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Improving Trend of Ground Water Quality of Noyyal River Basin in Tiruppur District

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Improving Trend of Ground Water Quality of Noyyal River Basin in Tiruppur District International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 10, October 2017, pp. 1321–1329, Article ID: IJCIET_08_10_135 Available online at http://http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed IMPROVING TREND OF GROUND WATER QUALITY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN IN TIRUPPUR DISTRICT K. Ravichandran Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India Dr. R. Sundararajan Ph. D Supervisor, Department of Civil Engineering, KAHE, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India) ABSTRACT The ground water quality reports of various Government agencies after the year 2000 and the value observed by the Research scholar in Noyyal River basin in Tiruppur district were discussed in this paper. Nowadays, the available surface water is not fulfilling the needs of the people. Hence they are going for the subsurface water. The process is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and or to produce valuable end products. Noyyal River basin of Tiruppur is known for water pollution from Textile dyeing bleaching and printing units are operating in and around Tiruppur District. The Noyyal River Ayacutters Association, association of affected farmers and in the association has filed several PIL in the Honble Madras High court for the past two decades and the Honble Madras High Court and Honble Supreme Court of India passed various orders to compensate the affected farmers and to curtail the environmental pollution from the textile dyeing units in Tiruppur cluster including the order of complete closure of all dyeing units during Jan 2011. TNPCB, Govt of Tamilnadu and Dyers association of Tiruppur has formulated various projects for constructing individual Effluent Treatment Plant (IETP) and constructing Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETPs) with Zero Liquid Discharge Scheme. The Loss of Ecology Authority (LoEA) with the assistance of Anna University has made a ground water quality study of the basin in the year 2003 for awarding compensation to the affected farmers and the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has made a study in the basin in the year 2012 and 2016. The TNPCB is also continuously monitoring Noyyal water quality by installing online meters in River from the year 2014 onwards. The research scholar has made study in the area 2015, 2016 and 2017. Comparative analysis of the various reports and study indicates that there is a http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1321 [email protected] K. Ravichandran and Dr. R. Sundararajan improvement in quality of ground water from the base line values in the year 2003 in terms of Total Dissolve Solids (TDS), a parameter generally used for describing pollution level by textile dyeing units. Cite this Article: S. K. Ravichandran and Dr. R. Sundararajan, Improving Trend of Ground Water Quality of Noyyal River Basin In Tiruppur District, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(10), 2017, pp. 1321–1329. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=8&Issue=10 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Noyyal River The Noyyal River, a tributary of the river Cauvery rises from the Vellingiri hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, and drains into the Cauvery River. The Noyyal flows through the districts of Coimbatore, Tiruppur, Erode and Karur and the urban centres of Coimbatore and Tiruppur. The River basin is 180 km long and 25 km wide and covers a total area of 3,500 sq, km. Cultivated land in the basin amounts to 1,800 sq.km while the population density is 120 people per sq.km in the countryside, and 1000 people for sq.km in the cities. The area is known for its scanty rainfall and the development of the Noyyal River Tanks System to hold any overflow from the rains plus the water of the Northeast and South west monsoon season were also ecologically important. The 173 km long tributary of the Cauvery River fills 32 interconnected tanks during its course. 1.2. Industrial Development in Tiruppur and pollution of River basin Tiruppur is a major knitwear centre in India with more than 9000 smallscale Garment units supported with 700 Textile and bleaching units and 250 printing units. The city contributes 56 per cent of the total cotton knitwear export from India. The following is the typical characteristics of waste water discharge from textile dyeing units. Table 1 Characteristic of raw effluent from a Textile dyeing unit and TNPCB discharge standards S.No Parameters Discharge level TNPCB standards 1 pH 9.0 -10 5.5 -9.0 2 Total suspended Solids(TSS) 600- 700 mg/l 100 mg/l 3 Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) 7000- 10000 mg/l 2100 mg/l 4 Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD) 400 - 500 mg/l 30 mg/l 5 Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) 900 – 1000 mg/l 250 mg/l 6 Chlorides 1700 – 1900 mg/l 1000 mg/l 7 Sulphates 700 – 900 mg/l 1000 mg/l In the early 1990’s the textile dyeing units in Tiruppur were directed by TNPCB to provide Effluent Treatment plants comprising of Physico chemical treatment for removal of colour followed with activated sludge treatment for control of BOD and COD. All the 700 odd units in Tiruppur have provided such treatment system either individually or collectively and eight CETPs were constructed with the support of central and state government financial supports to cater to the needs of 500 units and other units have provided system on their own. These treatment plants had not met the discharge standards in respect of TDS and this high TDS tread effluent was discharged into River Noyyal and contaminated the surface water and the ground water in the River Basin. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1322 [email protected] Improving Trend of Ground Water Quality of Noyyal River Basin In Tiruppur District The Noyyal River Ayacutters Association, an association of affected farmers in the basin has filed several PIL in the Honble Madras High court in the past two decades the Honble Madras High Court and Honble Supreme Court of India has passed various orders to compensate the affected farmers and also to curtail the environmental pollution from the textile dyeing units in Tiruppur cluster. 1.3. Zero Liquid discharge Plants (ZLD) As the conventional ETP and CETPs had not met the discharge standards efforts and technological improvements were made in the field of textile dyeing effluent treatment and Zero Liquid discharge plants were developed in the year 2004. Hence all the units were directed to provide ZLD plants either individually or collectively Figure 1 Schematic diagram of atypical ZLD plant In the PIL filed by the Farmers Association the Honble Madras High court has directed the dyeing units to provide ZLD plant before 31st of July, 2007 and the PWD was directed to clean the Orathupalayam Dam, located on the downstream side of Tiruppur were the partially treated textile effluent was stored and to recover the cost from the Dyeing Association. Further all dyeing units was completely closed in the year Jan 2011 by the order of Madras High Court for not complying, the Court directions. The units with proper ZLD plant was permitted to operate after an inspection, and verification of operation of ZLD plant by Monitoring Committee appointed by Honble High Court of Madras. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1323 [email protected] K. Ravichandran and Dr. R. Sundararajan 2. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE IN THE BASIN The main cause for the Environmental damage in the basin was due to discharge of textile dyeing effluents operating in Tiruppur. Even though various contaminants are discharged from dyeing unit Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) or Electrical conductivity value is used to represent the pollution level. The various governmental agencies have made studies on water quality and pollution load in the basin. 2.1. Loss of Ecology Authority (LoEA) In the year 2003 the LoEA has nominated Centre for Environmental Science, Anna University to make assessment of the environmental damage in the Noyyal River basin. Based on the Report the Authority has awarded compensation to the affected farmers by collecting money from the dyers based on polluters pay principle concept. Anna University has analysed the TDS level (0.67 of Electrical conductivity) of the ground water in the basin and submitted its report. Table 2 List of Villlages In Noyyal River Basin Affected by Tiruppur Cluster of Textile Industries (Study of Anna University made in the year 2003) Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V EC<1.5mS/cm EC1.5 to 3 EC 3+ to 5.25 EC5.25+ to 7.5 EC More than 7.5 mS/cm (TDS<1000mg/l) mS/cm mS/cm mS/cm (TDS-5000mg/l) (TDS-1000 to (TDS-2500 to (TDS-3500 to 2500mg/l) 3500mg/l) 5000mg/l) District: Coimbatore; Taluk: Tiruppur Iduvai Chettipalayam Mangalam Andipalayam None Muttanpalayam Nallur Mannarai Veerapandi Nachipalayam Thottipalayam Mudalipalayam Neriperuchal Tiruppur AvinashiTaluk None None Kaniampundi None None Pudupalayam District: Erode ;Taluk : Kangeyam Mangalapatti Kiranur Ganapatipalyam None Kathangani Nathakadaiyur* Marudurai Pallayakottai Thambureddipalayam Mullaipuram Muthur Kuttaipalayam Parancherivazhi Cherinamuthur Vellamapalayam Nallroad* Udhayam Maravapalayam PerunduraiTaluk Kuppachipalayam Basuvapatti AgraharaKattan Agraharaperiyapalayam Anaipalayam Murugangattoluvu Ekkatampalayam ganni Pallavarayanpalayam Kodumanal Punjaipallatoluvu Morattupalayam SarkarKathanganni Oruthupalyam Elaigramam S.Periappalyam Lanjaipallatoluvu Punchaiuttukuli Rakkiyapalayam Vaddukampalayam http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1324 [email protected] Improving Trend of Ground Water Quality of Noyyal River Basin In Tiruppur District Erode Taluk Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Arachchalur Vadiullamangalam Iyyampalyam Kongudampalayam None Avadaiyaparai* Kollankoil Elunuttumangalam Murungayampalaym Chinnasamundram Devikiammapuram Ichiapalyam* Anjur Nagamanakkanpalayam Kodumudi Sivagiri 2.2. Central Ground Water Board The Central Ground Water Board is regularly analyzing the water quality in the Noyyal River basin and published the water quality status in the year 2012 and 2016.
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