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Reading Congo Reform Literature: Humanitarianism and Form in the Edwardian Era
READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English By Mary K. Galli, B.A. Washington, D.C. April 15, 2019 Copyright 2019 by Mary K. Galli All Rights Reserved ii READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA Mary K. Galli, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Cóilín Parsons, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Social and political upheaval was ubiquitous at the turn of the twentieth century. The death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and King Edward VII’s subsequent ascension created a transitional moment that ended around the time of Edward’s death in 1910. Narrative form during the Edwardian era reflects the transitional nature of the time. In this thesis, I analyze the literary forms that authors used to address imperial violence and the atrocities committed in King Leopold II of Belgium’s Congo Free State (1885-1908). Joseph Conrad’s 1899 modernist novella, Heart of Darkness, predated the Congo Reform Association (1904-1912), but significantly influenced the reform movement, which is often identified as the first modern human rights and first mass media campaign. While Conrad’s modernist form differs from Mark Twain’s 1905 satirical pamphlet, King Leopold’s Soliloquy, and from Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1909 nonfiction, The Crime of the Congo, I argue that the diverse forms of these three texts delay the reading experience, which creates time for the reader (and possibly the writer) to think about the atrocities in the Congo, who to blame, and how to respond. -
An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo from King Leopold II's Free State to the 2Nd Congo War
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Central Florida (UCF): STARS (Showcase of Text, Archives, Research & Scholarship) University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2014 An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo From King Leopold II's Free State to the 2nd Congo War Baldwin Beal University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Beal, Baldwin, "An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo From King Leopold II's Free State to the 2nd Congo War" (2014). HIM 1990-2015. 1655. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1655 AN EXAMINATION OF THE INSTABILITY AND EXPLOITATION IN CONGO FROM KING LEOPOLD II’S FREE STATE TO THE 2ND CONGO WAR by BALDWIN J. BEAL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2014 Thesis Chair: Dr. Ezekiel Walker Abstract This thesis will analyze the Congo from King Leopold II’s Free State to the 2nd Congo War. After a thorough investigation of the colonial period, this thesis will analyze the modern period. -
AAKASH PATEL Contents
History AAKASH PATEL Contents Preface. 1 1. Dawn of Civilization. 2 Mesopotamia . 2 Ancient Egypt . 3 Indus River Valley . 5 2. Ancient Europe . 6 Persian Wars . 6 Greek City-States. 8 Rome: From Romulus to Constantine . 9 3. Asian Dynasties. 23 Ancient India. 23 Chinese Dynasties . 24 Early Korea . 27 4. The Sundering of Europe . 29 The Fall of Rome. 29 Building a Holy Roman Empire . 31 Islamic Caliphates . 33 5. Medieval Times . 35 England: A New Monarchy . 35 France: The Capetians. 42 Germany: Holy Roman Empire. 44 Scandinavia: Kalmar Union. 45 Crusades . 46 Khans & Conquerors . 50 6. African Empires . 53 West Africa . 53 South Africa. 54 7. Renaissance & Reformation. 56 Italian Renaissance . 56 Tudor England . 58 Reformation. 61 Habsburg Empires . 63 French Wars of Religion. 65 Age of Discovery. 66 8. Early Modern Asia . 70 Tsars of Russia . 70 Japan: Rise of the Shogun. 72 Dynastic Korea . 73 Mughals of India. 73 Ottomans of Turkey. 74 9. European Monarchy . 76 Thirty Years' War . 76 Stuart England and the Protectorate . 78 France: Louis, Louis, and Louis . 81 10. Colonies of the New World . 84 Pilgrims and Plymouth . 84 Thirteen American Colonies . 85 Golden Age of Piracy . 88 11. Expansionism in Europe. 89 Ascension of the Romanovs. 89 Rise of Prussia . 91 Seven Years' War . 92 Enlightenment . 93 Hanoverian Succession. 94 12. American Independence . 96 Colonies in the 18th Century . .. -
USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C
'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C. Deutsch, 1984 The celebrated dictum of Carl von Clausewitz that war is the continuation of policy has bred variants which, although not necessarily contradictory, approach the problem of war and peace rather differently. Social revolutionists, notably Lenin, like to switch emphasis by perceiving peace as a moderated form of conflict. Our concern here, the interplay between military planning and preparation for war with the form and con duct of national policy, has less to do with maxims than with actuality in human affairs. The backgrounds of the two world wars of our century tell us much about this problem. They also indicate how greatly accidents of circumstance and personality may play a role in the course of events. This was notably true of Germany whose fate provides the central thread for the epoch of the two world conflicts. At some future time they may yet be known historically as "the German Wars." This is not to infer that, had Germany not existed as a nation, and, let us say, France and Russia had been geographic neighbors, the first half of our century would have been an era of peace. Some of the factors that led to international stress would have been at work in any event. But the reality of Germany's existence largely determined the nature and sequence of affairs as they appeared to march inexorably toward disaster. -
The Belgians and Private Imperialism Leopold II and the Congo
The Belgians and Private Imperialism Leopold II and the Congo Key Points The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium through his Association internationale africaine, a non-governmental organization supposedly dedicated to humanitarian purposes. Under Leopold II’s administration, the Congo Free State became the site of one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the 20th century. In the Free State, colonists brutalized the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. The police force, the Force Publique, routinely mutilated (especially cutting off hands) and murdered the indigenous population to enforce rubber production quotas. The report of the British Consul Roger Casement led to the arrest and punishment of white officials responsible for cold-blooded killings during a rubber-collecting expedition in 1903, including one Belgian national who caused the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives. The parliament of Belgium annexed the Congo Free State and took over its administration on November 15, 1908, as the colony of the Belgian Congo. Key Terms Congo Reform Association: A movement formed with the declared intention to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight. Force Publique: A military force in the Congo Free State. Early on, they were used primarily to campaign against the Arab slave trade in the Upper Congo, protect Leopold’s economic interests, and suppress frequent uprisings within the state, but eventually they partook in horrific abuse of the Congolese people, including frequent mutilation and murder. -
The Red Rubber Regime
INTRODUCTION The Red Rubber Regime Prior to 1880, the countries ofEurope claimed relatively few territorial possessions in Africa. The British occupied several coastal pockets in West Africa, including Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Lagos; the French held territory along the North African coast in Algiers, and in Senegal and Gabon in West Africa; and Portuguese rule was extended to portions ofAngola along the west coast and Mozambique along the east coast. Except for the Afrikaner penetration into the South and Turkish claims in North Africa, Egypt, and the Nile region, the vast interior of the continent was largely unexplored and remained under the control of African government. However, all this would change during the next twenty years. By the beginning ofthe twentieth century the continent would be divided into forty states under the control ofvarious European countries. The colonial partition ofAfrica was initiated by King Leopold II of Belgium, whose greed and exploitation in the Congo knew no bounds, and by the sudden territorial claims made by Germany from 1883 to 1885. Leopold used the newly created International African Association to carry out his secret ambitions in central Africa. The African Association was organized in Brussels in 1876 at a meeting of explorers, geographers, and other delegates, lavishly hosted by the Belgian king. Although the stated purpose of the association was to further scientific and commercial development, to eradicate the slave trade, and to aid the work ofChristian missions, in reality it was used by Leopold as a cover for his colonial activities. The actions ofLeopold and Germany opened the floodgates for other European nations to rush in and stake their own claims. -
Copyrighted Paul Mestallvrorth 1955
Copyrighted by Paul MeStallvrorth 1955 THE UNITED STATES AND THE CONGO QUESTION, 188L-191L DISSERTATION Presented, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University BY Paul McStallworth, B.A., A.M* THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Approved by: Adviser ^ Department of T H E HON. J O H N A. KASSON. UNITED STATES TSTTNTSTEE, TO OETÎATANY. 11 CONTENTS PREFACE................................................. xi CHAPTER I - OUR EARLY INTEREST IN THE C O N G O ................. 1 CHAPTER II - THE PRE-CONFERENCE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE..... 3^ CHAPTER III - THE TISDEL TEMPORARY MISSION................. 71 CHAPTER 17 - PARTICIPATION - A BREAK \7ITH TRADITION........... 9$ CHAPTER V - KASSON AT THE CONFERENCE..................... 108 CHAPTER 71 - POST CONFERENCE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ..... 129 CHAPTER 711 - THE REACTION OF THE CLE7ELAND ADMINISTRATION ... lUO CHAPTER 7III - A DECLINE OF INTEREST IN THE C O N G O .......... l6U CHAPTER IX - A RE7I7AL OF INTEREST ....................... l80 CHAPTER X - MISSIONARIES, MORALITY AND MAYHEM............. 209 CHAPTER XI - INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS, MOGULS AND LOBBYISTS ... 2^8 CHAPTER X n - DIPLOMATIC EFFORT FOR R E F O R M ................ 297 APPENDIXES............................................. 3UU BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 371 111 ILLUSTRATIONS JOHN ADAM KASSON ......................... Frontispiece HENRY MORTON STANLEY............................... 2? HENRY SHELTON SANFORD,............................. -
Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950 by Benedikt Stuchtey
Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950 by Benedikt Stuchtey The colonial encirclement of the world is an integral component of European history from the Early Modern Period to the phase of decolonisation. Individual national and expansion histories referred to each other in varying degrees at dif- ferent times but often also reinforced each other. Transfer processes within Europe and in the colonies show that not only genuine colonial powers such as Spain and England, but also "latecomers" such as Germany participated in the historical process of colonial expansion with which Europe decisively shaped world history. In turn, this process also clearly shaped Europe itself. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Colonialism and Imperialism 3. Regions and periods 4. Forms 5. Outlook 6. Appendix 1. Literature 2. Notes Citation Introduction In world history, no continent has possessed so many different forms of colonies and none has so incomparably defined access to the world by means of a civilising mission as a secular programme as did modern Europe. When Spain and Portugal partitioned the world by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas (ᇄ Media Link #ab) on 7 June 1494, they declared a genuine European claim to hegemony. A similar claim was never staked out in this form by a world empire of Antiquity or a non-European colonial power in the modern period, such as Japan or the USA. The extraordinary continuity of Chi- nese colonialism or that of the Aztecs in Central America before the Spaniards arrived is indeed structurally comparable to modern European expansion. But similar to the Phoenician and the Roman empires, the phenomenon of expansion usually ended with colonisation and not in colonial development. -
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Belgium SHORT Roxanne Wyns ARTICLESA rt Nouveau in Belgium - THINK CULTURE The Art Nouveau style enjoyed great success After 15 years of continuous investments in all over Europe at the end of the 19th and be- infrastructure to exploit the natural wealth of ginning of the 20th century and is vastly repre- the Congo, the personal colony of Leopold II sented in museum collections, archives, libra- was heading for bankruptcy. This was at this ries, photo archives, and architectural buil- time that free trade was replaced by a system dings throughout Europe, although perhaps that was more lucrative for Leopold II, but the style's greatest successes can be found in unfortunately even less humane than before. Brussels, Belgium. After a devastating report on the maltreatment and enslavement of the locals, Leopold II was Around the turn of the 20th century Brussels eventually forced to hand over the Congo to was a vibrant and modern city, with an upper the Belgian state in 1908. During this colonial middle class eager to show off its wealth and time, Leopold II continuously faced harsh good taste - all essential elements for artistic criticism. Without getting into too much detail creativity to flourish. It is at that point that Art on the colonial history of Belgium, this brief Nouveau (or "New style") came into being in summary gives an idea of the problems that Brussels when two architects, Victor Horta were faced and explains why the use of ivory and Paul Hankar, developed a style that in- became so popular and so excellently repre- troduced industrial materials like iron castings sented in the decorative arts of the Art into the homes of the bourgeoisie in Brussels. -
King Leopold Ii‟S Exploitation of the Congo from 1885 to 1908 and Its Consequences
KING LEOPOLD II‟S EXPLOITATION OF THE CONGO FROM 1885 TO 1908 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES by STEVEN P. JOHNSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2014 Thesis Chair: Dr. Ezekiel Walker ABSTRACT This thesis argues that King Leopold II, in his exploitation of the Congo, dealt the Congo a future of political, ethnic, and economic destabilization. At one time consisting of unified and advanced kingdoms, the Congo turned to one completely beleaguered by poverty and political oppression. Leopold acquired the Congo through unethical means and thus took the people‟s chances away at self-rule. He provided for no education or vocational training, which would stunt future Congolese leaders from making sound economic and political policies. Leopold also exploited the Congo with the help of concession companies, both of which used forced labor to extract valuable resources. Millions of Congolese died and the Congo itself became indebted through Belgian loans that were given with no assurance they could ever truly be paid back due to the crippled economy of the Congo. With the Congo now in crippling debt, the current president, Joseph Kabila, has little incentive to invest in reforms or public infrastructure, which stunts economic growth.1 For over a century the Congo has been ruled by exploitative and authoritarian regimes due to Leopold‟s initial acquisition. The colonization from Leopold lasted from 1885-1908, and then he sold it to his home country of Belgium who ruled the Congo from 1908 to 1960. -
Conscious Capitalism Vs. Rapacious Capitalism: Lessons from King Leopold II
The image above is based on a 1906 Punch cartoon of a Congo rubber worker in the coils of a snake with the head of King Leopold II of Belgium. Conscious Capitalism vs. Rapacious Capitalism: Lessons from King Leopold II By Hershey H. Friedman, Linda W. Friedman, and Sarah Edris Peer Reviewed Hershey H. Friedman, Ph.D. Professor of Business Business Management Department Murray Koppelman School of Business Brooklyn College of the City University of New York email: [email protected] Linda W. Friedman, Ph.D. Professor of Statistics & Computer Information Systems Zicklin School of Business Baruch College of the City University of New York email:[email protected] Sarah Edris Pursuing a Ph.D. in international business at Rutgers University. email:[email protected] 1 Abstract In this paper it is argued that two kinds of capitalism are engaged in a great struggle in the United States. Both approaches are derived from the opinions of Adam Smith, the father of capitalism, who posited in The Wealth of Nations that universal self-interest and the “invisible hand” of the marketplace allocate scarce resources more efficiently and promotes social welfare better than any other economic system. One type of capitalism could be called “moral capitalism” or “conscious capitalism”; the other kind of capitalism takes a “greed is good” approach this paper condemns. This paper’s authors argue that the only kind of capitalism that is good for a country is based on values and morals. In fact, they say, this is exactly what Adam Smith had in mind, as he was a strong believer in empathy and benevolence. -
Timeline of the 20Th Century Part I Through 1950 (References and Links Start on P. 743) 1900 January 1 * First Date in John
Timeline of the 20th Century Part I through 1950 (References and links start on p. 743) 1900 January 1 * First date in John dos Passos' USA trilogy (The 42nd Parallel). [1] * British protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria established. [1] * Compulsory education in Netherlands goes into effect. [1] January 2 * E Verlinger begins manufacturing 7-inch single-sided records (Montréal). [1] * Gustave Charpentiers opera "Louise" premieres in Paris. [1] January 3 * Edwin George Monk composer, dies at age 80. [1] * Gerhart Hauptmanns "Schluck und Jau" premieres in Berlin. [1] * Perihelion Passage. [1] January 6 * Boers attack at Ladysmith, about 1,000 killed or injured. [1] * Maurice Ravel's "Albaradode Gracioso" premieres in Paris. [1] January 10 * Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener reach Capetown. [1] January 12 * Freeland Colony founded in US. [1] January 14 * Giacomo Puccini's opera "Tosca" premieres in Rome. [1] January 18 * Jan Blockx's "Tÿl Uilenspiegel" premieres in Brussels. [1] January 20 1 * John Ruskin English writer/critic (Dearest Mama Talbot), dies of influenza at age 81. [1] * R D Blackmore English novelist (Lorna Doone), dies at age 74. [1] * Richard D Blackmore English novelist (Lorna Doone), dies at age 74. [1] January 24 * Battle at Tugela-Spionkop, South Africa (Boers versus British army). [1] January 26 * Henrik Ibsen's "Naar vi Dode Vaaguer" premieres in Stuttgart. [1] January 27 * Social Democrat Party of America (Debs' party) holds first convention. [1] January 29 * Boers under Joubert beat English at Spionkop Natal, 2,000 killed. [1] January 30 * Vittorio Bersezio [Carlo Nugelli], Italian playwright, dies at age 71.