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Analysing the Use and the Effects of Transportation for Real Estate with Big Open Linked Data

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Analysing the Use and the Effects of Transportation for Real Estate with Big Open Linked Data Analysing the use and the effects of transportation for real estate with Big Open Linked Data A case study on the residential market in Amsterdam B LDCITIES EVA DE BIASE NOVEMBER 2018 DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Analysing the use and the effects of transportation for real estate with Big Open Linked Data A case study on the residential market in Amsterdam 2 Personalia Student: E. (Eva) De Biase Student number: 4157338 Address: Haltestraat 3 2042 LJ Zandvoort Telephone: +31 (0)6 51 45 12 07 Email: [email protected] Master thesis Report: P5 Date: November 6, 2018 TU Delft 1st Graduation mentor: Prof. Dr. E.M. (Ellen) van Bueren 2nd Graduation mentor: Prof. Dr. ir. A. (Alexander) Koutamanis Delegate Examiner: Ir. (Mariette) M.G.F. Overschie Master: Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences Master track: Management in the Built Environment Subject: BOLD Cities 3 Executive summary The urban population, the people that live in cities, has grown from 746 million in 1950 to 3.9 billion in 2014 (United Nations, 2014). This resulted in a fast growth of these cities in terms of size and density. The Netherlands is the fourth densest country in Europe (Central Intelligence agency, 2017). Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands, is an even more dense location compared to the average population density of the Netherlands (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2017b). Amsterdam has many workers and other visitors on a daily basis. All these people move around the city, and these movements, or flows, have to be structured. Furthermore, new developments are scheduled in the near future, which will attract even more people to Amsterdam. The municipality of Amsterdam has ambitions for mobility in these new areas. Transportation is important for analysing and structuring cities. The municipality of Amsterdam has many ambitions for enhancing mobility or transportation in the city. The key points of the ambitions of the municipality of Amsterdam are to stimulate smarter and cleaner uses of transportation, to stimulate a good and fast flow of traffic, to improve routes throughout the city and to create more efficient car parking in parking garages instead of on the street level. The municipality currently has difficulties in implementing these ambitions. The ambitions of the municipality of Amsterdam, to strive for efficient (or smart) solutions regarding mobility, are ambiguous since it is not clearly stated what the city defines as a solution for the mobility issues. Furthermore, there is less money and less space available for transportation. This leads to the inability to tackle transportation related problems within the city. The problem regarding transportation exists on a city level. Project developments could be useful for implementing ambitions on a smaller scale because project developments give the opportunity the change (parts of) the city by implementing transportation concepts in the project brief. Nonetheless, transportation does not seem to be a very important topic in the development brief. It is furthermore hardly analysed what impact new developments have on transportation in general and if the ambitions are implemented in new developments. Therefore a BOLD-driven method is needed to make the transportation issues more tangible. The BOLD-driven method combines 17 transportation related indicators and 10 publicly available data sets for analysing the use and effects of transportation for residential real estate in Amsterdam. BOLD for stands Big Open Linked Data. This data is ‘Big’, and thus presents itself in large volume. The data is ‘Open’, and thus easily accessible and widely available. The data is also ‘Linked’, which means that different types of data sets and sources are connected when they influence each other. This research attempts to indicate if and how the triangle relation between project development, transportation and Big Open Linked Data can be used in the process of monitoring and implementing ambitions for residential project developments. This research is conducted from the viewpoint of the project developer. 4 Research shows the benefits of good transportation for residential real estate (Li & John, 2017; Muley & Tsai, 2017; Zondag & Pieters, 2005; Wang & Yan, 2011; Suparmono et al., 2017). BOLD can be used in the process of implementing ambitions regarding transportation in new project developments. Nonetheless, it is not clear how a project developer can implement BOLD into their development processes. The main goal of this research is thus to create a BOLD-driven method for project developers and municipalities to frame mobility in project developments. The main research question is stated as follows: How can the triangle relation between project development, transportation and Big Open Linked Data be used in the process of monitoring and implementing ambitions for residential project developments? To answer the main research question, a theoretical background is created in the form of a literature study on journal articles and relevant market reports, a study into the policy documents of the municipality of Amsterdam is deployed, an interview with Ger Baron, the Chief Technology Officer of the municipality of Amsterdam, is conducted, a BOLD-driven method for analysing the use and effects of transportation is created based on the outcomes of the literature study, data sources and case studies, relevant and available data is collected on three case studies in Amsterdam, questionnaires for the users of the buildings are conducted, and semi-structured interviews with professionals are conducted to validate if the desired data collection and the transport analysis are comprehensive. With the use of BOLD, three recently developed cases, completed in 2016, are analysed. This research analyses how the use and effect transportation for these buildings can be examined before and after completion of these developments. This results in historical evidence of the changes in transportation and if problems regarding transportation are present. It furthermore shows how the BOLD-driven method can be used in future residential project developments. The three monitored cases are large residential buildings in Amsterdam with different types of residents, e.g. students, families, etc. First background information on the cases is analysed to understand the typology and characteristics of the buildings, the surrounding neighbourhoods, and the residents of the buildings. Hereafter, the cases are analysed on three different subjects, the building, the people and the city goals. This is done on three different levels, the building, the neighbourhood and the city. The three levels are analysed with three types of data, social data, sensor data, and registration data. Social data is relatively new, while sensor data and registration data exist for many years. BOLD is, while often implementing the already existing data types, a new phenomenon since it uses data with Volume (Big), Velocity, and Variety. The data is furthermore Open (accessible for research) and Linked to each other. The use of BOLD can lead to more qualitative and faster ways of describing and analysing the city. Researchers have used different types of data (or BOLD) to examine mobility, 5 e.g. mobile phone GPS data (Friso et al. 2015), traffic detectors (Shi & Abdel-Aty, 2015) or Twitter data (Salas-Olmedo & Rojas Quezada, 2017). In the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand the Walk Score is available. This is a score for a location within a city regarding several transport types. Researchers have started to underline the positive relation between the Walk Score and building values (Leinberger & Alfonzo, 2012; Bokhari, 2016). It is important to prevent privacy issues when researching data, use the data that gives the needed information and use the appropriate methodology for analysing the transportation related data. An increase in quality of transportation generally results in an increase in building value. Other demographic factors, such as neighbourhood amenities, neighbourhood quality, affordability, etc. also need to be taken into account when analysing transportation. The quality of transportation can be enhanced by improving bike-ability and a better coverage of buses. Traffic and transportation concerns are generally more important at the neighbourhood level, trumping affordability, school quality, and proximity to friends and family. To evaluate the goals and ambitions of the municipality of Amsterdam literature is analysed about policies in the Netherlands and other countries (Chorus et al., 2011; Crivello, 2015; Harms et al., 2016; Bertolini et al., 2005). A general summary of the policies in Amsterdam is to make transportation smarter and environmentally friendlier. There are multiple ways to achieve environmentally friendlier transportation, which include not travelling at all, walking, cycling, taking public transport and the use of cleaner cars (Bertolini et al., 2005). It does not seem easy to implement these suggestions in practice, since solutions regarding transport are often location specific, one can only learn from the process of policy making of other cities or institutions instead of the applied solutions itself. It is not often clear which out of multiple implemented interventions or which external context gave a solution (Crivello, 2015). Providers of transportation can have a large influence on the municipal policies. Research has shown that six dimensions, namely Mobility, Identities and Lifestyle, Natural Elements, Land Cover,
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