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De Wit COMPARADO COM Prosopis Juliiloia (SW) DC Eeucalyptus Alba

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De Wit COMPARADO COM Prosopis Juliiloia (SW) DC Eeucalyptus Alba PAULO CESAR FERNANDES LIMA COMPORTAMENTO OE Leucaena leucocephala (laiil) de Wit COMPARADO COM Prosopis juliiloia (SW) DC E Eucalyptus alba Reisiw ex Uns Dissertação submetida à consideração da Comissão Examinadora, como requi- sito parcial na obtenção de Título de "Mestre em Ciências - M.Sc.", no Curso de.Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Flores- tal, do Setor de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Paraná. CURITIBA 19 8 2 MINISTERIO DA EDUCAÇAO E CULTURA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAI DO PARANÁ i SETOR DE CIÍNCIAS A O R A B I A t COORDENAÇÃO DO CURSO DE PÔS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL P A R E CE R Os membros da Comissão Examinadora designada pelo Colegiado do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Flores^ tal para realizar a arguição da Dissertação de Mestrado apre sentada pelo candidato PAULO CESAR FERNANDES LIMA, sob o títu lo "COMPORTAMENTO DE Le.uc.azna Le.uaacephala (Lam) de Wit COMPA RADO COM Pio¿op¿¿ juli^loia (SW) DC E Eucalyptus alba Reinw ex Blume EM PETROLINA (PE), REGIÃO SEMI-ÃRIDA DO BRASIL" para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Florestais - Curso de Pos-Graduação em Engenharia Florestal do Setor de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Paraná, área de concentra ção SILVICULTURA» apôs haver analisado o referido trabalho e argüido o candidato, são de parecer pela "APROVAÇÃO" da Disser^ taçao, completando assim os requisitos necessários para rece ber o grau e o Diploma de Mestre em Ciências Florestais. Observação: 0 critério de avaliação da Dissertação e defesa da mesma a partir de novembro de 1980 é apenas APROVA DA ou NÃO APROVADA. Curitiba, 11 de junho de 1982. Professor Renato Mauro Brandi, DR. Primeiro Examinador Professor alho, M.Sc QömiT^/^r* "P "V o m -í mrlnr Ä memoria de minha mãe, Nelyta A Walter, meu pai DEDICO i i i AGRADECIMENTOS Ä Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária - EMBRAPA por possibilitar a realização do Curso de PÕs-Graduação em En- genharia Florestal na Universidade Federal do Paraná, bem co- mo, pela concessão dos recursos financeiros utilizados. Aos Engenheiros Renival Alves de Souza, chefe do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semi-Ärido -CPATSA/EMBRAPA e Antonio Paulo Mendes Galvão, coordenador do Programa Nacio- nal de Pesquisa Florestal - PNPF/EMBRAPA, pela confiança, apoio e estimulo dedicado. Aos professores Rudi Arno Seitz, Ronaldo Viana Soares e Sergio Ahrens pela constante dedicação e orientação no desen - volvimento do presente trabalho. Aos colegas de equipe do CPATSA, em especial aos Eng9s Florestais Ismael E. Pires, Marcos Antonio Drumond e Sonia Ma- ria de Souza pelo auxilio na coleta dos dados de campo. Aos Engenheiros Luciano Lisbão Júnior e Antonio Rioyei Higa da Unidade Regional de Pesquisa Florestal Centro-Sul - UR- PFCS, pela receptividade e auxílio, colocando ã disposição pes- soal e material necessário para a realização do trabalho. Äs bibliotecárias Maria Cira Padilha da Luz, do CPATSA, Carmen Lucia Cassilha, da URPFCS e Lea Terezinha Belzak, do Se- tor de Ciências Agrárias da UFPR, e demais funcionários, pelo auxilio do fornecimento de material dati1ográfico e correções i V devidas. A minha esposa leda e filhos, pela paciência, confian- ça e incentivos. Aos demais professores, funcionários e colegas de cur- so, e todos aqueles que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram. V SUMÁRIO Pãgi na Lista de Figuras viii Li sta de Quadros ix 1. INTRODUÇÃO 1 2. REVISÃO DE LITERATURA 4 2.1. Le.ucae.na lzucoce.phala (LAM) DE WIT 5 2.1.1. Caracterîsti cas Botânicas 5 2.1.2. Variabi 1 idade Dentro da Espécie 6 2.1.3. Exigências Eda f o-c 1 i mât i ca s 8 2.1.4. Silvicultura e Manejo 9 2.1.4.1. Dormência de sementes 9 2.1.4.2. Fitopatologia das sementes 10 2.1.4.3. Estabelecimento do povoamento 10 2.1.4.4. Uti 1 ização 13 2.1.4.4 .1. Forragem 13 2.1 .4.4.2. Ref 1 orestamento e usos industriais.... 17 2.1 .4.4.3. Agro-si 1 vi cul tura 20 2.2. Ptio¿opi¿ jul¿¿lo*.a (SW) DC 21 2.2.1. Características Botânicas e Ecologia da Espé- cie 22 2.2.2. Util ização 24 2.3. Eucalypti alba REINW. EX BLUME 26 2.3.1, Características Botânicas e Ecológica da Espé- cie 26 2.3.2. Ref 1 orestamento 28 vi Pagi na 3. MATERIAL E METODOS 29 3.1. CLIMA 29 3.2. VEGETAÇÃO : 34 3.3. SOLO . 36 3.4. ESCOLHA DAS ESPÉCIES PARA ANÄLISE COMPARATIVA.. 39 3.5. PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS E PLANTIO 39 3.6. PLANO EXPERIMENTAL. 41 3.7. PARÂMETROS DE AVALIAÇÃO DO COMPORTAMENTO DAS ESPECIES 43 3.7.1. Morfologia da Leucena 43 3.7.2. Qualidade Fisiológica da Semente de Leucena.... 44 3.7.3. Estado Sanitário dos Povoamentos 44 3.7.4. Crescimento 45 3.7.5. Valor Forrageiro da Leucena 47 4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO 48 4.1. SOBREVIVENCIA 48 4.2. ASPECTOS MORFOLÓGICOS DA LEUCENA 50 4.3. ASPECTO SANITARIO DAS PLANTAS NO EXPERIMENTO... 54 4.4. CRESCIMENTO EM ALTURA 56 4.5. CRESCIMENTO EM DIÂMETRO (DAP) 59 4.6. VOLUME EM MADEIRA 60 4.7. VALOR FORRAGEIRO (TEOR DE MINERAIS) EM LEUCENA. 63 5. CONCLUSÕES 70 6. RESUMO. 72 SUMMARY . 73 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS 74 APENDICE 84 BIOGRAFIA 95 V i i LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA Página 1 Localização de Petrolina no Nordeste e regiões bioclimáticas, segundo classificação de HAR- GREAVES74 30 2 Balanço hídrico da região de Petrolina pelo mé- todo de Thornthwaite e Mather 31 vi i i LISTA DE QUADROS QUADRO Pagina 1 Altura e DAP medios em plantios de L. Izucoce.- phala (Lam) de Wit, em Linhares, aos 22 meses de idade 18 2 Média dos dados meteorológicos da área experi- mental, no período de janeiro de 1979 a dezem- bro de 1 981 33 3 Balanço hídrico mensal segundo Thornthwaite Mather (MOTA101) no período de janeiro 1979 a dez embro 1981 4 Dados referentes âs análises química do solo, do local do experimento 3 8 5 Dados referentes a origem e procedências de E. alba 40 6 Descrição dos tratamentos 4 2 7 Sobrevivência das espécies até os 33 meses de idade 49 8 Classificação dos fustes das espécies e proce- dências em estudo, na Região de Petrol i na - PE, de acordo com FERREIRA & ARAOJO59, aos 33 me- ses de idade ^ 2 9 Dados relativos as dimensões de folha, frutos e sementes de L. Zzu.coce.ph.ala na região de Pe- i X QUADRO Página trolina, PE 53 10 Características de germinação, testes físicos e de vigor em sementes de L. lo.ucoczphala, na re - gião de Pernambuco, PE, aos 29 meses de idade... 55 11 Incidência de Oncido.fiQ.6 sp. em L. lo.ucoczphala, P. jult^loia e E. alba na região de Petrolina, PE 57 12 Midia de altura de L. lnucoczphala, P. jailli oía e E. alba aos 6, 12, 24 e 33 meses de idade, em Petrolina, PE 58 13 Valores médios observados para o DAP aos 33 me- ses de idade de L. leacoczphala, P. jult^loia e diferentes origens de P. alba em Petrolina, PE.. 50 14 Fator de forma encontrado para L. le.ucoczphala, P. jult^loAa e diversas origens de E. alba, aos 33 meses de idade, em Petrolina, PE.... 61 15 Volume estimado para L. lo.ucoco.phala e procedên- cias de E. alba, em Petrolina, PE, aos 33 meses de idade 16 Concentrações de minerais em diferentes partes da planta de L. laucoczphala na região de Petro- lina, PE 64 17 Necessidades diárias em elementos minerais, na matéria seca para alguns animais, segundo ANDRI- guetto et allV 66 18 Teores de minerais e Proteína Bruta de L. le.uco- caphala da região de Petrolina, PE, com outras espécies e locais de estudo 68 X 1. INTRODUÇÃO O Nordeste Brasileiro com área de 1.548.672 km2 repre- senta 18,2% da superfície do Pais. Nesta região, com caracte - rísticas e potenciais diversos, marcada por crises climáticas, encontra-se o semi-árido brasileiro, que ocupa grande parte do "Polígono das Secas". A região denominada "Caatinga", com aproximadamente 602.460 km2 perfaz 39,9% do Nordeste, sem considerar outras ã- reas com problemas de seca denominadas "SeridÕ","Sertão", "Car- rasco", "Cariris Velhos" e "Curimataú", apresentados por DU- QUE51 no mapeamento das regiões naturais do Nordeste. A vege - tação natural destas regiões é a caatinga. Para o cultivo nas regiões áridas e semi-áridas do Nor- deste tem-se utilizado a irrigação e o plantio de algumas plan- tas de características xerofiticas, tais como: algodão moco, maniçoba, cajueiro, agave, palma forrageira, carnaubeira e pe- quizeiro. A vegetação natural tem sido utilizada como pastos, e as práticas de ref1 orestamento ainda são desconhecidas. A caatinga, submetida durante muito tempo ã exploração empírica, encontra-se numa fase de regressão com o gradual de- saparecimento de algumas espécies vegetais, utilizadas tanto para o pastejo como para a produção de madeira. Com o decor- rer dos anos, essa vegetação não terá mais condições de supor- tar as atividades que nela se desenvolvem, não se constituindo 2 mais em um fator de fixação do homem (ALBUQUERQUE1). Para melhor aproveitamento dessa região, necessário se faz o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre manejo e introdução de e s p 8 c i es florestais de uso múltiplo, de crescimento rápido, a- dequadas ãs condições locais, a fim de contribuirem para o au- mentoda produção de madeira e de alimento. Esses propósitos vão de encontro ao III Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento-PNDm, que para o setor de agricultura e abastecimento, enfatiza na área de atividades florestais os programas de agro-si 1vi cul tu- ra , para que contribuam mais na oferta de alimentos e na gera- ção de energia.
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