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Coconut Barrier Across the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh

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Coconut Barrier Across the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Feature A Limited Publication of Strategy for Environmental Development (SED) Coconut Barrier across the Coastal Areas of Bangladesh Strategy for Environmental Development (SED) Copyright © Strategy for Environmental Development Foundation, 2016, all rights reserved. Published By Strategy for Environmental Development Foundation House: 209, Kadam Ali Road, South Manda, Mugda Dhaka - 1214, Bangladesh. Phone: +880-1553-657919, +880-1954-098845 Email: [email protected] This publication is the property of Strategy for Environmental Development Foundation and may be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole with proper citation, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. Any changes to the text of this publication must be approved by Strategy for Environmental Development Foundation. Enquiries should be addressed to: [email protected]. Prologue The barrier can be made either by bricks or by trees. But the brick barrier is not Bangladesh is located in South Asia and appropriate to the environmental issues can be located on a map using the and cost huge amount of money. So, we can geographic coordinates of 24°N, 90°E. The make a tree barrier across the coastal area country is very marshy as it is situated in a which protect us from such cyclones and low-lying coastal area and experiences a lot spates and has no impact on environment. of annual rainfall. Unfortunately, the So, it can be called “Green Barrier” which country suffers from floods, cyclones, can be made by tree plantation across the tornadoes and tidal bores on an annual coastal areas of Bangladesh. But there are basis. However, the country also enjoys so many types of trees which can be fit for very fertile soil and an extensive network the weather and soil of coastal areas. And of rivers that is advantageous to for that reason, coconut tree is more agriculture. appropriate for the soil and weather and Though Bangladesh is a tropical country can be used as barrier. with 710 km coastline, and it has In this report, we explain and try to find out sometimes effected by cyclones, but the the result of such “Coconut Barrier” and its coastal area has no such construction, environmental and economic value. And for either man made or natural to protect the that explanation, we must understand the coastal area from cyclones. So, the coastal climate of Bangladesh; learn about the area needs a barrier which can protect the coconut tree and its economic value, and area from huge destruction by made how the barrier thing can work and the cyclones and spate. So, it can protect the combination of the coastal area’s people and lives of people of coastal area and decrease the project to face the natural calamities. the total amount of losses. Climate of Bangladesh Bangladesh has a subtropical monsoon climate characterized by wide seasonal variations in rainfall, moderately warm temperatures, and high humidity. Regional climatic differences in this flat country are minor. Three seasons are generally recognized: a hot, humid summer from March to June; a cool, rainy monsoon season from June to October; and a cool, dry winter from October to March. In general, maximum summer temperatures range between 32°C and 38°C. April is the warmest month in most parts of the country. January is the coldest month, when the average temperature for most of the country is 10°C. Winds are mostly from the north and Image: Coconut Trees in an Island northwest in the winter, blowing gently at 2 | P a g e one to three kilometers per hour in northern significant impact both on social life and and central areas and three to six topography of the country. kilometers per hour near the coast. From March to May, violent thunderstorms, Bangladesh has effected by so many natural called northwesters by local English calamities, but the disaster which effects much in the coastal areas are cyclone and speakers, produce winds of up to sixty kilometers per hour. spate. So, in this assignment we mainly deal with the cyclones and its effects on the The forests of Bangladesh cover about 10% coastal areas of Bangladesh. of the country and fall distinctly into three Tropical cyclones are frequent in the Bay of regional varieties: the forest in the tidal Bengal. Immediately pre-monsoon and post- zones along the coast, mostly Sundarbans monsoon periods are the seasons when (often mangrove but sometimes hardwood); the forest of Sal trees (hardwood) around cyclones and depressions form in the Bay of Dhaka, Tangail and Mymensingh; and the Bengal. Bangladesh has the worst record of forests of tropical and subtropical cyclones and storm surges in the world. evergreens in the Chittagong Hill Tracts They destroy crops, damage infrastructure, and parts of Sylhet. Half of the remaining homes and vital installations, and cause widespread health hazards for the forest is in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and a people. The cyclone disasters in 1970 further quarter in the Sundarbans, with the (300,000 dead) and 1991 (138,000 dead) are rest scattered in small pockets throughout the country. among the worst natural disasters in the world. Most of the areas of Bangladesh lie within the broad delta formed by the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Lands are exceedingly flat, low-lying, and subject to annual flooding. Much fertile, alluvial soil is deposited by the floodwaters. The only significant area of hilly terrain, constituting less than one-tenth of the nation's territory, is the Chittagong Hill Tracts in the narrow southeastern panhandle of the country. There, on the border with Burma, is Mowdok Mual (1003 m/3292 ft), the country's highest peak. Image: Cyclone Disaster in Bangladesh Coastal Area In the 1991 ‘super cyclone’ (which was a Natural Disasters storm of exceptional intensity with wind Bangladesh is prone to many kinds of velocities up to 225 km/hr) a large number natural disasters. Of these natural of deaths occurred mainly in three coastal disasters, the most important ones to districts in the Eastern Zone: Chittagong mention are tropical cyclones with (79,697 dead and 2600 injured) Cox’s Bazar associated storm-surges, floods, droughts, (51.147 dead and 133,000 injured) and tornadoes and river-bank erosions. Besides Noakhali (8,878 dead and 995 injured) see these disastrous weather systems, the Table-2 for rest other districts. Half a occurrences of earthquakes at times make million cases of diarrheal disease were also 3 | P a g e reported from the affected areas. In sum, continues to remain predominately on the cyclone wreaked enormous social and agricultural sector depending largely on the economic havoc on these exceptionally vagaries of weather, which are not always vulnerable communities from which they favorable. The inclement weather systems, have not yet recovered. The economic losses which are of course seasonal, make alone from the cyclone are estimated at US$ Bangladesh the most victims of natural 2.4 billion. The loss of life was, however, calamities, causing at times colossal loss of substantially less than the 1.2 million lives and properties. people killed by the 1970 cyclone. There are also some cyclones which are Coastal Zone of Bangladesh effected Bangladesh badly in recent times are Cyclone Aila, Cyclone Akash, Cyclone The southern part of Bangladesh falls Bijli, Cyclone Nargis, Cyclone Sidr. These under coastal zone that receives discharge cyclones affect Bangladesh’s coastal area of numerous rivers, including Ganges- and cause so many deaths and Brahmputra-Meghna (GBM) river system, infrastructural damages. creating one of the most productive ecosystems of the world. Except Chittagong- Cox’s Bazaar, all parts of the coastal zone are plain land with extensive river networks and accreted land, which is known in Bangladesh as char land. India is at the west of the zone whereas Myanmar is at the east of the coast. Pramanik has divided the Bangladesh coastal zone into three regions namely eastern, central and western coastal region. However, the shape of the coastal zone is quite unstable and changing time to time due to erosion and accretion. Image: Cyclone Disaster in Bangladesh Coastal Area Eastern coastal zone Now we can analysis the economic condition of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is the highest The eastern coastal zone starts from population densities in the world with about Bodormokam, the southern tip of mainland 837 inhabitants per sq. kilometers. The to the Feni river estuary. This zone is very total population is estimated at 125 million narrow. A series of small hills are run with an annual growth rate of 2.2%. The parallel to this zone. Karnafully, Sangu and per capita income of Bangladesh is around Matamuhury River falls into the Bay of US$ 280.00. With this level of per capita Bengal in this area. The Naf River falls to income and the literacy rate is as low as the Bay of Bengal dividing Bangladesh from 44.43 percent (male: 50.4%, female: 28.5%, Myanmar. Soil characteristics of the urban: 63.00%, rural: 36.6%), the socio- eastern coastal zone are dominated by economic imperative for sustainable submerged sands and mudflats. The development of the country is mainly submerged sand of the zone has formed a alleviation of poverty of the vast majority of long sandy beach of 145 km from Cox’s the population living in villages as well as Bazar towards Teknaf. Two of the country’s in urban areas and earning livelihood on most important sandy beaches from agriculture and other means. The economy tourists’ perspective, namely Patenga and 4 | P a g e Cox’s Bazar are located in this coastal zone. The western coastal zone is covered by the Fish farming, fishing in the bay, salt Sundarbans mangrove forest, covering production and tourism are main economic greater Khulna and part of Patuakhali activities of the zone.
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