DOCSLIB.ORG

My Own Affairs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
My Own Affairs [YOWN AFFAIRS By THE PRINCESS LOUISE OF BELGIUM ^.^ MY OWN AFFAIRS ':y:-.:':l.A MY OWN AFFAIRS By The Princess Louise ofBelgium With Photogravure Frontispiece and Eight Plates Translated by Maude M, C. ffoulkes CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne 1921 I DEDICATE THIS [BOOK TO the Great Man, to the Great King, who was MY FATHER 4S6573 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE 1. Why I Write this Book i 2. My Beloved Belgium; my Family and Myself; Myself—as I Know Myself .... 7 3. The Queen 17 4. The King 27 5. My Country and Days of my Youth ... 36 6. My Marriage and the Austrian Court—the Day after my marriage 54 7. Married 63 8. My Hosts AT THE Hofburg—the Emperor Francis Joseph and the Empress Elizabeth . 82 9. My Sister Stephanie Marries the Archduke Rudolph, who Died at Meyerung . 100 10. Ferdinand of Coburg and the Court of Sofia . 116 11. William II and the Court of Berlin—the Emperor of Illusion 133 12. The Holsteins 142 13. The Courts of Munich and Old Germany . 154 14. Queen Victoria 165 Contents CHAPTIK PAQB 15. The Drama of my Captivity, and my Life as a Prisoner—THE Commencement of Torture . 171 16. LiNDENHOF 189 17. How I Regained my Liberty and at the Same Time was Declared Sane . -197 18. The Death of the King—Intrigues and Legal Proceedings 211 19. My Sufferings during the War . 231 20. In the Hope of Rest 245 Index 253 vm LIST OF PLATES The Princess Louise of Belgium (Photogravure) Frontispiece FACING PAGE Queen Marie Henriette of Belgium .... 22 King Leopold II of Belgium . .32 The Countess Lonyay (Princess Stephanie of Belgium) . 48 Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg 70 Princess Victor Napoleon (Princess Clementine of Belgium) 86 The Archduke Rudolph 102 Duke Gunther of Schleswig-Holstein . .150 The Duchess Gunther of Schleswig-Holstein . 234 My Own Affairs CHAPTER I Why I Write this Book A S the eldest daughter of a great man and a great / % King, whose magnificent intelligence has enriched his people, I owe nothing but misfortune to my royal origin. Ever since I was born I have suffered and been deceived. I have idealized Life too much. In the evening of my days I do not wish to remain under the cloud of the false impression which is now prevalent concerning me. Without desiring to allude too much to the past, and to retrace the road of my Calvary, I should like at least to borrow a few pages from my memories and reflections, inspired by events which have destroyed thrones in whose proximity I once lived. The Emperor of Austria, the German Emperor, the Tsar of Bulgaria were all familiar figures to me. Driven to Munich by the War, then to Budapest, taken prisoner for a brief space by Hungarian Bolshevists, I have survived the European tempest, and I have seen all those who disowned and crushed me, beaten and punished. ''"'' My Own Affairs And I trembled every day for my poor Belgium, so strong in her courage and her travail, but so unjust to me—oh no, not the people—the good people are naturally heroic and indefatigable. I refer to certain of their leaders, who have been misled on my account, and who are also, perhaps, too fond of money. Unjust themselves, they all equally violated justice by illicit interests which had the appearance of legality, as well as by the false attitude which appeared merely to be forgetfulness, but which was actually ingratitude. My father has not yet had a monument erected to him in the country which he esteemed so highly; his Government has remembered the follies of his old age rather than its privileges, and his memory has suffered accordingly. But what is past is past. My memory remains faith- fully and affectionately attached to my native land; my sole thought is to love and honour her. It is of Belgium that I wish to speak before passing on to the Courts of Vienna, Berlin, Munich and Sofia, and to the many doings which these names recall, certain of which deserve better knowledge and consideration. I have never entertained any feelings for Belgium* other than those of imperishable affection. The most painful of my reflections during the horrible war was that she was more to be pitied than I was. On the day when I was being searched by Hungarian Bolshevists at Budapest I heard one of them say to another—having proved for himself the simplicity to Why I Write this Book " which I was reduced : Here is a king's daughter who is poorer than I am." I have thought of the unhappy women of Ypres, of Dixmude, of France, Poland, Servia, and elsewhere—unfortunate creatures without fire or bread through the crime of war, and I have wept for them and not for myself. More than one of them, perhaps, envied my position before 1914; little did they realize that I should have preferred theirs ! Married at seventeen, I expected to find in marriage the joys that a husband and children can give. I have had bitter proof to the contrary. Rupture was inevitable where my own intimate feel- ings were concerned and those who surrounded me. I was too independent to make use of what was offensive to me. Honours are often without honour, however high they may seem to be. Save for rare exceptions, fortune and power only develop in us the appetite for pleasure and urge us to depravity. Those whom La Bruyere calls, " "the Great easily lose the knowledge of human condi- tions. Life is to them no longer the mysterious proof of the existence of a soul which will be eventually rewarded or punished according to its deserts. Religion seems to them only a mask or an instrument. Led to judge their fellow-creatures through the flat- teries, calculations, ambitions and treacheries by which they are surrounded, they arrive, through mistrust of human nature, at a state of indifference to God, and they 3 My Own Affairs accommodate His laws to their needs in the assurance of adjusting themselves with the Creator as they adjust their doings with their ministers. When I review the past, and when I am reminded of the various phases of my unhappy existence, I never despair of ultimately finding a justice which I have not come across in this world I have yet ; always believed that it exists somewhere. If it were not so, things would be inconceivable. I owe this spirit of confidence to the lessons I learnt in my infancy, chiefly from those taught me by the Queen, " my mother. Always endeavour to be a Christian," she used to say. I could not understand the import of these words when I was a child, but the misfortunes of my life have helped to explain them. Stirred into revolt by humanity in so many ways, I have now submitted myself to a Superior Will, and I know the happiness of not hating my enemies. Pardon has always followed my rebellion. I have never doubted that those who wronged me would be punished sooner or later on earth or elsewhere, and I have been sorry for my persecutors. I have pitied them for their dislike of my frankness, because I am an of all and Court — enemy family hypocrisy I have pitied them for having censured my fidelity to one affection, and, above all, I have pitied their exaggera- tion of my disregard for that ancient idol—money ! Convinced as I w^as, and not without foundation, that immense wealth was to come, not only to myself but to 4 Why I Write this Book my sisters, I maintained that our duty was to make full use of our resources. Was it not better to circulate money and assist trade? This opinion, however, was not shared either by a husband who was inclined to hoard or by a family who were afraid of any fresh ideas or customs, and who only saw in the aspirations of the masses an inevitable and horrible catastrophe ag-ainst which they ought to protect themselves by saving as much as possible. At the same time, when I have been engaged in a struggle I have never met with anything save cruel treat- ment on the part of my enemies (first and foremost by the slanders intended to ruin me in the eyes of the world), but I have hurled myself at the onset against all the obstacles which violence and enmity have conceived against me. Being unable to live and act normally, and compelled by force and privations to treat what I held as despicable with obedience and respect, I lacked the means of exist- ence to which I was entitled. The trouble I took in order to assure myself of my liberty on my native soil, in the order and dignity for which I had hoped, was nullified by those who were themselves morally responsible for it. I was compelled to become a prisoner or a fugitive, taken away and kept away from my rightful position by difficul- ties of every description. By these methods my enemies imagined that I should be more easily deprived of all to which I had clung. What would have become of me had I not found a man who devoted himself to saving me from all kinds of 5 My Own Affairs snares and dangers, and who found devoted beings to second him—many of whom have sprung from the humbler ranks of life— I am unable to conjecture.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reading Congo Reform Literature: Humanitarianism and Form in the Edwardian Era
    READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English By Mary K. Galli, B.A. Washington, D.C. April 15, 2019 Copyright 2019 by Mary K. Galli All Rights Reserved ii READING CONGO REFORM LITERATURE: HUMANITARIANISM AND FORM IN THE EDWARDIAN ERA Mary K. Galli, B.A. Thesis Advisor: Cóilín Parsons, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Social and political upheaval was ubiquitous at the turn of the twentieth century. The death of Queen Victoria in 1901 and King Edward VII’s subsequent ascension created a transitional moment that ended around the time of Edward’s death in 1910. Narrative form during the Edwardian era reflects the transitional nature of the time. In this thesis, I analyze the literary forms that authors used to address imperial violence and the atrocities committed in King Leopold II of Belgium’s Congo Free State (1885-1908). Joseph Conrad’s 1899 modernist novella, Heart of Darkness, predated the Congo Reform Association (1904-1912), but significantly influenced the reform movement, which is often identified as the first modern human rights and first mass media campaign. While Conrad’s modernist form differs from Mark Twain’s 1905 satirical pamphlet, King Leopold’s Soliloquy, and from Arthur Conan Doyle’s 1909 nonfiction, The Crime of the Congo, I argue that the diverse forms of these three texts delay the reading experience, which creates time for the reader (and possibly the writer) to think about the atrocities in the Congo, who to blame, and how to respond.
    [Show full text]
  • An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo from King Leopold II's Free State to the 2Nd Congo War
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Central Florida (UCF): STARS (Showcase of Text, Archives, Research & Scholarship) University of Central Florida STARS HIM 1990-2015 2014 An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo From King Leopold II's Free State to the 2nd Congo War Baldwin Beal University of Central Florida Part of the History Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015 University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIM 1990-2015 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact STARS@ucf.edu. Recommended Citation Beal, Baldwin, "An Examination of the Instability and Exploitation in Congo From King Leopold II's Free State to the 2nd Congo War" (2014). HIM 1990-2015. 1655. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses1990-2015/1655 AN EXAMINATION OF THE INSTABILITY AND EXPLOITATION IN CONGO FROM KING LEOPOLD II’S FREE STATE TO THE 2ND CONGO WAR by BALDWIN J. BEAL A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2014 Thesis Chair: Dr. Ezekiel Walker Abstract This thesis will analyze the Congo from King Leopold II’s Free State to the 2nd Congo War. After a thorough investigation of the colonial period, this thesis will analyze the modern period.
    [Show full text]
  • AAKASH PATEL Contents
    History AAKASH PATEL Contents Preface. 1 1. Dawn of Civilization. 2 Mesopotamia . 2 Ancient Egypt . 3 Indus River Valley . 5 2. Ancient Europe . 6 Persian Wars . 6 Greek City-States. 8 Rome: From Romulus to Constantine . 9 3. Asian Dynasties. 23 Ancient India. 23 Chinese Dynasties . 24 Early Korea . 27 4. The Sundering of Europe . 29 The Fall of Rome. 29 Building a Holy Roman Empire . 31 Islamic Caliphates . 33 5. Medieval Times . 35 England: A New Monarchy . 35 France: The Capetians. 42 Germany: Holy Roman Empire. 44 Scandinavia: Kalmar Union. 45 Crusades . 46 Khans & Conquerors . 50 6. African Empires . 53 West Africa . 53 South Africa. 54 7. Renaissance & Reformation. 56 Italian Renaissance . 56 Tudor England . 58 Reformation. 61 Habsburg Empires . 63 French Wars of Religion. 65 Age of Discovery. 66 8. Early Modern Asia . 70 Tsars of Russia . 70 Japan: Rise of the Shogun. 72 Dynastic Korea . 73 Mughals of India. 73 Ottomans of Turkey. 74 9. European Monarchy . 76 Thirty Years' War . 76 Stuart England and the Protectorate . 78 France: Louis, Louis, and Louis . 81 10. Colonies of the New World . 84 Pilgrims and Plymouth . 84 Thirteen American Colonies . 85 Golden Age of Piracy . 88 11. Expansionism in Europe. 89 Ascension of the Romanovs. 89 Rise of Prussia . 91 Seven Years' War . 92 Enlightenment . 93 Hanoverian Succession. 94 12. American Independence . 96 Colonies in the 18th Century . ..
    [Show full text]
  • USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C
    'The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the US Air Force, Department of Defense or the US Government.'" USAFA Harmon Memorial Lecture #27 Military Planning and National Policy: German Overtures to Two World Wars Harold C. Deutsch, 1984 The celebrated dictum of Carl von Clausewitz that war is the continuation of policy has bred variants which, although not necessarily contradictory, approach the problem of war and peace rather differently. Social revolutionists, notably Lenin, like to switch emphasis by perceiving peace as a moderated form of conflict. Our concern here, the interplay between military planning and preparation for war with the form and con duct of national policy, has less to do with maxims than with actuality in human affairs. The backgrounds of the two world wars of our century tell us much about this problem. They also indicate how greatly accidents of circumstance and personality may play a role in the course of events. This was notably true of Germany whose fate provides the central thread for the epoch of the two world conflicts. At some future time they may yet be known historically as "the German Wars." This is not to infer that, had Germany not existed as a nation, and, let us say, France and Russia had been geographic neighbors, the first half of our century would have been an era of peace. Some of the factors that led to international stress would have been at work in any event. But the reality of Germany's existence largely determined the nature and sequence of affairs as they appeared to march inexorably toward disaster.
    [Show full text]
  • The Belgians and Private Imperialism Leopold II and the Congo
    The Belgians and Private Imperialism Leopold II and the Congo Key Points The Congo Free State was a corporate state privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium through his Association internationale africaine, a non-governmental organization supposedly dedicated to humanitarian purposes. Under Leopold II’s administration, the Congo Free State became the site of one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the 20th century. In the Free State, colonists brutalized the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. The police force, the Force Publique, routinely mutilated (especially cutting off hands) and murdered the indigenous population to enforce rubber production quotas. The report of the British Consul Roger Casement led to the arrest and punishment of white officials responsible for cold-blooded killings during a rubber-collecting expedition in 1903, including one Belgian national who caused the shooting of at least 122 Congolese natives. The parliament of Belgium annexed the Congo Free State and took over its administration on November 15, 1908, as the colony of the Belgian Congo. Key Terms Congo Reform Association: A movement formed with the declared intention to aid the exploited and impoverished workforce of the Congo by drawing attention to their plight. Force Publique: A military force in the Congo Free State. Early on, they were used primarily to campaign against the Arab slave trade in the Upper Congo, protect Leopold’s economic interests, and suppress frequent uprisings within the state, but eventually they partook in horrific abuse of the Congolese people, including frequent mutilation and murder.
    [Show full text]
  • The Red Rubber Regime
    INTRODUCTION The Red Rubber Regime Prior to 1880, the countries ofEurope claimed relatively few territorial possessions in Africa. The British occupied several coastal pockets in West Africa, including Gambia, Sierra Leone, and Lagos; the French held territory along the North African coast in Algiers, and in Senegal and Gabon in West Africa; and Portuguese rule was extended to portions ofAngola along the west coast and Mozambique along the east coast. Except for the Afrikaner penetration into the South and Turkish claims in North Africa, Egypt, and the Nile region, the vast interior of the continent was largely unexplored and remained under the control of African government. However, all this would change during the next twenty years. By the beginning ofthe twentieth century the continent would be divided into forty states under the control ofvarious European countries. The colonial partition ofAfrica was initiated by King Leopold II of Belgium, whose greed and exploitation in the Congo knew no bounds, and by the sudden territorial claims made by Germany from 1883 to 1885. Leopold used the newly created International African Association to carry out his secret ambitions in central Africa. The African Association was organized in Brussels in 1876 at a meeting of explorers, geographers, and other delegates, lavishly hosted by the Belgian king. Although the stated purpose of the association was to further scientific and commercial development, to eradicate the slave trade, and to aid the work ofChristian missions, in reality it was used by Leopold as a cover for his colonial activities. The actions ofLeopold and Germany opened the floodgates for other European nations to rush in and stake their own claims.
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Paul Mestallvrorth 1955
    Copyrighted by Paul MeStallvrorth 1955 THE UNITED STATES AND THE CONGO QUESTION, 188L-191L DISSERTATION Presented, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University BY Paul McStallworth, B.A., A.M* THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY Approved by: Adviser ^ Department of T H E HON. J O H N A. KASSON. UNITED STATES TSTTNTSTEE, TO OETÎATANY. 11 CONTENTS PREFACE................................................. xi CHAPTER I - OUR EARLY INTEREST IN THE C O N G O ................. 1 CHAPTER II - THE PRE-CONFERENCE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE..... 3^ CHAPTER III - THE TISDEL TEMPORARY MISSION................. 71 CHAPTER 17 - PARTICIPATION - A BREAK \7ITH TRADITION........... 9$ CHAPTER V - KASSON AT THE CONFERENCE..................... 108 CHAPTER 71 - POST CONFERENCE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE ..... 129 CHAPTER 711 - THE REACTION OF THE CLE7ELAND ADMINISTRATION ... lUO CHAPTER 7III - A DECLINE OF INTEREST IN THE C O N G O .......... l6U CHAPTER IX - A RE7I7AL OF INTEREST ....................... l80 CHAPTER X - MISSIONARIES, MORALITY AND MAYHEM............. 209 CHAPTER XI - INTERNATIONAL INTERESTS, MOGULS AND LOBBYISTS ... 2^8 CHAPTER X n - DIPLOMATIC EFFORT FOR R E F O R M ................ 297 APPENDIXES............................................. 3UU BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................... 371 111 ILLUSTRATIONS JOHN ADAM KASSON ......................... Frontispiece HENRY MORTON STANLEY............................... 2? HENRY SHELTON SANFORD,.............................
    [Show full text]
  • Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950 by Benedikt Stuchtey
    Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450-1950 by Benedikt Stuchtey The colonial encirclement of the world is an integral component of European history from the Early Modern Period to the phase of decolonisation. Individual national and expansion histories referred to each other in varying degrees at dif- ferent times but often also reinforced each other. Transfer processes within Europe and in the colonies show that not only genuine colonial powers such as Spain and England, but also "latecomers" such as Germany participated in the historical process of colonial expansion with which Europe decisively shaped world history. In turn, this process also clearly shaped Europe itself. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Colonialism and Imperialism 3. Regions and periods 4. Forms 5. Outlook 6. Appendix 1. Literature 2. Notes Citation Introduction In world history, no continent has possessed so many different forms of colonies and none has so incomparably defined access to the world by means of a civilising mission as a secular programme as did modern Europe. When Spain and Portugal partitioned the world by signing the Treaty of Tordesillas (ᇄ Media Link #ab) on 7 June 1494, they declared a genuine European claim to hegemony. A similar claim was never staked out in this form by a world empire of Antiquity or a non-European colonial power in the modern period, such as Japan or the USA. The extraordinary continuity of Chi- nese colonialism or that of the Aztecs in Central America before the Spaniards arrived is indeed structurally comparable to modern European expansion. But similar to the Phoenician and the Roman empires, the phenomenon of expansion usually ended with colonisation and not in colonial development.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Belgium SHORT Roxanne Wyns ARTICLESA rt Nouveau in Belgium - THINK CULTURE The Art Nouveau style enjoyed great success After 15 years of continuous investments in all over Europe at the end of the 19th and be- infrastructure to exploit the natural wealth of ginning of the 20th century and is vastly repre- the Congo, the personal colony of Leopold II sented in museum collections, archives, libra- was heading for bankruptcy. This was at this ries, photo archives, and architectural buil- time that free trade was replaced by a system dings throughout Europe, although perhaps that was more lucrative for Leopold II, but the style's greatest successes can be found in unfortunately even less humane than before. Brussels, Belgium. After a devastating report on the maltreatment and enslavement of the locals, Leopold II was Around the turn of the 20th century Brussels eventually forced to hand over the Congo to was a vibrant and modern city, with an upper the Belgian state in 1908. During this colonial middle class eager to show off its wealth and time, Leopold II continuously faced harsh good taste - all essential elements for artistic criticism. Without getting into too much detail creativity to flourish. It is at that point that Art on the colonial history of Belgium, this brief Nouveau (or "New style") came into being in summary gives an idea of the problems that Brussels when two architects, Victor Horta were faced and explains why the use of ivory and Paul Hankar, developed a style that in- became so popular and so excellently repre- troduced industrial materials like iron castings sented in the decorative arts of the Art into the homes of the bourgeoisie in Brussels.
    [Show full text]
  • King Leopold Ii‟S Exploitation of the Congo from 1885 to 1908 and Its Consequences
    KING LEOPOLD II‟S EXPLOITATION OF THE CONGO FROM 1885 TO 1908 AND ITS CONSEQUENCES by STEVEN P. JOHNSON A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Honors in the Major Program in History in the College of Arts and Humanities and in The Burnett Honors College at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Summer Term 2014 Thesis Chair: Dr. Ezekiel Walker ABSTRACT This thesis argues that King Leopold II, in his exploitation of the Congo, dealt the Congo a future of political, ethnic, and economic destabilization. At one time consisting of unified and advanced kingdoms, the Congo turned to one completely beleaguered by poverty and political oppression. Leopold acquired the Congo through unethical means and thus took the people‟s chances away at self-rule. He provided for no education or vocational training, which would stunt future Congolese leaders from making sound economic and political policies. Leopold also exploited the Congo with the help of concession companies, both of which used forced labor to extract valuable resources. Millions of Congolese died and the Congo itself became indebted through Belgian loans that were given with no assurance they could ever truly be paid back due to the crippled economy of the Congo. With the Congo now in crippling debt, the current president, Joseph Kabila, has little incentive to invest in reforms or public infrastructure, which stunts economic growth.1 For over a century the Congo has been ruled by exploitative and authoritarian regimes due to Leopold‟s initial acquisition. The colonization from Leopold lasted from 1885-1908, and then he sold it to his home country of Belgium who ruled the Congo from 1908 to 1960.
    [Show full text]
  • Conscious Capitalism Vs. Rapacious Capitalism: Lessons from King Leopold II
    The image above is based on a 1906 Punch cartoon of a Congo rubber worker in the coils of a snake with the head of King Leopold II of Belgium. Conscious Capitalism vs. Rapacious Capitalism: Lessons from King Leopold II By Hershey H. Friedman, Linda W. Friedman, and Sarah Edris Peer Reviewed Hershey H. Friedman, Ph.D. Professor of Business Business Management Department Murray Koppelman School of Business Brooklyn College of the City University of New York email: x.friedman@att.net Linda W. Friedman, Ph.D. Professor of Statistics & Computer Information Systems Zicklin School of Business Baruch College of the City University of New York email:Linda.Friedman@baruch.cuny.edu Sarah Edris Pursuing a Ph.D. in international business at Rutgers University. email:s.edris28@gmail.com 1 Abstract In this paper it is argued that two kinds of capitalism are engaged in a great struggle in the United States. Both approaches are derived from the opinions of Adam Smith, the father of capitalism, who posited in The Wealth of Nations that universal self-interest and the “invisible hand” of the marketplace allocate scarce resources more efficiently and promotes social welfare better than any other economic system. One type of capitalism could be called “moral capitalism” or “conscious capitalism”; the other kind of capitalism takes a “greed is good” approach this paper condemns. This paper’s authors argue that the only kind of capitalism that is good for a country is based on values and morals. In fact, they say, this is exactly what Adam Smith had in mind, as he was a strong believer in empathy and benevolence.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline of the 20Th Century Part I Through 1950 (References and Links Start on P. 743) 1900 January 1 * First Date in John
    Timeline of the 20th Century Part I through 1950 (References and links start on p. 743) 1900 January 1 * First date in John dos Passos' USA trilogy (The 42nd Parallel). [1] * British protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria established. [1] * Compulsory education in Netherlands goes into effect. [1] January 2 * E Verlinger begins manufacturing 7-inch single-sided records (Montréal). [1] * Gustave Charpentiers opera "Louise" premieres in Paris. [1] January 3 * Edwin George Monk composer, dies at age 80. [1] * Gerhart Hauptmanns "Schluck und Jau" premieres in Berlin. [1] * Perihelion Passage. [1] January 6 * Boers attack at Ladysmith, about 1,000 killed or injured. [1] * Maurice Ravel's "Albaradode Gracioso" premieres in Paris. [1] January 10 * Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener reach Capetown. [1] January 12 * Freeland Colony founded in US. [1] January 14 * Giacomo Puccini's opera "Tosca" premieres in Rome. [1] January 18 * Jan Blockx's "Tÿl Uilenspiegel" premieres in Brussels. [1] January 20 1 * John Ruskin English writer/critic (Dearest Mama Talbot), dies of influenza at age 81. [1] * R D Blackmore English novelist (Lorna Doone), dies at age 74. [1] * Richard D Blackmore English novelist (Lorna Doone), dies at age 74. [1] January 24 * Battle at Tugela-Spionkop, South Africa (Boers versus British army). [1] January 26 * Henrik Ibsen's "Naar vi Dode Vaaguer" premieres in Stuttgart. [1] January 27 * Social Democrat Party of America (Debs' party) holds first convention. [1] January 29 * Boers under Joubert beat English at Spionkop Natal, 2,000 killed. [1] January 30 * Vittorio Bersezio [Carlo Nugelli], Italian playwright, dies at age 71.
    [Show full text]