimately 9M/ 30'

Growth: Moderately rapid Growth : Slow

Exposure : Full sun, sheltered Exposure: Partial shade from harsh winds

Soil: Well-drained, rich in Soil: Well-drained, not too organic content much moisture in summer

Form: Multi-stemmed, shrub­ Form : Tall spreading shrub to like when young, small tree irregular

Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, Foli age : Dense, dark green oval dark lustrous green, leaves; yellow and leaves to 8" long . New foliage orange in Fall reddish bronze

Flowers : Dense heads surrounded by brown bracts; Flowers: White, small, in flat heads 6" in diameter, March before leaves open April and May

Fruit : Small brown nuts in clusters of 3 to 5, Fruit : Small red fleshy berries, Fall and Winter Fall

USES

USES Background shrub for. evergreen display. A very vigorous multistem plant which may become too leggy unless Attractive specimen all seasons of the year. As tree occasionally restrained. Large flat heads of flowers matures remove lower limbs cleanly . Most dramatic appear on mature species. Several dwarf varieties display comes in Fall. Bark is smooth and grey, are available, such as Photinia fraseri, which reaches breaking off in flakes, to expose light green patches, 3M/10' in 10 years. giving it special interest in Winter. Resistant to most insects and diseases.

47 Phyllostachys nigra BLACK STEMMED BAMBOO Phyllostachys aurea GOLDEN STEMMED BAMBOO

and ul timate height 5M/l6' Height: 10 years and ultimate height 5M/l2' Height : 10 years

Growth : Moderately rapid Growth: Moderately rapid

Exposure: Partial shade or full sun Exposure: Partial shade or full sun Soil : Most garden soil s Soil: Most garden soils Form : Slender will owy canes, arching branches Form : Canes bright green, maturing to pale yellow, Deep green, broadleaved erect, stiff sterns Fol iage: evergreen Foliage: Dense, fine, long and Flowers: When it is abo ut to die, narrow, broadleaved it will flower and cast seeds, once every evergreen 10 to 50 years Flowers: When it is about to die, it will flower and USES cast seeds, once every 10 to 50 years

Hedge, screen in a confined area. Distinguishing USES characteristic is the grooved side of the stern alternating between the nodes. Like the Golden Screen, clump planting as focal point. Very effective Stemmed Bamboo, it sp reads rapidly and must be kept around large pools. Needs frequent watering to keep under control by artificial means. Sterns vary from foliage attractive. Underground sterns spread rapidly pure black to olive dotted black. making it difficult to keep within bounds. Best planted in confined spaces where it cannot spread or planted within containers. Young shoots are edible.

48 Pinus cembra SWISS STONE PINE Pinus contorta SHORE PINE

Height: 10 years 2M/ 7'; ulti mately lOM/33' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ulti mately lOM/33'

Growth: Very slow Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Full sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Well-drained, dry, gravelly Soil: Most garden soils

Form: Dense, pyramidal, coni­ Form: Pyramidal, broad, ferous round-topped, open, coniferous Foliage: Long needles, soft texture, five needles Foliage: Long needles, two in in a bundle a bundle, deep rich green

Fruit: Cones, Fall and Winter Fruit: Cones 2 - 5 em. long, Fall and Winter

USES USES

Specimen, seashore or rock ridges and outcrops. Makes Specimen, ideal for windswept coastal areas. Three a tightly molded pyramidal specimen while young. To or more form a picturesque group. Grows under a become dense specimens require good soil, although wide variety of cultural and climatic condi tions, growth in dry, gravelly soil enhances picturesque adapted to poor dry soils. quality.

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Prunus blireiana JAPANESE FLOWERING PLUM Prunus cerasifera pissardi PURP LE-LEAF PLUM

Height: 10 years 4M/13'; ultimately BM/25' Height: 10 years 4. SM/15 '; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Moderate Growth: Moderately rapid

Exposure: Full sun Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Most garden soils, well­ drained Soil: Most garden soils

Form: Graceful, branches long Form: Round head , upright and slender Foliage: Copper red, deepening Foliage: Reddish purple, turning to dark purple bronze in summer Flowers: Wh ite; February-Harch Flowers: Fragrant, pink to rose, masses, double, March/April Fruit: Small edible red plums appear irregularly depending on seasonal temperatures; USES summer

Flowering specimen, patio or terrace tree, can be grown USES multistem. This variety is one of many suitable flower­ ing plums. Valued for its early blooms and coloured Requires a great deal of summer pruning. Spray foliage . When a flowering plum is planted in a patio, regularly with an all-purpo se fruit tree spray. prune to establish a head at a height to walk under. One of the choicest medium-sized trees for colourful Because of their good petal texture, flowers stand foliage. It is also a beautiful tree in bloom, up better to rain and wind than most plums and are flowering very early. P. c. p. nigra has pink effective longer. This is not a low maintenance tree flowers and deeper foliage; P. c. p. trailblazer as it requires much pruning and shaping. has pink flowers and reddish green foliage.

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Prunus laurocerasus vars. ENG LISH LAUREL Prunus lusitanica PORTUGAL LAUREL

Height : 10 years 4M/12' ; ultimately BM/25' Height : 10 years 3M/l0' ; ultimately 9M/30 '

Growth: Moderate Growth: Moderate, very slow initially Exposure: Partial shade, sheltered from cold winds Exposure : Full sun to deep shade

Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Most garden soils

Form : Shrub or small tree Form : Tree or large shrub, bushy, dense branching Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen lustrous, leathery, Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, glossy green. Hardier glossy, dark green, varieties have darker dense with red leaf green leaves than the type stems

Flowers : White in racemes, May Flowers : White, May

Fruit : Purple to black berries, September Fruit: Purplish cherries, of no outstanding merit j Summer USES

Hedge, background shrub, screen. A most serviceable USES small tree, able to withstand heavy pruning. Often wrongly used as a clipped hedge, much more suitable The growth is less compact in shade and the looser as a small tree left unpruned to exhibit its best effect gives it more grace and softness. Unreasonable effect. Remove branches at the main stem to obtain pruning and clipping will destroy its natural grace a tree like form. P. l. Schipkaensis, the Russian and usually eliminates the blossom and fruit. To Laurel - darker green, narrower leaf, will only develop as a tree, remove lower branches at the grow to 3M/10' in 10 years. trunk or trunks to 4 - 6' height.

51 [ r ( r

Prunus padus EUROPEAN BIRD CHERRY Prunus (Flowering Cherry)

Height: 10 years 4M/ l4' ; ultimately lOM/35'

Growth: Moderately rapid

Exposure: Full sun to partial shade

Soil: Rich, well- drained, The Prun us family is enormous, containing the flowering withstan ds wet soil cherries, plums, apricots, peaches an d almonds better than most certainly our most prized flowering trees. flowering cherries The cherries are among the most beautiful and the specie: Form: Open , very hardy listed here have been tested and are of easy culture. They must have perfect drainage and sandy or gravelly Foliage: Small, white, fragrant soil is the ideal. Cherries will tolerate heavier soils if good drainage is provided to a depth of five in drooping racemes 3" - 6" long; late April­ feet. May

They require a minimum of Fruit: Small black cherries, used to flavour win es, pruning, pests an d diseases July are not a problem, and all look most effective against a background of evergreens. USES

One of the first trees to produce leaves in the Spring; bark is smooth, dark greyish- brown and has a strong smell; resistan t to most diseases.

52 Prunus serrulata 1Amanogawa ' Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo' FLOWERING CHERRY JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY

Height : 10 years 3M/l0'; ultimately 6M/20 ' Height : 10 years 4M/ 13 '; ultimately 7.5M/25 '

Growth : Moderately slow Growth: Moderate Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil : Rich, well-drained Soil: Rich, well-drained Form: Narrowly columnar, stiff, erect growing Form: Up right-spreading, very strong grower, Foliage: Deep green turning equal spread yellow in the Autumn Foliage: Bronze when young Flowers: Semi-double, freely produced, pink, fragrant; mid-April Flowers: Double, shell-pink, lasting a few weeks, Ap ril to early May Fruit : None

USES USES Sp ecimen for confined sp aces, ideal for small gardens. 'Amanogawa ' is the most columnar and stiffest erect­ Flowering sp ecimen or in groups of 3 or 5. growing cherry available. There is a tendency for An attractive, healthy-looking tree at any time of the branches to bend outwards at the top , pulled down the year. by their weight and accentuated by the weight of snow. This can be prevented by cutting back app roxi­ mately half of the annual growth each winter.

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Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan ' Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection'

JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY JAPANESE FLO WERING CHERRY

Heig ht : 10 years SM/18 1; ultimately SM/25' Height: 10 years 4. 5M/15'; ultimately 7.5M/25'

Growth: Rapid Growth: Moderate

Exposure : Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun to partial shade shade

Soil : Rich, well-drained, on Soil : Rich, well-drained the sandy side Form : Vase-shaped, equal Form : Stiffly ascending spread, upright growth branches, vase-shaped Foliage: Bronze when young Foliage: New foliage bronze; bright gree n, yellow Flowers : Double, bright pink, in in Autumn long drooping clusters, mid-to-late April

Flowers: Borne in clusters of two to five, double, Fruit: Not effective deep pink; mid-April to early May

USES USES

Large specimen. This variety is one of the most popular For those who desire a bright shade of pink, this cherries. A well-shaped tree, literally smothered when in varie ty is hard to surpass. Usually blooms at the bloom. Some find this shade of purplish pink somewhat same time as the young, bronze foli age appears, harsh, but is a merit in drab surroundings. Strong, enhancing the pink blossoms. vigorous grower. It is the most double (largest number of petals per flower) of all the flowering cherries.

54 [

Prunus serrul ata ' Shirofugen ' Prunus serrul ata 'Shimidsu Sakura ' JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ul timately S.SM/18 ' Height: 10 years 4M/12' ; ultimately 7.SM/25 '

Growth: Moderately slow Growth: Moderate Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun/partial shade shade Soil: Rich, wel l-drained Soil : Rich, wel l-drained Form: Low, flat topped, Form: Wide, horizontal spreading horizontal branching branches

Foliage: Bronze when young, Fol iage: Bronze when young, green maturing to a light green Flowers: Double, pink, May

Fl owers: Double, white, drooping in clusters, May Fruit: None

Fruit:

USES USES Smal l garden specimen in groups of 3 or in rows al ong walks and driveways. 'Shirofugen' is the last variety One of the best white fl owering cherries, of exquisite of cherry to bloom. (The leaves unfold at the same beauty when in bloom. The fol iage usually appears at time as the fl owers, producing a beautiful combination the same time as the bl ossom. One of the best fl owering of pal e pink and coppery-bronze .) It forms a shapel y cherries to come into bloom. tree of a healthy constitution.

55 Prunus serrulata 'Shirotae' Prunus serrulata '· Ukon' JAPANESE FLOWERING CHERRY J.APANESE FLOWERING CHERRY

Height: 10 years SM/10'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3.5M/12'; ultimately 7M/23'

Growth: Moderate to slow Growth: Moderate Exposure: Full sun to partial sun Exposure: Full sun to partial Soil: Rich, well-drained shade

Form: Flat topped, horizontal Soil: Well-drained, rich in slightly drooping, organic matter spread equal to height Form: Wide-spreading, up­ Foliage: Soft green, yellow in right, open Fall Foliage: Bronze when young, Flowers: Double, snow-white, maturing green, produced in pen dant clusters, turnin g red in Fall very fragrant before the leaves; mid-April Flowers: Deep cream to greenish-yellow, semi-double April to early May USES

Specimen in the open or against a dark backgroun d. This is the most beautiful of the white-flowered USES Japanese cherries. A vigorous and healt�y tree identified by its large leaves. Specimen against a dark green backgroun d. The best flowering cherry to display greenish-yellow flowers in this area. Blossoms are borne in great profusion and contrast well with the unfolding leaves . As with other upright growing trees, would make a fine patio specimen, not interfering with pe destrian traffic.

56 Prunus subhirtella 'Accolade'

JAPANESE FLO WERING CHERRY Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis' SPRING CHERRY or HIGAN

Heiaht: 10 years 3M/10': ultimately S.SM/18 ' Height: 10 years SM/16' ; ultimately 9M/ 30'

Growth: Long lived, rapid Growth: Moderate to slow Exposure: Full sun or partial Exoos ure: Full sun to partial shade shade Soil: Rich, well-drained Soil: Rich . well-drained Form: Round, dens e branching Form: Op en, irregular, equal gracefully spreading spread Foliage: Small, fine texture Foliage : Bright green, change to coppery-yellow in Flowers: Small semi-double, the Fall dainty, white to light pink; January to February, often again in late Fall Flowers : Semi-double, pink, produced in great profusion USES

Specimen with early blossoms ; one of the earliest of USES the Oriental cherries to bloom, always before the leaves appear. Eas ily dis tinguis hed from any other Specimen or grouping, provides light shade in the summer species or variety by their slender branches and months. When in full bloom, the tree is transformed into fine twiggy growth. In cold, dry weather autumn This variety is quite hardy and of a a pale, pink cloud. colour is red and orange. good cons titution.

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Prunus subhirtella 'Pendula Rosea r Prunus yedoensis YOSHINO CHERRY ROSE SPRING CHERRY I

Height : 10 years 2.5M/ 7' ; ultimately 4M/13' Height : 10 years SM/16' ; ultimately 7.SM/25'

Growth: Slow Growth: Moderately rapid

Exposure: Full sun to partial Expos ure: Full sun shade Soil: Rich, well-drained Soil : Rich, well-drained Form: Loose spreading, flat­ Form: Weeping, slender topped drooping branches Foliage: Dens e

Foliage: Light green ' Flowers: Single, white to pink, Flowers : Small, pale pink, slightly fragrant; double, produced very freely, Ap ril Late March to Ap ril

USES

USES Early blooming specimen displayed in front of dens e evergreens. The gracefully curved branches are op enly Specimen, plant where it will not interfere wmth traffic. and irregularly spaced. The large flowers are single, Beautiful weeping cherry of excellent cons titution, pales t pink fading to white, carried in loose pendant useful where a small specimen is required. clus ters. A mos t popular variety of P. yedoensis is a very fine pale pink form called "Akebono". The Yoshino Cherry is quick growing, rather short -lived tree with the flowers appearing very early before the leaves.

58 Rhododendron varieties RHODODENDRON Rh us typhina STAGHORN SUMAC

Height: 10 years 2M/6' ; ultimately 6M/20' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 6M/20'

Growth: Slow Growth: Moderate

Exposure: Partial shade, sheltered Exposure: Full sun to partial from harsh winds shade

Soil: Acidic , rich in humus, Form: Open, irregular brancping well-drained Foliage: Large compound leaves , Form: Round to oval green above, greyish beneath; orange/red Fall Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, colouring dense, leathery Flowers: Green, long clusters, Flowers: Dense clusters, most colours, April to pyramidal spikes; June - July June (depending on the variety) ' Fruit: Crimson, hairy, decorative, on female plants USES USES Flowering specimen, background shrub against a dark background. Rh ododendrons are the most important Specimen, massing with brilliant Autumn colouring. A broadleaved evergreen for our region. The numerous small picturesque tree with large leaves. The branches varieties and cultivars are outstanding shrubs, are covered with a dense coat of velvety short brown attrac tive throughout the year. Rhododendrons need hair. Will outshine almost every other shrub on poor little or no pruning. The best varieties which grow dry soil. They tend to produce suc kers, especially if to 6M/20' are: their roots are disturbed by soil cultivation. R. angustinii (Blue lilac ) R. mac abeanum (Yellow) R. calophytum (White) R. mollyanum (Pink)

59 [

Sciadopitys verticillata JAPANESE UMBRELLA PINE Sopho ra japonica JAPANESE PAGODA TREE

Height: 10 years 4M/13'; ultimately 9M/ 30' Height: 10 years l. SM/5'; ultimately lOM/ 35 '

Growth: Very slow Growth: Moderate

Expo sure: Partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Moist, ric h, ac idic Soil: Most garden soils, on Form: Densely pyramidal, the drier side narrow conic al head, coniferous Form: Just as wide as tall, round Foliage: Dark green, dressed to the ground, long needles Foliage: Dark green, large arranged like the spokes of an umbrella leaves divided into leaflets

Fruit: Cones 8 - 14 ern long, Fall Flowers: Long, open, clusters, creamy white and USES pea-like; July to September

Tidy specimen. A beautiful tree, easily grown and not Fruit: Pods (seed or pods may stain a patio) , susc eptible to any serious disease, is valued for its Fall through Winter dense habit and very dark green foliage, especially while young. The needles arranged in whirls about the twigs, remain on the tree two to three years before USES falling off and so makes a splendid lawn specimen. Good shade tree with late Summer bloom; young wood smooth, dark grey-green; old branches and trunk gradually take on the rugged look of an oak; resistant to insects; able to withstand city conditions; the large leaves divided into leaflets give the tree a dense, fine texture.

60 Sorbus americana AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH Sorb us aucuparia EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH

Height: 10 years 6M/20 '; ultimately lO M/35 ' Height: 10 years 4M/ l4 '; ultimately 9M/30'

Growth: Rapid under ideal Growth: Moderately rapid conditions

Exposure: Full sun to partial Exposure: Full sun/partial shade shade

Soil: Well-drained garden Soil: Most garden soils soils

Form: Ascending branches, Form: Oval, gracefully open oval at maturity

Foliage: Leaves with ll - 17 Foliage: Soft green, yellow in leaflets, good fall Autumn colour

Flowers: White, in profuse clusters, May Flowers: Small, white clusters, May

Fruit: Bright red berries in Fall Fruit: Bright red, large clusters, used in herbal remedies, early Fall, attract birds USES

USES Specimen single or multi-stemmed. Use grouped with other trees. Best used away from paved areas. Spec imen. Fruit and autumn colour are of particular merit. Small leaflets give the tree a fine texture, Its conspicuous flowers, bright coloured fruit and Autumn casting light shade. Smaller, more compac t than colour make the Mountain Ash of interest for several s. auc uparia. Should not be planted close to a patio seasons of the year. where fallen fruit when stepped on will leave coloured stains.

61 r

Sorbus cashmiriana KASHMIR MOUNTAIN ASH Sorbus decora SHOWY MOUNTAIN ASH

Height: 10 years SM/17 '; ultimately 9M/30' Height : 10 years 4. 5M/15'; ultimately SM/27 ' Growth: Rapid Growth: Moderately rapid Exposure : Full sun to partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil : Most garden soils Soil : Most garden soils Form: Pyramidal graceful branching Form: Oval, clean, ascending branches, smooth bark Foliage: Composed of many leaflets Foliage: Compound leaves, soft green turning yellow in Flowers : Pink, single, 3/4" in dia. , May Fall

Fruit : White, fruit stalks pink to red, attracts Flowers: Small, white, flat clusters, May birds, early Fall Fruit : Bright red, clusters, attract birds, USES early Fall

Valued chiefly for its large white fruit, flowers USES are more showy than most mountain ashes. Best used away from paved areas. Not readily available in Grouped with other trees. Away from paved areas. This British Columbia, but well worth planting where tree has large and conspicuous fruit, making it ideal a display of spring flowers and fall berries are for ornamental use. Very similar in form to S. desired. americana. Valued mostly for its profuse display of white flowers. Different from other Mountain Ashes in that leaves are held horizontally forming a large shade canopy.

62 r r r r

Stranvaesia davidiana CHINESE STRANVAESIA Styrax japonica JAPANESE SNO WBELL

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/10' ; ultimately 8M/25'

Growth: Moderate Growth: Slow to moderate Exposure: Full sun Exposure: Partial shade or full sun Soil: Well-drained

Soil: Rich loam , acidic, Form: Wide-spreading, tall well-drained open shrub

Form: Wide spreading Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, horizontal branches long leaves , narrow, coloured purple and Foliage: Dense, fine texture, bronze dark green

Flowers: White, small , in terminal flowered Flowers: Wh ite, bell shaped, June clusters, May/June

Fruit: Green, small, numerous, in Fall Fruit: Scarlet , small berries, Fall through the Winter USES USES Specimen, dainty in appearance, is best on a small property where its neat, compact form is in scale with Specimen, at its best about Christmas. Mak es a limited space. It is beautiful throughout the year, beautiful wide spreading small tree needing plenty but is enj oyed most in late Spring when it is hung of room in which to grow. Its tendency to become with thousands of little white bells. The fruits leggy under garden conditions is an asset in resemble little green footballs and are often used achieving a tree form. Prone to attack from in Autumn arrangrnents in the house� Insect free. pear blight, which detracts from its garden valueo

63 r r r

Styrax obassia FRAGRANT SNOWBELL Taxus baccata ENG LISH YEW

Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately 9M/30 '

Growth: Slow to moderate Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Full sun or partial Exposure: Full sun to deep shade shade Soil: Rich, well drained Soil: Rich, slightly acidic, well-drained Form: Tree or shrub, pyramidal in free form, coniferous Form: Narrow in spread, flat top, dense branching Foliage: Dark green, lustrous, needlelike Foliage: Roundish leaves, 3"-8" long, deep green, turn Fruit: Fleshy, red berries yellow in Fall instead of cones, Fall

Fragrant, bell-shaped, 6"-8" drooping Flowers: USES clusters, white with yellow stamens; June

Most often used as a hedge. Numerous varieties of the USES English Yew exist. Most useful in shade and in rich moist soils where the junipers would not thrive. The Specimen against evergreen background. Flaking bark on English Yews are among the best of all hedge materials, older branches. Excellent ornamental tree. Heavier able to withstand close clipping. Disease free. Red than Styrax japonica, partially hides the foliage fruits have poisonous seeds. clusters of flowers.

64 USES Thuja occidental is vars. PYRAMIDAL CEDAR Narrow hedge, screen

Suitable varieties for a narrow hedge or screen, should be pl anted 50 - 60 cm/20-24 in. apart. Height : See bel ow under varieties T. o. pyramidal is - light green, columnar. In 10 Growth: Slow years 2.5M/8 '; ultimatel y 7M/23'. Needles turn brown in late summer. This can be delayed by watering during July and August. Exposure: Full sun to partial shade, shade tol erant T. o. smaragd - rich green, holding throughout the year. In 10 years 1. 8M/6' ; ul timately Soil : Best in rich, moist, SM/16 '. soil with good drainage T. o. spiral is - light green twisted branches. In 10 years 2.5M/8 '; ul timatel y 7M/22 '. Form : Short horizontal branches, na rrow, dense, coniferous T. o. aurea spicata - gol d tipped fol iage. In 10 years 4M/12 '; ul timately lOM/33 '. More Fol iage: Fl at, scal el ike leaves pyramidal than columnar. Makes a fine specimen or group of three or more.

Fruit : Smal l cones with few scales, Fal l T. o. 'Lutescens ' - light yel low-green fol iage turning cream in winter. In 10 years 2M/7 '; ul timatel y SM/16 '. Makes an excel lent smal l specimen as well as a hedge.

Thujas are recommended over many species of (Continued on next page) Chaemacypar is where the soil is poorl y drained and in deep shade.

65 Thuja plicata GIANT ARBO RVITAE var. atrovirens Tsuga canadensis EASTERN HEMLOCK

Height : 10 years 6M/20 1; ultimately lOM/33' Height: 10 years 3M/l0; ultimately lOM/33'

Growth: Fast Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure : Partial shade Exposure: Full sun to partial Soil: Any moist soil shade

Form: Pyramidal, narrow, Soil: Most garden soils coniferous Form: Slender , drooping Foliage: Lustrous, flat , sc ale­ branches, pyramidal, like, deep green coniferous

Fruit : Of no ornamental value Foliage: Light green to yellow, two whitish bands beneath each needle USES

Fruit: Cones 2 - 3 Crn. long, Fall Screen, hedge specimen. The local Western Red cadar grows too large for garden use but this cultivar along with T. p. exc elsa, T. p. aurea and T. p. zelerina are USES slower growing , more compact and more suitable for garden use. Hedge, specimen, screen. A fine garden tree left to grow natural or can be clipped as a hedge. Several varieties of this species exist, but most are too dwarf for use as trees.

The native Western Hemloc k, Tsuga heterophylla, grows too tall (up to 150') to be planted as a tree spec imen.

66 L

Viburnum rhytidophyllum LEATHERLEAF VIBURNUM Viburnum sieboldii SIEBOLD VIBURNUM

10 years 3M/10'; ultimately SM/25 ' Height: 10 years 3M/10'; ultimately SM/16' Height:

Growth: Slow to moderate

Slow to moderate Exposure: Partial or deep shade, Growth: sheltered from wind Exposure: Full sun to deep shade Soil: Rich, well-drained , plenty of moisture Soil: Moist , well-drqined , rich Form: Course , multi-stem , dense, round Form: Round, shrublike

Foliage: Long, wrinkled leaves, Foliage: Green, lustrous leaves broadleaved evergreen, up to 6" grey to silver underneath Flowers: Red to back ber� ies, Flowers: Small, white in flat clusters, April red stalks, Summer

Fruit: Red to black berries , Fall USES

USES Excellent specimen or large focal point in the shrub border. It is one of the best all-round large Specimen , valued for its handsome, crinkled leaves. viburnums. After the fruit has fallen off or is The clusters of small berries are produced when two or eaten by birds, red fruit stalks remain another three more are planted. With sufficient moisture it will or four weeks to give colour to the plant. grow in full sun, but the foliage is not quite so handsome. As this plant suckers freely select one or several stems and remove the rest.

67 COMMON TREES NOT TO PLANT

BOTANICAL NAME COMMON NAME

Aesculus hippo castanurn (40'-50') Horse Chestnut

Thuja plicata (60'-150') Western Cedar , Tsuga hete rophylla (100'-200') Hemlock

Pseudotsuga menziesii (70'-200') Douglas Fir

Cedrus deodora (50'-80') Deodar Cedar

Cedrus atlantica (50'-60') Atlas Cedar

Pinus sylvestris (70'-80') Scotch Pine

Pinus ponde rosa (100'-120') Ponderosa Pine

Liriodendron tulipifera (601-100') Tulip Tree

Alnus rubra (40'-50') Red Alder

Populus tremuloides (40'-60') Aspen

Populus nigra "Italica" (60'-80') Lomb ardy Popular

Populus trichocarpa (80'-120') Cottonwood

Chamaecyparis pisifera (30'-50') False Cypress

Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosa (30'-50') Moss Cypress

Chamae cyparis lawsoniana (50'-60') Lawson Cypress

Acer macrophyllum (70'-90') Big Leaf Maple

Betula alba (40'-60') White Birch

Be tula papyrifera (70'-90') Paper Birch

Salix babylonica (30'-50') Weeping Willow

Ailanthus altissima (40'-50') Tree of Heaven

68 INDEX OF COMMON NAM ES

Angelica Tree

Japanese (Aralia elata) 24

Arborvitae

Bright Green (Thuja plicata excelsa) 66 Golden Giant (Thuja plicata aurea) 66 Green (Thuja plicata atrovirens) 66

Arbutus, Native (Arbutus menzi esii) 24

Bamboo

Black-stem (Phyllostachys nigra) 48 Gold-stem (Phyllostachys aurea) 48

Beech

Weeping Copper (Fagus sylvatica purpurea pendula) 34

Camellia (Camellia japonica) 25

Cedar

Bright Green (Thuja occidentalis spiralis) 65 Golden Deodar (Cedrus deodara aurea) 26 Golden Tipped (Thuja occidentalis aurea spicata) 65 Light Yellow (Thuja occidentalis lutescens) 65 Pale Yellow Deodar (Cedrus deodara 'Limelight') 26 Pyramidal (Thuja occidentalis pyramidalis) 65 Rich Green (Thuja occidentalis smargd) 65

Cherry, Flowering

'Accolade' (Prunus subhirtella 'Accolade') 57 'Amanogawa' (Prunus serrulata 'Amanogawa') 53 European Bird (Prunus padus) 52 'Ichiyo' (Prunus serrulata 'Ichiyo') 53 'P ink Perfection' (Prunus serrulata 'Pink Perfection') 54 'Rose Spring' (Prunus subhirtella 'P endula Rosea') 58 'Kanzan' (Prunus serrulata 'Kanzan') 54

69 Cherry , Flowering (Continued)

'Shimidsu Sakura ' (Prunus serrulata 'Shimidsu Sakura') 55 'Shirofugen' (Prunus serrulata "Shirofugen' ) 55 'Shirotae ' (Prunus serrulata "Shirotae ') 56 Spring (Prunus subhirtella 'Autumnalis ') 57 'Ukon ' (Prunus serrulata 'Ukon ') 56 'Yoshino' (Prunus yedoensis) 58

Cotoneaster

Cornubia (Cotoneaster cornubius) 31 Willowleaf (Cotoneaster salicifolia floccosa) 32

Crabapple , Flowering

'Charlottae ' (Malus 'Charlottae ') 42 'Eve lyn' (Malus 'Evelyn ') 42 Japanese (Malus floribunda) 43 'Liset' (Malus 'Liset' ) 43 'Mars hall, Oyama' (Malus 'Marshall Oyama ') 44 'Radiant' (Malus 'Radiant' ) 45 Rosybloom (Malus 'Makamik' ) 44 We eping (Malus 'Red Jade') 45

Cypress

Golden Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa aurea) 28 Golden Plume (Chamaecy paris pisifera plumosa aurea) 28 Golden Sawara (Chamaecyparis pisifera aurea) 28 Plume (Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa) 28

Dogwood

Flowering (Cornus florida) 29 Japanese (Cornus kousa) 30 Variegated (Cornus nuttali 'Gold Spot' ) 30 'White Wonder' (Cornus nuttali 'White Wonder' ) 30

Enkianthus , Redvein (Enkianthus campanulatus ) 33

Fatsia, Japanese (Fatsia japonica) 35

Fig, Common (Ficus carica) 35

Fringe Tree or Old Man's Beard (Chionanthus virginicus) 29

70 Hawthorn, Lavalle (Crataegus lavallei) 32

Hemlock , Eastern (Tsuga canadensis) 66

Holly

English (Ilex aquifolium) 37 Perny (Ilex pernyi) 38

Hornbeam, Columnar European (Carpinus betulus columnaris) 26

Judas Tree (Cercis siliquas trum) 27

Juniper

Green Chines e (Juniperus chinensis 'Robusta Green' ) 38 Rocky Mountain (Juniperus scopulorum) 39

Laurel

Eng lish (Prunus laurocerasus) 51 Portugal (Prunus lusitanica) 51 Russian (Prunus lauroceras us schipkaensis) 51

Magnolia

Sargent (Magnolia sargentia robusta) 39 Saucer (Magnolia soulangiana) 40 Oyama (Magnolia sieboldii) 40 Wilson's (Magnolia wilsonii) 41

Maple

Amur (Acer ginnala ) 19 Coliseum (Acer cappadocicum) 18 Dwarf (Acer glabrum) 20 Fullmoon (Acer japonicum) 21 Hedge (Acer campes tre) 18 Japanese varieties (Acer palmatum) 22 Goldedge Box Elder (Acer negundo aureo variegatum) 21 Rock (Acer glabrum) 20 Snake Bark (Acer grosseri hersii) 20 Tartar (Acer tartaricum) 22 Vine (Acer circinatum) 19

Mountain Ash

American (Sorbus americana) 61 European (Sorbus aucuparia) 61

71 Mountain Ash (Continued)

Kashmir (Sorbus cashrnir iana) 62 Showy (Sorbus decora) 62

Pagoda Tree, Japanese (Sophora japonica) 60

Persian Parrotia (Parrotia persico) 47

Photinia, Chinese (P hotinia serrulata) 4 7

Pine

Japanese Umbrella (Sciadopitys verticillata) 60 Shore (Pinus contorta) 49 Swiss Stone (Pinus cembra) 49

Plum

Japanese Flower ing (Prunus blireiana) 50 Purple-Leaf (Prunus cerasifera pissardi) 50

Redbud, Eastern (Cer cis canadensis) 27

Rhododendr on varieties (Rhododendr on) 59

Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolius) 33

Sea-Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) 37

Ser vice Berry or Shadblow (Arnelanchier canadensis) 23

Silk Tree (Albizia julibr issin var. rosea) 23

Silverbell or Snowdrop Tree (Halesia carolina) 36

Smok ebush

Purple Leaved (Cotinus coppygria 'Royal Purple') 31

72 Snowbell

Fragrant (Styrax obassia) 64 Japanese (Styrax japonica) 63

Sorrel Tree or Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) 46

Sour Gym (Nyssa sylvatica) 46

Spindle Tree (Euonymus europaeus) 34

Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo) 25

Stranvaesia, Chinese (Stranvaesia davidiana) 63

Sumac, Staghorn (Rhus typhina) 59

Viburnum

Leatherleaf (Viburnum rhytidophyllum) 67 Siebold (Viburnum sieboldii) 67

Witch- hazel, Chinese (Hamamelis mollis) 36

Yew, English (Taxus baccata) 64

73 REFERENCES

The following books are recommended for further reading:

Trees and Shrubs for Pacific Northwest Gardens

P. B. - John and Carol Grant, Pacific Books. 1943.

Best there is for coastal gardens. New plant varieties of 1950' s and 1960' s not included. Still a very good reference.

Sunset' s Western Garden Book

P. B. - Lane Publishing Company. 1973.

Good all-round reference on all aspects of gardening.

Trees for American Gardens

H. B. - Donald Wyman, MacMillan Company. 1965.

Best North American reference on trees grown on this continent.

Trees of North America and Europe

P. B. - Roger Phillips. Pan Books. 1978.

Excellent for tree identification. Plenty of coloured photographs.

The International Book of Trees

H. B. - Hugh Johnson. Simon and Shuster. 1973.

Best all-round book for tree lovers.

Wyman' s Garden Encyclopedia

H. B. - Donald Wyman. MacMillan, 1971.

P. B. - Paper Back

H. B. - Hard Bound

74 Prunus subhirtella "Pendula Rosea" Pinus contorta SHORE PINE ROSE SPRING CHERRY

Height: 10 years 2.SM/71 1 ultimately 4M/13' 10 years JM/10 '; ultimately lOM/33' '-'-' Gro.,..th: Sloti to moderate (Flowering Cher ry) Growth: Slow Exposure: Full sun to partial shade &xposure: Full sun to partial shade Soil: Most garden soils Soil: Rich, well-drained

Form: Pyramidal , broad , round-topped, open, Form: Weeping, slender coniferous drooping branches

The Prunus family is enormous, containing the flower in/ Foliage: Long Folta.ge: Light green needles, two in cherries, plums, apricots, peaches and al.monds - � a bundle, deep rich green certainly our most prized flowering trees. Flowers: Small, pale pink, Fruit: Cones em. double , produced very freely, Apr il 2 - 5 long, Fall and Winter The cherries are among the most beautiful and the spec. P listed here have been tested and are of easy culture. ---' They must have perfect drainage and sandy or gravelly soil is the ideal. Chexries will tolerate heavier Specimen , ideal for windswept coastal areas. Three soils if good drainage is provided to a depth of five or more form USES a picturesque group. Grows under a feet. --1 wide variety of cultural and climatic conditions' plant where it will not interfere wZth traffic. adapted to poor dry soils. Specimen, They require a minimum of cherry of excellent constitution , Beautiful weeping pruning , pests and diseases specimen is required . useful where a small are not a problem , and all look most effective against Acer tataricum TARTAR MAPLE a background of evergreens.

Halesia carolina CAROLINA SILVER BELL or SNOWDROP TREE Height: 10 years 3M/10 '; ultimately 6M/20 '

Height: 10 years 2. 7M/9 ', ultimately 9M/JO' Growth : Moderately slow

Growth: Slow to Moder ate Extx>sure: Full sun/partial shade

Exposure: Full sun or partial shade Soil: Most garden soils

Soil: Slightly acidic, well­ Round head , shrublike Form : drained, rich when young

Form: Round, large shrub or Shallow lobes, yellow Foliage : small tree and red in Fall

Foliage: Open, loose, oval, finely Flowers : White in May , erect toothed, turning yellow bunches in Fall Hippophae rhamnoides COMMON SEA-BUCKTHORN

Fruit: Red keys in Fall Flowers : Small , white, bell-shaped clusters, May Height: 10 years l.BM/6': ultimately 9M/301 � Fruit: Winged pods, of no particular Small shade tree, good for background or screen; well merit, Fall Growth : Slow shaped, requires very little attention. Exposure; Full sun to partj al shade , tolerages wind Specimen , plant as component of an evergreen tree group. and salt spray

Acer glabrum ROCK or DWARF MAPLE The Snowdrop Tree is planted chiefly because the blooms Soil: Dry are so easily seen, mak ing a well-grown tree a uniquely beautiful sight when in bloom . Flowers show off best Form: Dioecious, open, round, when viewed from below . At other times of the year, spiny twigs Height : 10 years 2.SM/8'; ultimately 6M/20' the tree has no particular merit.

Foliage: Narrow , willowlike, green silvery-grey beneath Growth: Slow Rhododendron varieties RHOOODENDRON Flowers : Inconspicuous, April Exposure: Full sun to partial shade Fruit: Bright orange berries, profusely born on female plants , late Fall through Winter Soil: Most garden soils Height: 10 years 2M/6 '; ultimately GM/20' USES Form: Shrublike, upright, Growth : Slow Mass effect in large gardens for winter display, hedge ,

Exposure: Partial shade, sheltered screening , good seashore plant in exposed situations. Foliage: 3 or 5 lobed , large from harsh winds Grown chiefly for its profuse, bright-orange fleshy leaves, bright yello¥1 fruits. Sexes are separate, with female flowers all in Fall Soil: Acidic, rich in humus, on one tree and male flowers on another . Both must well-drained be present to ensure fruiting, preferably in a ratio Flower s: Of no particular merit of one male plant to every six female plants. Difficul to get established , but once established, makes a Form: Round to oval --<# Fruit: Curved wings, Fall splendid specimen.

Foliage: Broadleaved evergreen, dense, leathery

Flowers: Dense clusters, most colours, April to Acer palmatum vars. tree, or grouped with conifers. In native JAPANESE MAPLE Small shade June (depending on the variety) setting it is found by mountain streams; is an excellent shade tree for a smal l garden.

Height: 10 years JM/10 1; ultimately 6M/20'

Sciadopitye verticillata JAPANESE UMBRELLA PIN� Growth: Slow to moderate

Exposure: Sun, partial shade, sheltered

Height: 10 years l.SM/5'; ultimately lOM/35 1 Soil: Rich, moist

Growth : Vexy slow Form: Irregular to rounded , dense brab.ching Exposure: Partial shade

Foliage: Green through to Soil' Moist, rich, acidic yellow red in Fall

Form: Densely pyramidal, Flowers: Small purple, April narrow conical head,

coniferous Fruit: Keys • MALUS (Flowering Crabapple) � Foliage : Dark green, dressed to Ideally uited as specimens or groups the ground , long needles '------' Malus is a large family of easy-to-grow flowering � of three. Best avaJ.lable full-leaf arranged like the spokes of an wnbrella trees. The Flowering Crabappl e, along with the varieties (on the far right) : Flowering Cherry, are t'WO of the best flowering Acer palmatum • Fruit; Cones 8 - 14 an long, Fall trees for the mass display of colour. (green) Acer p. atropurpureum Acer p. bloodqood The Crabapple replaces the Cherries in gardens Best available cut-leaf � where soil is heavy and drainage inadequate. varieties seldom grow over ..._.... Tidy specimen. beautiful tree, easily grown and not A. · 12 1 (on the left) : susceptible to any serious disease, is valued for its Careful attention should be paid to the pruning ·,. A.p. Dissectum (green) dense habit and very dark green foliage, especially of juvenile trees to retain their beauty of form. ' A.p.d. Atropurpureum ' while young . The needles arranged in whirls about the Systemat-ic pruning of new growth each swrmer w-ill �1 twigs, remain on the tree t'WO to three years before eliminate the problem of superfluous twigs and falling off and so makes a splendid lawn specimen . cluttered branches.