DOCSLIB.ORG

The King's Most Eloquent Campaigner... Emile De Laveleye, Leopold II and the Creation of the Congo Free State

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The King's Most Eloquent Campaigner... Emile De Laveleye, Leopold II and the Creation of the Congo Free State View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Ghent University Academic Bibliography The king's most e oquent #$mpaigne%... &mi e 'e L$(e e)e, Leopo ' II $n' the #%e$tion o* the Congo Free St$te -.N /.N0&R,1I,,&N1 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222+RFC Rese$%#he% 3 4ni(ersit) o* Li5ge 1. INTR604CTI6N In the Belle Époque, #oloni$ thought took ne8 *orms, $nd $ se#ond 8$(e of &"%ope$n #o onis$tion s8ept ove% .*%i#$. King Leopo ' II of Be gium :1835- 1909, %. 1865-1909) be#$me $#ti(e in Congo in 1;76. His $mbition to de(e op $ so-#$ e' Aphi $nth%opi#A p%oBe#t m$te%i$ ise' in $ p%o#ess o* st$te *orm$tion, but this 8$s o(e%shadowe' @) int%igues $nd tensions %es" ting *%om the te%%ito%i$ %$#e bet8een Ceste%n powe%s $nd Leopold's own men in the *ie d. 6n ) $ de#$de $*te% this %$#e beg$n, $t the Be% in Cong%ess in 1884- 1885, 8$s $ *ina sett ement $dopte' in the *orm of the Congo +%ee ,t$te, o* 8hi#h the king of the Be gi$ns be#$me the7$ most7"nass$i $@ e sove%eign. In the $st !"$%te% of the nineteenth #ent"%) tensions bet8een ibe%$ $n' #onse%($ti(e *orms of gove%nment inf uen#e' inte e#t"$ i*e e(e%)8he%e in &"%ope $nd g$(e %ise to st%ong de@$te bet8een $'(oc$tes o* *%ee t%$de $nd supporte%s of #oloni$ ism. The o ' i'e$ th$t Leopo ' II 8$s $n isol$te' thinke% $nd 'oe% 8ho e$%ne' himse * $ pl$#e $mong the powe%s that took .*%i#$ enti%e ) @) his own e**o%ts h$s been %e*ute' @) $ ne8 gene%$tion of histori$ns. /incent /i$ene :200;? %e#onst%"#te' in 'et$i the *orm$tion $n' e(olution o* $ Be gi$n parti colonial th$t ope%$te' next to $nd sometimes independent ) of the king. 1) own %ese$%#h has exp $ine' how, in de(e op- ing his #oloni$ 'oct%ine since the e$% ) 1860s, Leopol' II 8$s inspi%e' @) m$n) inte e#t"$ s 8ho 8$nte' to st%engthen Be gi$n t%$de $nd indust%) through $ po i#) of e#onomi# expansion o"tside &"%ope :/$nde%smissen, 2008aF 2009$F 2009b?. I ha(e shown how 3 $s $ #%own prin#e 3 Leopol' de(e ope' $n e**i#ient s)stem o* inform$tion g$the%ing on #oloni$ issues. He methodi#$ ) #onst%"#te' $ pe%son$ set of opinions on how #olonies shoul' be o%g$nised. His t%$(e s to North .*%i#$ $nd the 1i'' e &$st :&g)pt, the Hol) L$nd, ,)%i$ $nd C)prus in 1854-1855; . ge%i$ $n' &g)pt in 1862- 1. Co%respon'en#e #on#erning this $%ti# e sho" ' @e $''resse' to -$n /$n'ersmissenG B$n.($n'e%smissenH" g.$#.@e BTNG | RBHC, XLI, 2011, 1-2, pp. 7-57 1863), the B$ k$ns $nd T"%ke) :Rom$ni$, Ist$nbul $n' .thens in 1860?,7$n' .si$ :Ce) on, Indi$ $nd Chin$ in 1864-1865) $#t"$ ) 8e%e s)stem$ti# st"') through di%e#t obse%($tion. 6(e% the )e$%s he improve' his inte%(ie8ing te#hni!"es 8hen t$ king 8ith spe#i$ ists $nd highl) pl$#e' o**i#i$ s 8ho #ou ' in*orm him $bout po iti#$ $nd e#onomi# de(e opments in %egions 8ith A#o oni$ potenti$ A. In B%usse s, he bui t up $ document$%) net8ork, org$nise' 8ith the he p o* his se#%et$%) .'%ien Go**inet :1812-1886) $nd #onst$nt ) en%i#he' 8ith ne8 '$t$ @) $ Ast"') #i%# eA o* @%i i$nt men s"#h $s Henri-. exis B%i$ mont :1821-1903) $nd -" es LeBe"ne :1828-1911). .*te% his $##ession to the th%one in 1865, Leopo ' II #hange' t$#ti#s *%om # $ssi# info%m$tion g$the%ing to $ more $#ti(e m$nipu $tion o* peop e $nd institutions that #ou ' he p him %e$ ise his eEpansionist '%e$ms. ,#hol$%s, politi#i$ns, @"sinessmen, Bourn$ ists, 'iplom$ts, e$%ne' so#ieties,... 3 $ be#$me ent$ng e' in the king's 8e@ :/$nde%smissen, 2009a?. .s H$nnes /$nh$"8$e%t has shown !"ite #o%%e#t ), the king de(e ope' $ 1$#hi$(e i$n s)stem of in* uencing, using $nd misusing $ ong se%ies of $'(iso%s 8ho 8e%e #%"#i$ *or %e$#hing his goa s 8ithin $ gi(en #ontext. Leopo ' II $tt%$#te' people to himse * $nd integ%$te' them into his inne% #i%# e th%ough use of m"#h * $tte%), but 8hen the) ha' be#ome "se ess o% disobedient 3 *o% eE$mple, &mi e B$nning :1836-1898) in the e$% ) 1;=0s 8ith %eg$%' to the sit"$tion in Congo 3 he '%oppe' them inst$nt ) $nd %emo(e' them *%om thei% pri(i eged positions :/$nh$"8$e%t, 2005?. It has be#ome # e$% *%om %e#ent st"dies that Leopol' II $ 8$)s use' the #$pa#ities of inte e#t"$ s in $ s)stem$ti# 8$). The *i%st time this $#t"$ ) e(ol(e' into $ se%ies o* se%ious $#tions 8$s in the e$% ) 1870s, 8hen he *ocuse' his $ttention on s#hol$%s 8ho 8e%e $#ti(e in the *ie ' of e#onomi# geog%$phy. In 1875, through inte%$#tion 8ith the Ageog%$phi#$ movementA, Leopold's $ttention shi*te' *%om &$st .si$ to Cent%$ .*%i#$ :/$nde%smissen, 2009a?. Cith the Inte%nationa Geog%$phi#$ Confe%ence that took pl$#e in B%usse s in 1876, the geog%$phi#$ net8o%k be#$me $ #orne%stone o* Leopold's #oloni$ #onst%"#tion :see $ so La Conférence de géographie, 1976). It prove' to be $n $ ) *o% his ne8 (ent"%e in m$ny 8$)s. The geog%$phi#$ societies of London, K$%is $n' Be% in o**e%e' $ p $t*o%m *or the A#i(i ising proBe#tA to @e %e$ ise' in .*%i#$ @) 8e #oming *$(ou%$@ e Ahum$nit$%i$n $%gumentsA in thei% dis#ussions, e#t"%es $nd Bo"%n$ s. The geog%$phi#$ societies of .nt8e%p $n' B%usse s, *ounde' sho%t ) $*te% the Confe%ence, we%e7%e$ prop$g$nda m$#hines *or the Leopol'i$n ente%p%ise. The eEe%#ise in 'ip om$ti# $nd po iti#$ A$%m 8%est ingA bet8een 1876 $nd 1885 e$'ing to the #%e$tion o* the Congo +%ee ,t$te h$s $ %e$') been investig$te' $t ength, in p$%ti#" $% unde% the impulse of -e$n ,tenge%s, @"t I;J -. /.N0&R,1I,,&N histori$ns pai' $ most no $ttention to the inte e#t"$ net8orks th$t 8eighe' on the process o* st$te *o%m$tion $*te% the B%usse s Confe%ence of 1876.2 In this $%ti# e I $na )se $n eE$mple of s"#h $n inte e#t"$ net8o%k through $ #$se st"') $bout the %e $tionship @et8een Leopo ' II $nd the Be gi$n i@e%$ - minde' politi#$ e#onomist &mi e de L$(e e)e :1822-1892), $n inf uenti$ opinion m$ke% 8ho ha' the $bi it) to disseminate his publi#$tions $nd i'e$s on $n inte%nation$ s#$ e.< To he p him %e$ ise his .*%i#$n ente%prise, the king sought $i' *%om $8)e%s $nd inte e#t"$ s $#ti(e in the *ie ' o* po iti#$ e#onom). I $'($nce the thesis that the king use' de L$(e e)e's sha%p pen in his *$(our $nd thus h$' $##ess to de L$(e e)e's #ont$#ts in the 8or ' of politi#s $nd Bo"%n$ ism, $s 8e $s to $ g%oup o* e$ding thinke%s on inte%nationa 7 $8. 0e L$(e e)e $nd his #o e$gues Boine' Leopo ' II in his %e* e#tions $@out the most s"it$@ e po iti#$ , e#onomi# $n' soci$ st%"#t"%es *o% the ne8 st$te unde% #onst%"#tion in Cent%$ .*%i#$. B$se' on $n $na )sis of pub i#$tions $nd %e#o%ds p%ese%(e' in GhentD $nd B%"sse s,5 this $%ti# e t%ies to $ns8e% $ set of spe#i*i# questions. +i%st, 8hat 8e%e &mi e de L$(e e)e's ide$s $bout exp$nsionism $nd #o onis$tionM ,e#ond, how $nd 8hy 'i' Leopo ' II, de L$(e e)e $nd his net8o%k of $#$'emi# *%iends $nd #o e$gues be#ome inte%%e $te'M Thi%', 8hat opinions di' the $#$demi# net8o%k ha(e on the Congolese !uestion? .nd *ina ), how 'i' this net8ork e$(e its m$%k on the *e$t"%es o* the Congo +%ee ,t$te $*te% 1885? The gene%$ obBe#ti(e of this $%ti# e is to o**e% $ bette% unde%st$nding of the Leopol'i$n s)stem of dep oying inf uenti$ peop e to implement $ sophisti#$te' st%$teg) 8hose goa 8$s to #%e$te $ s"##ess*" ove%se$s possession "n'e% the king's pe%son$ %" e, in the7*$#e o* potenti$ opposition f%om othe% g%e$t powe%s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rewriting the Biography of Henry Dunant, the Founder of the International Red Cross
    Rewriting t h e biography o f H e n r y D u n a n t , Vesalius, X I , I , 2 1 - 2 5 , 2005 Rewriting the biography of Henry Dunant, the founder of the International Red Cross R.Ottaviani, D.Vanni, M.G.Baccolo, LGuerin and P.Vanni* *Ufficio storico delta CRI - Regione toscana - Florence - ITALY Summary This paper presents quite a different version of the origins of the Red Cross f r o m that officially recognised. On the basis of historical documents and statements of authors w h o are critical and attentive to the detail of the circumstances and events which gave rise to the Red Cross, it is possible to discern a surprising historical t r u t h . Résumé Ce texte présente une version des origines de la Croix Rouge, bien différente de la version officielle. Sur la base de documents historiques et derrière des affirmations d' auteurs (qui ont su se montrer critiques et attentifs aux détails des réelles circonstances ayant donné naissance à la Croix Rouge) - il est possible de discerner l'émergence d'une vérité historique nouvelle. Celle-ci surprendra tous ceux qui sont intéressés à connaître les véritable origines de la Croix Rouge. The complex character ascribed to Dunant, by many Dunant has always been justified on this account. historians, arose f rom the need to explain the co- [Hence, when one reads that Moynier was an able and existence of two different personalities, unscrupulous competent person, it becomes understandable that businessman and generous lover of suffering humanity.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Britain and Naval Arms Control: International Law and Security 1898-1914
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Great Britain and Naval Arms Control: International Law and Security 1898-1914 by Scott Andrew Keefer A thesis submitted to Department of International History of the London School of Economics and Political Science for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International History, London, December 30, 2011 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 99,939 words. 2 Abstract: This thesis traces the British role in the evolution of international law prior to 1914, utilizing naval arms control as a case study. In the thesis, I argue that the Foreign Office adopted a pragmatic approach towards international law, emphasizing what was possible within the existing system of law rather than attempting to create radically new and powerful international institutions. The thesis challenges standard perceptions of the Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 which interpreted these gatherings as unrealistic efforts at general disarmament through world government, positing instead that legalized arms control provided a realistic means of limiting armaments.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Great Britain Entered the Great War Norman Simms La Salle University
    The Histories Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 5 2019 Why Great Britain Entered the Great War Norman Simms La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Simms, Norman (2019) "Why Great Britain Entered the Great War," The Histories: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol4/iss2/5 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Volume 4, Number 2 28 IV Why Great Britain Entered the Great War By Norman Simms Throughout the Twentieth Century and into the Twenty-First, many causes have been proposed for why Great Britain entered World War I (the Great War) on the side of France and Russia. Extensive research has indicated that the three most probable causes were the naval arms race, the German atrocities committed in occupied territories, and the violation of Belgium neutrality. Of these three, the violation of Belgium neutrality is most strongly supported as the ultimate reason why England committed itself militarily to the Entente. The book, “Twenty-Five Years” was written by Sir Edward Grey (official title: Viscount Grey of Fallodon, K.G.) who served as Secretary of Foreign Relations of Great Britain from 1892 tol895, again from 1905 to 1916, and died in 1933. Grey’s two- volume autobiography was first published in 1925 and focuses on the political and diplomatic aspects of the war.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecumenical Movement and the Origins of the League Of
    IN SEARCH OF A GLOBAL, GODLY ORDER: THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1908-1918 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Notre Dame in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by James M. Donahue __________________________ Mark A. Noll, Director Graduate Program in History Notre Dame, Indiana April 2015 © Copyright 2015 James M. Donahue IN SEARCH OF A GLOBAL, GODLY ORDER: THE ECUMENICAL MOVEMENT AND THE ORIGINS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 1908-1918 Abstract by James M. Donahue This dissertation traces the origins of the League of Nations movement during the First World War to a coalescent international network of ecumenical figures and Protestant politicians. Its primary focus rests on the World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches, an organization that drew Protestant social activists and ecumenical leaders from Europe and North America. The World Alliance officially began on August 1, 1914 in southern Germany to the sounds of the first shots of the war. Within the next three months, World Alliance members began League of Nations societies in Holland, Switzerland, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. The World Alliance then enlisted other Christian institutions in its campaign, such as the International Missionary Council, the Y.M.C.A., the Y.W.C.A., the Blue Cross and the Student Volunteer Movement. Key figures include John Mott, Charles Macfarland, Adolf Deissmann, W. H. Dickinson, James Allen Baker, Nathan Söderblom, Andrew James M. Donahue Carnegie, Wilfred Monod, Prince Max von Baden and Lord Robert Cecil.
    [Show full text]
  • Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870
    CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH IN LAW CORE VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL Working Papers No. 2017-2 (August) Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt Please do not cite without prior permission from the author The complete working paper series is available online at http://www.vub.ac.be/CORE/wp Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt1 Introduction ‘we are less complacent than the Swiss, and would not take treaty violations so lightly.’ Baron de Vrière to Sylvain Van de Weyer, Brussels, 28 June 18592 Neutrality is one of the most controversial issues in public international law3 and international relations history.4 Its remoteness from the United Nations system of collective security has rendered its discussion less topical.5 The significance of contemporary self-proclaimed ‘permanent neutrality’ is limited. 6 Recent scholarship has taken up the theme as a general narrative of nineteenth century international relations: between the Congress of Vienna and the Great War, neutrality was the rule, rather than the exception.7 In intellectual history, Belgium’s neutral status is seen as linked to the rise of the ‘Gentle Civilizer of Nations’ at the end of the nineteenth century.8 International lawyers’ and politicians’ activism brought three Noble Peace Prizes (August Beernaert, International Law Institute, Henri La Fontaine). The present contribution focuses on the permanent or compulsory nature of Belgian neutrality in nineteenth century diplomacy, from the country’s inception (1830-1839)9 to the Franco- 1 Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University of Antwerp, Ghent University/Research Foundation Flanders.
    [Show full text]
  • Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
    DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • My Own Affairs
    [YOWN AFFAIRS By THE PRINCESS LOUISE OF BELGIUM ^.^ MY OWN AFFAIRS ':y:-.:':l.A MY OWN AFFAIRS By The Princess Louise ofBelgium With Photogravure Frontispiece and Eight Plates Translated by Maude M, C. ffoulkes CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne 1921 I DEDICATE THIS [BOOK TO the Great Man, to the Great King, who was MY FATHER 4S6573 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. Why I Write this Book i 2. My Beloved Belgium; my Family and Myself; Myself—as I Know Myself .... 7 3. The Queen 17 4. The King 27 5. My Country and Days of my Youth ... 36 6. My Marriage and the Austrian Court—the Day after my marriage 54 7. Married 63 8. My Hosts AT THE Hofburg—the Emperor Francis Joseph and the Empress Elizabeth . 82 9. My Sister Stephanie Marries the Archduke Rudolph, who Died at Meyerung . 100 10. Ferdinand of Coburg and the Court of Sofia . 116 11. William II and the Court of Berlin—the Emperor of Illusion 133 12. The Holsteins 142 13. The Courts of Munich and Old Germany . 154 14. Queen Victoria 165 Contents CHAPTIK PAQB 15. The Drama of my Captivity, and my Life as a Prisoner—THE Commencement of Torture . 171 16. LiNDENHOF 189 17. How I Regained my Liberty and at the Same Time was Declared Sane . -197 18. The Death of the King—Intrigues and Legal Proceedings 211 19. My Sufferings during the War . 231 20. In the Hope of Rest 245 Index 253 vm LIST OF PLATES The Princess Louise of Belgium (Photogravure) Frontispiece FACING PAGE Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium ...
    [Show full text]
  • AN UPHILL BATTLE Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium, 1870-1914
    AN UPHILL BATTLE Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium, 1870-1914 - Nel de Mûelenaere - Belgium plays a minor role, if it is mentioned at all, in the annals of the previously unparalleled European militarization that led to the First World War. This article presents a more nuanced image of Belgium as a non-militarized state during these decades, by focusing on the attempts of the militaristic political lobby to expand Belgium’s military infrastructure. Between 1870 and 1914, Belgium was indeed the scene of an intense militaristic movement that, despite its high level of activism, quickly fell into oblivion. At the start of their campaigns, in which the main goal was the adoption of personal military service, the militaristic lobbyists were primarily military or ex-military functionaries. The main motivation for their campaign was improving the sense of military purpose that acted as a preparation for war. This changed fundamentally throughout the campaigns. The militarists steadily built up a civilian network and expanded their influence. This was a key factor in the successful dissemination of the idea that a reformed Belgian army was very much needed in order to avert external dangers. At the same time, civilian influence altered the militarists’ view of the societal role of the military. This reciprocal influence reduced the gap between the military and civilian worlds, and suggests the presence of under- acknowledged militarization processes in Belgium prior to World War One. 145 Campaigning for the Militarization of Belgium I. Introduction ment of army officials and prominent Liberals pursuing the goal of a more powerful Belgian army.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1949 Geneva Conventions After Seventyyears
    Global Governance 25 (2019) 359–369 brill.com/gg The 1949 Geneva Conventions after Seventy Years The Fate of Charity in Turbulent Times David P. Forsythe 1 Introduction Every ten years, essays appear marking another anniversary of the 1949 Geneva Conventions. Many of these essays note the importance of the four landmark treaties that comprise the cornerstone of modern international humanitarian law (IHL)—aka the law of armed conflict or the laws of war. The essays usually observe the considerable development of norms in this part of international law, then move on to emphasize the lamentable lack of proper application. There is a predictable pattern to this commentary. Not surprisingly, the pattern is similar to evaluating international human rights law: normative development, maybe even a normative revolution, but lax enforcement. These two international legal firewalls against barbarianism, human rights and humanitarian law, show the same general characteristics.1 But then both bodies of law are made by states, which usually have other pri- orities especially when it comes to application. Moreover, both bodies of law are affected by important nonstate actors, armed and unarmed. What could possibly be said that is new on this hoary subject? From a political perspective, by which I mean a focus on power and policy rather than on legal verbiage and logic, there are some developments which, if not entirely new, still merit a new commentary. Many of these factors are nega- tive, but a few are at least partly positive. Some may turn out to be positive, but are indeterminate at the moment. That framework is in itself new, and a broad approach gives insights.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Swiss Law- Legal History (2 Part - Ideas in Context)
    Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Introduction to Swiss Law- Legal History (2 Part - Ideas in Context) Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Overview Lecture ▪ Natural Law and Law of Nations in Switzerland (17th-18 Century) ▪ Emer de Vattel and his Le Droit des gens (1758) ▪ International humanitarian law and Swiss (19th century) ▪ Swiss Jurists and the codification of international law (19th century) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät The École romande du droit naturel French speaking part of Switzerland ❖ Jean Barbeyrac (1674-1744) ❖ Louis Bourguet (1678-1742) ❖ Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1694-1748) ❖ Fortunato Bartolomeo de Felice (1723-1789) ❖ Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät 1758, the publication of his masterpiece Le Droit des gens was published four years before Le contrat social of Rousseau and ten years after Esprit de Lois of Montesquieu. Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät “I was born in a country of which liberty is the soul, the treasure, and the fundamental law; and my birth qualifies me to be the friend of all nations” Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät Central Points of Vattel’s Legal Thought • Law of Nations • Resolution of disputes between nations • War in due form • Ius in bello • Enemies of mankind Rechtswissenschaftliche Fakultät What is the constitution of a State? “The fundamental regulation that determines the manner in which the public authority is to be executed, is what forms the constitution of the state. In this is seen the form in which the nation acts in quality of a body-politic,—how and by whom the people are to be governed,— and what are the rights and duties of the governors.
    [Show full text]
  • Airsoft Games As a Way of Reusing Post-Military Areas
    Civil Engineering and Architecture 4(4): 163-173, 2016 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/cea.2016.040403 Airsoft Games as a Way of Reusing Post-military Areas Adam Siniecki Faculty of Architecture, Poznan University of Technology, Poland Copyright©2016 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract The paper presents the results of a study on or Airsoft only appeared here in the 1980s. This activity, preservation of military facilities conducted in 2013 and which might come across as something hostile and 2014 at the Faculty of Architecture at Poznań University of aggressive, is in fact an apolitical and interesting way to Technology. The study focused on the issue of reusing and spend free time. In research conducted at Poznan University preserving former historic military buildings. The objective of Technology’s Faculty of Architecture, on account of their of the study was to verify the possibilities of adapting shared characteristics and similarities, they have been military areas located in the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship for assigned a common title: “paramilitary sports”.1 the organization of games which more or less employ It is assumed that both Airsoft games and Paintball2 are military tactics. The paper introduces a definition of played by adults. Individuals under fourteen years old are paramilitary sports, which was created for the purpose of the prohibited from taking part. Whereas teenagers are older author’s doctoral dissertation. The results of the analysis of than fourteen have to obtain a written consent from their current trends in developing land for the purpose of Airsoft guardians.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Congo Reform Literature: Humanitarianism and Form in the Edwardian Era
    READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English By Mary K. Galli, B.A. Washington, D.C. April 15, 2019 Copyright 2019 by Mary K. Galli All Rights Reserved ii READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA Mary K. Galli, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Cóilín Parsons, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Social and political upheaval was ubiquitous at the turn of the twentieth century. The death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and King Edward VII’s subsequent ascension created a transitional moment that ended around the time of Edward’s death in 1910. Narrative form during the Edwardian era reflects the transitional nature of the time. In this thesis, I analyze the literary forms that authors used to address imperial violence and the atrocities committed in King Leopold II of Belgium’s Congo Free State (1885-1908). Joseph Conrad’s 1899 modernist novella, Heart of Darkness, predated the Congo Reform Association (1904-1912), but significantly influenced the reform movement, which is often identified as the first modern human rights and first mass media campaign. While Conrad’s modernist form differs from Mark Twain’s 1905 satirical pamphlet, King Leopold’s Soliloquy, and from Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1909 nonfiction, The Crime of the Congo, I argue that the diverse forms of these three texts delay the reading experience, which creates time for the reader (and possibly the writer) to think about the atrocities in the Congo, who to blame, and how to respond.
    [Show full text]