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Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: a Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier During the First World War
Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War Dr. Salman Bangash. “History is certainly being made in this corridor…and I am sure a great deal more history is going to be made there in the near future - perhaps in a rather unpleasant way, but anyway in an important way.” (Arnold J. Toynbee )1 Introduction No region of the British Empire afforded more grandeur, influence, power, status and prestige then India. The British prominence in India was unique and incomparable. For this very reason the security and safety of India became the prime objective of British Imperial foreign policy in India. India was the symbol of appealing, thriving, profitable and advantageous British Imperial greatness. Closely interlinked with the question of the imperial defence of India was the tribal belt2 or tribal areas in the North-West Frontier region inhabitant by Pashtun ethnic groups. The area was defined topographically as a strategic zone of defence, which had substantial geo-political and geo-strategic significance for the British rule in India. Tribal areas posed a complicated and multifaceted defence problem for the British in India during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Peace, stability and effective control in this sensitive area was vital and indispensable for the security and defence of India. Assistant Professor, Department of History, University of Peshawar, Pakistan 1 Arnold J. Toynbee, „Impressions of Afghanistan and Pakistan‟s North-West Frontier: In Relation to the Communist World,‟International Affairs, 37, No. 2 (April 1961), pp. -
Introduction Afghanistan in 1914
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Afghanistan Book Section How to cite: Beattie, Hugh (2016). Afghanistan. In: Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan and Nasson, Bill eds. 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c [not recorded] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.15463/ie1418.10957 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Version 1.0 | Last updated 02 September 2016 Afghanistan By Hugh Beattie Since 1905 Britain had paid the Afghan ruler, Amir Habibullah, a subsidy and had controlled Afghanistan’s foreign relations, and he maintained Afghanistan’s neutrality throughout World War I in spite of strong pressure to induce him to join the Central Powers. The war did not have much of an impact on most Afghans (although there were shortages of some commodities), but many died in the global influenza outbreak which began in 1918. When the war ended, Britain failed to reward the Amir for his refusal to take advantage of British weakness during it, and he was assassinated early in 1919. His successor, Amir Amanullah, launched the third Anglo-Afghan War, following which the country became fully independent, but Amanullah’s hasty modernization was to lead to his overthrow in 1929. -
TOCQUEVILLE in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE the OTTOMAN EMPIRE and ITS HERITAGE Politics, Society and Economy
TOCQUEVILLE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS HERITAGE Politics, Society and Economy edited by Suraiya Faroqhi and Halil Inalcik Advisory Board Fikret Adanir • Idris Bostan • Amnon Cohen • Cornell Fleischer Barbara Flemming • Alexander de Groot • Klaus Kreiser Hans Georg Majer • Irène Mélikoff • Ahmet Yas¸ar Ocak Abdeljelil Temimi • Gilles Veinstein • Elizabeth Zachariadou VOLUME 28 TOCQUEVILLE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE Rival Paths to the Modern State BY ARIEL SALZMANN BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2004 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on http://catalog.loc.gov ISSN 1380-6076 ISBN 90 04 10887 4 © Copyright 2004 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, Rosewood Drive 222, Suite 910 Danvers MA 01923, USA Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands SALZMAN_f1-v-xv 11/12/03 11:08 AM Page v v To my mother and father This page intentionally left blank SALZMAN_f1-v-xv 11/12/03 11:08 AM Page vii vii CONTENTS List of Illustrations ...................................................................... ix Preface ........................................................................................ xi List of Abbreviations .................................................................. xiii Note on Transliteration ............................................................ xv Introduction: Tocqueville’s Ghost .................................................. 1 In Search of an Archive ................................................... -
Serdar Soyler: Kerim Sipahiler: Huseyin Kurt: Firuz Baglikaya: Bahadir Yasik: There Is Only One Istanbul
turizm YEAR:aktüel 21 • NUMBER: 2018/4 • MAY/2018 • YIL: 21 • SAYI 2018/4 • MAYIS/2018 • ISSN: 1301- 4587 SERDAR SOYLER: YOU WILL FEEL HAPPY FIRUZ WHEN YOU ARE IN TURKEY BAGLIKAYA: MICE HAS BECOME A SECTOR ITSELF IN TURKEY TURKEYWILL BE THE CENTER OF CONGRESS TOURISM BAHADIR YASIK: KERIM SIPAHILER: ISTANBUL ISTANBUL DESERVES TO RETURNS TO BE IN THE FIRST PLACE IN ITS OLD DAYS INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS IN CONGRESS AND EVENTS! TOURISM THERE IS ONLY ONE ISTANBUL WHY ISTANBUL FOR CONGRESSES? HUSEYIN KURT: WE WILL ORGANIZE A WORLD WIDE MICE ORGANIZATION IN TURKEY EVENT TECHNOLOGIES Just imagine Everywhere where there is sound, light, music and CONCERT vision.. LAUNCH CONFERENCE FESTIVAL MEETING SOUND CONGRESS LIGHT WEDDING & INVITATION MUSIC FASHION SHOW MEET WITH VISION SUCCESS AT OPENING CEREMONIES LED SCREEN NOVOTEL HOTELS SPORT ACTIVITIES S T A G E IN TURKEY PROMOTIONAL FILMS PERFORMING ARTS FAIR Straddling two continents, Turkey fascinates and intrigues visitors. Homeland to many civilizations, Turkey is an ideal destination both for business and leisure travellers with many stylish addresses designed to provide expert guidance for your conferences,meetings, and seminars. Enjoy our modern and spacious rooms and meeting facilities equipped with latest technology, relax and unwind in our well being areas and savour your tastebuds with tempting Turkish cuisine. Our professional service team will look after every detail and ensure the success and quality of your Meeting at Novotel in Turkey. Novotel Istanbul Zeytinburnu . Novotel Istanbul Bosphorus . Novotel Gaziantep . Novotel Kayseri Novotel Konya . Novotel Diyarbakır Phone Number: +90 212 243 22 69 www.mavigrup.com mavigruptechnicalproduction maviweddingmusic novotel.com | accorhotels.com | [email protected] | +90 (212) 414 3930 Turizm Aktüel WE AIM TO Year: 21 • Number: 2018/4 • May/2018 Yıl: 21 • Sayı 2018/4 • Mayıs/2018 ISSN: 1301- 4587 GIVE DIRECTIONS PUBLISHING CENTER TO THE WORLD YAYIN MERKEZI Kent Turizm Araştırmaları ve Yayıncılık MICE SECTOR Yerebatan Cad. -
Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection Bibliography - Volume II: English and European Languages Shaista Wahab
University of Nebraska at Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection Digitized Books 2000 Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection Bibliography - Volume II: English and European Languages Shaista Wahab Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Wahab, Shaista, "Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection Bibliography - Volume II: English and European Languages " (2000). Books in English. Paper 41. http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno/41 This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. v0ILuNJI: 11: ISH AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGE SHATSTA WAHAB Dagefimle Publishing Lincoln, Nebraska Copl;rii$i~ G3009 Univcrsit!; oSNebraska at Omaha. All rights rcscrved. No part of this publication may be reproducc.d. stored in n rm-ieval syslcm, or Iransmitted in any fonn or by any nwans, electronic, niccllanical, photocopied, recorded. or O~~IL'ITV~SC, without 111c prior uritten permission of the au~lior.For in t'ornlation. wi[c Arthur Paul Afgllanistan (:ollcction, University Library. Univer-sih of Ncbrnska at Omaha. Onlaha. NE GS 182-0237 Library of Coligrcss C:ii;~logi~~g-in-Puhlic:i~ionData \\rnImb, Shnisla. Arrllur Paul :\l'ghauis~nnCollcc~ion hbliograpliy i Sllais~n\Vahab. v. : ill. ; 23 cln. Includcs irtdts. "Oascd on 11ic t\f;lin~usra~im:~tc~ials avnilablc in rlic .4r1hur Paul :lfghanis~anCollection a[ thc L'nivcrsi~yLibrary. -
Russian Origins of the First World War
The Russian Origins of the First World War The Russian Origins of the First World War Sean McMeekin The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press Cambridge, Massachusetts • London, Eng land 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Sean McMeekin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data McMeekin, Sean, 1974– The Russian origins of the First World War / Sean McMeekin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-674-06210-8 (alk. paper) 1. World War, 1914–1918—Causes. 2. World War, 1914–1918—Russia. 3. Russia—Foreign relations—1894–1917. 4. Imperialism—History— 20th century. 5. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Eastern Front. 6. World War, 1914–1918—Campaigns—Middle East. I. Title. D514.M35 2011 940.3'11—dc23 2011031427 For Ayla Contents Abbreviations ix Author’s Note xi Introduction: History from the Deep Freeze 1 1. The Strategic Imperative in 1914 6 2. It Takes Two to Tango: The July Crisis 41 3. Russia’s War: The Opening Round 76 4. Turkey’s Turn 98 5. The Russians and Gallipoli 115 6. Russia and the Armenians 141 7. The Russians in Persia 175 8. Partitioning the Ottoman Empire 194 9. 1917: The Tsarist Empire at Its Zenith 214 Conclusion: The October Revolution and Historical Amnesia 234 Notes 245 Bibliography 289 Acknowledgments 303 Index 307 Maps The Russian Empire on the Eve of World War I 8 The Polish Salient 18 The Peacetime Deployment of Russia’s Army Corps 20 The Initial Mobilization Pattern on the Eastern Front 83 Russian Claims on Austrian and German Territory 91 “The Straits,” and Russian Claims on Them 132 Russia and the Armenians 167 Persia and the Caucasian Front 187 The Partition of the Ottoman Empire 206 The Eastern Front 219 Abbreviations ATASE Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüt Başkanlığı Arşivi (Archive of the Turkish Gen- eral Staff). -
THE MODERNIZATION of the OTTOMAN NAVY DURING the REIGN of SULTAN ABDÜLAZİZ (1861-1876) By
THE MODERNIZATION OF THE OTTOMAN NAVY DURING THE REIGN OF SULTAN ABDÜLAZİZ (1861-1876) by DİLARA DAL A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies Department of Classics, Ancient History and Archaeology College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham April, 2015 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The main focus of this study is to examine the modernization of the Ottoman navy during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz, exploring naval administration, education, and technology. Giving a summary of the transformation of shipbuilding technologies and bureaucratic institutions of the Ottoman naval forces between 1808 and 1861, it analyses the structure of the Ottoman navy, its level of development in comparison to previous periods of time, and the condition of the vessels making up the naval fleet from 1861 to 1876. It also intends to evaluate the character of existing administrative structures at the outset of Abdülaziz’s reign in 1861 and the nature of subsequent changes, including structural reorganization of the Imperial Naval Arsenal, the Ministry of Marine, and the Naval Academy, as well as advancements in military training and seafaring; all within the context of the impact of these changes on the military, political, and economic condition of the Empire during the reign of Sultan Abdülaziz. -
On the Correspondence of the Adam Czartoryski Party with Imam Shamil and His Naibs*1
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej ■ LIII (3) Przemysław Adamczewski https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-5466 Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences On the correspondence of the Adam Czartoryski party with imam Shamil and his naibs*1 Zarys treści: Artykuł dotyczy korespondencji pomiędzy polskim obozem niepodległościowym, na czele którego stał Adam Czartoryski, a imamem Szamilem i jego naibami. Główną bazę źródłową, na której się oparłem, stanowią dokumenty archiwalne, przechowywane obecnie w Bibliotece Książąt Czartoryskich w Krakowie, a także wspomnienia Michała Czajkowskiego, który w latach 40. XIX w. był agentem A. Czartoryskiego w Stambule. Outline of the contents: The article deals with correspondence between the Polish independ- ence party headed by Adam Czartoryski and imam Shamil and his naibs. The main source base I relied on was archival documents now held at the Czartoryski Princes Library in Kraków, as well as the memoirs of Michał Czajkowski, who was Czartoryski’s agent in Istanbul in the 1840s. Słowa kluczowe: Adam Czartoryski, Michał Czajkowski, imam Szamil, Kaukaz, Rosja Keywords: Adam Czartoryski, Michał Czajkowski, imam Shamil, Caucasus, Russia The relations between 19th-century pro-independence Polish exiles and the lead- ers of Caucasian nations are still an underdeveloped subject, even though many documents concerning this issue can be found in archives both Polish, mostly in Kraków, and foreign, primarily in London, Paris and Istanbul. Until contempo- rary times, the best book discussing this subject was Sprawy kaukaskie w polityce europejskiej w 1831–1863 (Caucasian Questions in European Policy from 1831 to 1863) by Ludwik Widerszal, published before the Second World War, in 1934 (and again in 2011), even though it does not deal specifically with the relations between Polish leaders and the Caucasus. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Lazy, the Idle, The
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Lazy, the Idle, the Industrious: Discourse and Practice of Work and Productivity in Late Ottoman Society A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Melis Hafez 2012 © Copyright by Melis Hafez 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Lazy, the Idle, the Industrious: Discourse and Practice of Work and Productivity in Late Ottoman Society by Melis Hafez Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor James L. Gelvin, Chair This dissertation traces the establishment of a binary between work and laziness from 1839 to 1920, the last century of the Ottoman Empire. Over this period, Ottoman society experienced an epochal shift in the discourses and practices of work. This study examines this shift, first, by exploring how concepts of work and productivity were moralized, socially practiced, militarized and politicized in a non-European modernity project, and second, by demonstrating how this emergent discourse, formulated as an issue of ‘national’ importance, became a constitutive element of the general nation-formation process within the last Ottoman century. I examine the configuration and development of the moralistic discourse of an ‘Islamic work ethic’ as an integral part of creating productive citizens. To do this, I consult an underutilized source, morality books, which display the connection between the mobilization for productivity, modern ii conceptualizations of body and time, and nation formation. Emphasizing the role of social practice in emergent discourses, I investigate how the bureaucratic reforms of the state in the last Ottoman century played a pivotal role in the transformation of concepts and practices of work. -
State and Tribes in Persia 1919-1925
State and Tribes in Persia 1919-1925 A case study On Political Role of the Great Tribes in Southern Persia Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. Phil.) Freie Universität Berlin Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaften Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften vorgelegt von: Javad Karandish Berlin, Januar 2003 Published 2011 1 1. Erstgutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. Wolf-Dieter Narr 2. Zweitgutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. Friedemann Büttner Disputationsdatum: 18.11.2003 2 PART I: GENERAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 12 1. THE STATEMENT OF A PROBLEM .......................................................................................... 12 1.1. Persia After the War.............................................................................................................. 15 2. THE RELEVANT QUESTIONINGS ............................................................................................. 16 3. THEORETICAL BASIS............................................................................................................. 17 4. THE METHOD OF RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 20 5. THE SUBJECT OF DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... -
Uluslararası Osmanlı Döneminde Maraş Sempozyumu III. Cilt
Editör Cevdet Kabakcı Serdar Yakar Takım No 978-605-85898-3-4 ISBN 978-605-85898-6-5 Baskı Dergah Ofset İnş. Oto. San. Tic. Ltd. Şti. Sanat Yönetmeni Eshabil Yıldız Kapak Halil Aydın Dizgi / Mizanpaj Halil Aydın İletişim Adresi Kahramanmaraş Belediyesi Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Müdürlüğü Tel.: 0 344 228 46 00 e posta: [email protected] Birinci Basım: Mart 2013 Bu eser Kahramanmaraş Belediyesinin Bir Kültür Hizmetidir. Uluslararası Osmanlı Döneminde Maraş Sempozyumu III. CİLT 4 - 6 Ekim 2012 Kahramanmaraş Onur Kurulu Kahramanmaraş Valisi Şükrü KOCATEPE Kahramanmaraş Belediye Başkanı Mustafa POYRAZ Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Rektörü Mehmet Fatih KARAASLAN Düzenleme Kurulu Başkan: Cevdet KABAKCI Serdar YAKAR Prof. Dr. Ahmet EYİCİL Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZKARCI Prof. Dr. Orhan DOĞAN Prof. Dr. Sait ÖZTÜRK Doç. Dr. Faruk SÖYLEMEZ Doç. Dr. İlyas GÖKHAN Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mehmet TÜRKMEN Bilim Kurulu Prof. Dr. Ali AKTAN Prof. Dr. Fahamettin BAŞAR Prof. Dr. Orhan DOĞAN Prof. Dr. Recep DİKİCİ Prof. Dr. Mehmet ELİBAĞLI Prof. Dr. Mesut ELİBÜYÜK Prof. Dr. Feridun EMECEN Prof. Dr. Ahmet EYİCİL Prof. Dr. Mehmet İPÇİOĞLU Prof. Dr. Ahmet KANLIDERE Prof. Dr. Ahmet KANGAL Prof. Dr. Hasan Basri KARADEMİR Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KURT Prof. Dr. Zekeriya PAK Prof. Dr. Abdulkadir ÖZCAN Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZKARCI Prof. Dr. Mehmet ÖZ Prof. Dr. Sait ÖZTÜRK Prof. Dr. Metin SÖZEN Prof. Dr. Rafet YİNANÇ Prof. Dr. Kanat CANUZAKOV Prof. Dr. Metalbek BOLGAMBAYEV Prof. Dr. Adilbay J.TASTANOV Prof. Dr. Kanat U.MENBETALİYEV Doç. Dr. Selahattin DÖĞÜŞ Doç. Dr. Nejla GÜNAY Doç. Dr. İlyas GÖKHAN Doç. Dr. Akif ÖZDOĞAN Doç. Dr. Bilgehan PAMUK Doç. Dr. -
Power and Initiative in Twentieth Century Germany
POWER AND INITIATIVE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY GERMANY THE CASE OF HUGO JUNKERS by RICHARD WILLIAM EDWIN BYERS (Under the direction of John Morrow) ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the relationship between private enterprises and nation states in high technology research and applications. As the twentieth century progressed, this relationship became more contentious as state organs, citing national security priorities, attempted to assert their influence on private manufacturers. Nowhere is this relationship better illustrated than in the aircraft industry, and Germany’s geopolitical circumstances during the first half of the twentieth century provide an excellent framework to explore this intersection of interests. The dissertation focuses on the relationship between Professor Hugo Junkers and three successive state regimes in Germany between 1914 and 1934. Already a successful businessman and entrepreneur by the beginning of the First World War, Hugo Junkers continued to pursue plans for all- metal aircraft designs after war began despite wartime supply difficulties and widespread skepticism that such a craft would ever fly. Successful flight trials in 1915 lead to increased official interest in the Junkers firm as a possible military aircraft supplier, and military representatives began negotiations with Junkers over possible production of his aircraft designs. When these negotiations foundered, state officials accused Junkers of pursuing selfish objectives at the state’s expense, and increasingly intervened in the firm’s production processes. Professor Junkers fiercely resisted these incursions, and this resistance permanently damaged relations between the two parties. Throughout the life of the Weimar Republic, Junkers and state officials fought to control the firm’s production and design priorities.