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Evaluation of the Biological Control Program of Groundsel Bush (Baccharis Halimifolia L

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Evaluation of the Biological Control Program of Groundsel Bush (Baccharis Halimifolia L Evaluation of the biological control program of groundsel bush (Baccharis halimifolia L. Asteraceae) Nichole Maree Sims-Chilton BAppSc(Hons)/BInfoTech A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in October 2009 School of Biological Sciences, The Ecology Centre Primary supervisor: Dr Yvonne Buckley Co-supervisors: Professor Myron Zalucki Dr Adele Reid 1 Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my research higher degree candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the General Award Rules of The University of Queensland, immediately made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. ………………………………………………. N Sims-Chilton 2 Statement of Contributions to Jointly Authored Works Chapter 2 is taken directly from a manuscript (Accepted – Plant Protection Quarterly) by Nikki Sims-Chilton and Dane Panetta. The manuscript was written by the candidate with structural and editorial advice from Dane Panetta. Chapter 3 is taken directly from a manuscript (Sims-Chilton et al., 2009) by Nikki Sims-Chilton, Myron Zalucki and Yvonne Buckley. The ideas and design of the study were developed by all three authors. The data collection was conducted solely by the candidate. The data analysis was conducted by the candidate with assistance from Yvonne Buckley. The manuscript was constructed and written by the candidate with editorial advice from Myron Zalucki and Yvonne Buckley. Chapter 4 is taken directly from a manuscript (In preparation for submission) by Nikki Sims-Chilton, Satu Ramula, Myron Zalucki, Adele Reid and Yvonne Buckley. The ideas and design of the experiments were developed by Nikki Sims-Chilton, Myron Zalucki, Adele Reid and Yvonne Buckley. The data from the experiments was collected solely by the candidate. The statistical analyses were conducted by the candidate with assistance from Yvonne Buckley. Satu Ramula assisted with the matrix models and developed the code for the bootstrap. The manuscript was constructed and written by the candidate with editorial advice from all authors. Chapter 5 is taken directly from a manuscript (In preparation for submission) by Nikki Sims-Chilton, Myron Zalucki and Ben Lawson. The literature review was conducted solely by the candidate and the structure of the paper was then developed by all three authors. Ben Lawson offered substantial advice on the phenological aspect of the manuscript. The manuscript was constructed and written by the candidate with editorial advice from Myron Zalucki and Ben Lawson. Chapter 6 is taken directly from a manuscript (In Press) by Nikki Sims-Chilton, Myron Zalucki and Yvonne Buckley. The data collection for the model was conducted solely by the candidate. The CLIMEX model was developed by Nikki Sims-Chilton with technical advice and assistance from Myron Zalucki. The statistical analysis was conducted by the candidate with advice and assistance from Yvonne Buckley. The manuscript was constructed and written by the candidate with editorial advice from Myron Zalucki and Yvonne Buckley. 3 Appendix A is taken directly from a manuscript (Morin et al., 2009) by Louise Morin, Adele Reid, Nikki Sims-Chilton, Yvonne Buckley, Kunjithapatham Dhileepan, Graeme Hastwell, Tom Nordblom, Sathyamurthy Raghu. The candidate wrote the Demographic modelling section with initial ideas and editorial assistance from Yvonne Buckley. The candidate also offered editorial advice on the manuscript as a whole. Parts of this manuscript, written by the candidate, can be found in the Introduction (Chapter 1). Statement of Contributions by Others to the Thesis as a Whole Introduction (Chapter 1) - Editorial advice was provided by Yvonne Buckley, Myron Zalucki, Adele Reid, and Jennifer Firn. Chapter 2 - Editorial advice was provided by Richard Groves. Chapter 3 - Editorial advice was provided by John Hoffmann (Editor) and two reviewers of Biological Control: John Wilson and an anonymous reviewer, as well as Adele Reid, Jennifer Firn and Céline Clech-Goods. Chapter 4 - Editorial advice was provided by Jennifer Firn and the members of the School of Integrative Biology postgraduate writing group. Chapter 5 - Editorial advice was provided by Bill Palmer, Bob Sutherst, Jennifer Firn and Céline Clech-Goods. Chapter 6 - Editorial advice was provided by Jennifer Firn and Céline Clech-Goods. Discussion (Chapter 7) - Editorial advice was provided by Yvonne Buckley, Myron Zalucki, Adele Reid and Jennifer Firn. Two examiners also provided comments on this entire thesis. 4 Statement of Parts of the Thesis Submitted to Qualify for the Award of Another Degree None Published Works by the Author Incorporated into the Thesis Incorporated as Chapter 3 Sims-Chilton, N. M., Zalucki, M. P., Buckley, Y. M., 2009. Patchy herbivore and pathogen damage throughout the introduced Australian range of groundsel bush, Baccharis halimifolia, is influenced by rainfall, elevation, temperature, plant density and size. Biological Control 50, 13–20. Incorporated as Chapter 6 Sims-Chilton, N.M., Zalucki, M.P., Buckley, Y.M., In Press. Long-term climate effects are confounded with the biological control programme against the invasive weed Baccharis halimifolia in Australia DOI 10.1007/s10530-010-9705-z Incorporated as Appendix A (some sections extracted for Introduction – Chapter 1) Morin, L., Reid, A. M., Sims-Chilton, N. M., Buckley, Y. M., Dhileepan, K., Hastwell, G. T., Nordblom, T. L., Raghu, S., 2009. Review of approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of weed biological control agents. Biological Control 51, 1–15. Additional Published Works by the Author Relevant to the Thesis but not Forming Part of it Sims, N.M., Buckley, Y.M., Reid, A.M., & Zalucki, M.P. (2008) Prevalence of biological control agents on groundsel bush in relation to plant size and survey site. In 16th Australian Weeds Conference (eds R.D. van Klinken, V.A. Osten, F.D. Panetta & J.C. Scanlan), pp. 159–161. Queensland Weeds Society, Brisbane, Cairns. Sims, N.M., Buckley, Y.M., Zalucki, M.P., & Reid, A. (2006) The use of models in long-term post- release biological control evaluation. In 15th Australian Weeds Conference (eds C. Preston, J.H. Watts & N.D. Crossman), pp. 601–604. Weed Management Society of South Australia Inc., Adelaide, Australia. 5 Acknowledgements Many thanks to my primary supervisor Dr Yvonne Buckley who pushed me beyond limits I never thought possible. I am sincerely grateful for Yvonne’s knowledge, patience and encouragement throughout the entire PhD process. Thanks to Prof Myron Zalucki, a co-supervisor and wealth of knowledge. Myron was very generous with his time and always made me think outside the square. Thanks also to my other co-supervisor Dr Adele Reid. Adele always listened to my issues with empathy and managed to comment and edit my work thoroughly whilst caring for a new baby. Thanks to all of the people who took the time to assist me with field work. My data collection would have been impossible without the company and assistance of these wonderful volunteers. Thanks to David Perović and my sister-in-law Sarah Chilton, for always dropping everything to help out for days on end, Niels Hintzen and James Hereward for accompanying me on the long survey trips, Rebecca Roach for assisting in seed germination experiments and everyone else who helped out for days here and there including: Blair Chilton, Jennifer Firn, Adam Dinsdale, Satu Ramula, Megan Ward and Thomas Honegger. Thanks also to everyone in the Buckley lab, Spatial Ecology Lab, the School of Biological Sciences and at the Alan Fletcher Research Station. I am very grateful for your friendship, assistance and advice over the past few years. I wish to acknowledge the source of funding for my PhD research and conference travel: CRC for Australian Weed Management. The CRC was a fantastic organisation that provided a vast amount of support for its students and will be missed. Melinda McNaught (BSc(Hons) Zoology, PhD) kindly edited this thesis as a whole in accordance with Standard E (Completeness and Consistency) of the Australian Standards for Editing Practice. I am indebted to all of my friends who have supported me, in particular, Jennifer Firn and Céline Clech-Goods: for your consistent support, hot chocolates and motivation to keep going. Thank you also for all of your proof-reading and editing, it really did make a difference. Thanks to my immediate and extended families, in particular, Mum, Dad and Ashley as well as my in- laws, the Chilton clan for always believing in me and supporting me both morally and financially. Your 6 ongoing support brought me to this point and I am sincerely grateful. I also appreciate the vast number of difficult conversations you endured when you tried to explain what it is I actually did for 4 years. A huge thank you to my best friend and husband Blair for everything; his endless friendship, support, love and patience got me through the PhD process.
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