Debesh Chakraborty Kakali Mukhopadhyay a Study from An

Global Issues in Water Policy 10 Debesh Chakraborty Kakali Mukhopadhyay Water Pollution and Abatement Policy in India A Study from an Economic Perspective Water Pollution and Abatement Policy in India GLOBAL ISSUES IN WATER POLICY VOLUME 10 Series Editors Ariel Dinar José Albiac Murillo Stefano Farolfi Abel Mejia Rathinasamy Maria Saleth For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8877 Debesh Chakraborty • Kakali Mukhopadhyay Water Pollution and Abatement Policy in India A Study from an Economic Perspective Debesh Chakraborty Kakali Mukhopadhyay Department of Economics Department of Natural Resource Sciences Jadavpur University Agricultural Economics Program Calcutta, West Bengal McGill University India Quebec Canada ISSN 2211-0631 ISSN 2211-0658 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-017-8928-8 ISBN 978-94-017-8929-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-8929-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941879 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Shortly before the publication of this book, Professor Debesh Chakraborty, the renowned academician, internationally acclaimed economist, and, most impor- tantly, the main author of this book, passed away after a short illness. Having meticulously worked on the proofreading of this manuscript, Professor Chakraborty, however, did not have the opportunity to see the printed volume. His inspiration and guidance saw me through every line of this book, and I dedicate this book to the memory of him. Professor Chakraborty was a faculty at the department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India, for more than three decades. He began his academic career as a postdoctoral researcher at New York University with Nobel Laureate Prof. W.W. Leontief, a distinction that shaped him into one of the pioneers and forerunners of multisector quantitative research in Applied Economics and Input- output modeling in India. He will be remembered for developing emerging areas of research with special focus on Application of the Input–Output framework, Global CGE model, and Applied Quantitative Techniques in Economics. He was, without any doubt, one of the most renowned and most thoughtful academicians in the field of Input-Output Economics. Professor Chakraborty coauthored several books and leaves behind more than 100 publications in various peer-reviewed journals. He had contributed extensively to the analysis of multisectoral models and was one of the early researchers in that field in India. His works have been widely cited, setting the trend for many young researchers in that field. Always on the lookout for research on fundamental and emerging issues, he continued his engagement in supervising Ph.D. students and directed large research projects even after his retirement. Twenty-three scholars earned their doctoral degrees under his supervision in diverse fields in economics. Professor Chakraborty was attached as a fellow or visiting fellow to various universities and institutions such as UNESCAP in Bangkok, New York University in the USA, Tilburg University and MERIT-Maastricht University in the Nether- lands, the East-West Center at the University of Hawaii, the Korea Institute of Population and Family Planning in South Korea, the University of Newcastle in the v vi Foreword UK, Oulu University in Finland, and the Department of Agricultural Economics, McGill University, Canada. He possessed the rare personality that could blend academics with real issues of our daily life to develop a vision for societal progress at large. A keen observer with a sharp intellect and empathy for the common man, he befriended people from all walks of life. Above all, he was a wonderful human being who always gave his best to his students, friends, and colleagues. I will forever remember a man with such deep commitment to academics and society and love for equality and balance. It is hard to believe that such a vigorous human presence is no more. With great sadness, Kakali Mukhopadhyay Preface The growing ecosystem degradation around the world is affecting the vast population especially the poor in developing countries who often depend solely on ecosystem services. Water is one of the most fundamental natural resources and is vital to the survival of all living organisms and smooth functioning of ecosystem and society. Decades of rapid industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural development have resulted in lifestyles that increase the demands on water resources along with dramatic increases in water pollution levels. Polluting wastewater from industrial discharges is one of the main causes of ecosystem degradation. Apart from industrial wastewater, agrochemicals, fertilizers, organic manure, and nutrient solution pollute water significantly when they enter into the water through rains. Water pollution is one of the main reasons behind a decline in freshwater reserves. Polluted water has adverse effects on both environment and health. Water pollution has been increasing in alarming proportions over time, and this needs immediate attention and calls for appropriate measures. Traditionally, India has been well endowed with large freshwater reserves but increasing population, urbanization, and agricultural growth are leading to overexploitation of surface and groundwater over the past few decades. Thus, the availability and the quality of the freshwater resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges India is facing today. Growth of the Indian economy is driving increased water usage across sectors. On the other hand, wastewater amount is increasing significantly and, in the absence of proper measures for treatment and management, is polluting existing freshwater reserves. As a result, water pollution has emerged as one of the gravest environmental threats to India. In this backdrop, the current study makes a comprehensive analysis of water pollution in India. A significant number of industries such as livestocks, chemical industries, beverages, leather, cotton textiles, miscellaneous textile, paper, pesticides, milk, and milk products in India are producing water pollution above MINAS by several times. We have also seen that a number of industries are controlling water pollution. Since pollution abatement activities involve cost, they affect the price and output of different industries. vii viii Preface The current book attempts to develop an input–output model to link water pollution generated by different industries with various economic activities of the Indian economy. It constructs a detailed water pollution coefficient matrix involv- ing different types of water pollutants and estimates the total amount of water pollution generation directly and indirectly from different sectors/activities of India. The analysis of the effect of pollution abatement scheme shows that the demand for sectoral output will change and so also the price of the different sectors of the economy. We find that chemical, mining, and electricity are key sectors which have extensive linkages in the demand for clean water. Further, the study derives an interesting finding from the water pollution content in trade. India is exporting more water pollution-intensive goods, while importing less. So India is pollution heaven particularly for a number of water pollution parameters such as dissolved solids, chloride, sulfide, BOD, and COD for the years 2006–2007. The book also offers a portfolio of pollution abatement policies and evaluates the implications of such policies on pollution generation in the economy. Analysis reveals that water pollution-generating sectors such as inorganic and organic chemicals, mining, sugar, and cotton textile will grow rapidly and therefore also

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