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กระถิน (Krathin, to Bao)  Vietnam: Keo D[Aaj]U, Bo Ch[Es]T

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กระถิน (Krathin, to Bao)  Vietnam: Keo D[Aaj]U, Bo Ch[Es]T ECHO Asia Seed Fact Sheet Scientific name – Leucaena leucocephala English common name – Leucaena Asian common name(s) China: yin he huan 银合欢 Indonesia: lamtoro, pelending, petain cina Japan: gingō-kan ギンゴウカン Malaysia: petai belalang, petai jawa Laos: kathin, kan thin, kho’o:ng ko:ng kh:aw Papua New Guinea: lamandro Phillipines: ipil-ipil Thailand: กระถิน (krathin, to bao) Vietnam: keo d[aaj]u, bo ch[es]t Variety – K-500 Cunningham: an excellent forage variety developed in Australia. It is a cross between Salvador and Peru- type cultivars. General description and special characteristics – Leucaena is a multi-purpose tree species originally found in Central America and naturalized in Southeast Asia. It is a leguminous tree or shrub known for its use in fodder and agroforestry applications. Leaves have small pinnate leaflets, 2-4.5 mm long; flowers are generally white or pale-white; and pods are 11-19 cm long and flat, with 8-18 seeds. Crop uses (culinary) – The pods, seeds and shoots are used for food. In Thailand, young shoots are eaten fresh as a dipping vegetable or cooked in soups or fried with eggs. In Indonesia, fermented seeds are used to make a food called “tempeh lamtoro”. Green, unripe seeds are eaten as well. Crop uses (soil improvement) – Leucaena’s nitrogen-fixing ability makes it a good candidate for reforestation projects designed to improve soil conditions. It has been successfully used to reduce effects of soil erosion and rejuvenate water- holding capacity. Crop uses (livestock production) – L. leucocephala is one the highest quality and most palatable fodder trees of the tropics, often described as the ‘alfalfa of the tropics’. The high-protein leaves can be dried and processed into pellets for livestock and poultry consumption, along with the green pods. Leucaena plant parts contain the amino acid, mimosene, however, which can cause animal hair loss, goiter, and reduced reproduction if present in a significant part of the diet. Non-ruminant animals are particularly susceptible to mimosine toxicity. Cattle and goats usually tolerate up to a 50% leucaena diet due to a bacteria possessed by these ruminants which breaks down mimosine. Pigs may be fed up to a 10% leucaena diet, but poultry only 5%. Other uses – Leucaena is planted as a windbreak or as hedges and living fences, and is widely used as a shade tree for growing cacao, tea, coffee and in teak plantations. Its rapid growth and relatively dense wood also make it a good choice for paper pulp and firewood uses. Seasons of production – Leucaena's growth slows down during the cold season in the subtropics. Apart from this period, fodder can be harvested year round. Length of production and harvest period – Harvesting periods differ depending on the management system. In grazing systems, Leucaena can be grazed on a rotational basis. It takes trees about 3 years to become fully established, but light grazing may be allowed in the first year. In cut-and-carry environments, leucaena is cut back to 0.25-1 m, with pruning repeated every 6-12weeks. Within alley-cropping systems, shorter coppicing (closer to 0.25-0.5 m) is generally preferred to prevent shading the crops in the alleys. Wood-lot harvests range from 1-8 years depending on the size of timber desired. Pollination – The flowers are self-fertile, and most seed results from self-pollination. Flowering and fruiting occur throughout the year as long as moisture permits. Fruiting is associated with suppression of vegetative growth. Fruits ripen in 10-15 weeks. Plant spacing – Leucaena may be planted as single plants, hedgerows, or broadcast into cultivated strips in established grassland, depending on its use. Hedgerows may be closely spaced (75-100 cm) to achieve maximum yield per hectare for cut-and-carry feeding or more widely spaced (3-10 m) for alley cropping or grazing. Intra-row plant spacings of 25-50 cm are adequate. For woodlots, recommended spacing ranges from 1x1 m to 2x2 m. Production methods – Leucaena can be propagated through direct sowing, transplanting, or cuttings. Seeds do not germinate unless scarified by scratching or cracking the tough seed coat. Scarification is the recommended seed preparation method, resulting in up to 100% germination. For large batches, boiling water can be poured over the seeds, stirred gently and poured off in 3-5 minutes. This results in about 70% germination. Alternatively, seeds can be soaked in water at 80º C for 3 minutes. Seeds may take a week to germinate. Typically, seedlings should be transplanted into the field 8-12 weeks after germination. Good initial land preparation and weed control are extremely important for establishment. Vegetative propagation from cuttings is generally difficult, although some success has been seen with propagating hybrid varieties by cuttings. The use of proper hygiene is essential and root hormones are generally applied. Known environmental conditions for production – Leucaena is a tropical species requiring warm temperatures (25-30°C day temperatures) for optimum growth. At higher latitudes and at elevated tropical latitudes growth is reduced. Brewbaker et al. (1985) suggest that temperature limitations occur above 1000 m elevation within 10°C latitude of the equator, and above 500 m elevation within the 10-25°C latitude zone. Leucaena grows well with rainfall from 600-2000 mm/year. Annual rainfall of approximately 1500 mm and a four-month dry season provide the best environment for leucaena production. Higher annual rainfall or even distribution of rain throughout the year may complicate harvesting and maintenance operations. Known soil requirements – Leucaena grows best on well-drained soils with pH 5.5-8.0. It is intolerant of highly acidic soils, low phosphorus, high salinity, high aluminum saturation and water-logging. Known pests – L. leucocephala's primary pest is the leucaena psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana, a tiny insect which resembles an aphid in its nymphal stage. It lays its eggs between the folds of young, developing leaflets. Psyllids feed by sucking plant sap on young shoots, causing new foliage to turn yellow, curl and wilt. Shoots may be completely defoliated by severe infestations. Several species have been introduced to Southeast Asia as biological control for the psyllid: the ladybeetles Curinus coeruleus and Olla v-nigrum as well as the predatory wasp Psyllaephagus yaseeni. As a result of various factors— including these introduced predators as well as an increase in native control species—populations of the leucaena psyllid have decreased markedly in Southeast Asia since their peak. If psyllid infestations are observed, heavy grazing or pruning is recommended to disrupt the nymph's feeding on young shoots. In the case of persistent infestations, resistant leucaena varieties should be planted. Related species with high psyllid resistance include Leucaena diversifolia (available from ECHO Asia Seedbank) and various hybrids between L. Pallida and L. Leucocephala. The K-636 variety of L. Leucocephala (available from ECHO Florida's Seedbank) has demonstrated high tolerance -as opposed to resistance- to psyllid damage. The moth, Ithome lassula, which damages leucaena inflorescences, and the seed beetle, Araecerus levipennis, both reduce the production and viability of leucaena seed. Leucaena seedlings are susceptible to damping-off in moist soils caused by the fungal species Pythium or Rhizoctonia spp. This is controlled by avoiding over-watering and using well-drained soil media. Seed saving – Seed storage behaviour is orthodox (seeds can be stored for long periods of time in a cool and dry environment). Viability can be maintained for 20 years in open storage at room temperature. References – Bray, R. A. 6.1 The Leucaena Psyllid. FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0r.htm Brewbaker, James. Leucaena - Leucaena.pdf. (1984). Retrieved from http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/E66CDFDB-0A0D-4DDE-8AB1- 74D9D8C3EDD4/Leucaena.pdf Factsheet - Leucaena leucocephala. Tropical Forages. Retrieved from http://www.tropicalforages.info/key/Forages/Media/Html/Leucaena_leucocephala.htm Leucaena damage can be managed.pdf. Retrieved from http://www.leucaena.net/leucaena%20psyllid.pdf Napompeth, B. Leucaena psyllid: a threat to agroforestry in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/v5020e/V5020E06.htm National Research Council. (1984). Leucaena: Promising Forage and Tree Crop for the Tropics. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. Retrieved from http://cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/JF/419/08-296.pdf Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association. Leucaena Psyllids. NFT Highlights. Retrieved from http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/L_psyllids.html Poathong, S., & Phaikaew, C. (1998). Utilization of Leucaena leucocephala as Dry Season Protein Supplement for Beef Cattle in Thailand. In Proceedings of the 6th Meeting of the Regional Working Group on Grazing and Feed Resources for Southeast Asia (pp. 153–155). Presented at the Integrated Crop-Livestock Production Systems and Fodder Trees, Legaspi City, Philippines: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Newpub/PhilippineProceedings/poathong.pdf Shelton, H. M., & Brewbaker, J. L. 2.1 Leucaena leucocephala - the Most Widely Used Forage Tree Legume. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm Species Information. AgroForestryTree Database. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1069 Suttie, J. M. Leucaena leucocephala. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000158.htm Van Den Beldt, R., & Brewbaker, J. L. (1985). Leucaena - Wood Production and Use. Retrieved March 13, 2013, from http://cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/CD3WD/FORESTRY/WI12LE/EN/B1064.HTM .
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