Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

25(3): 1-13, 2017; Article no.CJAST.38191 Previously known as British Journal of Applied Science & Technology ISSN: 2231-0843, NLM ID: 101664541

The Challenges of Water Resources Availability and Development in Basin,

Rawshan Othman Ali1,2*, Zhao Chunju1, Zhou Yihon1 and Nadeem Nawaz3

1College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China. 2Department of Petroleum, Koya Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, 44110 Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq. 3Faculty of Water Resources Management, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, 90150 Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author ROA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors ZC and ZY managed the analyses of the study. Author NN managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2017/38191 Editor(s): (1) Ahmed Fawzy Yousef, Associate Professor, Department of Geology, Desert Research Center, Egypt. Reviewers: (1) Suheyla Yerel Kandemir, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Turkey. (2) Kabi Prasad Pokhrel, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. (3) Sylvester Odiana, University of Benin, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/22754

Received 16th October 2017 th Review Article Accepted 10 January 2018 Published 17th January 2018

ABSTRACT

The impact of climate change was examined on the processes for water uses in domestic, production and eco-water consumption, which is central to the allocation and conservation of water resources in the ecological system and socio-economy in arid Northeast of China. The population growth requires an adequate supply of water especially during glacier ice- melt, irregular rainfall, water pollution and reservoir dwindles. Our focus was on the relationships between natural factors and social factors, as well as the effect of different scales of water use for socio-economic expansion and ecosystem water demand. It incorporates the factors of water ecology-economy and water social economy into a large intricate system with respect to the interactive relationship between socio-economic and eco-environmental systems. Again, it empirically measures changing

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected];

Ali et al.; CJAST, 25(3): 1-13, 2017; Article no.CJAST.38191

water resource susceptibility under several climate and human activities which develop coherent water resource allocation thresholds to deliver sustainable growth of ecosystems and the socio- economic system in China's northeast region. The paper recommends measurable adjustments to present regime of water utilization in regards to impending and inevitable changes in climatic and human actions around the Huai River Basin (HRB) tributaries. In effect, outcomes of the research will assist in mitigating imminent water scarcities and shortages for both economic and social development of the study area.

Keywords: Water resource; availability; challenges; river basin; scarcity; allocation.

1. INTRODUCTION especially in tributaries such as Jialu River [9,10] and the Jiangsu [11] Nevertheless, much is not Huai River Basin is a preponderantly evolving done in terms of the effects of hydrochemistry area in China. The number of industries serviced caused by human actions on the Huai River. In by the Huai River Basin (HRB) is continuously on another study, [12] investigated the Huai River’s the increase including papermaking factories, ion chemistry control mechanisms; but, no production of coal chemical, textiles and food mention was made to specific statistics for dry processing. One major industry having season situation. Consequently, a sampling unprecedented growth on the basis of the basin campaign was embarked upon in the middle of is agriculture, which has been used to produce 2009 which is dry season in order to identify the rice, wheat, soya beans, and cotton. The basin hydrochemistry in the upper spreads of Bengbu spreads its tributaries to four main cities including Sluice in Huai River Basin. Luohe, Zhenghou, Zhoukou and Bengbu which share several infrastructural lands such as There is ever increasing the rate of human sluices, dams and other water project advancements giving rise to intense changes constructions; [1,2]. universally both in climatic conditions and forms of land-use in catchments. In general, the effects At the heart of the Huai River Basin is droughts of these changes on environment and ecological controls system which is made up of over 5000 advancement are receiving extensive attention sluices and 57000 reservoirs [3] Obviously, Huai [13-16] On a catchment scale, the effects of River Basin facing several issues common to these processes of hydrology including infrastructure similar to it around the world. Apart infiltration, groundwater recharge, and runoff from using certain tributaries as a source of continue to adversely take tolls in the sense of water supply for the populace; it is the site for balance of water resources’ demand, supply and disposal of wastes from agricultural, domestic quality of water; thereby causing imbalances in and industrial activities. The basin is highly environment, ecosystems, and economy. The susceptible to pollution from chemical, metal and direct consequences of land use change are the organic substances. Agricultural practices cause rate of flood incidences [17], base-flow and pollution due to chemical wastes washed-off from annual mean discharge [18]. Whereas the fertilized land. Similarly, organic and industries variability of climate can alter the peak-flows, around the basin generate metal wastes. Also, flow routing time, and volume [19]. In future, an most of the cities surrounding the basin whose effective planning, management and water vast piles of untreated sewage are dumbed or resources development require an adequate eventually washed-off into it [4]. knowledge of the influences of climate variability and land use forms on hydrological processes. In 2009, sewage of over 8.6 billion m3 was discharged into the Huai River whose 78% One approach of estimating the effect of capacity was short of chemical oxygen demand management of water and chemical yields of (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) required agriculture and sediment is the Soil and Water combinations in drinking water [5]. As expected, Assessment Tool (SWAT). This approach is a the uncontrolled pollution in the river is a serious physically based, basin-scale, spatially concerned. According to studies conducted by distributed, and continuous-time method [6,7,8,], an estimated 200 or more severe water operating on basis of a daily time step whose pollution happened throughout the Huai river goal is to estimate the influence of management basin channels [6,7,8]. There is presence of on agricultural chemical yields, sediment, and organic pollution prevailed in Huai River, water in watersheds.

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The problem of water cycle and distribution in food processing, alcoholic beverages and wine in areas bounded by Huai River Basin are common , Fuyang, and Bengbu. The major urban features in local and regional scales. In this arid areas are the metropolitan areas of Zhoukou, Northeast region, water resources are a key Fuyang on the , Bozhou on the Guo factor restricting socio-economic development River, and Bengbu on the Huai River [21]. The and affecting ecological security and play a climate throughout the study area varies from significant function in attaining sustainable socio- northern semi-tropics to sub-humid with warm, economic development in the imminently [20]. moist summers, cool and dry winters. Average Major factors attributing to these are the land temperature ranges from 11.8—16°C while the use, land cover and climate change; temperature could reach up to 28°C in summer. unprecedented increases in the annual The mean annual precipitation was 600–1,400 temperature trend while annual rainfall is mm per year and most of the precipitation falls in relatively stable over the period of time. These the form of rain during the four-month period climatic conditions, however, are among the from June through September. Monthly major issues affecting the present-day human variations in the water discharge of the Huai communities in the Northeast China environs. River main channel show an appreciable Thus considering the above facts, the present seasonal variability with low discharges in the dry review aims to provide detailed information on season (October–May) and high values in the the climatic conditions and human factor on wet season (June–September). water resource cycle of Huai River Basin. The information will be useful for the ascertaining the 3. WATER RESOURCE CHALLENGES IN degree of variation in water resource availability HUAI RIVER BASIN and development caused by the human and climatic condition. Three parameters for measuring water quality including NH3-N, industrial wastewater 2. HUAI RIVER BASIN DESCRIPTION discharge, and COD used in the west region of the river basin showed greater discharges when The Huai River Basin stretches from 30_550N to compared to the eastern region, and pollutant 34_560N and 111_550E to 117_300E, which discharges in nearby Nansi Lake were at a high encompasses the upper reaches of Bengbu level than other regions. Obviously, there were Sluice, including the Ying River, Guo River, Shi regional discrepancies in values of industrial River, Feng River, Pi River, and the mainstream output, COD discharges, NH3-N, industrial of the Huai River. The Huai River originates from wastewater. The regions having huge industrial the Tongbai Mountain in Province, flows wastewater discharges were centrally situated. easterly through southern Henan, northern Regions in east revealed lesser and stable Hubei, northern , and northern Jiangsu, quantities of industrial wastewater discharges as finally into the River at Jiangdu, against those in the west. Yangzhou. Conversely, entire industrial output was Elevation of the study area ranges from about 23 considerably greater, while industrial pollutants m to 2,153 m. Variations in elevation are discharges were lower in the Luozhuang District indicative of different land-use patterns and and Zoucheng. In 2010, the association between climatological changes. Over 50% of the study industrial output values and discharges of area is the cultivated land. The leading industrial wastewater was examined using a enterprises include textiles, chemical pesticides, correlation analysis at the county level.

Table 1. Correlation between pollution load and industrial output in Huai River Basin and Shandong Region

Industrial output Wastewater Industrial COD Industrial

value NH3-N Industrial output value 1 0.614** 0.312* 0.233 Wastewater discharge 0.614** 1 0.813** 0.592* Industrial COD 0.312* 0.813** 1 0.755**

Industrial NH3-N 0.233 0.592** 0.755** 1 *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level; **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level

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A significant correlation (0.614 and 0.312) was contributed 11.32%, 50.23%, and 38.46 % of the observed between the quantities of industrial industrial arrangement in the study area, with wastewater, industrial output value and industrial respect to industrial outputs valued at 100.71, COD discharges (s, 0.614 and 0.312 correlation 430.77, and 278.66 billion Yuan. indices respectively) as depicted in Table 1 [22]. 4. HUAI RIVER BASIN SOCIO-ECONOMIC The construction materials are considered as DEVELOPMENT high-energy-consumption/low-output/high pollution industries; textiles, electric power, and There are several perspectives on the seemingly petrochemical are considered as high-energy- speedy and sluggish pace of growth in Huai consumption/high-output value/high-pollution River Basin. These include: industries; and the medical manufacturing and mechanical sectors are low-energy- 4.1 Population Density consumption/high-output value/low-pollution industries. The food processing industry In the socioeconomic development standpoint, contributed 11.4% of economic production, and the large-scale agricultural growth in the Huaibei 23.55% and 26.05% of COD and NH3-N plain started in the Jin and Wei empires over one discharges respectively. Again, it was found that thousand years past. During the period, grain no significant correlation existed between the production was predominant alongside the mass quantity of industrial NH3-N discharge and value migratory type of settlement. A significant of industrial output. The Gross Domestic Product amount of people died in the natural disasters (GDP) per capita of the Huai River Basin within and turmoil of wars by end of Dougjin Dynasty in Shandong Province (HRBSP) and the four cities 316–420 AD. Land reclamation became popular situated nearby (Heze, Zaozhuang, Jining and due large-scale migration and large mortality Linyi) is expressed as the economic factor, and numbers happened then again because of the the industrial wastewater discharge is expressed instability of the regime during the Tang and Sui as the industrial load factor. dynasties. Similarly, the growth of Huaibei plain during the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties The Gross Domestic Production (GDP) of the stretched out from the upstream to the middle four prefecture-level cities improved suddenly at region steadily occasion by massive people 18.2% per annum, which indicates the migration. Certain scholars attributed that speediness of economic growth, particularly in population grew abruptly in the Qing Dynasty the Heze city that has the fragile economic between 1616–1911 in the four provinces of grounds in Province of Shandong. At the Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, and Anhui. In beginning stages of economic growth, industrial particular, the Anhui and Jiangsu population water pollution treatment investment could be enlarged by 16.7 times more (that is, 3.45 million negligible. to 82 million); the Shandong population increased by 18.9 times more (that is, 1.76 During early stages of industrialization, the million to 33.2 million); and the Henan figure primary industries were trailed by secondary even enlarged by 26 times more through the industries. Results of industrialization led to a years 1851 and 1661 [24]. greater percentage of secondary industries as against primary and tertiary industries. The In 2007, a total population of Huai River was decline of primary industries by less than 20% estimated at 170 million, which is nearly 13% was matched with the corresponding secondary countrywide. In addition, the urban population industries though surpasses tertiary industries, estimate was 56.57 million, contributing 9% of which was known as mid-stage of total urban population China, and rate of industrialization process. Whereas primary urbanization of 33.3%. The average population industries drop to nearly 10% which led to a density in the Basin was 631 people/km², 4.5 number of secondary industries reaching its times higher than the national average figures, highest while the supremacy of tertiary over which makes it topmost in seven other river secondary industries gave rise to the emergence basins in China. In Huai River Basin, the GDP of the post-industrial phase [23]. reached 2.2 trillion Yuan, with GDP per capita of 13.2 thousand Yuan. The total cultivated land in In 2010, it was estimated that the GDP of the the basin area was 190 million which about HRBSP was put at 810.14 billion Yuan. The 11.7% nationwide is. Though, the rate of land per primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors capita was 1.12 mu (about 0.075 ha), lesser than

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the national average estimates. Also, the total soil and water resources are overexploited, grain output was 94.9 million tons, which is resulting in damages to the water 17.4% of the national output figures. ecological environment of varying proportions. 4.2 Scio-economic Development (c) Equally accessible basic public amenities: Natural situations and the socioeconomic The current population in the Huai River beach growth level differ widely throughout the area and floodplain is higher than in the 1950s Huai River Basin giving rise to lopsided and 1960s. The fixed assets have improved water conservancy growth, low capability significantly in terms of regional economic and level of public service in this direction. development. Once a flood occurs, its property To achieve a stable growth and bridge the damage will be serious. The recurrent natural development shortfall a coordinated and flooding damages have constrained the regional comprehensive expansion of the river economic growth. Consequently, the strength of basin water resources, enhance public local economy weakens, and the capability to amenity capability in water conservancy, manage disasters and production restoration encourage building of backbone and vital after a disaster is short. Thus, socio-economic river harnessing ventures, reinforce the progress needs to include: expansion of the river basin water resources, and speed up schemes to (a) Economic development: The speedy connect the low-lying portions, small and socioeconomic expansion in the Basin, the medium rivers. There is need to focus economy is expected to further grow, consideration on the development of rural which will impact on its water demand water management, the capability especially in agricultural production, the upgrading to combat flood disasters, and industrial, urban and rural population. advance water situations for rural Socioeconomic progress in the Basin will economic and agriculture growth. accelerate the expansion pace of water (d) Food security: In China, the Huai River conservancy projects, water infrastructure Basin is providing most of the breadbasket, improvement, increases in the water which is a vital part of ensuring the nation’s conservancy projects capacity, food security. Consequently, there is a reinforcement of support capability of water necessity to increase construction and resources in order to attain coordinated management of rural water conservancy growth. More so, there is increasing need structure for protection of cultivated land to strengthen the integrated management areas and control of flood, increase of water, which include water project capacity for available irrigation zones, optimal operation, allocation of water improve water-saving irrigation system, resources, enhancing water use efficiency, and steadily develop the effective irrigation water consumption reduction, and the zones, expansion the irrigation coverage environment protection. and management reinforcement. (b) People’s livelihood improvement: Water conservancy expansion and people’s 4.3 Physical Pattern livelihood enhancement are interwoven. The protection of life and property is The arid Northeast region has exceptionally related directly to flood control measures; different features of water resource formation whereas mental and physical health is and conversion, spatio-temporal distribution and linked to drinking water safety and water cycle process, which are illustrative of improvement of water environment impacts those found in arid regions throughout the world. on social harmony in which people live and Oases and deserts in flat plains are short of work in peace and prosperity. There is an water even with several sources of water and opportunity for upgrading in the existing land. Oases and desert ecosystems are severely flood control and disaster mitigation impacted by hydrological practices. The system of the Huai River. In fact, wide magnitude of oases is influenced by the quantity portions are prone to the menace of of runoffs such as glaciers, melting snow and flooding as well as several issues including precipitation. These sources are relatively water shortage, water pollution, sensitive to variations in hydrological practices inadequacy of water supply facilities, and and water conditions. Recently, studies have safety of drinking water. In many areas, revealed that prospecting climate variations may

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lead to bigger disparity between the spatial formation in mountainous areas is realized from distribution of productivity and water resources. It glacial melt water and high mountain snow, low may increase struggle over water for economic mountain bedrock fissure water, and mid- and ecological purposes [25]. mountain forest precipitation [29]. But, climate variation results uncertainty in terms of the According to the Fourth Assessment Report of growth prospect and reduction of mountain the IPCC, one main obvious consequences of glaciers and snow cover and spatiotemporal climate change is water cycles variations and variations in precipitation, which implies the matching changes to the coefficient of runoff [26]. ambiguity of future water resource trends under Specifically, the arid northwest zone’s land climate situation. The rise in temperature and the surface patterns and climate have been impacted global climate variations implies that glacial melt- by diverse characteristics of the water cycle. water increases, runoff from rivers linked to melt- Water resources are multifaceted, and there is water will obviously increase. However, the huge substantial elasticity in water resources and quantity of small glaciers situated at lower runoff. Whenever there is slight variation in elevation will increase abruptly. temperature and precipitation triggered by changes in climatic conditions; there is a 6. FLOODING AND DISASTERS substantial fluctuation in runoff leading to a major effect on eco-hydrological practices in arid By 1949, a number of management actions for a zones. Fluctuations in water cycles of disaster alleviation and flood control system were mountainous regions triggered by the effect of set up in the Huai River, which was considered climate change further exacerbate the water as a milestone in this regard. The water storage system instability. Consequently, the reaction of capability in the upper part of the river was water resources and future trends, watershed reinforced to cover an area of 27, 000 km2 in surface water and groundwater water cycle control of a large-scale reservoir. The flood processes and mechanisms in arid regions due discharge ability upgraded considerably to 7000 to climate change have attracted global efforts. m3/s from 2000 m3/s in the upper reaches; and to 7000–13000 m3/s from 5000–7000 m3/s in the 5. GLACIER MELT WATER CHANGING middle reaches flanked by Wangjiaba and TRENDS Hongze Lake; and to 18270 m3/s from 8000 m3/s in the lower reaches. The glacial melt inflection point, time of occurrence, the procedure and strength of its The strength of the flood discharge system of impacts on water resources in the arid northwest Yishusi River system into the sea was upgraded 3 zone are a key hot spot in the debate on future to 14200 m³/s from 1000 m /s previously. The water resource developments in the endorheic flood control standard is 10 years' frequency for drainage basins of the region. Mountain the upstream of the Huai River, and 100 years’ precipitation and glacial melt-water are the core frequency for important flood control and sources of the majority of the northwest region protection areas and important cities. The rivers. Nonetheless, glaciers are tremendously standard for flood control has been elevated to subtle to change in climate, which further impact 50 years’ frequency for important flood control on water resources due to direct the influence on and protection areas in the middle and lower the quantity of river runoff from snow reserves, reaches of the Yishusi River. The flood control and headwater glacial ice [27]. Global warming standard is elevated to frequency of 20 years for continues to affect precipitation and key trans-provincial tributaries in Huaibei with an temperatures in the 20th Century; the exception of the Hongru River, which is mainstream of the glaciers throughout the world frequency of 10 years. In addition, the conditions have moved back considerably, notably the fast of flood-release for low-lying land hitherto retreat happening in the past two decades [28]. susceptible to waterlogging were enhanced, and the river drainage standard of key drainage river Interestingly, this magnitude of change was ways has stretched to a 3-year return period. totally unanticipated and tough to expound and forecast with available models. In Northwest The appreciation and the requirements for China, Water resources are sourced from controlling flood are directly linked to snowmelt and mountain precipitation, which are socioeconomic growth, which continues to vary predominantly subtle to global climate variation proportionately. Presently, the development of as well as a substantial insecurity. Water the Huai River has reached appreciable height

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when put side-by-side with local socioeconomic megacities, quantities of waste products and growth, but, there is need to enhance its flood pollutants increases are discharged directly into control system. In fact, there is a stretch to waterways which have contaminated several achieving the requirements of socio-economic groundwater aquifers [32]. Integrated water progress. Obviously, the impact of this can felt in resource management of watersheds makes a inadequate ability to store floodwater, lower single unit arrangement significant for flood-control standard in upper reaches, synchronizing the growth of environmental congested flood discharge in the middle reaches, safeguards and economic resources. poor flood discharge outlet, and small discharge ability in the Hongze Lake for low and medium Biswas [33,34] describe sustainability of water water level. resource as the capability to utilize water in appropriate quantities and quality from the 7. INSECURITY OF MAIN STORAGE domestic to the universal measure to meet the ZONE OF THE BASIN ecosystems and humans demands for the contemporary and the future to support life. It The flood-storage zone in the Huai River and the means the protection of humans from the harms beach areas are contributing vitally to the caused by natural and human disasters which discharge, storage of floodwater and flood impact life sustenance. In this kind of control safety guarantee. In 2010, a staggering management setup, there is a need to thoroughly 1.45 million people reside in floodwater storing comprehend the composite interactions between and beach areas in the mainstream, while water use, land use and ecological quality, approximately 930,000 people are under this particularly from the perspective effects direct threat. The consequence is the inability interconnected to human activities capable of protects lives of people and property. Also, it triggering the ecosystems degradation [35]. disrupts the regular flood and the flood control of In China, speedy growth of economic activities the whole basin. In fresh development plan for has open up fresh issues for managers of water the Huai River, there are measures in place for resource, due to the increasing water demands flood-storage modification and the resettlements and inadequacy of resources obtainable, of people living in the regions of floodwater combined with stark water pollution and different storage and mainstream beach areas. water-associated ecological trepidations [36]. Consequently, China undertook a great deal of The immigration in the beach areas and the effort to stimulate continuous economic process, floodwater storage districts in the mainstream modify structure of industrial development, and can be achieved peacefully through advance organized reform at the same time [37]. government’s guidance, all-inclusive planning Socioeconomic progress is a topmost and and steady execution to assist the residents in fundamental influencer on water quality of river dangerous zones to transfer to safer zones, basin, and the regional model of expansion, which charts the path to the disaster mitigations. particularly in trends of economic progress and Although floodplains are typically dangerous estimation of water pollution lasting cycle. places for flood but also a fertile land which is good for agriculture. Therefore resettlement The Huai River Basin is situated between the could not be a good solution. and the Yangtze River, which forms a geographical boundary between china’s 8. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES northern and southern regions [38]. From the inception of 1980s, industrialization and In practice, water is the topmost critical resource urbanization of the Huai River Basin in Shandong for the sustainable growth of societies as well as Province (HRBSP) section have improved for the basic support of all human and natural speedily, exacting great pressure on the region’s arrangements [30]. Naturally, water bodies water resources. After the 1990s, the structure of possess distinctive geographical features in industrial setup of the HRBSP was developed which river basins are a hydrogeological with the emphasis on industry fields such as component. A basin is a whole drainage chemical fertilizers, papermaking, tanning, and structure, whereby diverse water forms are winemaking [39]. Recently, the study area’s cycled within the basin by means of continuous secondary industries are very efficient as well as movement and mutual transformation [31]. But, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) biggest the rate of human activity such as urbanization, contributors. The river basin’s main area lies industrialization, and the expansion of around the Eastern Route of the South-to-North

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Water Diversion Project, which requires the Unlike, the special arid northwest region is rigorous water quality Grade III standard. The different from low-latitude subtropical arid zones HRBSP’s water pollution control scheme is because its location is in the moderately humid evolving, which makes main dual goals of spring- latitudes, giving rise to its unique and composite cleaning diverse water bodies in the basin and climate structure. Studies have revealed that the river ecosystem restoration far from being nearly 50 years on, the oases, mountains, and attained. deserts of Northwest China continue to witness diverse climatic changes. Obviously, this is To attain improvements in water quality and evident in the variations and in the speed of industrial progress, the need to understand the temperature changes, precipitation and instability connection between water quality and industrial in the timings of climatic [42]. In the same vein, progress cannot be overstated. Studies have there are substantial regional variances in shown that the consequence of economic climate change within the same ecosystem. In advancements is emission levels increases, but particular references to the high barriers formed there is prospect of reducing emissions through by the terrain, the northern and southern slopes structural and technological modifications [40] of the Tianshan Mountains continue to The twelve industrial sectors enlisted by the experience changes in climate conditions [43]. National Economical Industry Classification (GB/T4754-2002) were mostly secondary Again, the northwest zone is susceptible to the industries category. The water pollution loads negative effects of human activities and global + (COD, NH3 ) and industrial output values of warming, which lead to instability in the climate these industrial sectors were acquired from the system and exceptionally profound to changes in General Survey Database of Pollution Sources worldwide climatic conditions. In the past 5 for Province of Shandong, which served as the decades, the climate of Earth has warmed up basis for describing industrial pollutant loads by with matching increases in temperatures around end of 2010. The pollution survey considered the arid northwest zone by twice or thrice rate, other industrial sectors such as agriculture and more than the global average figures. China’s domestic pollution sources. In addition, it took average levels of precipitation fell sharply, the into account centralized pollution treatment precipitation variability enlarged with a matching facilities and pollution generation or discharge rise in precipitation in northwest zones. These facilities. In particular, the industrial pollution special changes in climate conditions are closely sources survey were taken in the basic related to rise and fall in the Western Pacific registration data of companies, their production Subtropical High, Siberian High, Qinghai-Tibet parameters, raw material consumption Plateau Circulation, North American Subtropical considering the conditions of susceptible facilities High, Circulation and other atmospheric pressure to pollution, statistics on the emission, control, structures [44-46]. discharge, widespread exploitation of several kinds of pollutants, the setup and operation of 10. HUAI RIVER BASIN WATER different pollution avoidance and control facilities. RESOURCES CONSERVATION

9. LANDFORMS AND MOUNTAINS In recent years, a number of drought disasters and flooding on a large scale are common According to [41], the China’s arid northwest occurrence annually due to the distinctive natural zone is regarded as location of high mountains landscapes of the HRB. Certain water resource and large basins. The effect of these prominent conservation schemes have been introduced physical features is great due to activities of including structural and non-structural plateau uplift, the East Asian monsoon, and approaches. westerly circulation. The outcome is the creation of a special climate system consisting three key 10.1 Structural Approach geographical entities such as oasis, mountains and deserts. This produces material migration Approximately 5700 reservoirs have been built and processes of energy conversion largely with an overall loading capacity of 30 billion m3, water-driven. The arid northwest zone is entirely in which 38 are big reservoirs offering a total massive, with composite regional topography loading capacity of 20 billion m3 as well as a 62 and various ecosystems such as the Altay, Lofty billion m3 flood control capacity. In addition, over Tianshan, the Gobi Desert Kunlun and Qilian 17 flood detention zones and big lakes for mountain ranges. mitigating flood incidences have been erected

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with installation capacity of 35.9 billion m3 full transmission lines for remotely situated reporting loading, and a 26.3 billion m3 capacity for flood stations without telecommunication system storage. Several other artificial channels have coverage. been erected to cover a vast landmass of 2,100 km. Various kinds of dikes were created having a Table 2. Description of causal factors and length of 50,000 km, and a key dike length of assigned variables for the study 11,000 km. Discharge capacity for River channel has been considerably supported, in effect, the Variables Definitions upper mainstream channel discharge capacity Water Resource (WR) Quality of water increased to 7000 m3/s from 2000 m3/s. Similarly, supplied per the middle mainstream channel discharge population 3 3 capacity improved from 5000 m /s-7000 m /s Climatic conditions: 3 initially and later to 13000 m /s. More Rainfall (RAIN) Rainfall so, the middle mainstream channel discharge Precipitation (PREC) Precipitation capacity was boosted to 18270 m3/s from Flood level (FLO) Flood level 8000m3/s. Recently, the mainstream in the Temperature (TEMP) Temperature upstream flood control standard is review Humidity (HUM) Humidity after a 10-year period, while flood control River level (River) River level standards of major flood protection zone, main Human activities: cities in the lower and middle reaches were Road (RD) Construction of upgraded to a 100-year period of review. In the access roads case of major tributaries, flood control standards Drainage (DR) Drainage channels reviews were modified from a 20-year to a 50- blockade year period. Water supply(WS) Water supply requirements 10.2 Non-structural Approach Population (POP) Size of population Electricity (ELEC) Electricity dams on Non-structural measures of flood prevention the rivers regulation command system jointly form system Housing (HOU) Private Housing mechanism for flood prevention and disaster Waste disposal (WD) Waste disposal in reduction: rivers an basins Pollution source (POLL) Pollution material 10.2.1 The flood monitoring scheme generation Industrial (INDUS) Industrial activities Flood forecasting and hydrological data are the Land-use: foundation for effective mitigating flood Rice farming (RICE) Rice plantation throughout rainy time of year. In 2014 alone, over Agriculture (AGRIC) Agriculture purpose 329 hydrological stations, 220 gauge stations Irrigation (IRRIG) Irrigation farming and 2,488 rain gauges, 1,489 water quality Forestry (FROST) Forest conservation monitoring stations, 324 moisture stations and Residential (RESID) Residential area 3,024 groundwater monitoring stations make up a vast the hydrological network and flooding 10.2.3 Flood forecasting and warning monitoring scheme was installed across the Huai River Basin. In addition to these stations, 1,250 The Flood Fighting and Drought Defying of them were dedicated for the purpose of Headquarters (FFDDHS) is responsible for flood reporting and delivering hydrological data at forecasting and warning tasks carried out at different flood season. There are regular time diverse levels such as the river basin interval hydrological elements created as a commissions, the central government, the specified requirement for river flood prediction provinces/municipalities/autonomous regions and system [47,48]. prefectures [49,50,51]. Nowadays, an integrated system of flood monitoring, flood dispatching and 10.2.2 Transmission of information flood control discussion, forecasting and warning which comprises weather prediction, flood In practice, the country’s telecommunication monitoring and forecasting has been developed systems are used for transmitting hydrological in the Huai River Basin which thereby supports information. There are provisions of special flood controls around river basin areas.

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Nevertheless, there is a need for work to be the 2nd phase water project to access carried out on flood risk management such as water into the sea by building the probability flood forecasting system, reservoirs Sanheyue big sluice. and hydro-junction flood risk dispatching models e) To improve and consolidate the flood [52]. control in the basin’s lakes and its backbone river flood control engineering 10.2.4 Setting up of the drought-causing system. climate threshold f) To expand the flood discharge capacity through diversion water to the south from The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is a the east in the Yishusi river system using technique for quantitatively designating the existing scheme. drought degree. This is useful for indicating the g) To build flood storage and retention zone, intensity of drought and duration of drought in and standardized levees. several regions [53]. Habitually, the Huai River h) To connect main tributaries such as the Basin experiences the negative effects of Shaying River, the Hongru River, and unexpected heavy drought-flood change of small and medium rivers step-by-step. events [54]. i) To undertake activities such as

10.2.5 Water resource allocation dewatering, storing, interception. j) To harness waterlogged low-lying zone The evaluation of the climate change impact on using sensible low-lying land subareas. the processes and intensity of future water use k) To reinforce the building of seawalls and for manufacturing, domestic and eco-water city-wide flood control in order to increase consumption is the main challenge in deciding the flood control and disaster mitigation the most effective water allocation approach in scheme. the compound water-ecology-social economy scheme of the arid northwest zone [55]. The 13. CONCLUSION impact of global warming and population size explosion continue to trigger increasing demand The global response to climate change and the for water in manufacturing, living and eco- actions required to mitigate its effects upon most environment purposes. components of the natural ecosystems and human activity. Huai river being a home to more 11. CAUSAL FACTORS EFFECTS ON than 200 million people with vast agricultural WATER RESOURCES undertaken driven by the sustained rapid growth of agricultural and industrial activities is facing. The various variables and their representations The present-day human society of the Northeast in the study are presented in Table 2. China arid region, an area susceptible to evolving global climate change, relies on 12. RECOMMENDATION mountain precipitation and glacial melt water as the basic water source system. At present, there In order to adapt to the varying flood control is higher insecurity concerning water resources, requirements, additional upgrading is needed for the customary rules guiding the water cycle the Huai River disaster mitigation and flood changes, and demand in eco-water. Socio- control project system: economic development increases water demand largely due to increase in human population a) To build 10 large-scale reservoirs such as which continues to sway the water resource the Chushandian Reservoir. availability and deepening scarcity. Furthermore, b) To reinforce reservoirs and sluices in Northeast China’s Huai River Basin is the cause dangerous state, and upgrade flood- of a number of chief international rivers, and discharge capacity in the upper reaches. uncertainty of water resources occasioned by c) To enforce complete control of the Huai climate change continues to raise tensions River by adjusting the mainstream flood- among Central Asian nations. Regional discharge areas, raise flood channels for discrepancies in industrial output showed greater medium-scale floods, and combine flood discharge of industrial waste in the northwest discharge capacity in the middle reaches; compared to the eastern region. Direct d) To harness the river way to supply water consequences of land use changes in Huai river into the Yangtze River, and strengthening affect flood incidences, base flow, annual mean the levees of the Hongze Lake, building discharge, variability of climate, flow routing time

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and flow value. While population density, climatic 3. Zhang YX, Liang T, Shao Q. Impact of conditions, geographical distribution, glacier melt water projects on river flow regimes and ice, flooding, insecurity of main storage zone of water quality in Huai River Basin. Water the basin, landforms, maintenance and industrial Resource Management. 2010;24:889-908. activities pose a challenge on water distribution 4. Goudie A. The human impact on the towards sustainable water management. natural environment. Oxford: Blackwell; Naturally, alternation of wet and dry climate 2006. zones couple with a cumulative increase in 5. Huaihe River Commission (HRC). Huaihe population density and socio-economic activity River Year Book 2014. Bengbu: Huaihe can pose new requirements on water River Press; 2014. management strategy. Therefore an effective 6. Huang H, Yu Y, Jing L, Wang X, Feng J, planning management and water resources Niu H, et al. Semivolatile organic pollutants development require an adequate knowledge in water, suspended solids, and surface of climate variability and land use sediments of the Huaihe River, Jiangsu forms on hydrological processes. Intense section, People’s Republic of China. investigation on hydrochemistry as affected by Bulletin on Environmental Contamination pollution due to human activity is worthy. Future and Toxicology. 2004;73:339-346. planning should incorporate absorbing new 7. Wang BY, Zhang Z, Hu H, Wang L. technology and Deeping understanding of Aqu atic Ecological Risk Assessment of water governance and management system OCPs in Huaihe River, Jiangsu Section. however constant state-control monitoring could China Journal of Geochemistry. 2006;25: improve the water quality in the Huai basin and 157. beyond. 8. Hu W, Wang G, Deng W, Li S. The influence of dams on ecohydrological ACKNOWLEDGEMENT conditions in the Huaihe River Basin, China. Ecological Engineering. 2008;33: The authors wish to sincerely thank China 233-241. Scholarship Council, China Three Gorges 9. Zhang Y, Tang C, Song X, Li F. Behavior University and Current Journal of Applied and Fate of Alkylphenols in Surface water Science and Technology. The authors of the Jialu River, Henan Province, China. additionally acknowledge the editors and Chemosphere. 2009;77:559-565. anonymous reviewers of this Journal whose 10. Ma M, Wang C, Wang Z. Assessing remarks on a prior version incredibly enhanced toxicities of hydrophobic organic pollutants the quality of the paper. in Huaihe River by using two types of sampling. Journal of Environmental COMPETING INTERESTS Science, Health and Tox Hazard Sustainable Environmental Engineering. Authors have declared that no competing 2005;40:331-342. interests exist. 11. Wang BY, Yu YJ, Huang J, Hu HY, Wang LS. Health risk assessment of organic REFERENCES pollutants in Jiangsu reach of the Huaihe River, China. Water Sciences and 1. Ma Z. Consultant to the World Bank: Technology. 2009;59:907-916. Evaluation of the Implementation of Water 12. Zhang L, Song X, Xia J, Yuan R, Zhang Y, Pollution Control Plans in China: The case Liu X, et al. Major element chemistry of the of Huai River Basin; 2006. Huai River Basin, China. Application of Available:http://www.worldbank.org/resear Geochemistry. 2011;26:293-300. ch/2006/09/10119603/evaluation- 13. Vorosmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, implementation-water- Lammers RB. Global water resources: pollutionpollutionprevention- Vulnerability from climate change and 2. Yang L, Song X, Zhang Y, Yuan R, population growth. Sciences. 2000;289: Ma Y, Han D, et al. A hydrochemical 284-288. framework and water quality assessment 14. Li Z, Liu WZ, Zhang XC, Zheng FL. of river water in the upper reaches of Impacts of land use change and climate the Huai River Basin, China. variability on hydrology in an agricultural Environmental and Earth Sciences. catchment on the Loess Plateau of China. 2012;67:2141-2153. Journal of Hydrology. 2009;377:35-42.

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