LEARNING REFERENCE SHEET Phonological Awareness: An overall awareness of sound that includes four levels:  Word Level (including concept of word and rhyme-identification and production)  Level  Onset-Rime Level (described below in phonics, yet manipulated orally in phonological awareness activities)  Level (see phonemic awareness below) The syllable, onset-rime, and phoneme levels include activities where units of speech are counted, isolated, segmented, blended, or manipulated (i.., addition, deletion, or substitution). These are all auditory tasks, which are demonstrated verbally by a student.

Phonemic Awareness: Phonemic awareness is the fourth level of phonological awareness. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound. For example, in the word dog, there are 3 , or sounds /d/ /o/ /g/. Description Examples Concept of Word An understanding that sentences are made up of spoken . The dog barked. (3 words) Rhyme Matches in the ending sounds of words. These words can sound alike, but dog-log, moss-sauce may not be spelled alike. Syllable A unit of a word /rain/ /bow/- rainbow Phoneme The smallest unit of speech /ch/ /i/ /ck/ - chick (3 phonemes)

Phonics: A way of using sound/symbol relationships to decode and write words. Adding visual letters to phonological awareness activities turns them into phonics activities. Description Examples Consonant 21 letters of the , not including the . b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z Short Short, or unglided, vowel sounds for a, e, i, o, u apple, egg, ink, octopus, umbrella Long Vowel A sound that is identical to the vowel name. make, beef, light, pole, cute Y Letter y may function as a single consonant or a single vowel in two yes, yuck positions: 1) when it appears at the end of a word with more than one sandy, baby, sixty syllable; 2) when it appears at the end of a word with only one syllable. try, my, cry Consonant-Vowel- A pattern represented when a vowel appears in a word or syllable get, bag, fun, rid, hot Consonant (CVC) surrounded by two consonants. The vowel sound is usually short. Onset The consonant, or consonant cluster, at the beginning of a word. c at, bl ack, sh ut Rime The vowel and all of the letters that follow in common word endings, or c ake, b oat, d uck families. CVCV (silent e) A pattern in which the final e is separated from the first vowel by one ride, rope, make, use consonant. The first vowel usually has a long sound and the e is usually silent. Consonant Two different consonant letters that appear together and represent a single ch, ph, sh, th, wh sound. Consonant Blend Two or three consecutive letters, each representing a separate sound that is bl, cl, fl, gl, pl, sl, spl, br, cr, dr, fr, blended together. gr, pr, tr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, scr, spr, squ, str Long Vowel Two vowels appearing together that represent a single sound. ee, ei, oe, ie, ea, ai, oa, ay, ow Digraphs Vowel Two vowel letters that appear together and represent a blending of the oi, oy, ow, ou sounds often associated with each letter. R Controlled A vowel, followed by r, that is neither long nor short but has a sound ar, er, ir, or, ur Vowel determined largely by the following r. Silent Letters Consonant letters, not representing sounds, but serving as markers for kn, gn, wr, bt, mb, tch certain language patterns. Closed Syllable A syllable containing one vowel and ending with a consonant. pic nic, but ton Open Syllable A syllable where the vowel is the last letter in the syllable. o pen, be gin, ti ger Compound Word A word made of two smaller words. rainbow, bookend, tabletop Prefix An affix, or meaning-based unit, added to the beginning of a word. un, dis, en, ex, re, pre Suffix An affix, or meaning-based unit, added to the end of a word. ed, ing, ful, ness, er, est Multisyllabic A word, made up of more than one syllable, which may include different closed-mag net Word syllable patterns (i.e., closed, open, vowel-consonant-e, vowel-r, vowel- open-ti ger pair, vowel-combination, le). vowel-consonant-e-tape worm vowel-r-tur tle vowel-pair-sail boat vowel-combination-blow er le-bub ble Adapted from: Phonics, Phonemic Awareness, and Word Analysis for Teachers and Reading First Materials