Studia Rodensia Vii

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Studia Rodensia Vii STUDIA RODENSIA VII Onder redactie van Dr. Paul Hamans Dr. Bernhard Hegge Dr. Lambert Hendriks ii Geschiedenis van de katholieke kerk Band 1: de vroege kerk en de Middeleeuwen Dr. P.W.F.M. Hamans Par thenon iii Uitgeverij Parthenon Postbus 22199, 1302 CD Almere www.uitgeverijparthenon.nl IMPRIMATUR Mgr. F. Wiertz, bisschop van Roermond, 7 november 2014 © 2014 P.W.F.M. Hamans | Uitgeverij Parthenon. Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets van deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elek- tronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of op enig andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de rechthebbenden. OMSLAG: Jan Kees Schelvis TREFWOORDEN: kerkgeschiedenis, rooms-katholicisme NUR: 704 ISBN | EAN: 978 90 79578 771 – Band 1, gebonden editie ISBN | EAN: 978 90 79578 726 – Band 1, paperback ISBN | EAN: 978 90 79578 788 – Band 2, gebonden editie ISBN | EAN: 978 90 79578 733 – Band 2, paperback iv INHOUD Afkortingen xviii Voorwoord 1 Tijd en geschiedenis 2 Kerkgeschiedenis 5 Jaartelling 5 Indeling van de kerkgeschiedenis 6 Dankwoord 8 DEEL 1: DE VROEGE OF OUDE KERK (TOT ± 500) I. De tijd van de openbaring (tot 100) 11 De oorsprong van de kerk 11 De historiciteit van Jezus van Nazaret 13 De eerste generatie in de kerk 13 II. De vervolgde kerk (100-311) 18 Verbreiding van het geloof 18 De vorming van plaatselijke of particuliere kerken 23 Particuliere kerken en de universele kerk 24 Traditie, leergezag en heilige Schrift 27 Verhouding kerk en wereld 29 De aantrekkingskracht van de christenen in de Romeinse maatschappij 30 Kerkelijke en buitenkerkelijke schrijvers 32 Het uitblijven van de parousie 32 De apostolische vaders 33 Vroegchristelijke apologeten 34 Verdedigers van de orthodoxe leer in de vroege kerk 34 Apocriefen 35 Vormen van geloofsafval 35 Christenvervolging 39 Martelaarschap 39 Wettelijke regelingen 40 Incidentele vervolgingen 41 v De keizers Decius en Valerianus en de eerste systematische vervolgingen 43 Gedoogbeleid 45 De vervolging van keizer Diocletianus 46 Het christelijk leven 47 Ambten in de kerk van de eerste en de tweede eeuw 47 Petrusambt in Rome als centrum van de eenheid van de kerk 49 De bisschop 50 De priesters 52 De diakens 53 Kerkelijke structuur en taken van leken 53 Eisen aan de clerus 57 Leken 59 De sacramenten 60 Heilig Doopsel 60 Heilige Eucharistie 61 Boete 63 Kerkelijke hoogdagen 65 De zondag 65 Vasten 65 Feesten 66 De christenen in de heidense samenleving 66 Gebedsleven 68 Huwelijk en gezin 69 Religieus leven 70 Ascetisme in de gemeenschap 70 Eremietendom 72 Cenobietendom 74 III. De kerk na de omkeer van Constantijn 76 De Constantijnse omkeer 76 Van erkende tot bevoordeelde godsdienst 79 Staatsgodsdienst 82 Ondergang van het Romeinse Rijk 84 Theologische conflicten 85 De eerste oecumenische concilies 86 vi W excursus X – Kerkelijke vergaderingen 86 Oecumenische concilies 86 Telling 88 De paus 88 Concilievaders 89 Theologische betekenis van een oecumenisch concilie 90 De bisschoppensynode 91 Het Concilie van Nicea I (325) 92 Oppositie tegen Nicea I 94 Het Concilie van Constantinopel I (381) 97 Het Concilie van Efeze (431) 97 Het Concilie van Chalcedon (451) 100 De Concilies van Constantinopel II (553) en III (680-681) 100 De genadeleer 101 Kerkvaders 104 Kerkelijke ambten 105 De paus 106 Patriarchaten 107 W excursus X – Titels van de paus van Rome 109 Bisschoppen 110 Choorbisschop 111 Ontwikkeling van de kerkelijke structuren 111 Priesters 112 Diakens 113 Opleiding 113 Celibaat 114 W excursus X – Geschiedenis van het celibaat 117 Echtgenoten van clerici 120 De lagere clerus 121 Vermogenspositie 122 De sacramenten 123 Doop 123 Eucharistieviering 126 Niet-eucharistische eredienst 128 Boete 129 Het kerkelijk jaar 129 Verering van martelaren 130 vii Heiligenverering 131 Kerkenbouw en liturgie 132 Christenen in de samenleving 134 Caritas 134 Slavernij 135 Huwelijk en gezin 136 Vrouwen 138 Onderwijs 138 Het religieuze leven 139 Het oosterse monastieke leven 139 Het monastieke leven in het westen 141 Stadskloosters 142 Veelheid van monastieke vormen 142 De grote westerse kloosterregels 145 De regel van de heilige Augustinus 145 De regel van de heilige Benedictus 145 Bronnen bij deel I 147 Zelfverstaan van christenen tegen het einde van de tweede eeuw 147 Het kerkelijk leven omstreeks 200 148 Vrijheid voor de Christenen 151 Tolerantie-edict van Nicomedia (30 april 311) 151 Het tolerantie-edict van keizer Licinius en Constantijn de Grote (edict van Milaan, 2 februari 313) 152 De allerheiligste Drie-ene God 154 Het concilie van Nicea (325) 154 Het concilie van Constantinopel I (381) 155 Het Concilie van Chalcedon (451) 155 Paus Leo de Grote over het pausschap 157 DEEL 2: DE MIDDELEEUWEN (500-1500) I. De Vroege Middeleeuwen (496-1073) 164 Volksverhuizing en missionering 164 De eilanden voor de West-Europse kust 169 Balkan 173 Kerkelijke structuren na de grote volksverhuizing 173 viii Spirituele achtergrond van de missionering van het West-. Europese vasteland 174 België en Zuid-Nederland 175 De politieke constellatie 177 Missiemethode 179 Missionarissen 180 Willibrord 180 Winfrid Bonifatius 184 Het ontstaan van de Kerkelijke Staat 187 Het Rijk van Karel de Grote 192 Politiek en missionering 193 Hervormingen 194 Onderwijs 195 Kerkelijke structuren 196 Liturgie 198 Kerkelijk recht 198 Kloosterleven 199 Imitatio Imperii 199 Koning en priester 200 Verhouding paus – koning 200 Bemoeienis met de geloofsleer 203 Betekenis van Karel de Grote voor kerk en wereld 204 Het Karolingische Rijk na de dood van Karel de Grote 206 Religieus leven 206 Politiek 208 Militaire bedreiging 208 Islam 209 Ontwikkeling 209 Vergelijking van christendom en islam 211 W excursus X – De verhouding tussen christendom. en islam door de eeuwen heen 212 Pausschap 213 Regeling van de pauskeuze 213 Pausin Johanna 214 Paus Nicolaas de Grote 215 Saeculum obscurum 217 W excursus X – Pausnaam 219 ix Kerkelijk leven 220 De bisschop 220 Benoeming 220 Visitatie 221 Bestuur 221 Priesters 223 Liturgie 223 Preek 224 Doopsel 224 Biecht 225 Heiligenverering 225 Volksgeloof 226 Missionering in het noorden en oosten van Europa 226 Scandinavië 226 De Slaven 227 Bohemen 228 Hongaren 228 Herstel van stabiel bestuur in het Duitse Rijk en in de kerk 228 Het Oosters Schisma (1054) 232 Groeiende afstand tussen oost en west 232 Het iconoclasme en het Tweede Concilie van Nicea (787) 233 De Photiosstrijd en het Vierde Concilie van Constantinopel . (869-870) 237 Het schisma 239 W excursus X – Het filioque 242 Pogingen tot herstel 244 II. De Hoge Middeleeuwen (1073-1294) 245 De monastieke hervormingsbeweging in de tiende en elfde eeuw 245 Cluny 245 Andere hervormingskloosters 247 De gregoriaanse hervormingsbeweging 248 Het pausschap en de hervorming van de kerk in de elfde eeuw 249 Paus Leo IX 251 Nicolaas II 252 W excursus X – Het kardinalencollege 254 Alexander II 257 x Gregorius VII 258 Investituurstrijd 259 De Lateraanse concilies in de twaalfde eeuw 264 Kruistochten 266 Heilige Oorlog 266 Achtergronden 267 De islam verdringt de kerk 267 Christenvervolgingen 267 Motieven 268 Visie van de kruisridders 268 Veranderende kerkelijke omstandigheden 269 Het veilig stellen van de erfenis van de Zoon Gods 269 Imitatio Christi 270 Eschatologisch motief 270 Uitverkoren volk op weg naar Jeruzalem 270 Moraaltheologische beoordeling 270 Bekering van de islamieten 271 De eerste kruistocht 271 Kinderkruistocht 273 Gevolgen van de kruistochten 274 Positieve effecten 275 Negatieve bijeffecten 275 Het religieuze leven in de elfde en twaalfde eeuw 275 Westers eremietendom in de elfde en twaalfde eeuw 276 Camaldulensen 277 Kartuizers 278 Cisterciënzers, grijze monniken of bernardijnen 281 Koorheren 284 Rondtrekkende predikers 284 Seculiere kapittels 285 Reguliere kapittels 286 Augustijner koorheren 287 Kanunnikessen 288 Norbertijnen, premonstratenzers of witheren (O. Praem.) 289 Eremieten en reclusen 290 Ridderorden 291 De kerk in de dertiende eeuw 292 xi Paus Innocentius III 292 Optreden op het politieke vlak 293 De hervorming van de kerk in hoofd en leden 295 Kruistochtpolitiek 297 Het Vierde Lateraans Concilie 298 Dogmatische en ecclesiologische aspecten 299 Verhouding kerk en staat 300 De hervorming van de kerk 300 De religieuzen 301 De pastoraal 302 Bepalingen over joden en moslims 302 De kruistocht 303 Beoordeling 303 Strijd tussen paus en keizer 304 Paus Honorius III 304 Gregorius IX 304 Innocentius IV 306 Het Eerste Concilie van Lyon (1245) 307 Voortzetting van de strijd tussen paus en de erfgenamen 309 van Frederik II 309 Paus Alexander IV 309 Paus Urbanus IV 310 Clemens IV 311 Paus Gregorius X en het Tweede Concilie van Lyon (1274) 311 Universiteiten 314 De armoedebeweging 316 Reactie van de kerk 319 De ketterse armoedebeweging 320 Katharen of albigenzen 320 Waldenzen 321 Herintegratie 322 De bedelorden 323 Geen persoonlijk bezit 324 Bedelen 324 Gemeenschap van personen 325 Mobiliteit 325 Zielzorg 326 xii Studie 326 Structuur 327 Missie 327 Succes 328 Dominicanen of predikheren (ordo fratrum praedicatorum, O.P.) 328 De franciscanen 332 Augustijner eremieten 339 Karmelieten 340 Kruisheren 341 Servieten 342 Trinitariërs 342 Mercedariërs 343 W excursus X – Verbreiding van de grootste bedelorden 343 Dominicanen 343 Franciscanen 344 Augustijner eremieten 344 Karmelieten 344 Begijnenbeweging 344 De inquisitie 347 Eenheid van sacerdotium en saeculum 347 Omgang met ketterij 348 Ketterbestrijding na ± 1000 349 Werkwijze 351 De praktijk 353 Zielzorgstructuren
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