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Midwest Social Sciences Journal Volume 23 Issue 1 Article 15 11-2020 Volume 23, Full Contents MSSJ Staff Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/mssj Part of the Anthropology Commons, Business Commons, Criminology Commons, Economics Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Geography Commons, History Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, Political Science Commons, Psychology Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Staff, MSSJ (2020) "Volume 23, Full Contents," Midwest Social Sciences Journal: Vol. 23 : Iss. 1 , Article 15. Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/mssj/vol23/iss1/15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Midwest Social Sciences Journal by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Staff: Volume 23, Full Contents ISSN 1522-7030 (print) ISSN 1937-7770 (online) MIDWEST SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL Volume 23 (2020) www.iass1.org Anthropology • Business • Criminology • Economics • History Political Science • Psychology • Sociology • Environmental Studies Gender Studies • International Studies • Urban Studies SENIOR EDITOR Kenneth D. Colburn, Jr., PhD Butler University DEPUTY EDITORS Nirupama Devaraj, PhD Bharath Ganesh Babu, PhD Valparaiso University MANAGING EDITOR Mary C. Moore, PhD Julie Cripps University of Indianapolis COPY EDITOR Stephanie R. S. Stringham 1 Midwest Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 23 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 15 https://scholar.valpo.edu/mssj/vol23/iss1/15 2 Staff: Volume 23, Full Contents ISSN 1522-7030 (print) ISSN 1937-7770 (online) MIDWEST SOCIAL SCIENCES JOURNAL Volume 23 (2020) www.iass1.org Anthropology • Business • Criminology • Economics • History Political Science • Psychology •Sociology • Environmental Studies Gender Studies • International Studies • Urban Studies SENIOR EDITOR Kenneth D. Colburn, Jr., PhD Butler University DEPUTY EDITOR Nirupama Devaraj, PhD Bharath Ganesh Babu, PhD Valparaiso University MANAGING EDITOR Mary C. Moore, PhD Julie Cripps University of Indianapolis COPY EDITOR Stephanie R. S. Stringham EDITORIAL OFFICE Valparaiso University ASB 364 1400 Chapel Drive Valparaiso, IN 46383 [email protected] (219) 464-6023 3 Midwest Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 23 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 15 Objectives of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences The objectives of the Academy shall be to facilitate a more effective cooperation among social scientists, to promote the interests of the several social sciences, and to increase the usefulness and advance the effectiveness of both teaching and research in the several social sciences in Indiana. © 2020 The Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences <www.iass1.org> ii https://scholar.valpo.edu/mssj/vol23/iss1/15 4 Staff: Volume 23, Full Contents Established in 1929 and incorporated in 1937, the Academy exists to foster communication and collaboration among social scientists across the public and private colleges and universities of Indiana. The Academy is dedicated to the objectives of supporting social science research and dialogue and to promoting the value and visibility of the social sciences in Indiana while providing an environment in which social scientists across the state can interact in cooperation and friendship. The Academy holds an annual meeting and produces Endnotes (IASS Newsletter) and publishes the Midwest Social Sciences Journal. The Academy currently recognizes the following social science disciplines: anthropology, business, criminology, economics, history, geography, psychology, political science, and sociology. Environmental studies, gender studies, urban studies, and international studies utilizing social science perspectives and methods are also represented by the Academy. Others may be added by approval of the Board. iii 5 Midwest Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 23 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 15 BOARD OF DIRECTORS, 2019–2020 Executive Committee Directors at Large • Dulce Maria Scott • Demetra Andrews President Indiana University–Purdue Anderson University University Indianapolis • Monica Solinas-Saunders • James Thomas (Retired) Vice President Indiana University Northwest Indiana University Northwest • James Old • Aimee Stephanie Adam Valparaiso University Administrative Secretary Indiana University Southeast • Laura Merrifield Wilson University of Indianapolis • Selena Doss Sanderfer Executive Secretary • Melissa Stacer Western Kentucky University University of Southern Indiana • Micah Pollak • J. Michael Raley Treasurer Hanover College Indiana University Northwest • Evelyn D. Ravuri • Ken Colburn Saginaw State Valley University Senior Editor of the Journal Butler University • Jonathan Swarts Bharath Ganesh-Babu Past President Valparaiso University Purdue University Northwest Webmaster iv https://scholar.valpo.edu/mssj/vol23/iss1/15 6 Staff: Volume 23, Full Contents MISSION AND EDITORIAL POLICY The purpose of the Midwest Social Sciences Journal is to promote and advance the social sciences in Indiana by publishing the highest quality social science theory and research papers available. The Journal recognizes and supports the many diverse perspectives and methods across the several social sciences; it neither espouses nor champions any specific ideological, theoretical, methodological, or political commitments. The Journal is committed to intellectual integrity, rigorous standards of scholarship, and rational and civil discourse. It encourages the presentation and free exchange of diverse viewpoints and seeks to foster open and critical inquiry that privileges no particular standpoint while operating within the limits of a standard of discourse and reason that distinguishes between the pursuit of knowledge and truth versus mere assertions of dogma. Although every effort will be made to publish issues that represent a fair balance of scholarship across the entire spectrum of social science disciplines, the Journal’s first priority will always be to publish the best social science research available at any given time, regardless of disciplinary representation. Toward this end, papers will be accepted for editorial review and publication in the annual issue of the journal at any time of year, whether or not they were presented at the Annual Conference. Persons who submit articles for review are expected to adhere to Author Submission Guidelines detailed elsewhere in this journal and online at www.iass1.org. The Journal has been published annually in the fall both in print and online since Volume 14 (2010–2011). Articles submitted for possible publication are subject to a double-blind review process. The Senior Editor in Chief alone is responsible for making the final decision on all manuscripts and content for publication in the Journal, and the Senior Editor’s decision on publication content is not subject to review by any other member, officer, or body of the Indiana Academy of the Social Sciences. v 7 Midwest Social Sciences Journal, Vol. 23 [2020], Iss. 1, Art. 15 SENIOR EDITOR’S NOTE Volume 23 (2020) of MSSJ represents my final issue as Senior Editor. I am very pleased to be turning the editor’s role over to the incoming Co-Senior Editors, Nirupama Deveraj and Bharath Ganesh Babu, both of Valparaiso University. Niru and Bharath currently serve as Deputy Editors and have been actively involved in the IASS over the past decade. I have no doubt they will carry forward the best traditions, knowledge, and innovation that have marked the journal for these past 10 years. I wish them every success as the new coeditors of this journal. This year’s volume offers eight richly researched and dynamic papers on the themes of discrimination and inclusion-exclusion, overlapping with law, deviance, and crime, explored from several social science disciplines and time periods. The first paper is an invited research essay from Professor Laura Wilson on the topic of how far women have come politically since the 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote, was ratified 100 years ago—and how far they have to go to gain equity and inclusion in political life and participation as citizens in our country. Dr. Wilson graciously stepped in to write her paper on a topic parallel to Dr. Christina Wolbrecht’s 2019 Keynote presentation at our annual meeting at Valparaiso University, after Dr. Wolbrecht was unable to do so. Following up on the theme of women’s exclusion from major academic roles as doctoral students and professors, Bruce Bigelow introduces readers to the remarkable life and career of one Indiana woman, Elfrieda Lang, who bravely defied the odds and obstacles to earn a PhD in history from Indiana University in 1950, at the age of 46. As Dr. Bigelow notes, “In 1950, 288 doctorates were awarded to history students in American universities, of which 31 (9 percent), including Lang, were females.” Women’s positions in higher education in the United States today have certainly advanced in some major ways, though they continue to lag in others. Even while the overall majority of doctorates in the United States are awarded to women, with women well ahead of men in such fields as public administration, health sciences, education, arts, humanities, and the social-behavioral sciences, men earn the lion’s share of doctorates in the STEM fields of “engineering (76.6%), mathematics and computer sciences (74.9%) and physical and earth sciences (65.9%)” (CGS/GRE Graduate Enrollment & Degrees: 2007–2017