Compare and Contrast Congress of Vienna and Treaty of Versailles
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Why Great Britain Entered the Great War Norman Simms La Salle University
The Histories Volume 4 | Issue 2 Article 5 2019 Why Great Britain Entered the Great War Norman Simms La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Simms, Norman (2019) "Why Great Britain Entered the Great War," The Histories: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 5. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol4/iss2/5 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Volume 4, Number 2 28 IV Why Great Britain Entered the Great War By Norman Simms Throughout the Twentieth Century and into the Twenty-First, many causes have been proposed for why Great Britain entered World War I (the Great War) on the side of France and Russia. Extensive research has indicated that the three most probable causes were the naval arms race, the German atrocities committed in occupied territories, and the violation of Belgium neutrality. Of these three, the violation of Belgium neutrality is most strongly supported as the ultimate reason why England committed itself militarily to the Entente. The book, “Twenty-Five Years” was written by Sir Edward Grey (official title: Viscount Grey of Fallodon, K.G.) who served as Secretary of Foreign Relations of Great Britain from 1892 tol895, again from 1905 to 1916, and died in 1933. Grey’s two- volume autobiography was first published in 1925 and focuses on the political and diplomatic aspects of the war. -
Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870
CONTEXTUAL RESEARCH IN LAW CORE VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL Working Papers No. 2017-2 (August) Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt Please do not cite without prior permission from the author The complete working paper series is available online at http://www.vub.ac.be/CORE/wp Permanent Neutrality or Permanent Insecurity? Obligation and Self-Interest in the Defence of Belgian Neutrality, 1830-1870 Frederik Dhondt1 Introduction ‘we are less complacent than the Swiss, and would not take treaty violations so lightly.’ Baron de Vrière to Sylvain Van de Weyer, Brussels, 28 June 18592 Neutrality is one of the most controversial issues in public international law3 and international relations history.4 Its remoteness from the United Nations system of collective security has rendered its discussion less topical.5 The significance of contemporary self-proclaimed ‘permanent neutrality’ is limited. 6 Recent scholarship has taken up the theme as a general narrative of nineteenth century international relations: between the Congress of Vienna and the Great War, neutrality was the rule, rather than the exception.7 In intellectual history, Belgium’s neutral status is seen as linked to the rise of the ‘Gentle Civilizer of Nations’ at the end of the nineteenth century.8 International lawyers’ and politicians’ activism brought three Noble Peace Prizes (August Beernaert, International Law Institute, Henri La Fontaine). The present contribution focuses on the permanent or compulsory nature of Belgian neutrality in nineteenth century diplomacy, from the country’s inception (1830-1839)9 to the Franco- 1 Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), University of Antwerp, Ghent University/Research Foundation Flanders. -
Death of an Institution: the End for Western European Union, a Future
DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? EGMONT PAPER 46 DEATH OF AN INSTITUTION The end for Western European Union, a future for European defence? ALYSON JK BAILES AND GRAHAM MESSERVY-WHITING May 2011 The Egmont Papers are published by Academia Press for Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations. Founded in 1947 by eminent Belgian political leaders, Egmont is an independent think-tank based in Brussels. Its interdisciplinary research is conducted in a spirit of total academic freedom. A platform of quality information, a forum for debate and analysis, a melting pot of ideas in the field of international politics, Egmont’s ambition – through its publications, seminars and recommendations – is to make a useful contribution to the decision- making process. *** President: Viscount Etienne DAVIGNON Director-General: Marc TRENTESEAU Series Editor: Prof. Dr. Sven BISCOP *** Egmont – The Royal Institute for International Relations Address Naamsestraat / Rue de Namur 69, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Phone 00-32-(0)2.223.41.14 Fax 00-32-(0)2.223.41.16 E-mail [email protected] Website: www.egmontinstitute.be © Academia Press Eekhout 2 9000 Gent Tel. 09/233 80 88 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.academiapress.be J. Story-Scientia NV Wetenschappelijke Boekhandel Sint-Kwintensberg 87 B-9000 Gent Tel. 09/225 57 57 Fax 09/233 14 09 [email protected] www.story.be All authors write in a personal capacity. Lay-out: proxess.be ISBN 978 90 382 1785 7 D/2011/4804/136 U 1612 NUR1 754 All rights reserved. -
Redalyc.“Freemasonry As a Patriotic Society? the 1830 Belgian Revolution”
REHMLAC. Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña E-ISSN: 1659-4223 [email protected] Universidad de Costa Rica Costa Rica Maes, Anaïs “Freemasonry as a Patriotic Society? The 1830 Belgian Revolution” REHMLAC. Revista de Estudios Históricos de la Masonería Latinoamericana y Caribeña, vol. 2, núm. 2, -diciembre, 2010, pp. 1-17 Universidad de Costa Rica San José, Costa Rica Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=369537359001 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative “Freemasonry as a Patriotic Society? The 1830 Belgian Revolution” Anaïs Maes Consejo Científico: José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli (Universidad de Zaragoza), Miguel Guzmán-Stein (Universidad de Costa Rica), Eduardo Torres-Cuevas (Universidad de La Habana), Andreas Önnerfors (University of Leiden), María Eugenia Vázquez Semadeni (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Roberto Valdés Valle (Universidad Centroamericana “José Simeón Cañas”), Carlos Martínez Moreno (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Céline Sala (Université de Perpignan) Editor: Yván Pozuelo Andrés (IES Universidad Laboral de Gijón) Director: Ricardo Martínez Esquivel (Universidad de Costa Rica) Dirección web: http://rehmlac.com/main.html Correo electrónico: [email protected] Apartado postal: 243-2300 San José, Costa Rica REHMLAC ISSN 1659-4223 2 Vol. 2, Nº 2, Diciembre 2010-Abril 2011 Fecha de recibido: 12 junio 2010 – Fecha de aceptación: 3 agosto 2010 Palabras clave Masonería, patriotismo, nacionalismo, revolución, Bélgica Keywords Freemasonry, patriotism, nationalism, revolution, Belgium Resumen Al cuestionar la masonería y el patriotismo, tenemos que conceptualizar el análisis de la evolución de la identidad patriótica. -
A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg
A Short History of Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg Foreword ............................................................................2 Chapter 1. The Low Countries until A.D.200 : Celts, Batavians, Frisians, Romans, Franks. ........................................3 Chapter 2. The Empire of the Franks. ........................................5 Chapter 3. The Feudal Period (10th to 14th Centuries): The Flanders Cloth Industry. .......................................................7 Chapter 4. The Burgundian Period (1384-1477): Belgium’s “Golden Age”......................................................................9 Chapter 5. The Habsburgs: The Empire of Charles V: The Reformation: Calvinism..........................................10 Chapter 6. The Rise of the Dutch Republic................................12 Chapter 7. Holland’s “Golden Age” ..........................................15 Chapter 8. A Period of Wars: 1650 to 1713. .............................17 Chapter 9. The 18th Century. ..................................................20 Chapter 10. The Napoleonic Interlude: The Union of Holland and Belgium. ..............................................................22 Chapter 11. Belgium Becomes Independent ...............................24 Chapter 13. Foreign Affairs 1839-19 .........................................29 Chapter 14. Between the Two World Wars. ................................31 Chapter 15. The Second World War...........................................33 Chapter 16. Since the Second World War: European Co-operation: -
Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation-Resistant Weapons and the Law of War
Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation-Resistant Weapons and the Law of War Sean Watts 91 INT’L L. STUD. 540 (2015) Volume 91 2015 Published by the Stockton Center for the Study of International Law International Law Studies 2015 Regulation-Tolerant Weapons, Regulation- Resistant Weapons and the Law of War Sean Watts∗ CONTENTS I. Introduction ................................................................................................. 541 II. Weapons and Law of War Principles and General Limitations ............ 543 A. Unnecessary Suffering ......................................................................... 545 B. Discrimination ...................................................................................... 551 C. Honor .................................................................................................... 554 D. The Martens Clause ............................................................................. 556 E. Environmental Effects ........................................................................ 559 III. Specific Regulations and Prohibitions ..................................................... 561 A. Poison .................................................................................................... 562 B. Crossbow ............................................................................................... 566 C. Firearms and Bullets ............................................................................ 568 D. Submarines ........................................................................................... -
The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century
JBRART Of 9AN DIEGO OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY EDITED BY SIR AUGUSTUS OAKES, CB. LATELY OF THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND R. B. MOWAT, M.A. FELLOW AND ASSISTANT TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY SIR H. ERLE RICHARDS K. C.S.I., K.C., B.C.L., M.A. FELLOW OF ALL SOULS COLLEGE AWD CHICHELE PROFESSOR OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND DIPLOMACY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD ASSOCIATE OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS AMEN HOUSE, E.C. 4 LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW LEIPZIG NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPETOWN BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS SHANGHAI HUMPHREY MILFORD PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY Impression of 1930 First edition, 1918 Printed in Great Britain INTRODUCTION IT is now generally accepted that the substantial basis on which International Law rests is the usage and practice of nations. And this makes it of the first importance that the facts from which that usage and practice are to be deduced should be correctly appre- ciated, and in particular that the great treaties which have regulated the status and territorial rights of nations should be studied from the point of view of history and international law. It is the object of this book to present materials for that study in an accessible form. The scope of the book is limited, and wisely limited, to treaties between the nations of Europe, and to treaties between those nations from 1815 onwards. To include all treaties affecting all nations would require volumes nor is it for the many ; necessary, purpose of obtaining a sufficient insight into the history and usage of European States on such matters as those to which these treaties relate, to go further back than the settlement which resulted from the Napoleonic wars. -
ICRP Calendar
The notions of International Relations (IR) in capital letters and international relations (ir) in lowercase letters have two different meanings. The first refers to a scholarly discipline while the second one means a set of contemporary events with historical importance, which influences global-politics. In order to make observations, formulate theories and describe patterns within the framework of ‘IR’, one needs to fully comprehend specific events related to ‘ir’. It is why the Institute for Cultural Relations Policy (ICRP) believes that a timeline on which all the significant events of international relations are identified might be beneficial for students, scholars or professors who deal with International Relations. In the following document all the momentous wars, treaties, pacts and other happenings are enlisted with a monthly division, which had considerable impact on world-politics. January 1800 | Nationalisation of the Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed 01 from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company, which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800. 1801 | Establishment of the United Kingdom On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Most of Ireland left the union as the Irish Free State in 1922, leading to the remaining state being renamed as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927. 1804 | Haiti independence declared The independence of Haiti was recognized by France on 17 April 1825. -
British Foreign Policy Under Canning
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2008 British Foreign Policy Under Canning Andrew Montgomery Endorf The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Endorf, Andrew Montgomery, "British Foreign Policy Under Canning" (2008). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 160. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/160 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER CANNING By Andrew Montgomery Endorf B.A., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2004 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In History The University of Montana Missoula, MT Summer 2008 Approved by: Perry Brown Associate Provost for Graduate Studies Dr. John Eglin, Chair History Dr. Linda Frey History Dr. Louis Hayes Political Science i TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE – CANNING THE POLITICIAN 12 Biography 12 Domestic Politics 16 CHAPTER TWO – REVOLUTION ON THE IBERIAN PENNINSULA 24 Spain 24 Portugal 36 CHAPTER THREE – LATIN AMERICA AND RECOGNITION 44 North America 48 Latin America 52 CHAPTER FOUR – GREECE AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 66 Stalemate and Neutrality 68 Shifting Alliances and Intervention 77 CONCLUSION 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 ii Endorf, Andrew, M.A., Summer 2008 History British Foreign Policy Under Canning Dr. -
About... the History of Luxembourg
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ABOUT … the History of Luxembourg Despite its small size – 2,586 km2 and home to 590,700 in- CAPITAL: habitants – the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a sovereign LUXEMBOURG state with a rich history. Nestled between France, Belgium NEIGHBOURING and Germany in the heart of Europe, it has been involved COUNTRIES: in the great European developments. The turbulent past GERMANY of the Grand Duchy is a true mirror of European history. BELGIUM During the Middle Ages, its princes wore the crown of the FRANCE Holy Roman Empire. In Early Modern Times, its fortress was AREA: a major bone of contention in the battle between the great 2,586 KM2 powers. Before obtaining its independence during the 19th century, Luxembourg lived under successive Burgundian, POPULATION: Spanish, French, Austrian and Dutch sovereignty. During 590,700 INHABITANTS, the 20th century, this wealthy and dynamic country acted INCLUDING 281,500 FOREIGNERS as a catalyst in the unification of Europe. FORM OF GOVERNMENT: CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY Grand Duchy of Luxembourg ABOUT … the History of Luxembourg Despite its small size – 2,586 km2 and home to 590,700 in- CAPITAL: habitants – the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a sovereign LUXEMBOURG state with a rich history. Nestled between France, Belgium NEIGHBOURING and Germany in the heart of Europe, it has been involved COUNTRIES: in the great European developments. The turbulent past GERMANY of the Grand Duchy is a true mirror of European history. BELGIUM During the Middle Ages, its princes wore the crown of the FRANCE Holy Roman Empire. In Early Modern Times, its fortress was AREA: a major bone of contention in the battle between the great 2,586 KM2 powers. -
Council of Cultural Co-Operation Report
CC-ED/HIST/Eur (98) 3 Council of Cultural Co-operation Project on Learning and Teaching about the History of Europe in the 20th Century European Secondary School Students' Conference: The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, and the Treaty of Versailles Burwell House, Cambridge 16-19 February 1997 Report Re-running the Past: European Student Simulations in History by Sean Lang Head of History Hills Road Sixth Form College Cambridge Introduction A few years ago I received a letter from a Hungarian gentleman living in London. He had picked up a copy of a textbook I had helped write some years before and had been outraged by the brief summary which it accorded to the 1919 Treaty of Trianon. I replied politely, pointing out that I had not myself written the offending section, but also explaining that the pupils the book was aimed at would be concentrating their efforts on the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, and that, regrettably but realistically, it would be futile to expect them to give much attention to events in Hungary. My correspondent was mollified in part, but he responded by sending me for some weeks afterwards a series of pamphlets and newsletters, all on the theme of the injustice done to Hungary at Trianon and why it should be redressed. It was a thought-provoking correspondence. That the Treaty of Versailles provoked outrage in Germany in the 1920s I both knew and could, to some extent, understand; that the Treaty of Trianon should provoke such strong feelings into the 1990s was something of a revelation to me. -
KHS—History Knowledge Organiser—Half Term 1—Causes of WWI
KHS—History Knowledge Organiser—Half Term 1—Causes of WWI Key Dates: 1839, Treaty of London - Britain promises to By the end of this Half Term I should know: protect Belgium neutrality. How land grabbing (imperialism) and the ‘Scramble for 1879, Dual Alliance - Germany and Austria - Hungary prom- ise to support each other if threatened. Africa’ increased tension in Europe. 1882, Triple Alliance - Italy persuaded to sign agreement Why alliances were formed between the powers in Eu- extending the Dual Alliance. rope and how this led to paranoia. 1894, Franco - Russian Alliance - France and Russia respond How the arms and naval race took Europe to the brink to the signing of the Triple Alliance. of war. 1904, Entente Cordiale - Britain signs a friendly agreement How significant the assassination of Archduke Franz Fer- with France to help if needed (not to fight). dinand was, as spark or trigger for war. 1907, Triple Entente - This was really a friendly agreement How the Germans planned to use the Schlieffen Plan between Britain and Russia (Anglo - Russian Agreement). avoid a war on two fronts. June 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated. How the Schlieffen Plan failed and led to a long war. July 1914 - War declared on Serbia by Austria Hungary. Key Terms Treaty of London - Britain promises to protect Belgium neutrality. Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. Triple Entente - France, Russia and Great Britain. Arms and Naval Race - A race between countries to build up military and weapons. Long term causes - Issues that can span many years, which slowly build tension. Short term causes– Issues that act as a catalyst (spark) that ignites a conflict.