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THE JEWEL in the HEART of the LOTUS: BRINGING BUDDHIST WISDOM and COMPASSION to PSYCHOTHERAPY Lisa E. Jones THESIS SUBMITTED IN

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THE JEWEL in the HEART of the LOTUS: BRINGING BUDDHIST WISDOM and COMPASSION to PSYCHOTHERAPY Lisa E. Jones THESIS SUBMITTED IN THE JEWEL IN THE HEART OF THE LOTUS: BRINGING BUDDHIST WISDOM AND COMPASSION TO PSYCHOTHERAPY Lisa E. Jones THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEGREE AUGUST 24, 2007 SCHOOL OF PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY OF ARTS, EDUCATION AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Buddhism and Psychotherapy 2 ABSTRACT This thesis was designed to explore the experiences of psychologists in Australia who work as psychotherapists, and who have an interest in Buddhism. The core research question was: What are the professional and personal experiences and perspectives of psychologists in Australia who are informed by Buddhism in the way they conceptualise, approach, and conduct psychotherapy? Two related supporting questions were: How do Buddhist principles inform different aspects of psychotherapy (e.g., therapist self-care, client interventions)? and In what ways do therapists incorporate Buddhist concepts (e.g., compassion) and techniques (e.g., mindfulness) into psychotherapy? In Study 1, the qualitative core of the research, I explored the experiences and impressions of psychologists interested in bringing a Buddhist perspective to psychotherapy. Initial and follow-up interviews were conducted with 14 participants. Buddhist understandings, including suffering, compassion, and mindfulness, were discussed in relation to psychotherapy. Participant psychologists revealed that certain Buddhist ideas and techniques contributed to their perceived efficacy and wellbeing as therapists, as well as to good therapeutic processes and outcomes for clients. Using an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach, the two guiding principles of compassion and wisdom emerged from the interviews. Under the guiding principle of compassion, the two major themes that emerged were: the truth of suffering (sub- themes: an acknowledgement of suffering, causes of suffering, and suffering as a path), and compassionate engagement (sub-themes: empathy, openness, and hopefulness). The guiding principle of wisdom also incorporated two major themes: mindful presence (sub- themes: a present orientation, the primacy of direct experience, and being with what is), and empowerment through understanding (sub-themes: responsibility, disclosure, and sustaining). Buddhism and Psychotherapy 3 The benefits participants perceived for themselves included being sustained by Buddhism, and having increased empathy and mindfulness during therapy. The Buddhist techniques and ideas that participants employed with clients were selected with discernment for their therapeutic benefits along with their compatibility with Western psychology. Participants also used their discretion to select those techniques and ideas that had wide applicability in that they were common to many philosophical and religious systems. Although some participants took an integrationist approach to drawing on Buddhism in psychotherapy, and others took an eclectic approach, all shared the concern of remaining client-centred. Attributing Buddhist sources and labels to concepts and techniques was considered unnecessary in most cases. Study 2 provided descriptive background information and gave support to the qualitative themes that emerged from Study 1. Members of the Buddhism and Psychology Interest Group, the Christianity and Psychology Interest Group, and the College of Counselling Psychologists of the Australian Psychological Society (APS) completed a personal details survey, the Spiritual Orientation Inventory (SOI; Elkins, Hedstrom, Hughes, Leaf, & Saunders, 1988), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale – Short Form C (W. M. Reynolds, 1982), indicating their spiritual paths and religious affiliations, and the relative importance of different dimensions of spirituality. The main dimension on which the Buddhism and Psychology Interest Group scored higher than the other two groups was the Awareness of the Tragic dimension. The results are interpreted with reference to Buddhist, Christian, and secular understandings. The thesis concludes with a chapter on my personal reflections as researcher in the research process. Buddhism and Psychotherapy 4 DECLARATION I, Lisa E. Jones, declare that the PhD thesis entitled The Jewel in the Heart of the Lotus: Bringing Buddhist Wisdom and Compassion to Psychotherapy is no more than 100,000 words in length, exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Signature Date Buddhism and Psychotherapy 5 DEDICATION In all temples and monasteries May reading and recitation flourish and remain; May the Sangha always be in harmony And may their purposes be accomplished. Shantideva, 8th century (S. Batchelor, Trans., 1988, p. 185). Buddhism and Psychotherapy 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you. First, and foremost, to my thesis co-supervisors Heather Gridley and Mark Andersen, who, like Buddhist deities, each embodied the peaceful and wrathful aspects of guidance that were both so necessary for my continued pursuit of excellence is this endeavour. I am very grateful, and indebted to them, for their help, support, patience, and persistence. To the participants in the research, and a special thanks to those who kindly shared their wisdom and compassion at interview so that I could learn from their examples. To the library and administrative staff at Victoria University: ever helpful, ever knowledgeable, ever friendly. To Susan Moore who originally encouraged me to apply for candidature and a scholarship, and gave me the confidence to aim high. To my Buddhist teachers, John D. Hughes (Spike) who sowed the seeds of scholarship within me, and Ajhan Viryandanda and Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche IX, who recognised my potential and put me to work. To “Linda” and Andrew Young, my Buddhist friends and fellow students who inspired me through their own dedication. Last, but never least, to my family and friends, especially Kerry, Mum, Julie, Isabelle, Chris Leach, Jacki Turfrey, and Andrew Kennedy, who gave me love and support along the way. Buddhism and Psychotherapy 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... page 2 DECLARATION.................................................................................................. page 4 DEDICATION...................................................................................................... page 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................. page 6 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................ page 16 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION......................................................................... page 17 Structure of the Research ......................................................................... page 17 Significance of the Research .................................................................... page 19 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE........................................................ page 21 Part 1: The Encounter of Buddhism, Western Psychology, and Psychotherapy.. page 22 Historical Overview of Buddhism ........................................................................ page 22 The Emergence of Buddhism in the West ............................................................. page 25 The Emergence of Buddhism in Western Psychology and Psychotherapy........... page 26 Overview of the Literature Addressing Buddhism, Western Psychology, and Psychotherapy ...................................................................................................... page 34 Literature Addressing Buddhism and Psychotherapy in Applied Settings........... page 36 Identifying Compatibilities Between Buddhism and Western Psychotherapy............. .............................................................................................................................. page 38 Benefits Therapists Perceive for Themselves ........................................... page 39 Benefits Therapists Perceive for Clients .................................................. page 41 Overview of Research Into Buddhism and Psychotherapy....................... page 41 Research on meditation and mindfulness..................................... page 41 Research on Buddhism and psychotherapists. ............................. page 42 Part 2: The Principles of Buddhism Applied to Psychotherapy........................... page 45 Buddhism and Psychotherapy 8 The First Noble Truth of Suffering ....................................................................... page 45 Suffering ................................................................................................... page 45 Mental Illness ........................................................................................... page 49 Buddha Nature.......................................................................................... page 51 Silence....................................................................................................... page 52 Compassion .............................................................................................. page 53 The Second Noble Truth of the Origin of Suffering.............................................. page 56 The Individual..........................................................................................
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