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COIMBATORE REGIONAL PLAN -2038 Draft Report VOLUME: 4 SUB-

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... 2-xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2-xii CHAPTER 1. SITUATING COIMBATORE IN SUB-REGION IN ...... 1 1.1 Area and Population ...... 1 1.2 Economy ...... 1 1.3 Environment ...... 2 1.4 Connectivity ...... 2 CHAPTER 2. COIMBATORE SUB-REGION IN COIMBATORE REGION ...... 3 2.1 Area and Population ...... 3 2.2 Economy ...... 3 2.3 Environment ...... 4 2.4 Connectivity ...... 5 CHAPTER 3. SYNCHRONISING TAMIL NADU VISION TO COIMBATORE ...... 6 3.1 Role of Coimbatore in Vision ...... 6 3.2 Role of Regional Connectivity ...... 6 3.3 Vision, Aim and Objective...... 6 CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL PLAN FOR COIMBATORE SUB-REGION...... 12 4.1 Resources of the Sub-Region ...... 12 4.1.1 Special character of Coimbatore region ...... 12 4.2 Human Resource and its Development Potential in Coimbatore ...... 13 4.2.1 Population Growth ...... 13 4.2.2 Population Distribution in Space ...... 14 4.2.3 Sex ratio- Special feature of Coimbatore ...... 16 4.3 Economic Resources ...... 16 4.3.1 Workers and their Growth Pattern ...... 16 4.3.2 Sectoral Contribution to Domestic Product: ...... 17 4.3.3 Trends in GDDP...... 18 4.3.4 Priority Sector ...... 18 4.3.5 Industries ...... 18 4.3.6 Commercial Activities ...... 20 4.3.7 Tourism ...... 25 4.3.8 Agriculture ...... 28 4.3.9 Horticulture: Tea/ Plantation/ Flowers ...... 30 4.3.10 Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development ...... 31 4.4 Physical Resources ...... 32 4.4.1 Natural Resources ...... 32

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4.4.2 Man-made Resources ...... 39 CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENT ...... 111 5.1 Disaster: Landslides and Forest Fires ...... 111 5.1.1 Tamil Nadu ...... 111 5.1.2 Coimbatore ...... 111 5.1.3 Drought ...... 111 5.1.4 Drought Analysis and mitigation ...... 112 5.1.5 Schemes adopted during drought ...... 113 5.2 Encroachment on Lakes/ Drainage Basin ...... 114 5.2.1 Degradation of Wetlands in basin ...... 114 5.3 Biosphere: National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries ...... 115 5.3.1 Forest Cover and Types ...... 115 5.3.2 Annamalai Forest Reserve- Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary ...... 116 5.4 Water and Environment ...... 123 5.4.1 Soil Type ...... 123 5.4.2 Ground Water Scenario ...... 124 5.4.3 Pollution Levels in Coimbatore ...... 126 5.4.4 CEPI (Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index) ...... 126 CHAPTER 6. LAND UTILIZATION ...... 128 6.1 Dominant Use ...... 128 6.2 Habitat Area: Built up concentration and Expansion ...... 130 6.3 Land Suitability Analysis for Development ...... 131 6.4 Eco-sensitive Areas ...... 135 CHAPTER 7. – INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE ...... 145 7.1 Existing Governance Institutions & their links (Horizontal & Vertical) ...... 145 7.2 Planning Institutions and their link to Regional & State Level ...... 146 7.3 Location of Panchayat/ Block/ Taluka/ Municipal Offices ...... 150 7.4 E-Governance Process ...... 151 7.5 Central, State & District Development Programmes ...... 152 7.6 Existing Planning Process and its Effectiveness ...... 153 CHAPTER 8. – PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR SUB-REGION ...... 157 8.1 Population Projection ...... 157 8.1.1 Natural ...... 157 8.1.2 Moving Average ...... 157 8.1.3 Declining Fertility Rate ...... 158 8.1.4 Induced ...... 159 8.2 Priority Sectors within the Sub-Region ...... 160

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8.3 Location of Future Economic Activities ...... 163 8.3.1 Manufacturing Industries ...... 163 8.3.2 Service Industries ...... 165 8.3.3 Employment Generation ...... 168 8.3.4 Economic Infrastructure ...... 174 8.3.5 Education Infrastructure ...... 175 8.3.6 Tourism ...... 181 8.4 Settlement Hierarchy...... 183 8.5 Scalogram Analysis ...... 185 8.6 Land Use Zoning ...... 200 8.6.1 Final Proposal based upon Thrust Area ...... 206 CHAPTER 9. - FINANCIAL CONVERGENCE ...... 207 CHAPTER 10. - BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 209

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to ...... 1 Figure 1-2 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India ...... 1 Figure 1-3 Comparison of Per Capita Income ...... 2 Figure 2-1 Area and Population share of Coimbatore sub-region in the region ...... 3 Figure 2-2 Comparison of GDP for Coimbatore region ...... 3 Figure 2-3 Comparison of GDP (with reference to TamilNadu) for Coimbatore region...... 4 Figure 4-1 Population Distribution Rural-Urban (1991-2011) ...... 14 Figure 4-2 Main and Marginal workers ...... 16 Figure 4-3 Work force participation ratio ...... 16 Figure 4-4 Occupational structure...... 17 Figure 4-5 Sectoral contribution in GDDP/NDD...... 17 Figure 4-6 GDDP/NDDP 2011-2012 ...... 17 Figure 4-7 Trend in sectoral GDDP, 2004-2011 ...... 18 Figure 4-8 Block wise Investment ...... 19 Figure 4-9 Block Wise Employment ...... 19 Figure 4-10 Block Wise Industries ...... 19 Figure 4-11 Investment Turnover of Industries ...... 20 Figure 4-12 Contribution of Service Sector to District GDP ...... 20 Figure 4-13 Workforce in tertiary Sector ...... 21 Figure 4-14 Skill Generated in ...... 21 Figure 4-15 Software Export Growth (in crores) ...... 21 Figure 4-16 Concentration Comparison between the Taluks ...... 24 Figure 4-17 Share of the Four Major Categories in Services ...... 24 Figure 4-18 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore ...... 25 Figure 4-19 Classification of Land (Joint Directorate of Agriculture) ...... 28 Figure 4-20 Percentage distribution of Slope ...... 33 Figure 4-21 Methodology adopted for NDVI analysis...... 34 Figure 4-22 The NDVI generated Topological cover of in 2008 and 2018 ...... 35 Figure 4-23 Percentage change observed in Vegetation in the Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018 respectively ...... 35 Figure 4-24 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of talukas ...... 36 Figure 4-25 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of talukas ...... 36 Figure 4-26 Forest Cover ...... 38 Figure 4-27 Traffic volume per day ...... 41 Figure 4-28 Traffic volume in PCUs ...... 42 Figure 4-29 Average distance of travel: Access trips distance ...... 42 Figure 4-30 Average distance of travel: Dispersal trips distance ...... 43 Figure 4-31 Average distance of travel: Prime trips distance ...... 43 Figure 4-32 Modal Split ...... 44 Figure 4-33 Trip Purpose ...... 44 Figure 4-34 Registered commercial vehicles ...... 44 Figure 4-35 Registered non-commercial vehicles...... 45 Figure 4-36 Total PCU at outer cordon ...... 45 Figure 4-37 Speed and delay for peak hours ...... 46 Figure 4-38 Accidents in Coimbatore ...... 46 Figure 4-39 Entry-Exit at bus terminals ...... 47 Figure 4-40 Footpath coverage ...... 47

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Figure 4-41 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel to % from the Bus Terminals ...... 48 Figure 4-42 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel to & from the Railway Stations ...... 48 Figure 4-43 Total PM2.5 Emissions ...... 52 Figure 4-44 Sector-wise Share of GHG emission in Coimbatore (2015) ...... 52 Figure 4-45 Railway Passenger Movement ...... 54 Figure 4-46 Trip purpose ...... 55 Figure 4-47 Revenue generated from export of goods ...... 67 Figure 4-48 Revenue generated from import of goods ...... 67 Figure 4-49 Passenger Movement- Domestic ...... 69 Figure 4-50 Passenger Movement International ...... 70 Figure 4-51 Quantity of Cargo Per Annum ...... 72 Figure 4-52 Quantity of Domestic Cargo Per Month...... 73 Figure 4-53 Service Level Benchmarks ...... 78 Figure 4-54 Existing sources of Energy ...... 81 Figure 4-55Year wise Consumption of Electricity ...... 82 Figure 4-56 Sector wise Consumption of Electricity ...... 82 Figure 4-57 Project Electricity Demand ...... 83 Figure 4-58 Energy Generation Comparison ...... 84 Figure 4-59 Monthly Sunny Hours ...... 85 Figure 4-60 Average wind Density ...... 85 Figure 4-61 Diseases Scenario ...... 92 Figure 4-62 Coimbatore District Literacy ...... 94 Figure 4-63 Block wise Literacy Rates of Coimbatore District ...... 94 Figure 4-64 Flowchart of importance of community spaces ...... 99 Figure 4-65 Rate of violent crimes ...... 100 Figure 4-66 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore ...... 101 Figure 4-67 Mettupalayam Community Hall ...... 102 Figure 4-68 Coimbatore Community Hall ...... 102 Figure 4-69 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore ...... 104 Figure 4-70 Flowchart of importance of community spaces ...... 104 Figure 4-71 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore ...... 105 Figure 4-72 Coimbatore Community Hall ...... 107 Figure 4-73 Mettupalayam Community Hall ...... 107 Figure 4-74 Pollachi community centre ...... 107 Figure 4-75 Variation of loans from 2013-14 to 2017-18...... 108 Figure 5-1 The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991 to 2017 ...... 112 Figure 5-2 Temporal variation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale for Pollachi rain gauge station ...... 113 Figure 5-3 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands ...... 114 Figure 5-4 Annamalai forest hills ...... 116 Figure 5-5 ...... 117 Figure 5-6 Annamalai Topography ...... 117 Figure 5-7 Parambikulam ...... 117 Figure 5-8 Annamalai Landuse ...... 117 Figure 5-9 Flora of Annamalai Reserve Forest ...... 118 Figure 5-10 Fauna of Annamalai Reserve Forest ...... 118 Figure 5-11 Photography ...... 119 Figure 5-12 Ride ...... 119 Figure 5-13 Forest ...... 119 Figure 5-14 Trekking ...... 119 Figure 5-15 Bird Watching ...... 119

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Figure 5-16 Video ...... 119 Figure 5-17 Eco-Shop ...... 119 Figure 5-18 Elephant Camp ...... 119 Figure 5-19 Coimbatore District Ground water levels (1991-2016) ...... 124 Figure 5-20 Water Contamination level in of Tamil Nadu ...... 125 Figure 5-21 Fertilizer Consumption across Districts in Tamil Nadu (2012-13) ...... 125 Figure 5-22 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index (Source: Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Central Pollution Control Board) ...... 126 Figure 5-23 CEPI scores of Coimbatore in 2009 (Source: Tamil Nadu) ...... 126 Figure 6-1 Land use share (in %) ...... 129 Figure 6-2 Coimbatore LULC...... 130 Figure 6-3 Reserve forest and elephant corridors of ...... 136 Figure 6-4 Valparai showing the Anamali Reserve core and buffer ...... 136 Figure 6-5: Importance of Wetlands ...... 139 Figure 6-6 Threats to Wetlands ...... 139 Figure 6-8 8 Location of Red, Orange, Green and White ...... 140 Figure 6-7 Map of Noyyal Basin showing zones created along the river due to pollution ...... 140 Figure 6-9 Graph showing increase in water levels due to rain water harvesting in Coimbatore (Static water level in feet) ...... 142 Figure 6-10 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands ...... 143 Figure 6-11 Shrinkage in the area of Wetlands ...... 143 Figure 7-1 Department Overlapping ...... 145 Figure 7-2 Administrative Boundary Map ...... 146 Figure 8-1 Figure Methodology with Urbanization as Thrust area...... 161 Figure 8-2 3Methodology with Environmental Sustainability as Thrust area ...... 162 Figure 8-3 Multiple information Criteria Modelling ...... 163 Figure 8-4 Multi influence method ...... 163 Figure 8-5 Employment vs Turnover ...... 164 Figure 8-6 Employment vs Turnover ...... 166 Figure 8-7 Factors considered for Land Suitability ...... 166 Figure 8-8 connecting Gandhinagar and Nellambur...... 172 Figure 8-9 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore ...... 181 Figure 8-10 Share of Tamil Nadu ...... 182 Figure 8-11 International Tourists in Tamil Nadu ...... 182 Figure 8-12 Domestic Tourists in Tamil Nadu ...... 182 Figure 8-13Existing Employment Generation in ...... 183 Figure 8-14 ...... 190 Figure 8-15 Comparison of Coimbatore with Central Place Theory ...... 197 Figure 8-16 Comparison of Coimbatore with Linear City Model ...... 197 Figure 8-17 Population Projection for year 2041 ...... 199 Figure 8-18 Correlation between distance from urban core and Population Density ...... 199 Figure 8-19 Correlation between proximity to Urban core and workforce participation in Agriculture ...... 200

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LIST OF MAPS Map 1-1 Regional Proximity ...... 2 Map 2-1 Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore ...... 5 Map 4-1 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with Elephant corridors ...... 12 Map 4-2 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with Eco-Sensitive hotspots ...... 13 Map 4-3 Settlement Hierarchy (Rural) 1991-2011 ...... 15 Map 4-4 Settlement Hierarchy (Urban) 1991-2011 ...... 15 Map 4-5 Concentration of Hospitality ...... 23 Map 4-6 Concentration of IT Industries ...... 23 Map 4-7 Concentration of Consultancies ...... 23 Map 4-8 Concentration of Repair and Maintenance ...... 23 Map 4-9 Block wise percentage Area under Major ...... 29 Map 4-10 Crop Diversification ...... 29 Map 4-11 Soil Type ...... 32 Map 4-12 Slope ...... 33 Map 4-13 Road Map ...... 41 Map 4-14 Volume Count ...... 45 Map 4-15 Speed and Delay ...... 46 Map 4-16 Desire lines of Bus stands ...... 47 Map 4-17 Proposed Cycle Tracks along the Water Bodies and Foot over Bridges ...... 49 Map 4-18 Gridded (1Km x 1Km) PM2.5 Emissions (2015) ...... 53 Map 4-19 Railway Passenger Movement ...... 54 Map 4-20 Outward movement of commodities ...... 56 Map 4-21 Inward movement of commodities ...... 56 Map 4-22 Airport Passenger Movement ...... 69 Map 4-23 Import-Export Cargo ...... 72 Map 4-24 Inbound-Outbound Cargo...... 72 Map 4-25 Location of various in Coimbatore ...... 75 Map 4-26 Transfer and Transport of waste ...... 77 Map 4-27 Location of hazardous industries ...... 79 Map 4-28 Solar Radiation Map of Coimbatore ...... 85 Map 4-29 Wind Density Map of Coimbatore ...... 85 Map 4-30 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure ...... 88 Map 4-31 Mettupalayam Health Care Infrastructure ...... 88 Map 4-32 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure ...... 88 Map 4-33 Pollachi Health Care Infrastructure ...... 88 Map 4-36 Block wise Education Infrastructure Distribution 2011 ...... 96 Map 4-35 Urban and Rural Education Infrastructure 2011 ...... 96 Map 4-37 Educational Infrastructure – Coimbatore City ...... 96 Map 4-38 Educational Infrastructure – Pollachi (Left) and Educational Infrastructure – Mettupalayam (Right) ...... 97 Map 4-40 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore ...... 99 Map 4-41 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places ...... 102 Map 4-42 Pollachi community center ...... 103 Map 4-43 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places ...... 106 Map 4-44 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area ...... 107 Map 4-45 Existing economic infrastructure of Coimbatore blockwise ...... 109 Map 6-1 Existing Land use Map- Coimbatore District ...... 128 Map 6-2 Developable Suitability Map ...... 133 Map 6-3 Landcover ...... 134

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Map 6-4 Residential Land Suitability ...... 135 Map 6-5 Map showing the 8 urban wetlands present in the vicinity of Noyyal Basin ...... 138 Map 8-1 Land suitability of manufacturing industry ...... 164 Map 8-2 Proposed Manufacturing Industries ...... 165 Map 8-3 Land Suitability for Service Sector ...... 165 Map 8-4 Proposals For Service Industry Blockwise ...... 167 Map 8-5 Land suitability map- Agro Based Industries ...... 169 Map 8-6 Land suitability map- Agro ...... 170 Map 8-7 Proposed bypass and Bus terminals and routes ...... 173 Map 8-8 Map of block-wise education infrastructure distribution for 2041 ...... 178 Map 8-9 Map for urban and rural education infrastructure distribution for 2011 ...... 178 Map 8-10 Map of block-wise education infrastructure distribution for 2011 ...... 178 Map 8-11 Settlement Hierarchy 2041 ...... 184 Map 8-12 Urban Growth Pole and Urban Growth Centres ...... 188 Map 8-13 Residential Land Suitability ...... 196 Map 8-14 Distance of Villages from Urban Centres ...... 198 Map 8-15 Defense Industrial Corridor ...... 203 Map 8-16 Locations of existing and proposed STPs in the district along with the area covered ...... 206

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LIST OF TABLES Table 4-1 Population Growth Rate for different talukas in Coimbatore District ...... 14 Table 4-2 Rural Urban distribution of population...... 14 Table 4-3 Class Wise Population – Urban ...... 15 Table 4-4 Class Wise Population – Rural ...... 15 Table 4-5 SC/ST population distribution in Coimbatore District in 2011 ...... 16 Table 4-6 Tourist footfall in Coimbatore ...... 25 Table 4-7 Block wise productivity of major agriculture crops in Coimbatore district ...... 29 Table 4-8 Block wise productivity of major fruits and vegetables in Coimbatore district ...... 30 Table 4-9 Block wise productivity of Plantation crops and Spices...... 30 Table 4-10 Percentage of Area under Major Horticultural Crops in Coimbatore District ...... 31 Table 4-11 Block wise Livestock population of Coimbatore district ...... 31 Table 4-12 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore ...... 32 Table 4-13 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore ...... 32 Table 4-14 Decadal change observed through NDVI Analysis for Coimbatore district...... 35 Table 4-15 Forest Cover of Coimbatore ...... 38 Table 4-16 Proposed Links for Cycle Tracks Phase 1 ...... 49 Table 4-17 Parking Characteristics Coimbatore ...... 50 Table 4-18 Railway Parking Charges ...... 50 Table 4-19 Railway Leased Parking Charges ...... 50 Table 4-20 Airport Parking Charges ...... 51 Table 4-21 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places ...... 55 Table 4-22 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places ...... 56 Table 4-23 Freight details for past three years ...... 66 Table 4-24 Permissible weights of goods ...... 67 Table 4-25 Allowances of goods ...... 67 Table 4-26 Import-Export Items ...... 70 Table 4-27 Inbound-Outbound Items ...... 71 Table 4-28 Rate of Movement per kg ...... 73 Table 4-29 Minimum Rate per Consignment ...... 74 Table 4-30 Total capacity of different water sources ...... 74 Table 4-31 Sources of Waste Generation in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam & Pollachi ...... 76 Table 4-32 Transportation of solid waste ...... 76 Table 4-33 Micro compost plant, Bio-Methanization plant & vermicomposting plant capacity...... 77 Table 4-34 Dumping site locations, area & capacity ...... 77 Table 4-35 Details of Health Care Facilities and Waste Generation ...... 80 Table 4-36 Status of Hazardous Waste Generating Units (2017) ...... 80 Table 4-37 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index ...... 80 Table 4-38 Electricity Generation sources in Coimbatore ...... 81 Table 4-39 Distribution substation in Coimbatore ...... 82 Table 4-40 Power coverage Block wise (Coimbatore) ...... 82 Table 4-41 Average Billing Rate of electricity ...... 83 Table 4-42 per unit Generation cost of Electricity from various sources ...... 83 Table 4-43 Monthly Averaged Insulation (kWh/m^2/day) incident on a horizontal surface in Coimbatore ...... 84 Table 4-44 Block wise wind density of Coimbatore ...... 86 Table 4-45 List of Hospitals with high patient float across Coimbatore District ...... 87 Table 4-46 Public Health Institutions and Number of Speciality Clinic...... 87 Table 4-47 Public Health & Medical Services rendered by organizations & individual – Coimbatore District (2013-14)...... 89

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Table 4-48 Veterinary, Public Health Institutions & Animals Treated Block Wise ...... 90 Table 4-49 Block Wise Healthcare Infrastructure ...... 90 Table 4-50 Educational Infrastructure ...... 94 Table 4-51 Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011 ...... 94 Table 4-52 Incremental Human Resource Requirement by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s) ...... 95 Table 4-53 Incremental Human Resource Availability by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s) ...... 95 Table 4-54 ...... 101 Table 4-55 Coimbatore community hall and library available and required ...... 106 Table 4-56 Loans sanctioned for different sectors ...... 108 Table 4-57 32 Block Wise Existing Banks ...... 108 Table 4-58 Block Wise Existing Markets ...... 109 Table 5-5-1 SPI Classification of drought characterization ...... 113 Table 5-2 Concentrations of heavy metals in the Urban Wetlands ...... 115 Table 5-3 Forest Cover of Coimbatore ...... 115 Table 5-4 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore ...... 123 Table 5-5 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore ...... 123 Table 5-6 DPSR Model for Coimbatore ...... 127 Table 6-1 Residential land suitability Areas ...... 135 Table 8-1 Population projection using Proportion method ...... 157 Table 8-2 Population Projection using Moving averages ...... 158 Table 8-3 Population Projection considering Declining Fertility Rate ...... 158 Table 8-4 Population Projection of Coimbatore District ...... 158 Table 8-5 Employments generated from various proposed industrial corridors for the year 2023 ..... 159 Table 8-6 Total Induced Population for the year 2041...... 159 Table 8-7 Influences and Weightages...... 166 Table 8-8 Employment to be generated considering Work Force Participation Rate over the years . 168 Table 8-9 Block-wise proposed industries and projected employment ...... 168 Table 8-10 Banks ...... 174 Table 8-11 Regulated and weekly markets Block wise ...... 175 Table 8-12Markets (fish, flower, automobile) and ware house ...... 175 Table 8-13 Comparison of Coimbatore with literacy rate with Tamil Nadu ...... 176 Table 8-14 Incremental human resource by skill level of Coimbatore for 2012-2017 in 000s ...... 177 Table 8-15: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2011 ...... 178 Table 8-16: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2041 ...... 179 Table 8-17 Total Employment Existing and Projected ...... 183 Table 8-18 Settlement Hierarchy considering 5000+ population settlements as urban...... 184 Table 8-19 General driving forces of urban migration ...... 185 Table 8-20 Parameters for defining growth centre ...... 186 Table 8-21 Calculation for 5th Order and 4th Order...... 188 Table 8-22 Calculation for 3rd Order and 2nd Order ...... 189 Table 8-23 Urban Growth Pole, Urban Growth Centre, Urban Growth Point ...... 190 Table 8-24 Urban Service Centre, Central Village ...... 191 Table 8-25 Showing Identified Settlements ...... 192 Table 8-26 Showing Identified Settlements and Reqisites for Upgrade in Order ...... 192 Table 8-27 Residential land suitability Areas ...... 196 Table 8-28 Locations and capacities of existing and proposed STPs in Coimbatore ...... 204 Table 8-29 locations considered, projected population and sewage which will be produced in different localities in the district ...... 204

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

School of Planning and Architecture (SPA-B) is pleased to acknowledge various line departments of , at state, District and Taluka level for their wholehearted cooperation in providing relevant information regarding various sectors. We are highly indebted to the Coimbatore City Officials for sharing their knowledge with us that greatly assisted us for the study. A special thanks to the District Panchayat Secretary Mrs. Sanghmitra, during her tenure for her support and immense effort in coordinating with the concerned line departments for providing data. She has contributed in this Endeavour by giving us invaluable support and inspiration during the field visit. We sincerely thank the District Collector Office for giving us an insight about the district and participating in the discussion regarding the future vision of the Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu. We would also like to thank Mr. V.M. Rajendran, TCPO Coimbatore for his inexplicable help in understanding the existing Planning scenario of Coimbatore. We would further extend a sincere gratitude to the officials of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, National Highway Authority of India, TWAD Board, CODISSIA, DIC, SIEMA, NDIC and other line departments for their humble assistance. We specially acknowledge the people of Coimbatore District for their cooperation and support during data collection and survey. A special thanks to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (German Technical Cooperation) team headed by Mr. Georg Jahnsen, Mr. Felix Knopf, Mr. Abhishek Agrawal, Ms. Tanaya Saha, Mr. Shriman Narayan and Mr. Kishore for giving us an opportunity to work on the Coimbatore regional plan and supporting us with their expertise in the field. Our special acknowledgement to the research associates Ms. Anubhuti Shrivastava and Mr. Jayaprakash for their efforts in the entire process. We thank our students of Master of Planning for their sincere efforts and contribution in the preparation of the Coimbatore Sub- Regional Plan. We thank our Director sir Prof. Dr. N. Sridharan and faculty of Department of Planning Prof. Dr. Kshama Puntambekar, Prof. Dr. Ashfaque Alam, Prof. Shomit Bade and Prof. Garima Shrivastav in guiding the students with their expertise during data collection and also analysis for preparation of the plan. We owe our responsibility for all the omissions and commissions in the report.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Coimbatore district is the second largest urban agglomeration of Tamil Nadu and one of the most industrialized districts of the state. It has been a major textile hub since 1930s after the decline of the industry in . Since then, Coimbatore has seen an economic boom in the followed by the pump industry and today it is a major industrial, commercial, healthcare, educational, information technology and manufacturing hub of Tamil Nadu. The soil of the district is very fertile and provides for excellent agricultural conditions. The major agricultural produce is maize, banana, , paddy, cholam, groundnut, sugarcane, beetle nuts, curry leaves, jasmine etc. Coimbatore is very productive in terms of yield and facilities Coimbatore district has more than 25,000 industries and is known as the “ of South” and the “Pump City of India”. It provides for 60% of water pump demand and 40% of motor and demand of the country. The district has 5 SEZs (Special Economic Zones) and is the second largest software producer in Tamil Nadu. The proposed Coimbatore- Salem Industrial corridor will enhance the employment potential and raise the efficiency and the competitiveness of the industrial enterprise. Along with this rapidly expanding industrial and economic center, Coimbatore proudly treasures one of the 8 “biodiversity hotspots” of the world; the Western Ghats. They form the eco-sensitive zone and hence, naturally qualify for preservation and sustainable development. The Ghats are adorned with large number of plants, animals, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals and other endemic species. In the same way, the of Coimbatore district houses the and treasures an array of flora and fauna. We know that, Coimbatore as a district has high agricultural, industrial as well as economic potential that will lead to urbanization. But it is imperative to control the direction of growth and make sure that “mindless urbanization” does not lead to the saturation of the district and depletion of the environment. From this we derived our vision which is to enhance the capacity of Coimbatore sub-region as a Global Employment generation hub. Coimbatore Sub- Regional Plan is aspiring for an inclusive and sustainable development of all the sectors and strata of the society along with focus on employment generation for economy based development. For the preparation of the sub-regional plan, we identified the major sectors that constitutes the framework of a region like demography, housing, transport, economy, infrastructure, environment and governance and found out the potentials and issues related to each sector after the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data collected through primary and secondary survey. The analysis gave us three thrust areas- Urbanization, Industries and Environment. Each sector has its own importance in the development of the region which contributes differently but needs to be linked together for an integrated and inclusive development. Hence, three different methodologies with different approaches have been adopted for the project. Each thrust area underwent analysis on the basis of land suitability of existing concentration or existing potentials, population projection, and other methods and came up with individual proposals. Each proposal gave a direction of growth and development and talked about which region of the district needs to be developed in what potential sector and what are the areas that has to be marked as a “no-touch” zone for a sustainable development of the district. These proposals were then overlapped to find out the conflicting areas and co-related areas where an integrated development can happen.

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CHAPTER 1. SITUATING COIMBATORE IN SUB- REGION IN TAMIL NADU

1.1 AREA AND POPULATION Coimbatore is situated in the extreme west of Tamil Nadu, near the state of . Coimbatore got its significance as it served as an entry and exit point to neighbouring Kerala popularly referred to as the Palghat Gap. District located on East-West and North-South trade route gave it additional benefit and led to formation of this industrial city. The area of Coimbatore district is 4723 sq. km. which comprises of 3.63 percent area of the state of Tamil Nadu. Population of Coimbatore district (2011) is 34.58 lakhs which comprises of 4.79% population of Tamil Nadu. Population Density of Coimbatore district is 731 persons per sq. km.

1.2 ECONOMY Coimbatore is the economic engine of the state after . It is one of the major hubs for manufacturing, education and health care in Tamil Nadu. According to city competitiveness index report, it is ranked 14th in the list, in India. After Chennai, it is 2nd highest software producer in Tamil Nadu. Among all cities of India, it is ranked 17th in global outsourcing of products. Coimbatore District is mainly based on manufacturing and service sector economy. However, the other sources of income generation are household small scale industries, agriculture and allied activities etc. which also generate a sizeable amount of income. Various values of economic indicators of Coimbatore, like GDDP and per capita income are compared to state values, which portrays the current scenario of economic condition. Tamil Nadu is the highest growing state of India in terms of urbanization. The state contribution to the nation’s Gross domestic product is highest i.e. 7% after state whose contribution is 13% shown in figure 1-1. Coimbatore district contribution in Gross domestic product of state is 6% which is second highest next to the Chennai as shown in figure 1-2. The comparison within the Coimbatore region provides that, the contribution of Coimbatore district is more than others because industrial development in the district.

Figure 1-1 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India Figure 1-2 GDP of Tamil Nadu with respect to India

Source: Department of Economics and statistics

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Per Capita income of district is 77,975 INR as compared to state’s income of 89,050 INR. According to figure1-4, the difference between both is marginal the reason for this may be involvement of maximum population in industrial and service activities.

Figure 1-3 Comparison of Per Capita Income 1.3 ENVIRONMENT It is surrounded by mountains on the west, with reserve forests and the (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) on the northern side. The eastern side of the district, including the city is predominantly dry. The entire western and northern part of the district borders the Western Ghats with the Nilgiri biosphere as well as the Anaimalai and ranges. A western pass to Kerala, popularly referred to as the Palghat Gap provides its boundary. Because of its close proximity to the Western Ghats, the district is rich in fauna. Many lakes and ponds were constructed near the river in ancient times. The city of Coimbatore has nine lakes (wetlands). , Kuruchi Lake, Valankulam Lake, Krishnampatti Lake, Muthannan Lake and Seevagasintamani Lake are some of them. In most of the urban ecosystems, these wetlands are the major life-supporting component with high concentrations of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrate species. The Coimbatore urban wetlands harbours more than 125 species of resident and migratory birds, with August – October being the peak season. Spot-billed Pelican, Painted , Open Billed Stork, Ibis, Spot-billed Duck, Teal, Black Winged Stilt are some of the migratory birds that visit Coimbatore wetlands regularly.

1.4 CONNECTIVITY Coimbatore region is well connected within the region as well as with other districts through major national and state highway. The district is situated in the western side of Tamil Nadu, sharing borders with district of Kerala. The Western Ghats mountain range surround it in the West and the North, with reserve forests and the (Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve) surround it on the northern side.

Map 1-1 Regional Proximity

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CHAPTER 2. COIMBATORE SUB-REGION IN COIMBATORE REGION

2.1 AREA AND POPULATION One of the four districts constituting Coimbatore region is the Coimbatore District. The area of Coimbatore region is 20644.36 sq. km of which Coimbatore district comprises of 22.92% of the total area. The population of Coimbatore region is 89.24 lakh, of which Coimbatore District comprises of 38.75% of the total population.

Figure 2-1 Area and Population share of Coimbatore sub-region in the region

2.2 ECONOMY

SHARE OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN TAMIL NADU AND COIMBATORE REGION (%) (Rs. Cr)

STATE / (2015-16) DISTRICT PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY TOTAL TAMIL NADU 104910 318138 460017 883066

CBE REGION 15366 52556 65944 133865 COIMBATORE 3800 25237 27838 56876 NILGIRIS 1023 1890 5067 7980 3941 12006 16961 32907 6602 13422 16078 36102 * CBE - COIMBATORE

Figure 2-2 Comparison of GDP for Coimbatore region

Coimbatore district’s contribution to the Coimbatore region in Gross District Domestic Product is the highest i.e. 27% as shown in figure 2-2

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Figure 2-3 Comparison of GDP (with reference to TamilNadu) for Coimbatore region

2.3 ENVIRONMENT Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has several soil types which are found in all types of climates. Sandy Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam are the types of soils found in Coimbatore region. The soil in Coimbatore is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There are rich tracts of red loam in Pollachi. Coimbatore is blessed with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of biodiversity and recharge the groundwater. The main sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal, Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar and Palar. Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of lakes and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River basins are the Cauvery River Basin and Parambikulam Aliyar Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparai are the sub basins. The City has total 24 lakes out of which 8 are within the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation limits namely Ammankulam, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvampathy, Kumaraswamy aka Muthannakulam, Selvachinthamani, aka Big Tank, Valankulam and Singanallur. Due to presence of numerous industries in Coimbatore, and no proper effluent treatment methods being used, the pollution levels are very high in the area. About 42336 industries are present in the district. Coimbatore ranks 38th among the industrial area surveyed among 43 other industrial clusters with CEPI score above 70 on a scale of 1 to 100. Thus, Coimbatore can be counted among some of the majorly polluted areas in the country. The entire state of Tamil Nadu has been declared as an air pollution control area as per the provision of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. This is the result of increased industrialization and urbanization in the state Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical

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variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Valley. The Western Ghats and the Valparai are eco-sensitive as they house Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and the Anamalai Tiger Reserve respectively.

2.4 CONNECTIVITY The city is located 510 kms from Chennai in S-W direction. It serves as an entry and exit point to the There are three major highway corridors passing through centre heart of city: • NH47: Road – towards Salem leading to and Chennai • NH47: Polakkad Road – towards • NH67: Trichy Road • NH67: Metthupalayam Road – towards Kerala • NH209: Sathy Road – towards Satyamanglam • NH209: Pollachi Road TSNTC – operates Moffusil and town bus service, seven bus terminal operates and managed by CMC. Coimbatore is well connected by rail on broad gauge. The city lies on and the district is dotted with thirteen railway stations. City has one International Airport - serving 15 domestic and 3 international destinations and one Defence Airport acting as military airbase.

Regional Connectivity:

Coimbatore is well connected by roadway, Map 2-1 Regional Connectivity of Coimbatore railway and airway with other part of the country. Neighbouring state of Kerala and the of Udhagamandalam (). Major cities like Bangalore, , Erode, Kochi, etc are well connected via roads and National Highways. The road d istance from the major cities is Chennai-508 km, Bengaluru-363 km, Kochi-188 km and -217 km. The connectivity by road to surrounding area is given in map and have good passenger traffic as these roads provided good connectivity to surrounding areas of Tamil Nadu. The International Airport in Coimbatore connects directly to Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, New and Internationally it connects Sharjha and directly. Coimbatore airport needs improvement in terms of international connectivity and infrastructure to because it grows ten percent every year in term of both passenger and cargo movement.

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CHAPTER 3. SYNCHRONISING TAMIL NADU VISION TO COIMBATORE

3.1 ROLE OF COIMBATORE IN VISION Vision Tamil Nadu 2023 aims for economic prosperity, inclusive growth, health for all, world class infrastructure, healthy investment climate, knowledge hub and innovation capital of India, creating conducive environment for human development, nurturing a rich heritage and preserving the ecology, protecting against vulnerability and improving the quality of institutions and governance. Coimbatore- Salem Industrial corridor has been proposed for manufacturing and business investment region and Agri- Business investment region as a public private partnership mode of finance. The first project would enhance the employment potential of the region and increase the industrial output and the later project would empower the rural communities to create valuable agro-based businesses thus achieving economic prosperity and inclusive growth. Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial corridor has also been proposed with an objective to develop the region as an industrial corridor focusing on textiles, light industries and agro-based industries. Industrial parks for SMEs have been proposed in the village of Kandiyan Kovil and Myleripalayam in the Coimbatore district in an area of 250 acres and 22 acres respectively. Mass Public Transit System for Madurai and Coimbatore has been proposed that would give the million plus population of the agglomeration a world-class public transit system and seamless connectivity. Knowledge Hub in Coimbatore has been proposed as a destination for higher education and a regional hub for learning for the entire country. An Entrepreneurship Development Centre has been proposed that will focus on imparting skill based training to SMEs to support them in economic activity.

3.2 ROLE OF REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY High speed passenger rail link from Madurai to Coimbatore and Coimbatore to Chennai has been proposed. The Chennai - Madurai - , Chennai - Erode - Coimbatore, Chennai - Jolarpet - Bangalore are the key routes within the state. The proposed project will double the existing single railway lines and come up with new tracks for freight and high speed rail. Six/Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Chengalpet - Alignment, Six/Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Thoothukudi - Coimbatore Alignment and Six/Eight Lane Triangular Corridor: Coimbatore - Chengalpet Alignment has been proposed. These will form the backbone of the Industrial Corridors and will have a multiplier effect on the economy.

3.3 VISION, AIM AND OBJECTIVE Vision: To enhance the capacity of Coimbatore as a Global Employment Generating Hub. Aim: To formulate strategies for the preparation of Spatial Plan for the region. Objectives: i) Assessing the different sectors to identify the area specific potentials to create an Employment driven development. ii) To prepare an efficient and sustainable Spatial Plan. iii) To facilitate economy driven development by focusing on industries and thrust areas. iv) To create spatial framework and policies that regulate urbanization and can preserves ecology.

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Methodology

After the thrust areas are defined, each thrust area proceeded with its own methodology of analysis and proposals. Urbanisation:

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Urbanisation as a thrust area is very important to be analysed as in the later chapters, we will see how in the projections for the district by analysing prevalent demographic trends and research documents, it shall house almost 85% of population in the urban setting and coherent planning at a regional level in this foreground will be crucial and a game changer. This analysis is further the base of our proposals at macro level as we will be able to identify potential growth area in the region.

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Industries: As MSMEs have played an important role in the growth of the district, the industries were identified as a thrust area for the growth of the district. The manufacturing and tertiary sectors contribute to about 29% and 66% to the GDP of the district, industries and service sector have been analysed based on their potential, the suitable areas and the availability of human resources. Sectoral linkages for Industries:

Coimbatore being an educational hub in the region, the promotion of industries and service sector shall provide employment to the youth with various skills in varied fields thus promoting it as an employment generating hub.

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Environment:

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Environment as a thrust area is very important to be analysed as in the later chapters, we will see how ecosystem services of the region contribute in employment generation and preserve the ecology from the impact of urbanisation.

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CHAPTER 4. REGIONAL PLAN FOR COIMBATORE SUB-REGION

4.1 RESOURCES OF THE SUB-REGION 4.1.1 Special character of Coimbatore region

a) Eco-Sensitivity Coimbatore district proudly houses parts of Western Ghats which borders the district’s North and West along with the Nilgiri Biosphere, Anamalai and Munar ranges. It treasures a rich flora and fauna and is the home to Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWSNP) which is today known as Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) set new guidelines to create eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around Protected Areas to prevent ecological damage caused due to developmental activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The new ESZ guidelines would also ensure that these areas act as ‘shock absorbers’ to the protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas. Two eco-sensitive areas by as per the guidelines are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats and the Anamalai Tiger Reserve along with the Valparai Taluk.

b) Western Ghats system and Coimbatore Coimbatore is located at the foot hills of the Map 4-1 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts with Niligiri hills in Western Tamil Nadu. Elephant corridors Coimbatore district has a high ratio of area covered under forest majorly due to the dominating factor of Western Ghats range. The total geographical area of Coimbatore district is 4732 sq Kms out of which forest cover of Coimbatore comprises an area of about 1206 sq Kms which accounts for around 25% of total geographical area, out of which total forest exist in , P.N.Palayam, , , Anamalai and Valparai Blocks.The forest area covers the north western part and southern parts of Coimbatore district. The north western part shares some reserve forest areas with Niligiri bio reserve and the southern part of the district comprise some reserve forest areas of Anamalai Tiger reserve. Around 46 % of total geographical area of Anamalai Tiger reserve falls under Coimbatore district. Similarly around 32 % of total geographical area of Niligiri biosphere reserve falls under Coimbatore district. Anamalai Tiger reserve areas are located mainly in the Valparai Taluk and extending its portion to Pollachi and Udumalapet region of Coimbatore district. The forest areas such as Mulli, Pillur, Manar hills,

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Siruvani, Anaikatti, Gopanari, in Coimbatore forest Map 4-2 Existing forest cover of Coimbatore districts division and Varagaliar, Topslip, Akkamalai, with Eco-Sensitive hotspots Monombolly forest areas in Anamalai Tiger Reserve (Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary) are eco sensitive zones with rich floristic diversity.

c) Water systems Water Bodies in Coimbatore Coimbatore is blessed with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of biodiversity and recharge the groundwater. The main sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal, Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar and Palar. Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of lakes and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River basins are the Cauvery River Basin and ParambikulamAliyar Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparaiare the sub basins.

C.1) Noyyal River Basin The Noyyal River rises from the Vellingiri hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and drains into the River. The river's basin is 180 km long and 25 km wide. It covers a total area of 3,500 sq. km. 1,800 sq. km of the basin’s area is the cultivated land. The Central Groundwater Board had declared the 100-odd km stretch of Noyyal between Kachimanathi and Tirupur as over-exploited, in 2004 and 2009, a term used for an area extracting more water than its annual recharge. C.2) Wetlands of Coimbatore The City has total 24 lakes out of which 8 are within the Coimbatore Corporation limits namely Ammankulam, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvampathy, Kumaraswamy aka Muthannakulam, Selvachinthamani, Periyakulam aka Ukkadam Big Tank, Valankulam and Singanallur. Earlier there used to be nine lakes but Ammankulam is now converted to a slum redevelopment scheme. These interconnecting wetlands were built by Chola Kings in the 8th-9th century to prevent the unwanted flooding. These tanks helped in percolation of subsoil water and thus were a major factor in replenishing the ground water.

4.2 HUMAN RESOURCE AND ITS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN COIMBATORE 4.2.1 Population Growth

Population Growth Rate is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Calculation of Growth Rate (GR),

GR = 100 (Pt - Po) / Po

where, Pt = Population of Terminal year and Po = Population of Base year

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The population growth rate of Coimbatore District is consistent throughout the last two decades. The growth rate from 1991-2001 is 15.33% and growth rate in 2001-11 is 15.78%.

Table 4-1 Population Growth Rate for different talukas in Coimbatore District

Name 1991-2001 (in %) 2001-2011 (in %) Coimbatore district 15.33 15.78 Mettupalayam 13.10 8.79 18.58 19.89 Coimbatore north 25.65 30.06 Coimbatore south 16.23 16.32 Pollachi 8.90 5.51 Valparai -12.00 -34.22

From the above table, we see that, the growth rate of Coimbatore district is consistent throughout the last two decades. In Coimbatore district there are 6 talukas, within which 5 talukas have positive growth rate. The growth rate of Mettupalayam and Pollachi taluka has decreased and the growth rate of Coimbatore North taluka has increased considerably. The growth rate of Sulur taluka and Coimbatore South taluka is consistent. However, in Valparai taluka, we see, negative growth rate, which may be attributed to undulating terrain, restricted forest area in majority of the taluka and very less job opportunities, which lead to people moving out of the zone, thereby decreasing the population of the area and also declining the growth rate. 4.2.2 Population Distribution in Space

4.2.2.1 Rural-Urban Distribution In Coimbatore district, it is observed that from the last two decades, the population living in rural areas is declining and urban areas are increasing. Currently, majority of the population in Coimbatore district lives in urban areas, i.e. 76% of the total population.

Table 4-2 Rural Urban distribution of population

Total population (in Rural population Urban population (in Year lakhs) (in lakhs) lakhs) 1991 24.65 6.76 17.89 2001 29.12 7.60 21.51 2011 34.58 8.39 26.18

1991 RURAL- URBAN 2001 RURAL URBAN 2011 RURAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION

27% 26% 24%

73% 74% 76%

Rural Urban Rural Rural Urban

Figure 4-1 Population Distribution Rural-Urban (1991-2011)

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Settlement Hierarchy Rural and Urban (1991-2011)

Map 4-3 Settlement Hierarchy (Rural) Map 4-4 Settlement Hierarchy (Urban) 1991- 1991-2011 2011

Table 4-3 Class Wise Population – Urban

Urban Class Population 1991 2001 2011 I 1,00,000 + 2 1 2 II 50,000 – 1,00,000 3 5 5 III 20,000 – 50,000 4 11 18 IV 10,000 – 20,000 22 21 27 V 5,000 – 10,000 27 27 14 VI 5,000 or less 8 1 3

Table 4-4 Class Wise Population – Rural

Rural Class Population 1991 2001 2011 I 10,000 + 2 4 7 II 5000 - 9999 34 43 69 III 2000 - 4999 109 106 102 IV 1000 - 1999 49 45 42 V 500 - 999 14 12 9 VI 200 - 499 4 4 6 VII 200 or less 1 1 3

4.2.2.2 Concentration of Marginalised population (SC/ST) across settlement Coimbatore district has 15.57% of SC population, 0.82% of ST population out of total population. Now, the distribution of SC/ST population according to talukas is given in the Table 4-5.

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Table 4-5 SC/ST population distribution in Coimbatore District in 2011

Taluka name SC (in %) ST (in %) Mettupalayam 8.24 30.74 Sulur 10.42 0.62 Coimbatore North 7.07 15.59 Coimbatore South 35.69 14.58 Pollachi 20.68 34.07 Valparai 7.89 4.38

Here, it is observed that within 6 taluks of Coimbatore that the majority of the SC population are distributed over Coimbatore South and and the majority of ST population is distributed over Pollachi and Mettupalayam taluks.

4.2.3 Sex ratio- Special feature of Coimbatore Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per thousand males. It is an important and useful indicator to assess relative excess of deficit of men or women in a given population at that point of time. Therefore, Sex Ratio (SR) = (Total no. of females/ Total No. of Males) X 100 In Coimbatore district sex ratio is 1000. This signifies that the number of males is equal to the number of females. This is even higher that the sex ratio of Tamil Nadu State which is 996. In Coimbatore district, not only the sex ratio of the urban areas is good, even the rural areas have good sex ratio. In some villages, like Nellithurai in Mettupalayam taluka, Vadavedampatti in , Kaniyalampalayam in Pollachi taluk etc have higher sex ratio than the district. This indicates less disparity among males and females in society.

4.3 ECONOMIC RESOURCES 4.3.1 Workers and their Growth Pattern In Coimbatore from 2001 to 2011, total workers increased by 21% because of MSME and development in service sector.

8% 2001-2011 45.34

1991-2001 38.9

92% Upto 1991 35.6 Main workers Numbers Marginal workers

Figure 4-2 Main and Marginal workers Figure 4-3 Work force participation ratio

Source: Census Handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

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Almost 50% of the district population is working. Figure 7 is showing a percentage share of main and marginal workers in total workers population. 92% out of total working population is main workers because of the involvement in small scale industries and service activities. Share of marginal workers is 8% as cultivators and agricultural labours are less. Work force participation ratio is the ratio between total working population and total population of the district. Coimbatore has a Work force participation ratio of 45.34. From figure 8 it is observed that WFPR is continuously increasing as working population is increase.

5% The share of cultivators and agriculture labours is 5% and 15% 12% respectively shown in figure 9. There share is continuously declining because of the urbanization and 3% industrialization.

Others includes construction workers, register and non- 77% register industry workers, workers in service sector, etc. the contribution of this sector is almost 77% due to availability of resources. Cultivators Agriculture labors HH industry Others

Figure 4-4 Occupational structure Source: Census Handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

4.3.2 Sectoral Contribution to District Domestic Product:

There are three broad sectors, namely primary, secondary and tertiary.

5%

29% NDDP 6.5 31.5 62

66% GDDP 5.17 29 65.83

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Primary Secondary Tertiary Primary Secondary Tertiary

Figure 4-5 Sectoral contribution in GDDP/NDD Figure 4-6 GDDP/NDDP 2011-2012 Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

Maximum share is by Service sector, followed by Business & Hotels. Less number of people are engaged in this sector but then too the sector contributes more to the GDDP. In GDDP 29% share is from the Industrial sector which mainly includes MSME. The contribution of agriculture and allied activities is least in GDDP i.e. 5%.

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4.3.3 Trends in GDDP According to figure 6, contribution of primary sector is continuously decreasing from year 2004 to 2011. The main reason for the decrease is drought and increasing manufacturing activities.

Figure 4-7 Trend in sectoral GDDP, 2004-2011 Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

The share of secondary sector was 40% in 2004 but sudden declined was observed from 2006. The reason for this may be the formation of Tirupur district and shift of textile industries from Coimbatore to Tirupur and continuous decrease has been observed till date. The shift from secondary to tertiary sector was observed in 2006-07 due to formation of 1st for service industries. The share of this sector was almost 64% in year 2009. But in 2010 sudden drop was observed due to great recession which occurred in all over the world and many people lose their jobs. Currently, district ranks 2nd in software production after Chennai. 4.3.4 Priority Sector The prominent economic activities in the region according to sectors are:

• Tertiary sector includes tourism, information technology, hotels, banks & insurance, education, health care etc.

• Secondary sector includes registered & non-registered industries, textile, pump industry, foundry and casting, engineering products, construction, electricity, gas, water supply

Primary sector includes agriculture & allied activities, sericulture, floriculture, pisciculture, forest conservation, mining & stone quarrying. 4.3.5 Industries

4.3.5.1 Investment in Manufacturing The most investment in automobile industry in Madukkurai and there is good percentage of investment in SS Kulam, P N Palayam and Sulur also. Sulur has the highest investment in textile. P N Palayam and also have good amount of investment in textile. There is the highest investment in Pump in P N Palayam and Annur area has also good investment in Pump. In foundry, P N Palayam has highest amount of investment and after that Sulur, SS Kulam and Madukkurai has investment from higher to lower in rage respectively. Ss Kulam has the highest investment in Wet grinder. The most investment in manufacturing.

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In Sulur area and P N Palayam, SS Kulam and Annur also have good investment.

Figure 4-8 Block wise Investment

Source: Statistical handbook, Coimbatore, 2011

4.3.5.2 Employment in Manufacturing Sulur has the highest no of employment in manufacturing. In automobile - P N Palayam, textile – Sulur, Pump – Madukkurai, Foundry – Sulur, P N Palayam, SS Kulam, Madukkurai and Annur respectively, Wet Grinder – SS Kulam, Sulur and P N Palayam respectively have highest no of employment.

Figure 4-9 Block Wise Employment 4.3.5.3 Turnover in Manufacturing In manufacturing industries, the maximum turnover is obtained by Annur area. In automobile, highest to lowest turnover in Madukkurai, Sulur, , P N Palayam, Sulur respectively. In Textile, highest Turnover in Annur block. In pump – , in foundry – Sulur, and wet grinder- Sulur block.

Figure 4-10 Block Wise Industries

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4.3.5.4 Investment vs Turnover The highest to lowest investment in textile industry, wet grinder, automobile and foundry respectively and getting turnover from textile, wet grinder, foundry, automobile and pump respectively. The investment is very less but the getting turnover is more in pump industry as compare of investment vs turnover graph.

Figure 4-11 Investment Turnover of Industries 4.3.6 Commercial Activities

4.3.6.1 Service Sector Industries The tertiary sector is a medley of various sub-groups such as Trade, Hotels and Restaurants, Transport and Communication, Financing, Real Estate, Information Technology, Social and Personal Services. Tertiary sector the major contributor to the district GDP, saw an exponential grodwth since 2000s with the decline in agriculture and emergence of IT sector. The service sector contributes to about 65% of the district GDP as of 2011-12, employing 90% of the Work Force. The service sector includes:

Information Technology Hospitality Consultanc Repair & Maintenance Travel y Media Entertainment Healthcare Professional Finance Insurance Services

Consulting & Sports Design Marketing & Sales Management & Retail Staffing The contribution of service sector industries in the district GDP is shown in Figure 1 and Work Force Participation over the years has been depicted in Figure 2.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2004-05 2009-10 2014-15

Other Servicces Real Estate Banking and Insurance Communication Transport and logistics Trade, Hotel and Restraunts

Figure 4-12 Contribution of Service Sector to District GDP

Source: National Skill Development Report, 2016

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600000

400000

200000

0 1981 2001 2014

Figure 4-13 Workforce in tertiary Sector

Source: Business Plan Coimbatore, 2016

140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Figure 4-14 Skill Generated in Engineering

Source: IT and ITES feasibility report 2008

4.3.6.2 IT Sector Software and BPO sector were originally concentrated in Chennai and urban agglomerations in the region but has emerged in Coimbatore due to state government’s favourable industrial policies for IT sector, ready availability of skilled human resources and strong IT infrastructure. The growth can also be attributed to its proximity to second international landing hub, Chennai and another major IT giants Kochi and Bangalore. The city is the second largest software producer in the whole state after Chennai. IT sector saw a boom with the launching of and other planned IT parks in and around the city. Companies like Tata Consultancy Services, , IBM, Dell and KGISL have registered their presence in the city

200

150

100

50

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Figure 4-15 Software Export Growth (in crores)

Source: Software Technology Park India, Coimbatore

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The sector contributes to the highest share in exports from the district. IT/ITES and consultancies have been identified as the long-term growth sectors for Coimbatore.

4.3.6.3 Hospitality Hospitality has emerged as a promising sector over the past few years. Business tourism brings the most of the city’s tourists. Good connectivity, availability of infrastructure, Special economic zones and increasing domestic and international air routes help people expand their companies. Various multi- specialty hospitals, educational institutes and heritage tourism are an added advantage. Five-star hotels like Vivanta, Le Meridian, Trident and four-star hotels like Clarion, The Residency, Heritage Inn and Mangala International have registered their presence in the city.

4.3.6.4 Inferences Coimbatore has seen an exponential growth in service sector in the past decade. Based on MSMEs registered with District Industrial Centre Coimbatore, the service industries were categorized under various sub heads. As per the concentrations, employment and turnover of the major sectors under services, four sub-sectors were identified with major contribution to economy and employments. The sub sectors are Information Technology, Hospitality, Consultancies and Repair & Maintenance.

Information Technology Hospitality Consultancy Repair & Maintenance

Web Designing Restaurants Construction Audits E- Commerce Hotels Company Plumbers Software Cafes Chartered Electrician Machine Design Resorts Accountants Mechanics Computer-aided Lawyers design Architects Fabricators

The major factors for the selection of the sub-sectors are: -

• To support the Manufacturing Industries by harnessing skills within the industry.

• Acts as supplementary support to the allied industries in terms of maintenance.

• To promote technological growth of the industries in urban areas in terms of E-marketing, technical assistance, etc.

• Enhancing lifestyle and tourism.

• Potential of these industries in terms of employment and revenue generation within service sector.

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Map 4-5 Concentration of Hospitality Map 4 - 6 Concentration of IT Industries

Source: District Industrial Centre Source: District Industrial Centre The concentrations for the four sub sectors have been mapped for tehsil-wise. Information Technology- Figure 4-6 is concentrated in the urban centres owing to the availability of infrastructure, undisrupted power supply and connectivity to Chennai. Hospitality- Figure 4-5 is mostly concentrated in and around the Coimbatore owing to major connectivity, presence of industries and Special Economic Zones.

Map 4-7 Concentration of Consultancies Map 4-8 Concentration of Repair and Maintenance

Source: District Industrial Centre Source: District Industrial Centre Many Consultancies- Figure 4-7 are present in North, South Coimbatore and Pollachi, with Valparai having the least share. Repair and Maintenance- Figure 4-8 works are more concentrated near more industrialized areas of North, South Coimbatore and Mettupalayam.

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Sulur is an emerging industrial hub with the proposed defence corridor, presence of Special Economic Zones and proximity to Avinashi, Tirupur. Valparai being more agriculture in nature has a potential for Hospitality due to the presence of tea estates and Anamalai Forest Reserve. Following factors were considered for analysis of various sub-sectors: i. Concentration of number of service industries throughout the district.

ii. Employment in service sector in the district.

iii. Turnover generated by service Industries throughout the district.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0% Employment No. of Industries Turnover Employment/Industry Turnover/ Employed IT Repair Consultancies Hospitality Figure 4-17 Share of the Four Major Categories in Services

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% INVESTMENT EMPLOYMENT INDUSTRIES NOS TURNOVER Coimbatore North Coimbatore South Mettupalayam Pollachi Sulur Valparai

Figure 4-16 Concentration Comparison between the Taluks

Source: District Industrial Centre

From above partition graphs, following inferences are drawn: - i. More people are employed in repair and maintenance jobs and generate maximum turnover.

ii. IT sector has a considerable share in turnover while employing lesser number of people, and requires skilled human resources, available in Coimbatore due to the presence of many engineering colleges.

iii. Hospitality is an emerging sector in Mettupalayam, owing to its proximity to various hill stations like Ooty and .

iv. Consultancies are more concentrated in urban centers requiring skilled labour, readily available due to the presence various colleges and universities.

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4.3.7 Tourism Coimbatore is an industrial hub known for its multifaceted tourism destinations. Tourist inflow can be attributed majorly to the pleasing weather, warm culture, natural resources and spirit of entrepreneurship. Owing to Coimbatore being an Industrial Hub, Healthcare Destination and Educational centres it attracts more Business tourists (MICE Tourism).

The location of Coimbatore along the Western Ghats and the cool winds flowing though the Palghat gap provide a pleasant climate to the city. Coimbatore is city with several distinguished tourism genre. Its vegetation, monuments, temples, biodiversity and rural life make it an attractive tourist spot. Figure 4-18 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore Figure 4-18 shows the distribution of tourism in Coimbatore.

Table 4-6 Tourist footfall in Coimbatore

Year Footfall 2007 1862247 16246 1878493 - 2008 2318784 27185 2345969 25% 2009 2559926 32634 2592560 11% 2010 4230196 34680 4264876 65% 2011 6483928 51285 6535213 53% 2012 7936796 53730 7990526 22% 2013 10960052 59144 11019196 38% 2014 14118518 70289 14188807 29% Source: Districts of India Over the years domestic tourism has been flourishing in the district. As per Coimbatore Tourism Report 2015, the number of domestic tourists coming to Coimbatore increased from 79.36 lakh in 2012 to 1.09 crore in 2013. In 2014, 1.41 crore tourists visited Coimbatore. Most foreigners visit northern and southern districts of the state and later enter Kerala through them, but the share of foreign tourists is much less.

4.3.7.1 Major Tourist Spots Coimbatore district is blessed with many tourist attractions. These include temples, waterfalls, theme parks, museums and wildlife sanctuaries. Apart from this, Coimbatore is the entry and exit point to the neighbouring state of Kerala and the hill station of Udhagamandalam or Ooty. It is the landing point for those who want to take the Mountain train that runs from Mettupalayam, just 35 km from Coimbatore. The major tourist attractions in Coimbatore can be listed as follows - 1. Siruvani waterfalls is located to the west of Coimbatore and has a dam across the river Siruvani. The native population include two prominent tribal communities, Irulars and Mudugars. The place has a serene and naturally appealing ambience. 2. Dhyanalinga Temple This is a yogic temple for meditation and prayers. Located in the midst of forests, it is an attractive tourist spot for people who have a yearning for spirituality and meditation. Goddess Lingabairavi is

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worshipped seeking for spiritual awakening.Because of the different types of meditation practices being taught here, it attracts a large number of foreign tourists round the year. 3. PerurPatteeswaraswamy Temple PerurPatteeswaraswamy temple was built by KarikalaCholanand and is located near river Noyyal. It is the most popular temple of Coimbatore.Lord (Patteeswarar being the other name for Shiva) is worshipped here. There is a golden statue of Natarajaas well. The paintings and the sculptures in the temple are alluring. 4. KovaiKondattam KovaiKondattam is a theme park which is visited by families and children for the water games and other exciting options like rock climbing, water dance, wave pool, and dashing cars. It has a large tourist footfall and is a popular tourist spot especially for kids. 5. This is located in range. People firmly believe that the water here has medicinal properties. The place has been identified as an Ecotourism by the Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu. 6. Anaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary Anaimalai wildlife sanctuary is home to several rare species such as wild bear pangolin, civet cat, flying squirrel, panther, jackal, , etc. to name a few. The place attracts many tourists, especially foreign tourists. 7. Black Thunder Theme Park Black Thunder was the first theme park to be established in Coimbatore. It is an alluring tourist spot for children and receives maximum footfall in the vacation season. 8. Gass Museum Gass Forest Museum is a part of the Tamil Forest Academy and is one of the oldest museums of Coimbatore. The museum displays plant and animal fossils and a wide variety of forest produce. 9. Khadi Gandhi Gallery The Khadi Gandhi gallery was set up in July 1970. It displays various pictures of Gandhi right from his birth to his death. It also displays certain khadi products that were used by Gandhi. Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated with pomp and show on the gallery. 10. Government Museum Tamil Nadu established a central museum in 1989. The museum displays remains of fossil and age-old tools. Some ancient decorative pieces, ornaments, coins, etc. have also been exhibited here. Collection of rocks and minerals is also present. 11. Temple This temple is located on a hillock and because of the scenic beauty around, it is one of the most visited temples of the district. People often come here to pray and meditate in the naturally relieving ambience. There are a few water bodies around the temple and a spring. 12. Thirumoorthy Temple

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Thirumoorthy Temple is situated at the foot of adjoining the Thirumoorthy Dam. A stream flows adjoining the temple and there is a waterfall nearby. The place is being developed further. 13. Ornithology Centre The Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON) is located at the foothills of Western Ghats adjacent to Coimbatore South Reserved Forest. The aim of the institution is sustainable use and conservation of natural resources. The building has been designed by the renowned Architect Laurie Baker and has attracted the attention of a lot of architecture students and enthusiasts across the country. 14. TNAU Botanical Garden The Botanical garden has many varieties of plants, flowers and trees. It is under the authority of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. Visiting the garden is a delightful experience. . 15. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary & National Park This is a protected area and is home to many tribal communities. Many kinds of major and minor forest produce come from these forests. The place has the otential to attract more tourists that must be used. 16. Baralikadu Baralikadu is an ecotourist spot where tourists can come and relish the beauty of forests. Some sports and trekking facilities are also available. There is a ride facility too that ends near the banks of . 17. G.D. Naidu Industrial Exhibition This place provides a delightful educational experience. It is a tribute to the legendary industrialist G.D. Naidu. The exhibition displays the machinery and textiles of the bygone era. 18. MICE Tourism ‘MICE’ stands for Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions. MICE tourism is a major contributor to the tourism industry. For Coimbatore, which has historically been a centre for trade and commerce, and continues to be an industrial hub, MICE tourism has a lot of potential. Coimbatore is an important destination for business travellers. Trade fairs and exhibitions are held here on a frequent basis. In the last few years a number of star hotels have come up as well. Business meetings and conferences are also held here, but there is still a lot of potential that needs to be tapped. Coimbatore is an important centre for healthcare and education as well. The major MICE venues for Coimbatore city include CODISSIA Trade Fair Complex, Residency hotel, VivantaTaj, Le Meridian, Aloft, Park Plaza, The Grand Regent, Jenny’s Club, etc.

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4.3.8 Agriculture Primary sector in Coimbatore comprises of agriculture and allied sectors such as horticulture, sericulture, water resources, agricultural engineering, agri-business, animal husbandry and fisheries. Agriculture is a common activity within the rural areas of the district practiced commonly with animal husbandry. Due to hard rocky terrain which leads to limited ground water availability, agriculture is mostly rain-fed. The normal rainfall is around 689 mm for the district and the highest percentage of total rainfall of 48 per cent is received during north-east , with south west monsoon contributing only 28 per cent. Cauvery river and its tributaries Bhavani and Noyyal play a very important role in irrigation. Major source of irrigation is through wells which contribute 80 per cent of the net irrigated area of the district. The production of any crop is determined by factors such as fertility of land, monsoon behaviour, rainfall, irrigation, application of fertilizers, climatic conditions, marketing facilities, prices etc. Coconut is the major crop grown having 44 per cent of the gross cropped area followed by sorghum (16 per cent), banana (5 per cent) and groundnut (4 per cent).

Horticulture department in Coimbatore district is focused on developing Aromatic and Medicinal plants, production of valuable drugs and aromatic oils of commercial value. Rural population has been provided with more employment opportunities with cultivation of plantation crops like tea, coffee, cardamom and pepper. Sericulture however is limited only to Pollachi taluk of Coimbatore district. Pisciculture is also limited to Pollachi and Mettupalayam and since the district is landlocked, there is a potential only for inland fisheries.

4.3.8.1 Land Use Classification The increasing trend in fallow lands (both current and other fallows) and land put to non-agricultural use over the years is a serious concern and needs greater attention. In wake of same Dry Land Sustainable Technology was launched in 2016 within which assistance is provided. For this a cluster of 1000 villagers are formed, and 1000 hectares of fallow land is allotted to them. Initially covering only 6 taluks, the scheme now covers the entire district.

2015-16

2014-15

2013-14

2012-13

2011-12

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Non-agri uses Other fallow Current fallow Area in Ha Figure 4-19 Classification of Land (Joint Directorate of Agriculture)

Land under non-agricultural uses over the years has remained constant while current fallow has showed an increase.

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4.3.8.2 Cropping Pattern

Map 4-9 Block wise percentage Area under Major Map 4-10 Crop Diversification `

Anamalai has 50% area under paddy cultivation as shown in Figure 4-9 owing to good ground water availability and soil conditions. Major crops cultivated in the district are Paddy, Coconut, Maize, sugarcane, Cholam, Sorghum, Banana, Curry leaves, Tomato and Goundnut. Due to varying spatial and geographical

conditions, productivity of different crops vary from block to block. Block wise distribution of major agricultural crops is shown in table 18 below. Large variety of crops is grown in the district as shown in Figure 4-10. The diversification varies from block to block depending upon available soil type, major economic practices, labour availability and water for irrigation.

Table 4-7 Block wise productivity of major agriculture crops in Coimbatore district

Groun Green Sugar Blocks Paddy Cholam Maize Cotton Coconut dnut gram -cane Anamalai 4.5 1.32 6.75 2.6 2.49 0.66 120 11 Annur 0.0 1.33 6.75 3.4 3.03 0.64 120 11 Karamadai 0.0 1.27 6.75 2.6 2.24 0.73 120 11 Madukkarai 0.0 1.26 6.75 3.4 2.65 0.65 120 11 Pollachi north 0.0 1.28 6.38 3.5 2.64 0.71 120 11 Pollachi south 0.0 1.36 6.75 3.3 2.51 0.66 0.00 11 S.S. Kulam 0.0 1.28 6.75 2.8 0.00 0.67 120 11 Sulur 0.0 1.26 6.74 2.6 0.00 0.69 120 11 P.n. palayam 0.0 1.34 6.75 4.0 0.00 0.58 120 11 Kinathukadavu 0.0 1.32 6.75 2.9 2.40 0.71 120 11 Thondamuthur 4.6 1.31 6.74 3.1 2.65 0.68 120 11 Sultanpet 0.0 1.26 6.75 0.0 0.00 0.73 0.00 11 Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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Coconut is the major crop in all areas due to soil suitability and less labour requirements. Sizeable quantities of maize, Cholam groundnut is grown in all 12 blocks. A shift in diet of people, dry conditions and water scarcity has caused a move towards increased Cholam production. 4.3.9 Horticulture: Tea/ Plantation/ Flowers Productivity of major fruit and vegetable crops in the 12 blocks of Coimbatore district revealed that banana is the major crop in most of the districts. Land under banana is also quite sizeable in all blocks. Tomato is an important vegetable with productivity varying from 11 to 32 tonnes/ha among the blocks.

Table 4-8 Block wise productivity of major fruits and vegetables in Coimbatore district

Blocks Banana Mango Tapioca Tomato Sapota Amla Rose Jasmine Anamalai 540 60 389 110 198 150 0 0 Annur 400 55 300 300 250 180 0 100 Karamadai 320 55 301 300 187 145 90 100 Kinathukadavu 310 70 250 320 99 50 0 0 Madukkarai 390 54 301 300 221 160 0 0 P.n. palayam 450 60 429 250 250 150 70 70 Pollachi north 360 42 430 250 150 150 55 55 Pollachi south 539 60 390 110 198 150 0 60 S. S. Kulum 400 55 299 300 250 180 0 100 Sultanpet 310 70 0 320 120 150 0 0 Sulur 400 55 300 300 250 180 0 100 Thondamuthur 400 40 0 300 220 150 50 0 Source: NADP (2017-2018)

4.3.9.1 Spices and Plantation Crops The plantation crops table revealed that Anaimalai block has an area of 11186 ha under tea and 2252 ha under coffee due to the location and elevation of the block. Arecanut is the other major plantation crop with 841 ha in followed by 755 ha in . Plantation crops need good processing facilities and labour.

Table 4-9 Block wise productivity of Plantation crops and Spices

Cashew Betal Curry Blocks Coffee Tea Arecanut Cocoa Chillies Nutmeg Nut vine Leaves Anamalai 4.80 5 20 130 10 11 270 0 10 Annur 32 0 0 0 10 0 25 249.99 0 Karamadai 0 0 0 0 10 57.43 119.84 200 0 Kinathukadavu 0 0 0 0 10 10 80 0 0 Madukkarai 31.99 0 0 500 12 8 20 0 0 P.N. Palayam 4.53 0 0 749.39 10 8.97 27 1949.88 0 Pollachi north 4.50 0 0 0 10 0 20 250 0 Pollachi south 4.81 0 0 130 10 11 10.49 0 0 S. S. Kulum 0 0 0 0 10 12.51 25 249.87 0 Sultanpet 0 0 0 0 0 0 79.99 0 0 Sulur 0 0 0 0 10 12.67 0 249.94 0 Thondamuthur 6 0 0 0 12 7.53 119.98 199.11 10

Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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Table 4-10 Percentage of Area under Major Horticultural Crops in Coimbatore District

Spices & Blocks Fruits Vegetables Plantation Crops Flowers Condiments

Anamalai 10.84 1.95 21.43 87.66 0.44 Annur 13.51 10.58 15.77 0.1 7.29 Karamadai 27.83 7.2 27.15 4.96 60.68 Kinathukadavu 2.62 11.13 3.95 0.12 1.65 Madukkarai 8.96 16.99 4.69 0.53 0.42 P.N. Palayam 6.52 2.77 3.87 0.49 11.72 Pollachi (n) 3.8 6.15 2.07 0.09 0.2 Pollachi (s) 3.47 2.73 3.4 0.09 0.14 S.S. Kulam 3.77 1.44 2.46 0.09 5.89 Sulur 3.53 3.64 2.61 0.15 2.94 Sulthanpet 1.86 12.19 2.13 0.18 0 Thondamuthur 13.28 23.22 10.49 5.54 8.62 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Source: NADP (2017-2018) For fruits, nearly 65% of the areas are in four blocks with Karamadai contributing to around 27%. In vegetables five blocks have 74% of the total area nearly 75% of the area under spices and condiments are in four. About 88% of the plantation crops and 91% of medicinal and aromatic plants are in Anaimalai block. Around 72% of the areas under flowers are in Karamadai and P.N Pallayam blocks. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) was started as an umbrella scheme in 2007 for safeguarding complete development of agriculture and allied activities by allowing states to choose their own development activities. The scheme has come a long way since its initiation and has been implemented across two plan periods i.e. during 11th and 12th plan periods. 4.3.10 Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development During 2013-14, total population of cattle in the district was 577128, as per the 17thLivestock Census. In general, there is a declining trend in the cattle population due to the increasing cost of maintenance and the non-availability of fodder. The 19th livestock census is shown below.

Table 4-11 Block wise Livestock population of Coimbatore district

Block Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Pigs Others Poultry Anamalai 25927 2144 2838 14002 634 0 729297 Annur 21537 489 13605 16904 76 781 696382 Karamadai 22880 745 16908 26319 499 6967 104895 Kinathukadavu 23133 84 3627 12463 240 0 1243663 Madukkarai 17847 88 1597 9127 124 5333 254243 P.N. Palayam 14597 76 1354 16345 410 6474 0 Pol(n) 24102 523 771 9212 729 0 587213 Pol(s) 13999 202 1239 7654 66 0 773307 S.S. Kulam 5080 52 2819 5502 167 2730 22100 Sulur 19920 139 136092 16027 519 7180 621840 Sulthanpet 24462 39 18383 8733 165 5086 4807092 Thondamuthur 11599 255 7906 11469 255 7344 176746 Source: NADP (2017-2018)

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This Livestock helps to generate income to the farmers by egg, meet and milk when the income of crops is seasonal. Sheep are a regular source of income for it facilitates wool production.

4.4 PHYSICAL RESOURCES Map 4-11 Soil Type 4.4.1 Natural Resources

4.4.1.1 Soil and its Fertility Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has several soil types which are found in all types of climates. The soil found in the district are Loamy soil, Clayey soil and Calcareous black cotton soil. Red calcerous soil is predominant from the 60 percent of red soil cover in the district.They occupy most parts of Coimbatore and Mettupalayam. Red loam are also found in Coimbatore. The soil in Coimbatore is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There are rich tracts of red loam in Pollachi. The soils in Pollachi are mostly of sandy loam often mixed with gravel. Major horticulture crops cultivated in this district are fruits crops like mango and banana, vegetables like tomato, brinjal, bhendi and onion, spices like turmeric and flowers like tube rose, and jasmine.

Table 4-12 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore

Red Red Non- Alluvial and Brown Location Calcareous Black Soil Calcareous Colluvial Forest Soil Soil Soil Soil Soil Coimbatore (N) 60.39 12.54 11.89 9.57 5.64 - Coimbatore (S) 67.26 5.73 14.62 8.25 4.14 - Mettupalayam 39.57 - 15.66 - - 44.77 Pollachi 54.42 8.23 37.35 - - - Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

Table 4-13 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore

Percent Deficiency Taluk Zinc Copper Manganese Iron Coimbatore (N and S) 93 66 10 17 Mettupalayam 90 74 8 30 Pollachi 93 72 14 11 Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

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4.4.1.2 Slope Map 4-12 Slope The slope of an area controls the infiltration into subsurface. The rate of infiltration is inversely related to the slope. Higher the degree of slope lower will be the infiltration rate. In Coimbatore district, 38% per cent of the land has 0-5 degree of slope while 5% of the area has steep slope resulting high run off.

Figure 4-20 Percentage distribution of Slope

4.4.1.3 Altitude/ Contour Coimbatore lies at 11°1′6″N 76°58′21″E in at 411 metres (1349 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Noyyal River, in south-western Tamil Nadu.

4.4.1.4 Minerals The list of minerals found in Coimbatore: • Dolomite • Natural Mica • Silica Sand • Iron Ore • Dolomite Powder • Quartz Mineral • Calcite Minerals • Mica Products • Mica Powder • Processed Minerals • Ramming Mass • Feldspar Mineral • China Clay • Manganese Ore • Calcite Powder 4.4.1.5 Forest The forest is an unpredictable biological ecosystem comprising principally of trees that cushion the earth and aid a bunch of life forms. The trees help make an extraordinary situation which influences the flora and fauna. Trees are an essential segment of the earth. They clean the air, cool it on hot days, moderate warmth around evening time, and go about as startling sound safeguards. Forest takes care of majorly two components of the environment i.e. Temperature and Rainfall.

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According to the National Forest Policy one-third of land area of the country should have forest cover in order to prevent soil erosion, land degradation and to ensure ecological balance. Being a developing urban centre in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, after the capital city Chennai, Coimbatore has a huge forest cover that shelters an amazing range of flora and fauna. There are various indigenous local tribes who also share the large regional forest cover in the district of Coimbatore as the sacred woodlands according to the ethnical mythologies of the local region and depend upon them for their livelihood. Coimbatore is located at the foot hills of the Niligiri hills in Western Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore district has a high ratio of area covered under forest majorly due to the dominating factor of Western Ghats range. The total geographical area of Coimbatore district is 4732 sq Kms out of which forest cover of Coimbatore comprises an area of about 1206 sq Kms which accounts for around 25% of total geographical area, out of which total forest exist in Karamadai, P.N.Palayam, Thondamuthur, Madukkarai, Anamalai and Valparai Blocks.The forest area covers the north western part and southern parts of Coimbatore district. The north western part shares some reserve forest areas with Niligiri bio reserve and the southern part of the district comprise some reserve forest areas of Anamalai Tiger reserve. Around 46 % of total geographical area of Anamalai Tiger reserve falls under Coimbatore district. Similarly, around 32 % of total geographical area of Niligiri biosphere reserve falls under Coimbatore district. Anamalai Tiger reserve areas are located mainly in the Valparai Taluk and extending its portion to Pollachi and Udumalapet region of Coimbatore district. The forest areas such as Mulli, Pillur, Manar hills, Siruvani, Anaikatti, Gopanari, in Coimbatore forest division and Varagaliar, Topslip, Akkamalai, Monombolly forest areas in Anamalai Tiger Reserve (Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary) are eco sensitive zones with rich floristic diversity. a) Temporal Change in Forest Cover Coimbatore is one of the most privileged districts as compared to other districts of Tamilnadu in terms of vegetation cover as well as richness in biodiversity. But, due to its expanding urban regime and industrialization, a diminishing effect on the same is observed. For observing these forest cover changes, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method, vegetation cover analysis was done with the help of satellite imageries of a decade (i.e. 2008 and 2018). Live green plants absorb solar radiation in the photo synthetically active radiation (PAR) spectral region, which they use as a source of energy in the process of photosynthesis. NDVI is calculated from the visible and near infrared light reflected by vegetation. Live green plants appear relatively dark in the PAR and relatively bright in the near-infrared (Gates 1980). NDVI is calculated from these individual measurements as follows: – NDVI = (NIR – Red)/ (NIR + Red) – where RED and NIR stand for the spectral reflectance measurements acquired in the red and near-infrared regions, respectively. The results from the NDVI analysis are characterised into Intensity of the density of the vegetation in the order as no vegetation, lowest dense, lower dense, dense, higher dense, highest dense. The dense, higher dense and highest dense categories account for the major forest cover in the Coimbatore district whereas the lower densities are majorly consisting of built-up and water bodies. The result observed is approximately 35% decrease in vegetation cover from 2008(57.70% of total geographical area of Coimbatore district) to 2018 (22.39% of total geographical area of Coimbatore district). Table and graph show the decadal change in the forest cover of Coimbatore district: Figure 4-21 Methodology adopted for NDVI analysis.

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Figure 4-22 The NDVI generated Topological cover of Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018

Table 4-14 Decadal change observed through NDVI Analysis for Coimbatore district

Vegetation Type In 2008 In 2018 Change Observed No vegetation 59.3757 11.3292 -48.046 Lowest dense 403.0803 882.6435 479.5662 Lower dense 1529.957 2764.258 1234.301 Dense 1341.698 1025.821 -189.938 Higher dense 1215.759 28.6416 -1187.11 Highest dense 162.8235 0 Disappeared

3% 1% No vegetation 0% 0%

9% Lowest dense 22% 19% 26% Lower dense 32% Dense 59% 29% Higher dense

Highest dense

Figure 4-23 Percentage change observed in Vegetation in the Coimbatore district in 2008 and 2018 respectively

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b) Eco – Tourism Keeping in mind all the components and sub components of Tamil-Nadu State policy on Eco-tourism, 2010, the report presents a series of understanding made through rigorous studies and internet findings. Low input, low impact, sustainable initiatives that involves active community participation is the objective for the development of the region. It is a very well-known fact that Tamil-Nadu is ranked 3rd among all fact that Indian state in attracting domestic and foreign tourists. Coimbatore region being the area of study share a fare portion of a variety of forest cover i.e. Anamalai, Nilgiri’s, and Valparai wild life and bio diversity sanctuaries. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and Anamalai Tiger Reserve are the house for several flora-fauna. It is always a matter of concern when we are about to deal with nature, eco-tourism with amalgamation of the local tribal people and governmental measures. In order to provide visitors with a variety of experiences and maximize benefits for local communities, eco-tourism strategies are required the provision of a range of activities and facilities at a given destination site and village. The methodology of upbringing this sector is based on three objectives: • Protection of Environment & Natural Habitat. • Economic sustainability of the forest area and the adjoining buffer zone. • Cultural integrity of the tribal settlements & their protection of the environment and the natural habitat. To maximize and to protect visitors with a variety of experiences along with upliftment of local communities, integration among range of activities and facilities has to be provided. An approach of converting a consumer into a customer can also help in that regard, providing a range of accommodation including tents, huts to meet the very first requirement to promote Eco-tourism is the involvement of local community and the next thing is the provision of eco-huts. The Tiger Reserve falls in four revenue taluka namely; Pollachi, and Valparai of Coimbatore district and Udumalpet of Tiruppur. c) Human wildlife conflicts The forest cover of Coimbatore region is divided into 2 zones namely (South Eastern fringes of Niligiri biosphere reserve) and Anamalai Reserve forest. Human -wildlife conflicts happen due to more concentration of traditional migratory elephant corridors. Valparai Taluk of Coimbatore district has more than 70 % of its geographical area in Anamalai reserve forest including the core tiger reserve area (960 sq. km). Increase in conservation network area through acquisition of corridors and extension of habitats, will establish protected area linkages with reserve forests and provide wider habitat areas for wildlife. Natural water body resources can be amalgated with artificial water bodies in consideration with the natural ground slope in passage of elephant corridors for the animals to drink water. Human elephant conflicts in Valparai forest area more commonly involve conflicts between human settlement and wildlife like , , etc . Human-elephant conflict, leading to loss of lives of people and elephants and damage to property and crops, poses a major challenge for conserving elephants outside

13% 21% 23% 19% 11% 18% 21% 12% 19% 25% 16%2% aliyar arthanripalayam akkamali grasshills villonie pachathannir attakatty upper aliyar iyerpadi kavurkal

Figure 4-25 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of Figure 4-24 The Area share of beats in sq.km. Of Pollachi talukas Valparai talukas

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Protected Areas across forest area. The Anamalai hills are home to the 2nd largest wild population in India. The Valparai plateau, with 220 sq. km. of tea and coffee plantations interspersed with patches of forests and Eucalyptus plantations, is a fragmented landscape home to several endangered and endemic species of Western Ghats including elephants. Extent rainforest fragments and riparian patches within tea and coffee plantations provide refuges for elephant use and movements across the plateau into surrounding protected areas. Encounters with elephants that lead to human deaths and damages by elephants to buildings and food stores cause economic losses and trauma among local people and reduce their tolerance levels. Based on spatial clusters and seasonal peaks of conflict, we have developed targeted mitigation efforts. Implementation of Elephant Information Network (EIN) that conveys advance information on elephant presence and their movements in plantations to local people to avoid any injury or fatal encounters with elephants. The official headquarters of Anamalai Tiger Reserve is at Pollachi. Administratively, it falls under the Tamil Nadu Forest Department. The agricultural prosperity of the plains in Pollachi, Udumalpet and hilly taluk of Valparai, adjoining areas in , depends very much on this Tiger Reserve. Anaimalai is worth to be designated as ‘Anthropological Reserve’ as it supports 6 indigenous people viz. Malasar, Malai malasars, Kadars, Eravallars, Pulayars and Muduvars. This is very unique in the entire Tamil Nadu and probably the only Tiger Reserve with diverse groups of indigenous people. Main objectives of the Draft State forest policy are: I. Ensuring environmental and ecological stability of forest area. II. Ecotourism for supporting conservation. III. Construction of new elephant corridors. d) Forest fires With the data showcased by the forest department 75 incidents were reported in 2016 in the Coimbatore forest area which destroyed 154.44 hectares of forest vegetation. Of the 75 incidents reported, 24 forest fires were in Boluvampatti range. The forest prone areas are Devarayapuram, Marudhamalai, and Narasipuram. Forest fires in Coimbatore forest division have engulfed around 190 hec. Of forest area affecting its flora and fauna in the last 2 years. Out of the total geographical area of Coimbatore district, the forest fire prone area extends to 125 km sq.

• Causes of forest fire Encroachment of the forest land by local tribal people and channelizing forest cover for their food, obtaining wood for cooking is the major factor behind the causes adding up to the forest fires in Coimbatore forest area. Forest fire is caused by miscreants as illegal and unethical dumping of waste, leftover by tourist and burning them. Fire prevention measures can be adopted as in creation of artificial water bodies, construction of the trenches, burning of the leftover and food stuff by the tourists and other nuisances should be strictly kept in check and guilty people must be posed with fine and lawful punishment. Active participation of the forest rangers and the local tribal people can help in controlling the causes of the forest fire problems in the Coimbatore region. The following are some practices that can come handy in preventing the forest fires in Coimbatore region: Checking the local regulations in respect with permit regulations and "burn ban" restrictions. These are available from municipality, fire department or department of natural resources. o Obtaining a burning permit for burning grass, brush, slash or other debris in or within a prescribed distance of forest land; o A campfire permit and the landowner's permission for an open campfire, cooking fire or bonfire in or near forest land;

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o A work permit for any work in forest land involving two or more people.

➢ Burning of piles must be at least 50 feet from any permanent structures and 500 feet from any forest slash. ➢ Clearing area around the burn pile of any flammable debris. ➢ Establishment of the forest line around the core zone prone to forest fires. ➢ Keeping the fires fighting equipment handy with a connected water hose or other sources. ➢ Smoking prohibition should be exercised while moving from one place to another in forest land. ➢ Power saws must have a proper muffler and be accompanied by a round point shovel or fire extinguisher. ➢ During the summer season, when the trees shed their leaves, grass and shrubs become extremely dry, a small blaze could set the forest on fire. e) Forest Cover and Types Based on density, forests can be divided into the following types- • Very Dense Forests - Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70 percent and above. • Moderately Dense Forest - All lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 40 to 70 percent. • Open Forest- Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10 to 40 percent. Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Velliangadu Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Walayar Valley. Table 4.5.1 - 4 shows the year wise forest cover of Coimbatore between 2003 and 2015. In 1997, the Forest Area decreased as a significant amount of area was found to be under tea gardens and henceforth, this area was excluded from the forest cover. The main reason for increase in Forest cover in 2015 is agroforestry.

Table 4-15 Forest Cover of Coimbatore Very Dense Mod Dense % of Geog. Year Open Forest Total Forest Forest Area 2003 405 833 566 1804 24.15 2005 424 825 567 1806 24.18 2009 379 951 540 1870 25.04 2011 381 922 527 1830 24.50 2013 381 932 547 1860 24.90 2015 377 943 1307 2627 35.17

f) Elephant Corridors The Coimbatore Forest Division forms part of the core zone of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). It passes significant numbers of elephant population and is among the eleven Elephant Reserves in India and one among four in Tamil Nadu.

Figure 4-26 Forest Cover

Source: State of Forest Reports, Tamil Nadu

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One of the highest human-elephant conflict areas in India due to constant human interference by various LULC (Land Use Land Cover) changes in elephant migratory routes. Fragmentation or destruction of contiguous forest into three separate landscapes as Anaimalai, , and Agasthyamalai. More than 70 human deaths have occurred due to elephants in the last decade.

• High Conflict Zones Fringe areas of Boluvampatti Block-II, Kallar, Kovaiputhur, Madukkarai, Sirimugai, Sadivayal and Thadagam villages. The region is prone to frequent crop raids by the elephants. Records showed that the forest department had paid more than INR 1.5 million (US$35,000) as compensation, for 300 crop raids during 2009–10. Discussions with local farmers suggested that peak elephant raids occur immediately after the northeast monsoon and lasts until early March, which coincides with the migratory season of elephants. The main conflict zones are - Jaccanari - Vedar Colony Corridor Kallar - Jaccanari Corridor Kallar- Nellithurai Corridor Anakatti - Veerapandi Corridor Maruthamalai -Thanikandi Corridor Kalkothi - Walyar Corridor • Causes of Human-elephant conflict The main causes of human-elephant conflict are agriculture expansion in the corridors, existing and proposed highways crossing the corridors, vehicular traffic along the Ooty-Coimbatore road. Development of private lands next to the corridors, development of forest land for plantations and hydroelectric project, increasing number of brick kilns, due to huge demand of construction materials, in the outskirts of the city in the Thadagam Valley.

4.4.1.6 Watershed Coimbatore is blessed with rivers and lakes that are home to a variety of biodiversity and recharge the groundwater. The main sources of surface water in Coimbatore are Noyyal, Bhavani, Amravathi, Aliyar and Palar. Coimbatore lies within the extent of watershed of the Noyyal River Basin. It consists of a network of lakes and canals. Currently, there are 24 lakes in Coimbatore in the Noyyal River Basin. The main River basins are the Cauvery River Basin and ParambikulamAliyar Basin. Cauvery basins. Bhavani, Noyyal, Amaravathi, Parambikulam- Aliyar and Valparaiare the sub basins.

4.4.2 Man-made Resources

4.4.2.1 Physical Infrastructure 4.4.2.1.1 Transport Network

Road Coimbatore is well connected by roadway, railway and airway with neighbour part of the country. It lies on the latitude and longitude of 10.99416° N, 76.96631° E. The Coimbatore is well connected to major urban centres through roads i.e Chennai-508 km, Bengaluru-363 km, Kochi-188 km and

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Tiruchirappalli-217 km. There are three major highway corridors are passing through centre heart of city. NH47 Avinashi Road – towards Salem leading to Bangalore and Chennai

NH47 Palakkad Road – towards Kochi

NH67 Trichy Road

NH67 Mettupalayam Road–towards Kerala

NH209 Sathy Road–towards Satyamanglam

NH209 Pollachi Road

These national highways have high passengers and freight traffic on these roads due to imports and exports of goods and services to various towns and cities in terms of motors parts production, textile industrialisation etc and these also roads provided good connectivity to surrounding areas of Tamil Nadu as a Industrial corridor as well as defence corridor for increasing the production and balancing the regional connectivity throughout the state. The road connectivity to surrounding area is given in map.

Rail Coimbatore is also well connected by rail connectivity by broad gauge. The city lies on southern railway zone. The railways connectivity of Coimbatore is well connected to every cities of the country. It majorly connects Bangalore, Trichy, Chennai, , Mumbai and other region of country directly. The major railway stations in Coimbatore are Coimbatore Junction, , Singanallur, , Pudunur, and Coimbatore North. Coimbatore also serves a toy train journey of narrow gauge for passengers to reach Ooty as it runs between Mettupalayam to Udagamandalam. Air Coimbatore is an international airport it serves good connectivity to various parts of country and lies in the north east direction of the city periphery which connects flights directly to Chennai, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Kolkata New Delhi and Internationally it connects Sharjah and Singapore directly as most of the industrialist comes on a regular basis from these countries to invest in Coimbatore for industries. Due to the rapid industrialisation and education hub development in cities, it also increases the number of passengers from various nations to the Coimbatore every year which gives more emphasis on improvement in terms of international connectivity and infrastructure to because it grows ten percent every year in term of both passenger and cargo movement. 4.4.2.1.2 Connectivity

The city and are served by major National and State highways that run either in an east-west or north-south direction. Avinashi Road is one of congested and busiest road as most of the traffic moves towards Salem, Erode and Chennai of passenger as well as freight movement. Other arterials include Trichy Road (Central-Southeast), Mettupalayam Road (North-South), Sathy Road (South-North East), Palakkad Road (East-West), Pollachi Road (North-South) and Thadagam Road (east-west). Maruthamalai Road starts at the intersection of Lawley Road Junction and connects and extends up to Maruthamalai foothills. Other roads include 100 feet road, Bharatiyar Road, Dr.Nanjappa Road, Balasundarum Road, Crosscut Road in Gandhipuram Area, Diwhan Bahadhur Road(DB Road), TV Swamy Road, Brooke Bond Road in RS Puram Areas, Race Course Road etc.

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NH – 47 – Avinashi Road Map 4-13 Road Map NH 67 – Trichy Road NH 209 – Pollachi Road TSNTC – operates Moffusil and town bus service, seven bus terminal operates and managed by CMC. Traffic Volume Count On analysing the Traffic Volume count of different roads, it is deduced that Avinashi Road and Trichy road is having very high Traffic volume both crossing 65000 vehicles daily. This high volume of traffic movement suggests introduction of efficient public transport system on these reads for seamless mobility of the passengers. It is depicted that major flow of commercial vehicles is transverse through the Trichy Road and Avinashi road because these roads provide local as well as regional connectivity to the major urban centres of the state.

Chettipalayam - Maddukkarai Road

Nanjundapuram Road

Avinashi Road Flyover

Sastri Road RUB

Kannusamy Gr. Street

Vellakinar Privu to Road

NGGO Colony to Idigarai Road

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 Total no. of passenger vehicles Total no. of Goods vehicle Total no of slow moving vehicle Figure 4-27 Traffic volume per day Source: CMP 2015

On studying the hourly variation in traffic volume on various roads peak hour has been identified which observed to be 8:00 am to 9:00 am on Thadagam road it is also observed that Pollachi Road observed to have slightly higher PCU level during 2: am to 6:00 am because of the movement of freight vehicles, again there is increase in PCU during 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm which is peak for evening.

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Figure 4-28 Traffic volume in PCUs

Source: CMP 2015

Trip length Total average trip length in the region is 10.7km. It is observed that in access trips, buses are the most preferred modes for community to longer distances followed by and taxi while in prime trips, other than buses, two wheelers and cars are also added up in the preference to commute to larger distances. Dispersal trips is very much similar to access trips. For short commuter travel, cycle and walk are most preferred modes.

Taxi 3.5 Auto Rikshaw 2.73 Walk 0.5 Cycle 1.18 Mini Bus 2.93 Bus 4.64 Car 2.23 2-wheelar 2.29

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi

Figure 4-29 Average distance of travel: Access trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

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Taxi 6 Auto Rikshaw 3.72 Walk 0.75 Cycle 2.87 Mini Bus 5.6 Bus 10.3 Car 9.58 2-wheelar 7.33

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi

Figure 4-30 Average distance of travel: Dispersal trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

Taxi 3.8 Auto Rikshaw 2.15 Walk 0.44 Cycle 1.45 Mini Bus 3.01 Bus 4.06 Car 2.25 2-wheelar 2.28

0 1 2 3 4 5 2-wheelar Car Bus Mini Bus Cycle Walk Auto Rikshaw Taxi Figure 4-31 Average distance of travel: Prime trips distance

Source: CMP 2015

Modal Split and Trip Purpose After analysis it should be noted that large share of population prefers to walk for most of their trips taken accounting to 43% following using public transport and auto rickshaw which accounts to 27% and 23% respectively. It is observed that though the ownership of private vehicles is increasing with income, the share of motorized private trips is less than 20-30%. On analysing the Passenger characteristics, it is observed that majority of the trips are taken for work and education purpose accounting to 30% and 23% respectively. Business trips are also high in the region due to emphasis more on local and regional connectivity integrated with the education hub as well as industrialisation in the city region which accounts to 16%.

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1% 6%1% 8% 9% Work 27% 20% 2 WHEELER Business 30% CAR 4% BUS Education CYCLE 10% Social WALK 2% Recreational AUTO RIKSHAW Religion TAXI Others 16% 23% 43%

Figure 4-32 Modal Split Figure 4-33 Trip Purpose

Source: CMP 2015

As per the data from RTO, it shows that most of passengers prefer to use private transport rather than public transport because due to the lack of frequency of buses and integrated transport land use as well as waiting time for public transport due to traffic congestion. Registered Vehicles

45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000

Number of Vehicles ofNumber 10000 5000 0

2010-11 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17

Figure 4-34 Registered commercial vehicles

Source: TNSTC

It is observed from comparative study of previous years trend that commercial vehicles specially ‘Lorry’ and motor cycles are getting registered at a very high rate followed by light commercial vehicles and IPT modes including autorickshaws, taxi and cabs. The ownership of scooter and moped is decreasing from 2012-2017.

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2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000

Number of Vehicles ofNumber 400000 200000 0

2010-11 2013-14 2015-16 2016-17

Figure 4-35 Registered non-commercial vehicles

Source: TNSTC

Capacity (V/C) Map 4-14 Volume Count On analysing the volume capacity of the roads on outer cordon we observed that NH 67 is having high V/C value reaching to 0.84 and also NH 47 is also having high V/C value reaching 0.88 which suggest that they have traffic volume reaching to the brim and require urgent road widening or introduction of public transport system.

27500 25000 22500 20000 17500 15000 12500 10000 No.OFPCUs 7500 5000 2500 0

Total no. of passenger vehicles Total no. of Goods vehicle

Figure 4-36 Total PCU at outer cordon

Source: TNSTC

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After analysing the Passenger car unit (PCU’s) at outer cordon on NH 67 and NH 47 are having higher PCU level because they are acting as a regional road network. Hence a large number of passenger- carrying as well as freight vehicles movement on this road. Due to the heavy urbanisation, industrialisation and ever-increasing Educational hub development in the area, the traffic is increasing rapidly from the current state to the next level. Keeping in this present scenario and the future needs of the area, proper measures or strategies needed to be taken on this specific road. Speed & delay survey and Accidents Map 4-15 Speed and Delay The maximum speed & delay for peak hours is at Avinashi, Thondamuthur, mettupalayam and Trichy road, here the speed is less than 21km/hr.

Figure 4-37 Speed and delay for peak hours

Source: TNSTC

The maximum blackspots where most of the fatal and non-fatal accidents took place is at Avinashi road, Trichy road and Sathy road. 14000 5883 5588 5739 5813 12000 5076 5240 4706 10000 8000 4372 4365 4061 3879 4308 6000 3511 3681 4000 1195 1527 1395 1361 1431 1511 1448 Number Of AccidentsOf Number 2000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Fatal Non-Fatal Total Accidents Figure 4-38 Accidents in Coimbatore Source: Coimbatore traffic police

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Bus Terminal Map 4-16 Desire lines of Bus stands There are 8 bus depots and 13 bus terminals within the Coimbatore. It is observed that Ukkadam Bus stand and Town bus terminal are having highest bus passenger inflow and outflow. Both the terminals play a crucial role in providing connectivity to the city. City public transport system run from same terminals and because of this they have high inflow and outflow of passengers for Ukkadam Bus terminal the inflow and outflow are beyond 1,00,000 passengers per day.

Valparai Bus Stand Pollachi Bus Stand Karamadai Bus Stand Annur Bus Stand Town Bus Terminal Ukkadam Bus Terminal Mettupalayam Road- Bus terminal 0 50000 100000

Passengers Outflow (Daily) Passengers Inflow (Daily)

Figure 4-39 Entry-Exit at bus terminals Source: CMP 2015 Footpath Coverage The share of commuters that prefer walking as their mode of access and dispersal trips is 43%. (Figure 1) A comprehensive network needs to be developed for to encourage the pedestrian environment. All categories of roads require a footpath along with other 1% 1% pedestrian facilities and infrastructure. Another 6% important point to be considered is that awareness should be stirred among owners of private land to cooperate in maintaining the continuity of pedestrian walkways. 20% 27% For the purpose of security and safety of the pedestrians, such planning and designing of pedestrian infrastructure should be encouraged that would regulate traffic and 2% speed reduction. This can be done by reserving some 43% routes for more NMT mode of transport, reducing 2 WHEELER CAR BUS volume of vehicles on road to find space for safe walking CYCLE WALK AUTO RIKSHAW TAXI reduced risk of accidents through collisions. Figure 4-40 Footpath coverage Source: CMP 2015

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Footpath The figures below give an idea of the share of pedestrian movement in city and accordingly footpath tracks need to be laid at such locations. 5% 2% 1% 1%

17% 20% 6% 48% 34% 10% 18%

12% 26% 1 Walk 2 Cycle Walk Cycle 3 Cycle Rickshaw 4 Auto Rickshaw Auto Rickshaw Bus 5 Bus 6 Car Figure 4-42 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of Travel Figure 4-41 Distribution of Passenger Trips by Mode of to & from the Railway Stations Travel to % from the Bus Terminals

Source: CMP 2015

Minimum usable width of pedestrian tracks should be 1.8m and 2.5 meters respectively for residential and commercial areas.

• Footpaths are required along major mobility corridors like Pollachi main road, Chetti Street, Arasampalayam road of Coimbatore.

• Footpaths are also required along major bus routes and in railway station area.

• Footpath design needs to be universal with level footpaths, kerb ramps, Pedestrian Refuges on Medians, tactile paving etc. Grade Separation Grade separated pedestrian crossing are needed to be provided at where there is high possibility of pedestrian-vehicle conflict. Grade separation could be in the form of Zebra crossing, subways, Pelican crossing, Pedestrian refuges and special signalling system for pedestrian movement. Grade separated pedestrian crossing have been proposed at the following locations- In Coimbatore- CMC Hospital on Trichy Road Coimbatore Railway Station Near Krishnamal College at Avinashi Road Near Hopes College at Avinashi Road Peelamedu Railway Crossing Ukkadam City Bus Stand Mettupalayam Road – Junction Mettupalayam Road – Home Science College Mettupalayam Road Bus Stand In Mettupalayam- Mettupalayam Bus Stand

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Cycle Track Coverage For sustainable development, cycle tracks have been proposed along many roads to encourage NMT. Facilities for NMV include cycle tracks of 2.0 – 2.5 m need to be provided. To improve NMV facilities, cycle tracks have been proposed at the following locations:

Table 4-16 Proposed Links for Cycle Tracks Phase 1

Sl. Road Name Length (km) No. Coimbatore 1 Ukkadam Sungam Bypass Road 1.610 2 Road 0.713 3 Poosaripalayam Link Road 0.569 4 Ramamurthy to Road 1.411 5 Perur Bypass 1.793 6 Link Road (between Avinashi and Sowripalayam Road along Odai 2.088 Channel) 7 Codissia Road 1.320 8 Gandhima Nagar 2.011 9 FCI Road 1.289 10 Rabindranath Tagore Road 2.560 11 Sangaralinganar Road 0.963 12 Palakkad to Pollachi 1.551 13 Pollachi Road (Up to Eastern Bypass) 6.600 14 Road 0.555 15 Palakkad (Western to Eastern Ring Road) 5.100 Mettupalayam 16 Mettupalayam – road till Sathymangalam, Mettupalayam 28.000 17 Mettupalayam – Thekkampatti road leading to Badarakaliamman Koil, 9.500 Mettupalayam Pollachi 18 Meenkarai Road from junction to 3.6 Kms length, Pollachi 3.600 19 Palakkad Road from junction to 3.4 Km, Pollachi 3.400 20 Udumalpet Road from State Bank to Raja Mill Road, Pollachi 1.000 Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Map 4-17 Proposed Cycle Tracks along the Water Bodies and Foot over Bridges Types of Parking (On-street/Off-street) The population growth of Coimbatore region is rapid which includes both natural and migration based. But the increment in the road and parking infrastructure is not in the same proportion and this leads to on-street parking and congestion on roads. Work and business centres, shopping complexes and tourist attractions are Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan major generators of parking demand. Parking demand should be established by a manual count of each vehicle type where there is significant on-street Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan parking occurs. According to surveys

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conducted for a period of 12 hours continuously in such areas. The result of the survey showed that parking up to lengths of 0.75 m on road is seen in areas at Oppankara Street that has a total share of 5% on road.

Table 4-17 Parking Characteristics Coimbatore

Parking Parking Maximum PEAK Parking >1 >2 SL. Length Road Stretch Accumulation HOUR <= Hour & Hour & NO. (km) (PCU) SHARE 1Hour <=2 <=3 Hours Hours 1 Townhall 1 24 5% 28% 44% 28% 2 Oppanakara Street 0.75 39 5% 34% 33% 33% 3 D.B. Road 0.5 78 6% 34% 33% 33% 4 Cross Cut Road 1 54 6% 34% 33% 33% PSG Technology 5 0.4 122 5% 37% 25% 38% (Avinashi Road) 6 Raja Street 0.9 143 4% 33% 33% 34% 7 Nanjappa Road 0.8 161 4% 29% 43% 29% Hopes College 8 0.6 108 5% 33% 33% 34% Junction Near Railway 9 0.2 66 4% 33% 33% 34% Station Mettupalayam Road 10 0.15 50 5% 33% 33% 34% (Ganga Hospital) Source: Coimbatore Comprehensive Mobility Plan

Rail

Table 4-18 Railway Parking Charges

S.No. Time Slab Tariff (Rs.) 1 Upton 1 hour 50 2 Above 1 hours up to 2 hours 100 3 Above 2 hours up to 4 hours 200 4 Above 4 hours up to 8 hours 300 5 Above 8 hours up to 12 hours 400 6 Above 12 hours Not permitted Free for 10 minutes Source: Railway parking office

Table 4-19 Railway Leased Parking Charges

Capacity of S.No. Vehicle Type Charges per 6 months (Rs.) parking 1 Auto stand 180 3200 per 6 months of whole auto union 2 25 up to 50 lakhs 3 Red taxi parking 10 up to 50 lakhs Leased parking for rented 20 3776 for six month per taxi 4 taxi Submitted in southern railway finance department Source: Railway parking office

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Air The parking is available at the airport for 2-wheelers, three wheelers, four wheelers and mini four wheelers at hourly basis as shown in below table.

Table 4-20 Airport Parking Charges

Mode Hours Fees (Rs.) Two-Wheeler 2 15 24 125 Three-Wheeler 2 55 24 165 Mini Four-Wheeler 2 55 24 165 Four-Wheeler 2 60 24 180 Free Parking for 7min Source: Coimbatore Airport

Parking Management Components of Parking Management System

• Parking Management Software –The software ties in all the components of the Parking management system. • Automated Access control system – The parking management system well tied up with the Access control system like Automatic gates, barrier controls, ticketing systems etc. • Enabling Fool Proof Security –The security features include tying in with RFID based entry exit, Under Vehicle Scan system & DELOPT’s proprietary License Plate recognition systems. • Automated Fee systems – Easy configuration of parking management software to configure Fee payments depending on the duration or exclude payment of fee based on management issued passes. Assign customers as prepaid, post-paid. • Statistical reporting software – Generate hourly, weekly, monthly & yearly reports. It up to 12 reports with

o Revenue based o License Plate recognition-based reports o Access card based (Pre-paid, Post Paid)

• Real-time Vehicle counting –The vehicle counting system constitutes of a non-intrusive vision- based vehicle counting system. This will be installed in every level such that the management gets real time knowledge of the number of cars present in every level. • Real time parking guidance display –Display boards displays the number of empty slots at every level. • Video Surveillance (optional) –An optional multi camera video surveillance system can be integrated into solution. • DVR (optional) – The video surveillance data, License plate videos, Under Vehicle Surveillance videos can be archived on a DVR.

Issues The urban centers of Coimbatore experiences high degree of dependence on neighbouring areas (both inter and intra district) pertaining to its large number of primary, secondary and tertiary industries for

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raw material, labour and exports, creating an immense pressure on the existing transit system and creating a demand for more efficient and rapid mobility. Efficiency Time consumed for communing in the region (inter and intra) is high which somehow deters the growth and development of the region as it causes delay in import of raw material and export of final goods by roadways refer Speed Delay Analysis. The reason for this being traffic congestion and large number of people still preferring and promoting private vehicles (refer fig.4-32 for modal split) according to Census 2011. The ‘Cash-rich, time-poor’ society of Coimbatore faces a lack of Public Transport system, NMT, intermodal connectivity. Ribbon development along the transportation corridors is likely to create problems in future. This problem is observed all the major radials moving towards the city Centre. These include Mettupalayam Road, Sathymangalam Road (NH-209), Road, Avinashi Road (NH-47), Sulur Road (NH- 67), Pollachi Road/ Road, Perur Road/ Siruvani Road, Thondamuthur Road, Maruthamalai Road, Thadagam Road. Inappropriate Land Regulation has resulted in rampant encroachment as observed in CBD areas and along the outskirts of the city. Further, illegal on-street parking is observed on some stretches which reduces the actual carrying capacity of the carriageway. The existing traffic and travel pattern on major urban roads through TVC count at cordons can be seen in map 4-14. Which tells us about the increasing traffic pressure on major corridors and intersections. Sustainability On-Road Transportation Sector is the contributing maximum of 43% to the total GHG emissions, followed by Manufacturing Industry and Construction Sector, which also contributes to 32% in Coimbatore (Refer Figure-1). On a Business-as-Usual scenario without focused interventions to improve quality and capacity of Public Transport, the share of Public Transport could fall sharply adding to congestion, deterioration in road-use experience and delays in travel times demanding more sustainable, reliable cost-efficient mobility options.

5% 8%1% 21% 43% 17% 42% 7% 3% 10% 32% 11%

Industries Dust Waste On-Road Transport Manufacturing Industry DGST Brick Kiln Transport Residential Commercial and Institutional Waste Figure 4-43 Total PM2.5 Emissions Figure 4 - 44 Sector - wise Share of GHG emission in Coimbatore (2015)

Source: Urban Emissions Source: Capacities India

Figure below shows spatial data on areas to be addressed with high PM2.5 amount. This shows the potential threat to the environment and health of the residents in future.

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Map 4-18 Gridded (1Km x 1Km) PM2.5 Emissions (2015)

Source: UrbanEmissions.org

Public Transport Facilities Bus Terminal or stops located in city centres (Gandhipuram and Ukkadam) are not adequately connected to ensure interchange trips, leading to congestion in the Central Business District area. The Vision for Coimbatore in this sector is to enable safe, efficient and sustainable mobility of citizens and goods throughout Coimbatore district, addressing both inter and intra-city transportation needs, while optimizing travel times and costs, through provision of a seamless, modern and efficient high capacity Public Transit System, while addressing the needs of pedestrian and non-motorized transport needs comprehensively. The existing transport infrastructure is slowly reaching its capacity and for the city to sustain the rapid development, there is a strong need to improve the infrastructure. Majority of Short-Term Improvement Plans have been curated in order to maximize the utilization of existing transport infrastructure, giving just interim relief to maintain acceptable level of service to traffic. O-D surveys indicate that nearly 23% of traffic on Avinashi Road corridor is on account of External- External Traffic looking for ring roads to surpass urban spaces. Non-availability of Integrated Freight Complexes for this industrial city causes avoidable congestion. Goods/cargo movement The goods movement through roads is effectively carried by different goods carrier companies which function independently. It was observed that many such companies were located in core residential areas, due to which they themselves face problems regarding three-wheeler movement in the area.

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Rail Transport and Connectivity a. Railway Passenger Movement Map 4-19 Railway Passenger Movement Coimbatore is one of the major railway junctions followed by Coimbatore north railway station, Mettupalayam railway station and Pollachi railway station. Most of the passenger movement from rail to other cities in India from Coimbatore is majorly noted as Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Guwahti, Haryana, Punjab, , Kochi, Pallakad and Kolkata as most of the passengers usually commute or travelled from Coimbatore. It is also observed that a heavy passenger flow to 59000 daily with in flow is 30000 and outflow 29000.

Source: Coimbatore Railways b. Passenger Flow in the Terminals On an average, 50,000 passenger movement per day will be noted as per the data of Railway division of Coimbatore for the passenger movement from terminals or stops. At Coimbatore railway station with two directional terminals which are Coimbatore North Railway station and Mettupalayam railway station sharing about 9000 and 6000 passenger flow daily.

Entry-Exit counts at railway Stations

Mettupalayam Railway station

Coimbatore North railway station

Coimbatore Railway station

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Passengers Outflow (Daily) Passengers Inflow (Daily)

Figure 4-45 Railway Passenger Movement Source: CMP 2015 c. Trip Purpose In Railways on analysing the trip purpose it is analysed that major share is for work, followed by shopping and business 60% of passengers are daily commuters while 40 % are Inter district movement.

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5%3% 10%

38% 40% 11%

60%

15% 18%

Work Shopping Bussiness Social Intra District Inter District

Figure 4-46 Trip purpose

Source: Coimbatore Railways d. Import and export Coimbatore owing to availability of various large- and small-scale industries has a lot of freight movement through railways. The inward movement of goods in Coimbatore through railways is from Delhi, UP, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, , Rajasthan, Daman Diu, Maharashtra, , Telangana, , Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Whereas the outward movement of freight from Coimbatore railway station is towards the following listed stations: Delhi, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, MP, Assam, Nagaland, West Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Daman and Diu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Puducherry and Kerala. The tables and maps below show the inward and outward goods being transported to the various stations across India.

Table 4-21 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places

Cities Type of Goods

Delhi

UP

Bihar

Jharkhand

MP

Assam

Nagaland

West Bengal

Gujarat

Rajasthan

Daman Diu

Maharashtra

Karnataka

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Telangana

Andhra

Pradesh

Puducherry

Kerala

Ready Plastic Milk Thread, Electric Vessels Machinery Eggs Vegetables made Chips goods products Rubber goods goods

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Map 4-20 Outward movement of commodities Map 4-21 Inward movement of commodities

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Table 4-22 Matrix showing types of goods being imported from various places

Cities Type of Goods

Delhi

UP

Chhattisgarh

Jharkhand

MP

Assam

Nagaland

West Bengal

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Gujarat

Rajasthan

Daman Diu

Maharashtra

Karnataka

Telangana

Andhra

Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Kerala

57 | P a g e Draft Report Current year 2017 Corresponding year 2016 Mo No. of Weight in Amo No. of Weight in Amo nth Commodity parcels quintal unt Parcels quintal unt Handloom 1458 10700 712 393 3794 2863 clothes 30 60 Cotton and

hosiery goods 3777 Milk products 616 280 222 140 18239 8 Grinder and 2208 10583 2010 720 1337 523 motors 14 8 Furniture Registered 1003 86 6539 467 163 15207 newspaper 2475 Vessels 139 117 416 388 86754 5 1192 14214 Vegetables 5747 2259 6181 2336 014 20 5863 17868 Eggs 6264 926 7207 1261 49 11 2593 28999 Aug Two wheelers 339 1017 458 1346 48 9 Other/Miscellane 3031 34758 14338 8129 22809 8704 ous 940 16 5505 82701 Total 3168 13927 42891 17724 367 44 Luggage local 7236 483 268 461 218 65333 and Foreign 6 HCD Local and 50 29 6483 53 14 5891 \foreign 2752 59904 Others/Misc. 00 9 1220 11695 AGC/SLR Lease 8440 9210 232 10 2752 66194 VPH/VPU Lease 460 920 00 4 7579 10771 Grand Total 3701 23124 43405 28086 912 871

Handloom 3205 12401 1188 792 4009 4329 clothes 75 78 Cotton and

hosiery goods 3033 Milk products 566 257 299 222 29750 0 Grinder and 4544 2406 938 914 343 81948 motors 49 Sept Furniture Registered 835 65 5990 421 104 4944 newspaper 1044 98640 Vessels 226 1550 20750 5363 805 74 2074 Vegetables 5856 166 342 510 69277 7 1081 18179 Eggs 19244 2886 10657 1600 732 3

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2921 39353 Two wheelers 206 618 384 1182 06 2 Other/Miscellane 2739 23536 10666 5333 9000 4641 ous 808 88 5998 92191 Total 41193 12555 46776 12894 542 84 Luggage local 5893 554 410 498 235 80884 and Foreign 8 HCD Local and 30 12 6841 41 1182 3630 \foreign 5114 66714 Others/Misc. 31 1 1273 99720 AGC/SLR Lease 10140 8430 870 4 6880 62101 VPH/VPU Lease 1150 920 00 6 8537 11649 Grand Total 41777 24267 47315 27891 622 060

Handloom 4138 12920 1653 910 5458 420 clothes 10 79 Cotton and

hosiery goods 4015 Milk products 446 245 332 217 39536 1 Grinder and 3070 12500 1965 776 1095 502 motors 62 5 Furniture Registered 791 58 5692 393 17 4230 newspaper 2569 Vessels 198 162 349 336 62477 0 6337 18270 Vegetables 3808 1100 8226 3504 67 04 1162 96915 Eggs 9792 1560 10785 1599 Oct 895 4 3151 35667 Two wheelers 354 1062 378 1134 06 8 Other/Miscellane 2293 30252 11375 6234 19758 8303 ous 959 14 5198 77013 Total 30382 12107 46774 16032 132 77 Luggage local 6627 437 282 571 237 70592 and Foreign 2 HCD Local and 53 18 6743 51 14 7125 \foreign 5693 68482 Others/Misc. 65 0 1099 10594 AGC/SLR Lease 9470 7990 027 69 5504 77627 VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1150 00 0

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7489 10298 Grand Total 30872 23027 47396 25423 939 935

Handloom 2224 34248 753 425 921 735 clothes 32 1 Cotton and

hosiery goods 4436 Milk products 568 279 426 312 41995 3 Grinder and 3931 16673 2187 806 731 300 motors 59 5 Furniture Registered 988 81 8497 537 183 4542 newspaper 6907 Vessels 405 290 273 187 38071 2 2618 29754 Vegetables 12864 4884 15508 5553 486 15 9932 12676 Eggs 9321 1419 11609 1807 03 76 2970 21298 Dec Two wheelers 256 768 275 825 09 7 Other/Miscellane 4156 27847 15178 3619 16218 2204 ous 45 6 5061 53283 Total 42520 12571 46498 12106 866 78 Luggage local 3708 175 146 609 267 59320 and Foreign 8 HCD Local and 51 17 5524 62 16 7904 \foreign 6684 42024 Others/Misc. 27 6 5288 95784 AGC/SLR Lease 4840 8320 52 1 6680 77627 VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1150 00 0 6989 75499 Grand Total 42746 18724 47169 23009 757 59

Handloom clothes 2101 16831 920 500 518 436 Cotton and 95 7 hosiery goods 4415 10315 Milk products 600 275 808 271 8 7 Jan- Grinder and 2459 57222 1976 706 3688 1272 18 motors 64 3 Furniture Registered 1169 1042 87 438 133 34078 newspaper 1 5492 20379 Vessels 406 298 1560 840 2 4

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1105 29882 Vegetables 13584 1872 35225 5333 402 90 8866 12690 Eggs 8352 1252 11162 2294 50 32 2851 68562 Two wheelers 306 918 493 1479 04 5 Other/Miscellane 2183 44998 14551 4653 13292 1832 ous 955 6 5028 64745 Total 41737 10561 67184 13890 041 02 Luggage local 5298 253 97 586 171 76882 and Foreign 9 HCD Local and 14 4 8577 67 17 7605 \foreign 4700 37708 Others/Misc. 54 1 6982 11165 AGC/SLR Lease 5440 8070 50 60 4128 62101 VPH/VPU Lease 690 920 00 6 6670 86736 Grand Total 42004 16792 67837 23068 711 46

Handloom 3956 42010 1226 649 1194 738 clothes 42 5 Cotton and

hosiery goods 5242 Milk products 476 247 501 242 41580 3 Grinder and 2037 82143 1272 495 5012 1914 motors 90 5 Furniture Registered 653 47 9155 781 69 6091 newspaper 3775 Vessels 269 236 451 455 73940 4 1934 16993 Feb- Vegetables 22736 3380 14001 2382 18 938 00 7501 95881 Eggs 7117 1062 8146 1205 48 9 3239 32896 Two wheelers 301 900 351 1053 04 0 Other/Miscellane 3358 17956 21373 8115 10481 5567 ous 462 76 2066 61459 Total 55428 15131 40918 136215 217 06 Luggage local 4653 285 116 564 161 82044 and Foreign 5 HCD Local and 43 7 5900 38 9 5506 \foreign 5716 55955 Others/Misc. 21 1

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6269 92276 AGC/SLR Lease 4720 6940 85 8 5504 62101 VPH/VPU Lease 920 920 00 6 8867 83367 Grand Total 55751 20894 41520 21655 658 91

Handloom clothes 5152 48756 1411 855 1433 804 Cotton and 95 4 hosiery goods 3358 Milk products 494 230 492 299 52853 5 Grinder and 2472 14312 2238 857 5648 2140 motors 89 91 Furniture Registered 862 93 9099 863 53 5693 newspaper 5064 10755 Vessels 339 286 795 649 0 1 2207 15636 Vegetables 22460 3723 14383 2085 995 35 6748 10519 Eggs 7048 1081 8472 1394 16 89 Mar 2820 45900 Two wheelers 327 981 423 1261 -18 68 5 Other/Miscellane 3223 16354 15548 5769 11725 6344 ous 078 80 7243 67950 Total 50727 13875 44234 15029 865 61 Luggage local 6221 13599 323 133 467 224 and Foreign 8 0 HCD Local and 62 12 8241 50 12 6690 \foreign 5226 70019 Others/Misc. 60 5 6958 10007 AGC/SLR Lease 5160 7740 55 18 5504 62101 VPH/VPU Lease 920 920 00 6 9083 92596 Grand Total 51112 20100 44751 23925 239 70

Handloom 9101 86573 1922 1046 2320 1538 clothes 32 2 Cotton and

hosiery goods Apr- 4527 Milk products 652 313 642 301 44498 18 3 Grinder and 1446 54253 1234 469 3792 1743 motors 57 0 Furniture

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Registered 822 85 6080 744 61 5822 newspaper 9655 Vessels 543 347 474 527 68330 9 2003 14969 Vegetables 26079 2415 23643 1956 503 70 3602 10021 Eggs 4199 635 9038 1167 54 19 4886 48588 Two wheelers 678 1225 530 1589 86 8 Other/Miscellane 1890 18883 10648 4652 10469 7011 ous 945 16 5946 64002 Total 46847 11187 51652 15893 089 05 Luggage local 6213 249 135 1835 3221 94197 and Foreign 5 HCD Local and 58 12 9150 72 1796 8673 \foreign 3757 61255 Others/Misc. 84 07 6602 98144 AGC/SLR Lease 4880 7120 51 4 6880 93152 VPH/VPU Lease 1150 1610 00 4 7741 90285 Grand Total 47154 17364 53559 29640 409 50

Handloom 3874 64130 2049 1152 1780 1418 clothes 63 5 Cotton and

hosiery goods 2786 Milk products 438 207 431 217 31827 7 Grinder and 2422 65707 1838 658 4785 1874 motors 84 0 Furniture Registered 762 56 4421 823 36 6345 newspaper 5477 May Vessels 496 389 354 357 44291 -18 4 6928 79955 Vegetables 6940 1032 7452 1298 33 0 5860 91112 Eggs 5698 928 7428 1107 10 0 3371 39910 Two wheelers 468 1404 514 1584 09 5 Other/Miscellane 2412 14635 14426 5174 9625 7591 ous 533 79 4745 49541 Total 33115 11000 33192 13761 294 92 Luggage local 4627 258 124 1686 464 99078 and Foreign 8

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HCD Local and 66 12 7690 62 21 10676 \foreign 4922 66820 Others/Misc. 08 8 5079 11558 AGC/SLR Lease 3440 8600 28 24 5504 93152 VPH/VPU Lease 920 1380 00 4 6349 78195 Grand Total 33439 15496 34940 24226 798 02

Handloom 2166 32416 1114 450 1223 732 clothes 50 9 Cotton and

hosiery goods 2212 Milk products 330 130 565 267 41053 7 Grinder and 1551 47620 1588 526 3141 1178 motors 87 3 Furniture Registered 571 40 4404 785 65 5252 newspaper 6378 Vessels 381 200 499 335 40452 5 5601 66879 Vegetables 2707 704 3039 916 90 0 7524 70681 Eggs 7777 800 5895 986 00 5 Jun- 3109 34148 Two wheelers 348 696 439 1377 18 30 4 Other/Miscellane 2154 24888 10870 4915 15011 7228 ous 158 51 4239 50930 Total 25686 8461 30597 13084 831 69 Luggage local 5897 294 101 1152 3525 98848 and Foreign 8 HCD Local and 60 10 7905 64 20 9707 \foreign 4722 60790 Others/Misc. 56 5 7857 82367 AGC/SLR Lease 4600 6760 23 7 6880 VPH/VPU Lease 1150 00 6252 66332 Grand Total 26040 14322 31813 23389 693 06

Handloom 3105 32416 1510 674 1223 732 clothes 58 9 Jul- Cotton and

18 hosiery goods 2245 Milk products 358 167 565 267 41053 5

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Grinder and 4467 47620 4111 1355 3141 1178 motors 89 3 Furniture Registered 794 69 4631 785 65 5252 newspaper 5001 Vessels 292 268 499 335 40452 9 2363 66879 Vegetables 9160 3543 3039 916 610 0 6146 70681 Eggs 6676 990 5895 986 38 5 2449 34148 Two wheelers 291 873 439 1377 92 4 Other/Miscellane 3266 24888 18810 5828 15011 7228 ous 631 51 7324 50930 Total 42002 13767 30597 13084 323 69 Luggage local 5477 473 113 1152 3525 98848 and Foreign 0 HCD Local and 40 8 3780 64 20 9707 \foreign 7399 60790 Others/Misc. 73 5 7338 82367 AGC/SLR Lease 4760 6760 62 7 5504 VPH/VPU Lease 920 00 9407 66332 Grand Total 42515 19568 31813 23389 108 06

Handloom 2839 14583 1340 718 712 393 clothes 01 0 Cotton and

hosiery goods 3152 Milk products 441 223 616 280 37778 9 Grinder and 1987 22081 1867 516 2010 720 motors 58 4 Furniture Registered Aug- 717 49 4570 1003 86 6539 18 newspaper 3542 Vessels 320 278 139 117 24755 3 2353 11920 Vegetables 8777 3269 5747 2259 099 14 6504 58634 Eggs 6890 1032 6264 926 45 9 2480 25934 Two wheelers 296 552 339 1017 19 8 Other/Miscellane 2646 30319 12501 6181 14338 8129 ous 774 40

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6452 55053 Total 33129 12818 3168 13927 518 67 Luggage local 3121 223 87 483 268 72366 and Foreign 5 HCD Local and 54 4 6020 50 29 6483 \foreign 7629 50026 Others/Misc. 67 4 6560 12202 AGC/SLR Lease 4400 8440 15 32 4128 27520 VPH/VPU Lease 690 460 00 0 8321 75799 Grand Total 33406 17999 3701 23124 535 12 Table 4-23 Freight details for past three years Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

Items and Weight The main items imported include electrical goods, machinery/machinery parts, packing material, fish and fruits (lemon, guava and other seasonal fruits). The main outward commodities are vegetables, eggs, machinery parts, vessels, milk products, electrical goods, HLC & ready-made goods, plastic goods, thread rubber, chips, motor cycle, paper parcel and fish. According to the commodity wise statement of parcel office, the number of parcels, weight of parcels and the amount generated from them are as follows:

Permissible weight Rate structure for the luggage and parcel booking was rationalized in 2006. Earlier it was a commodity- based structure but now the parcels are divided in 3 scales namely P, R and S. All these three types of parcels have different prices based on distance and weight of parcels i.e. they are for different types of parcel services. The charge of parcels will be either done by actual weight or by weight derived on volumetric basis, whatever is higher. Each 28-cu decimetre of volume or its fraction will be taken as equivalent to 4 kg. In case the weight of any package exceeds 100 kgs or the outside measurements exceed 1x1x1.7m it will come under the category of bulky article and charged at double the actual rate. However, if the weight of parcel in volumetric basis doesn’t exceed 100 kgs, a tolerance of 10% in any one dimension is permissible.

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The type of service and scale applicable for booking of Parcel traffic under the different categories of service shall be as under: -

Table 4-24 Permissible weights of goods

Maximum weight (kg) Maximum dimension (m) Broad gauge 150 2 x 1.5 x 1.25 Meter gauge 150 2 x 1.5 x 1.25 Narrow gauge 125 1.5 x 1.07 x 1 Source:

The table below shows maximum limit free allowance; marginal allowance is admissible for carriage of luggage in the compartment:

Table 4-25 Allowances of goods

Class Free allowance Marginal allowance Maximum quantity (kg) (kg) permitted in kg (including free allowance) AC First Class 70 15 150 AC 2-Tier sleeper/First 50 10 100 class AC 3-tier sleeper/AC 40 10 40 chair car Sleeper class 40 10 80 Second class 35 10 70 Source: Indian railways Revenue generated The revenue generated according to the Railway Parcel office, Coimbatore during 2016, 2017 and 2018 was as shown in the graphs below:

25000000

20000000

15000000

10000000

5000000

0

2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Figure 4-47 Revenue generated from export of goods

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore 30000

20000

10000

0 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19

Figure 4-48 Revenue generated from import of goods

Source: Railway parcel office, Coimbatore

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Rate As mentioned earlier, rate for freight transport is divided into three scales and have different charges depending upon the distance to be covered and the weight of parcel. Except for less patronized trains, Scale-L is uniformly applicable under all types of services/trains. Scale-P will be applied for parcels in special trains. All animals in parcel vans and break vans will be charged according to Scale-L with an addition of 25% irrespective of train category. The luggage rules specify an allowance of 1.5 times the luggage rate if the luggage exceeds the free allowance limit. Registered magazines and newspapers are booked at a concession of 45% at Scale-S in all trains. Minimum distance for charge for registered magazines and newspapers is 250 km at a minimum charge of Rs. 2 and for all other parcels it is Rs. 30. For Scale-R the rates have been mentioned up to 3500 km. For distances beyond this, the rate will be calculated by adding the rate for 3500 km to the amount of variation between rates for distances between 3041-3450 km and 3451-3500 km, for every 50 km beyond 3500 km. In case of other scales, for distances beyond 5000 km, rates will be calculated by adding Kilometers the amount of variation between the rates in the distance slabs of 4901-4950 Kms and 4951- 5000 km, for every 50Kilometer slab beyond 5000 km to the rate for 5000 km. Scale L (Luggage) consists of rates for luggage from 1 kg- 100 kgs spanning from 1 km- 5000 kms with an interval of 50 km. The minimum and maximum charges are Rs. 7.38 and Rs. 1574.66. Scale P i.e. Premier scale rates have the same values. Minimum and maximum charges for this scale are Rs. 4.1 and Rs. 874.81. Scale R consists of rates for parcels from 1kg- 100 kgs with a distance slot from 1km- 3500 kms. The minimum and maximum charges being Rs. 6.15 and Rs. 1018.37 respectively. While calculating rates for Rajdhani/Shatabdi/Duronto trains, Parcel rates shall be charged 25% over t he Scale‐R rates. Standard parcel rates i.e. Scale-S consists of distance slab from 1km- 5000km for parcels of weight ranging from 1kg- 100kg, charging from Rs 2.05 to Rs 437.41.

Capacity To cater to the demand of capacity required for perishable freight movement, Indian railways has developed high capacity Parcel Vans of capacity 23 tonnes, attached to the passenger trains depending on the availability and operational feasibility. Indian railways also run special parcel trains of high capacity specifically for fruits in demand to be transported between specific origin destination stations.

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i. Air Transport and Connectivity a. Passenger Movement: Coimbatore airport is the Map 4-22 Airport Passenger Movement 18th busiest airport in India and 2nd largest airport in state in terms of passenger movement. It provides direct connectivity across different part of India and abroad. It serves 15 Domestic and 3 international destinations. he airport consists of separate International terminal and the Domestic terminal and handles domestic as well as international flights. The city is connected to major hubs in South Asia, South East Asia and Middle East through over eight international carriers. The Airport lies around 18 km from the city centre and is accessible by road and rail transport services.

Coimbatore airport is 13 km away from City Centre. It is direct connected by SITRA bus stand which is 900m away from the terminal and Gandhipuram central bus station which is 10 km from the Airport. Source: Coimbatore airport

Footfall On an average, 550 passenger movement per day.

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000 NumberofPassengers 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Figure 4-49 Passenger Movement- Domestic

Source: Coimbatore Airport

Gradual increase in Passenger movement towards Airport have been observed from 2012 to 2017 for domestic air movement. And even for international travelling,

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200000

150000

100000

NumberofPassengers 50000

0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 4-50 Passenger Movement International

Source: Coimbatore Airport b. Goods/cargo movement Connectivity Coimbatore, being the third largest city in Tamil Nadu, occupies more than 25,000 small, medium and large-scale industries and textile mills. The city is famous for manufacturing and exporting goods both at national and international levels majorly motor pump sets and various engineering goods, and thus due to the same the city has earned the title of “Detroit of the South”. In 1930, hydroelectric plants developed in Falls led to boom in Cotton industries and resulted to a strong economy with great cities’ reputation as one of the industrial cities in South India. At international level, goods are exported and imported to/from Singapore, Sharjah and Jeddah while at domestic level, goods are majorly transported to Tier1 and Tier2 cities including big metropolitan areas which are Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Indore, , , , and other major cities having direct connectivity from Coimbatore Airport. Items Goods which are exported from Coimbatore includes engineering goods like machinery spare parts, perishable items like flowers, fruits, vegetables, textile accessories, garments, dairy products, turmeric concentrate and jewellery while items which are imported to Coimbatore majorly includes machinery spare parts, gold bars and silver items and express carbo respectively. Error! Reference source not f ound. shows the list of items imported and exported from Coimbatore airport.

Table 4-26 Import-Export Items

Export Import

Machinery Spares

Flowers Fruits Vegetables Food Items Fabrics

Textile Accessories

Type Type (International) of Goods

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Garments Dairy Products Tools and Engineering Goods Gold Ayurvedic Products Turmeric Concentrate Jewellery Baggage Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

The type of goods majorly outbound from Coimbatore via air includes engineering goods like machinery spares parts, perishable items like vegetables, flowers, fruits, medical equipment, laboratory equipment, serum samples, radiology pods, electronic goods and printed matters. while, items which are inbound to Coimbatore includes machinery spare parts, jewellery items as gold bars and silver, and express carbo.

Table 4-27 Inbound-Outbound Items

Outbound Inbound Machinery Spares Flowers Fruits Vegetables

Food Items

Gold Bars Silver Laboratory Equipment Medical Equipment Serum Samples Radiology Pods Electronic Goods Express Carbo

Printed Matters Type of Goods (Domestic) Goods of Type Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

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Maps below shows the movement of goods at international and domestic level respectively.

Map 4-23 Import-Export Cargo Map 4-24 Inbound-Outbound Cargo

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

Quantity Coimbatore Airport comes under 15th position in terms of cargo handling capacity. On an average, the total cargo transported internationally is around 400 metric tons per month which includes 52% of the perishable items. While, around an average of 850 tons of cargo gets transported per month nationally. From below, it can be seen that the domestic cargo movement is having an incremental growth in the year 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. It is also estimated that the total cargo is growing at a rate of 10% annually.

2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 International 2014-2015 Domestic

Year 2015-2016 2016-2017 2017-2018

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Cargo Quantity (tonnes/year) Figure 4-51 Quantity of Cargo Per Annum

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

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From above figure, it is estimated that out of total cargo transported from 2012 to 2017 at domestic level, the maximum cargo inclination has turned in the month of October followed by March, May, June, July, August and September. It may be due to the high demand of perishable items in these months of festivals.

10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000

CargoQuantity(tonnes) 2000 1000 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 4-52 Quantity of Domestic Cargo Per Month

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal

Discussing on International cargo movement it can be seen that the total cargo exported and imported has been declined from past years but has an inclination in the year of 2017 with major focus in the month of July and December. The decrease in cargo movement may be due to the improper international connectivity from Coimbatore airport.

Rate The charges for various categories of goods has been decided by the cargo terminal of Coimbatore. It can be seen that the general and perishable items are exported at lower prices as compared to the special items while in case of import, the charges for perishable and special items are higher. It can also be seen that demurrage charges for perishable items which are imported to Coimbatore are highest than other items.

Table 4-28 Rate of Movement per kg

Terminal, Storage & Processing Charge Demurrage Charge

General 0.86 5.73 0.88 3.33

Special 1.70 1.74 6.64 11.45 Perishable/Valuable 0.86 0.88 13.27

Export Import Export Import

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal The terminal has fixed up the minimum consignment rates for different items. The rates for special items exporting from terminal is highest while the items that are importing in Coimbatore, consignment

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rates are set high for both special as well as perishable items. Minimum consignment rates for demurrage charges are set high in perishable items which are importing to the Coimbatore terminal.

Table 4-29 Minimum Rate per Consignment

Terminal, Storage & Processing Charge Demurrage Charge

General 145 156 145 376

Special 284 284 741 307 Perishable/Valuable 145 145 1482

Export Import Export Import

Source: Coimbatore Airport Cargo Terminal Capacity The existing capacity of the airport terminal is getting short because of high movement of passenger and cargo movement; hence expansion of runway is required.

4.4.2.1.3 Water and Sewerage System

Water Supply The water supply system in Coimbatore is for an existing population of 34.58 lakh which is projected to rise to 45.41 lakh till 2041. The area of Coimbatore district is 4723 sq. km. In the existing scenario, Coimbatore is largely dependent on rivers like Siruvani, Pillur and Bhavani for the water supply. Other surface sources are both unsuitable and inefficient for the drinking water supply as well as irrigation. The total capacities of different sources of water in various talukas of the district are tabulated below:

Table 4-30 Total capacity of different water sources

S.no. Name of taluk Total capacity of different water sources

1 Coimbatore(N) 292.55

2 Annur 144.74

3 Coimbatore (S) 274.86

4 Mettupalyam 85.52

5 Pollachi 309.28

6 Kinathukadavu. 11.07

7 Sulur 300.93

8 Valparai -

9 Madukkarai 655.23

Source: (CMC, 2016-2017)

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Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) Map 4-25 Location of various dams in supplies the drinking water up to the municipal boundary Coimbatore and further distribution is done by the municipal bodies. The various dams which are source of drinking water supply in this region are: (Kerala), Pillur Dam, Alliyar Dam, and Nirar Dam and these have been marked on the map. From the service level benchmark for Coimbatore, it is evident that the water supply coverage is about 85% but the quality of water supplied in the city is 85% as compared to 100% quality checked water being supplied to towns like Mettupalayam and Pollachi. Probable reasons behind this may be greater population and inadequate or inefficient water treatment facility. Many fishes died due to sewage leakage in Valanakulam Lake near Ukkadam sewage treatment plant. Source: Coimbatore District Handbook

Sanitation The overall scenario of Sanitation for the region may be described as poor to moderate (In terms of Service level benchmarking). In Coimbatore, the sewage network coverage is about 60% while in second category of towns like Pollachi, Mettupalayam, Valparai and Sulur, a centralized sewage system is absent. These discharge their waste into lakes or rivers without treatment. This not only causes unhygienic living conditions but are also responsible for polluting surface and underground water sources. The marine ecosystem is adversely affected. The polluted water percolates in the earth and pollutes the underground water as well. Unplanned and uncontrolled urbanization and poor assessment of infrastructure needs has affected the environment. While addressing the issues of infrastructure, economy shall also be taken into consideration. Use of smart technology is also essential.

4.4.2.1.4 Solid Waste Management The solid waste is heterogeneous and commingled. The trends seen are the proportion of putrescible organic matter is greater in low income countries than those of high income. The proportion of paper and plastic waste is more with increasing national income & population, which shows that waste density is a function of national income. Moisture content is also higher in low income countries. The composition of waste in a given urban centre varies significantly with socioeconomic status (household income).

The factors influencing the waste quantities are income, population, social behaviour, climate, industrial production, consumer behaviour and high standard of living. a. Sources of solid waste Solid waste means solid or semi solid domestic waste, sanitary waste, commercial waste, institutional waste, catering and market waste and other non-residential wastes, street sweepings, silt removed or collected from surface drains, horticulture waste, agriculture and dairy waste, treated bio-medical waste excluding industrial waste, bio-medical waste and e-waste, battery waste, radio-active waste generated in the area under the local authorities. Industrial waste is collected by CPCB authorised agencies in Coimbatore.

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Table 4-31 Sources of Waste Generation in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam & Pollachi

Coimbatore (TPD) Mettupalayam (TPD) Pollachi (TPD)

Total population 3458045 69213 90124

Total Generated waste 900 32 43

No. of household 495685 17076 22063

Total collected waste 720 24 43

Generation per capita (gm) 505 347 409

No. of wards 72 33 36

Domestic waste 720 17 30

Commercial waste NA 4 6

Industrial waste 234 2 5

Silt waste 135 1 2

Wet waste NA 10 26

Dry waste NA 14 17

Plastic waste (TPW) 400 NA 8.16

Biomedical waste 4 NA 0.58

Slaughter House Waste 51 NA NA

Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation b. Collection System The residential and commercial areas are major sources of generation of solid waste.

Collection System Door to Door Collection: Transportation of waste from secondary collection points at regular intervals is one of the essential jobs in MSW Management. Presently segregation and Door to Door garbage collection is being carried out in some selected wards only.

Table 4-32 Transportation of solid waste

Vehicles for door to Frequency of Total no. Region Type of vehicles door collection collection Of vehicles

Tipper auto, push cart, Coimbatore Pushcart, tipper auto Daily 300 compactor lorries

Pushcart, mini lorries, Mettupalayam Push cart, mini lorries Daily 69 tractor

Push cart, tipper lorries, Pollachi Push cart, mini lorries Daily 72 mini lorries

Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation

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c. Transfer and Transport Map 4-26 Transfer and Transport of waste Transfer station for Coimbatore is at Ukkadam, Peelamedu & Sathy road.

• The organic waste is collected through Push Carts from residential households which will be transferred to the Micro Compost Centre for Processing. • The segregated organic waste collected through tipper lorries from the doorsteps of the commercial establishments is transported to Micro Compost Centre for Processing • The Recyclable waste and other waste from public places are transported to the sorting shed at RRC. d. Processing Facilities Micro composting centres

Coimbatore - Vellalore

Mettupalayam - Siraj nagar, Muttamil nagar

Pollachi - Vadugapalayam, Maiyanam, Jothi nagar star park, Gandhi weekly market near Sudharsan nagar.

Table 4-33 Micro compost plant, Bio-Methanization plant & vermicomposting plant capacity

Proposed Bio Vermi Dumping Landfill Recycling Region MCC Methanization Compositing on site site (TPD) (TPD) plant (TPD) (TPD) (TPD) area Coimbatore 102 10 100 108 400 25 acres Mettupalayam 40 3 Na Na 5 10 acres Pollachi 20 2 0.5 4 16.5 Na Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation d. Disposal

Table 4-34 Dumping site locations, area & capacity

Area of dumping site Region Dumping site Capacity (tpd) (acres) Coimbatore Vellalore 654 600 Mettupalayam Siraj nagar 10 40 Pollachi Nallur 20 60 Source: Coimbatore City Municipal Corporation, Mettupalayam & Pollachi Municipal Corporation There is a proposal of another plant of capacity 1000 TPD adjacent to existing one. Vellalore contains India’s largest vermicomposting plant.

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e. Inferences

Region Inferences • Lack of proper segregation at source • Dump yard capacity is less in comparison to the waste generated. Some of Coimbatore the waste is dumped in open areas • Less incinerators are there to treat biomedical waste • Lack of proper segregation at source Mettupalayam • Location of micro compost plants. • No waste is collected from areas which doesn’t fall in the municipal boundary Pollachi • Locals are dumping waste in open areas like parks & adjacent area of roads f. Service Level Benchmarks

Figure 4-53 Service Level Benchmarks

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ii. Hazardous Waste Map 4-27 Location of hazardous industries Hazardous wastes are by-products of human activities that could cause substantial harm to human health or the environment if not managed properly. The concentration of foundries within the Coimbatore and the lack of state-of-the-art facilities tends to take its toll on the city's environment and thereby make Coimbatore a severely polluted place. a. List of Hazardous Waste The wastes exhibit one or more of the following characteristic properties: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity. The type of hazardous waste (CPCB, 2008) are as follows: Toxic Metals, Used Solvents, Sludge, Contaminated Soils, Plating Solutions, Cleaning Solutions, Lab Pack Material, Chemical Waste, aerosol cans, construction & demolition waste, e-waste laboratory waste, untreated biomedical waste, pharmaceutical waste, chemical solvents, automotive waste such as batteries & oil filters, sludge, pesticides, stereo foam, mercury containing products, industrial waste etc. b. Source of hazardous waste The small and medium sized foundries are located every 2 Kilometres in the industrial radius of Coimbatore. There are about 42336 industries in Coimbatore. A description of 3422 industries according to pollution generated by them is shown in the map. Industrial areas of Coimbatore are , Velandipalayam, Ganapathy, Kurichi industrial estate (SIDCO) and Peelamedu. c. Generation • E-waste: Coimbatore generates nearly 2500 tonnes of e-waste per year (TNPCB). However most of it goes unsegregated. The waste batteries, cartridges, displays & printers are all collected from institutions, houses and industries and then dismantled. The waste is segregated into hazardous & non-hazardous. Non-hazardous waste is recycled. Currently no agency is there to do this process. Government is in talks for hiring the agency. • Bio Medical Waste: Bio medical wastes are blood stained cotton, needle & sanitary mixed with solid waste. The total number of hospitals in Coimbatore are 160. Bio medical waste generated annually by Government & Private hospitals is 36 & 1300 tonnes respectively. Teknotham Company is the agency for biomedical waste management. Awareness programs are running to collect sanitary napkins & expired medicines. incinerator in corporation hospitals are 32 while Sanitary napkins incinerator at the corporation schools are 83 (CMC). Bio- Medical waste treatment facility is under operation at Orattukuppai, Coimbatore District. Regions

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Covered - Coimbatore, Nilgiris & its Capacity 1450 kg/day. Diseases spread due to biomedical waste are blood borne infection, hepatitis B & C, HIV etc.

Table 4-35 Details of Health Care Facilities and Waste Generation

Name of Government Private Hospitals BMW No. HCF issued District Hospitals generation with Total BMW Tota BMW from Non- authorization No. Generatio l No. Generatio bedded n (Kg/Day) n (Kg/Day) hospitals (Kg/Day) Coimbatore 4 14.675 103 2486.53 1 108 (N) Coimbatore 10 82.2 134 1073 0 148 (S) Source: TNPCB, CMC • Industrial Waste: Ganapathy & Kurichi industrial areas are most polluted in Coimbatore (TNPCB). Kurichi industrial area consists of Ship casting, small & medium scale industries while Ganapathi Industrial area consists of Foundries, motors & submersible pump manufacturing industries.

Table 4-36 Status of Hazardous Waste Generating Units (2017)

Name of No. of Total Quantity Mode of Disposable (TPA) District Units (Tonnes/Annum) Land fillable Recyclable Incinerable Coimbatore 124 76691.8 4615 72000.8 76 (N) Coimbatore 102 8550.5 2413.1 56606 531.4 (S)

Table 4-37 Classification of industries on the basis of pollution index

Regio Large Medium Small Total n Red Orange Green White Red Orange Green White Red Orange Green White North 63 142 31 3 5 43 21 4 175 732 261 43 1523 South 58 145 59 14 5 46 31 4 267 789 368 113 1899 Source: TNPCB

• Industrial sectors having pollution index score of 60 & above comes in Red category, from 41- 59 comes in orange category, 21-40 comes in green category, from 0 to 20 falls in white category. d. Inferences & observations

• There are no Common Effluent Treatment plants& hazardous waste treatment plant in the Coimbatore Districts. So, the waste from Small scale industries is directly disposed into drainages, surface water bodies& is also reaching ground water sources & polluting them. Hazardous waste is sent to Chennai for treatment. • Only one STP is working in the whole district out of 3 STPs, thus the domestic waste water is also disposed into nearby water bodies. • It was found that chemical waste, e-waste, and medical waste are transported from the state of Kerala and illegally dumped around Coimbatore border. • Some industries let out their waste in rivers like dying factories. The waste water also reaches Ukkadam STP which is damaging the sludge utilized for vermicomposting.

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4.4.2.1.5 Energy: Sources and its utilization a. Introduction Energy is an important component of physical infrastructure for the overall economic development, productivity and improving the quality of life. TNEB (Tamil Nadu Electricity board) with two subsidiary companies TANTRANSCO (Tamil Nadu Transmission Corporation Limited) and TANGEDCO (Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation) was created to undertake transmission, the generation and distribution of electricity in Coimbatore sub region. The department of electricity in Coimbatore is divided into three major circles, - North circle, South circle, Metro circle and Udumalpet. Coimbatore sub-region being an economically advanced region has a high-power demand and consumption. The key features of these network stated below. 8% 4% b. Existing Sources of Energy In Tamil Nadu the generation of electricity is mainly from conventional sources (18732.78 20% 49% MW) - Hydro, thermal and nuclear and Non- Conventional sources of energy (10,479.61 MW) – Wind, Solar and Biogas. The electricity is generated both within and 19% outside the grid and fed into the grid. This is distributed to the consumer through a Figure 4-54 Existing sources of Energy transmission line and distribution network Thermal Hydro Wind Solar Gas comprising of station and Substation. In Coimbatore sources of energy generation is hydro, wind and solar. The electricity network covers all villages and towns throughout the Coimbatore region. The sustained demand of the Coimbatore city is 615 MW per day of which only 10 MW is contributed by solar energy. The contribution of solar energy is about 8% of the total demand. It has the largest wind and solar power generation capacity across the country.

Table 4-38 Electricity Generation sources in Coimbatore

Net Installed Name of the Power Generation Consumption Unit S.NO. Capacity Stations (M.U.) (M.U.) sent out (M.W.) (M.U.) 1 Sarkarpathy PH 30 63.28 0.08 63.20 Aliyar Power 2 60 61.72 0.90 61.22 House 3 Sholayar P.H-I & II 95 226.09 0.47 226.80 4 Kadamparai P.H 400 289.11 2.81 286.30 5 Punachi Mini P.H. 2 1.73 0.0. 1.70 6 Aliyar Mini P.H. 2.5 0 0.04 0.04 7 Kadamparai PH - 406.07 - Source: District census handbook 2017-2018

There are 58 sub-stations in the city which is sufficient at present but there will be demand for more substations. Table 1 and 2 shows the generation and distribution of electricity in Coimbatore. Energy is distributed to the consumer through a transmission line and distribution network comprising of station and sub-station of 765KV, 400KV, 220KV, 132KV and 33KV Capacities.

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Table 4-39 Distribution substation in Coimbatore Total Capacity S. No TNEB Circle No. of Substations MVA 1 13 528.00 2 Coimbatore South 25 824.75 3 Coimbatore North 20 796.00 Source: District census handbook 2017-2018 c. Power availability Availability of power from different generating units in Tamil Nadu is 56242 MU. Coimbatore is one of the early achievers of 100% village electrification. The table 3 shows the block level electrification coverage. Table 4-40 Power coverage Block wise (Coimbatore)

Total population of Population having Power S. No. Name of CD Block inhabited villages supply

1 2 3 4 1 0361-Karamadai 137448 137206 (99.82%) 2 0362-Madukkarai 33826 33826 (100%) 0363- 3 46994 46994 (100%) 4 0364-Sarkarsamakulam 29818 29818 (100%) 5 0365-Thondamuthur 48271 48271 (100%) 6 0366-Anaimalai 71786 71786 (100%) 7 0367-Kinathukadavu 90550 90550 (100%) 8 0368-Pollachi North 93435 93435 (100%) 9 0369-Pollachi South 65706 65706 (100%) 10 0370-Annur 92453 92453 (100%) 11 0371-Sulur 51108 51108 (100%) 12 0372-Sulthanpet 77364 77364 (100%) Total 839105 838517 (99.93%) Source: District census handbook d. Consumption of electricity Electricity is the main source of energy consumption in domestic, commercial, industrial, agriculture and municipal sectors. Coimbatore is known for its economy, so electricity is the main source of energy

5.30% 3.63% 10% 45.74%

34.86%

Industries Domestic Public lighting Commercial

Figure 4-56 Sector wise Consumption of Electricity Figure 4-55Year wise Consumption of Electricity

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for running those industrial units. The consumption of energy from various purposes shown in figure 2 and 3. e. Power Tariff

Table 4-41 Average Billing Rate of electricity

The Coimbatore has the lowest unit cost of power Tariff type ABR per unit rupees supply. It also has better tariffs than all the southern Domestic (Up to 100-unit NIL) states except for Kerala. Cost of power is high in Industrial Kerala; however, the tariffs are lower since it is 6.33 provided at a loss to the domestic, agricultural and Cottage industries 4.19 industrial sectors. This may not be a feasible option commercial 6.84 over an extended period of time since the Power loom 5.27 government is in effect absorbing the losses in power supply. Tamil Nadu can offer the power at a Public light 5.5 lower cost and still make a reasonable profit. This Source: TANGEDCO could be an action plan required, if it desires to attract more investment in the state. The below Table 5 Shows the rate of unit generation of electricity, thus cost of wind energy generation is very less, and Coimbatore has huge potential for generation of Wind energy.

Table 4-42 per unit Generation cost of Electricity from various sources

Name of the Power Stations Cost per Unit (in paise) Sarkarpathy PH 47.31 Aliyar PH 97.08 Sholayar PH-I 26.33 Hydro Sholayar PH-II 45.60 Kadamparai PH 124.71 Punachi Mini PH 104.18 Aliyar mini - Wind Coimbatore EDC/South) 3.39 Source: District census handbook f. Energy demand forecast for Coimbatore The total demand forecast for Coimbatore sub region is 13770MW. As per District census handbook The electrical load growth trajectory is showing a yearly average growth rate of 7% and then 11% from 2021, this will give expected load for 2038 is 13770MW. Besides, this due to greater economic activity and urbanization power requirement will increase. Power sources such as wind power or solar energy 15000

10000

5000

0 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 Electricity Figure 4-57 Project Electricity Demand may have to be tapped. More captive power plants will have to be developed in order to meet this growing demand. Figure 4-57 has been projected on basis of Population Projection

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4.4.2.1.6 Alternative Energy Potential

In Coimbatore District due to concentration of Economic and Industrial activities and increase in population Non-conventional source of Energy generation is required to supplement the future power demand. Installing the Non-Conventional Energy sources will help decreasing the pollution and make the Coimbatore district greener and cleaner Environment. It will help in us to achieve our Aim of “To formulate the strategies for the preparation of spatial plan of the region”. This will lead in generating Employment Opportunity which will help in achieving the Vision “To enhance the capacity of Coimbatore as global Employment generating hub.”

Coimbatore is blessed with conducive natural and topographical settings for solar and wind energy generation.

120%

100% 48% 80% 74% 60% 28% 40% 63% 26% 19% 20% 20% 2% 8% 3% 14% 10% 0% 2% 7% 3% Solar Bio-Power Wind Hydro Thermal Nuclear Renewable Energy

India Tamil Nadu Coimbatore

Figure 4-58 Energy Generation Comparison a. Solar Energy Coimbatore (76° E and 11° N) receives good amount of solar radiation with an annual average of 4.98 kWh/ m2 /day. Following in the table number 6 is the typical solar insolation data for Coimbatore for an entire year.

Table 4-43 Monthly Averaged Insulation (kWh/m^2/day) incident on a horizontal surface in Coimbatore

J Fe Ma Ap Ma Ju Ju Au Sep Oc No De Annua Source a b r r y n l g t t v c l n Nasa SSE 4. 5.5 6.22 6.8 6.59 5.0 3.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 4.8 4.5 5.09 Satellite 6 Data 2 MNRE 4. 5.3 6.09 6.7 6.55 5.2 4.1 4.1 4.87 5.2 4.5 4.3 5.09 Solar 4 Radiation 9 Source: Solar master city plan – Coimbatore (2012)

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The municipal and government building sector of Coimbatore Map 4-28 Solar Radiation Map of Coimbatore city consumes about 6.00% of total electrical energy in the city. The primary consumers in this sector are streetlights, outdoor lights in parks and monuments, markets, office buildings of the Municipal Corporation, water supply, sewerage treatment plant etc. Renewable energy devices are suggested to all categories of consumers depending upon the energy demand. The sector has ample opportunity to save energy through introducing renewable energy and energy conservation measures and could show case these initiatives to encourage people to adopt further. Average sunny days in Coimbatore is 6 hours/day and average sunny hours 305 /year.

Figure 4-59 Monthly Sunny Hours

Source: Average Monthly Hours Sunshine, Coimbatore, India Source: Solar atlas of India b. Wind Energy

The state of Tamil Nadu has one of the best wind potentials in the Map 4-29 Wind Density Map of Coimbatore country. Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu has very good wind energy potential. There These are 12 wind monitoring mast installed all over the district to monitor wind power potential and all of them shows more that 200W/m mean annual wind power density which is considered as good wind power potential. MAP shows mean annual wind power density measured in the different wind mast across the district. Based on the Indian wind atlas of Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET), installable wind power potential has been estimated as 49 GW at 50 m above ground level.

Figure 4-60 Average wind Density

Source: Average Weather in Coimbatore India Year-Round Source: Wind atlas of India (MNRE, n.d.)

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Table 4-44 Block wise wind density of Coimbatore

Latitude Longitude Mean annual WPD WDP Elevation wind Speed at at 50m Site Name Deg. Min. Deg. Min. in meters at 20/25 m in 20m- in m/s 25m W/sqm Andhiyur 10 36 77 11 380 5.2 177 271 Arasampalayam 10 51 77 3 370 5.5 195 291 Edayarpalayam 10 55 77 7 445 6.1 273 398 Kethanur 10 54 77 17 403 5.7 259 376 Mettukadai 10 52 77 23 350 4.9 184 281 Myvadi 10 36 77 19 341 5.3 251 376 Pongalur 10 58 77 21 388 5.2 213 309 Poolavadi 10 44 77 17 321 5.7 283 445 Poosaripatti 10 40 77 7 380 5.2 168 254 Pushpathur 10 33 77 25 340 4.3 128 254 Sultanpet 10 52 77 11 380 5.1 203 206 Thannirpandal 10 57 77 19 400 4.9 216 >330

4.4.2.2 Social Infrastructure 4.4.2.2.1 Health Infrastructure

a. Introduction

• The city has numerous hospitals. Apart from the Government hospital, several multi-facility hospitals function in the city.

• The district’s health department is amongst the best in terms of implementing government- initiated health schemes.

• Also, several rare surgical procedures have taken place here.

• The polio eradication programme is heavily assisted by the city’s Rotary Clubs, who also regularly donate ambulances for smaller hospitals.

• The city also has numerous homoeopathic clinics run by NGOs.

• Fast pace of industrialisation, spiralling population and the increase in the health awareness have led to the growth of the healthcare industry in Coimbatore.

b. Abstract

• Coimbatore stands second to Chennai in Tamil Nadu for highly affordable and quality healthcare deliveries of international standards.

• Coimbatore is also the preferred healthcare destination to the floating population from nearby towns and districts and also nearby districts of Kerala.

• The growth of the hospitals in the city can be attributed to the vision of the industrialists here to bridge the gap between growing health needs and the existing services.

• Many of the private hospitals in the city are promoted by industrialists as an extension of their business portfolios and their services to the society.

c.

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d. Existing Scenario

Table 4-45 List of Hospitals with high patient float across Coimbatore District

No. Of Area Coimbatore City Municipal Name of the Hospital Corporation Beds (Acres) Govt. General & Multi- Dept. Of Public Health 1650 4 Speciality Hospital Commissioner G. Kuppuswamy Naidu City Health Officer Memorial Hospital, 850 9 32 UPHC Perianaickanpalayam (Urban Primary Health Centres) , 1230 18 Each UPHC Sidhapudur 1 - Medical Officer PSG Hospitals, Peelamedu 1400 94 1 - Pharmacist Ganga Hospital, 450 4.5 1 - Lab Technician Coimbatore 4/5 - Urban Health Nurse ESI Hospital, 740 6.5 1 - NCD (Non-Communicable Disease) Varadharajapuram 3 - RCH Staff (Rich Child Health) KG Hospital 500 8.8

Table 4-46 Public Health Institutions and Number of Speciality Clinic

PUBLIC HEALTH Speciality Numbers Description Numbers Hospitals 1161 Asthma Specialists 26 Dispensaries 253 General Medicine 24 Sanitary Centres 24 Nursing Home 414 Eye Clinics 29 Maternity & Child Welfare 210 Dental Clinics 63 Clinic Allopathy 1460 Homeopathy 15 Ayurvedic 62 Paediatrics 21 Unani 18 Homeopathy 85 Dermatology (Skin) 25 Total 3687

Population Outline for Hospitals Primary Health Centres Healthcare Govt. Hospitals – 15 No’s UPHC’s (City) – 32 No’s Urban – 39 Lacks Pvt. Hospitals – 1453 No’s PHC’s (Rural) – 51 No’s Rural – 20 Lacks Dispensaries -- 16 No’s HCS’s - 5 No

Source: Joint /Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean C.M.C. Hospital, Corporation Health Officer, Regional Officer (ESI Scheme), Superintendent, ESI Hospital, D.D. of Medical & RHS Family Welfare. Coimbatore

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e. Existing Healthcare Infrastructure Distribution

Map 4-30 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure Map 4-31 Mettupalayam Health Care Infrastructure

Map 4-32 Coimbatore District Health Care Infrastructure Map 4-33 Pollachi Health Care Infrastructure

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f. Existing Statistics of Public Health & Medical Services

Table 4-47 Public Health & Medical Services rendered by organizations & individual – Coimbatore District (2013-14)

Ayurvedic Ayurv Gran Classificatio Modern Siddh Siddha Tota Homoeop edic Unani d n Medicine a Unani l athy (1) Total Combined Hospitals 12 1 1 - 2 14 1 15 Dispensaries 56 3 7 - 10 66 1 66 Primary Health 58 - - - 10 66 - 58 Centres Urban Primary 20 - - - - 58 - 20 Health Centres Health Sub 328 - - - - 20 - 328 Centres Other Medical - - - - - 328 - - Institutions Bed Strength 1905 - - - - 1905 - 1905 Number of 334 6 2 - 8 342 1 343 Doctors Number of 552 - - - - 552 - 552 Nurses

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Table 4-48 Veterinary, Public Health Institutions & Animals Treated Block Wise

Veterinary Other Public

Institutions Units health

Name of the

Block

cian

-

centres

-

Polyclinic Hospitals Dispensaries Clini Centres Sub Insemination Centres units Mobile treated Animals performed Castration of Primary No. HealthCentres of No. Subcentre P.N. Palayam - 1 6 - 2 - - 79428 2328 7 30 S.S. Kulam - 2 6 - 2 - - 68016 720 2 13 Thondamuthur - - 5 - 3 - - 90264 2352 4 20 Madukkarai - 2 6 - 1 - - 98808 3336 5 21 Karamadai - 1 7 - 2 - - 154176 5700 4 19 Pollachi (N) - - 11 - - - - 88258 1719 7 36 Pollachi (S) - 1 6 1 1 - - 148968 449 3 21 Anaimalai - 1 7 - 4 - 1 61310 1123 4 18 Kinathukadavu - - 8 - 2 - - 90882 2060 7 32 Annur - 1 5 - 1 - - 79556 3765 3 38 Sultanpet - 1 6 - 1 - - 96450 1360 3 19 Sulur - 1 7 - - - - 119000 1897 2 15 Cbe-Corpn. 1 1 4 - 1 - 1 78896 1008 4 26 Valparai - - 1 - 3 - - 30434 1 3 20 Total 1 12 85 1 22 - 2 12824562 27829 58 328

Source: Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean Coimbatore Medical College Hospitals Corporation Health Officer, Regional Officer (ESI Scheme), Superintendent, ESI Hospital. Coimbatore

Table 4-49 Block Wise Healthcare Infrastructure

Healthcare Infrastructure

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Name of the Block Clinical Clinical Clinical Hospita Hospita Hospita Services Services Services ls ls ls

Anaimalai 47 255 302 10 19 29

Annur 60 33 93 8 5 13

Karamadai 95 150 245 23 15 38

Kinathukadavu 64 41 105 6 8 14

Madukkarai 30 965 995 4 49 53

Periyanaickenpalayam 32 413 445 6 36 42

Pollachi North 86 21 107 3 3

Pollachi South 61 189 250 13 13 26

Sarkarsamakulam 19 252 271 4 24 28

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Sulthanpet 45 0 45 11 0 11

Sulur 27 243 270 4 21 25

Thondamuthur 35 274 309 6 31 37

Total 601 2836 3437 95 224 319

Source: Census 2011

g. Existing Healthcare Activities & Services Activities of Public Health & Medical Services:

• Every Thursday & Friday, medical camp in every block called General Camp.

• 30 Ambulances are in service with response time below 15 mins, whereas 1 Ambulance will cover 10 KM’s Dia.

• Total 400 hospitals, in which 30-35 in each taluk.

• Major disease is Cancer, most common diseases are fever & cold for children & Communicable Diseases for adult.

• Upcoming schemes concentrated on Old-Age home patients.

• Allocating PHC’s in such a way to service more areas.

• Coimbatore has one doctor for every 921 people as of December 2017 which is way ahead of doctor population ratio of 1,000 prescribed by World Health Organization • (1-Incharge & 1-Partially Worked)

Activities of Health Sub Centres:

• Peripheral most unit available at the Village level to take care of the Health needs of the community.

• A Health Sub centre covers a population of 5000 in plain areas and 3000 in Hilly and difficult terrains. All Primary Health Care Services are being provided at the door steps of the community.

• Each Health sub centre is manned by a pair of Health Workers.

• The Female Worker (VHN) takes care of MCH activities, including Immunization.

• The male worker (HI) @ one per 3 HSCs is responsible to control of Communicable Diseases, Checking of Births and Deaths Registration, Health Education, Surveillance, etc.

• All pregnant women are registered by the Village Health Nurses at the earliest stage of pregnancy and given Antenatal care.

• Antenatal care includes two doses of Tetanus Toxoid Injections and distribution of 100 tablets of Ferrous Sulphate Tablets (FST).

• The Health Sub centre area is divided into 4 units and on every Wednesday, Immunization sessions are organised in one unit, thereby covering the entire area in a month.

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h. Background Issues - Diseases Scenario

Dengue Fever cases in August 2017 after a great drought Dengue Cases – 2531 in 2016 & 5968 in 2017 with 1 death.

• Sporadic cases of other fevers such as Leprospirosis, Typhoid & Malaria in TN-2017.

• Swine flu, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) & Dengue are main diseases in the northern states of Tamilnadu.

• Southwest monsoon rains from kerala brought the first spells of rain, spilling over into Tamilnadu.

• Large number of migrants use plastic containers to store water.

• They seldom clean those containers which become breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

Acute Diarrhoeal & Cholera Diseases in Coimbatore 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000

0

Year

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Jul-18

Jan-18

Mar-18 May-18

Figure 4-61 Diseases Scenario

Source: Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health

ISCHEMIC heart disease is the biggest causing occasional disease in Tamil Nadu

• 50% of men & women who suffer from heart ailments are also diabetic.

• 2.86 Lack people – Diabetes

• 3.27 Lack people – Pre-Diabetes Congenital heart diseases

• 1.86 Lack Child born every year with this following disease.

• 60,000 to 80,000 people suffer from critical illness. i. Schemes: Amma Kapiti Thittam

The activities undertaken by the department of public Health and Preventive Medicine are provisions of primary health care, which includes • Control of communicable diseases,

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• Control of malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, elimination of leprosy, • Iodine deficiency disorder control programme, • Prevention of food adulteration, • Prevention and control of waterborne diseases like Acute Diarrheal Diseases, Typhoid, Dysentery prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV / AIDS. Chief Minister’s Comprehensive Health Insurance Scheme

• Cardiac & Cardiothoracic surgery

• ENT Surgeries /Therapies

• Funding support of Rs.7000 Crores from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).

• 600+ Hospitals under this scheme. Palli Elam Sirar Irudhaya Padhu Kappu Thittam • Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric & Newborn Care (CEmONC) centres across state. • Maternity and Child Health Services, Immunisation of children against vaccine preventable diseases, • Health check-up of school children, • Health education of the community and collection of vital statistics under birth and death registration system and environmental sanitation. • 169 Hospitals under this scheme.

4.4.2.2.2 Educational Infrastructure • Education raises people’s productivity and creativity, promotes entrepreneurship, technological advances and generates individual income per capita. Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development.

• Coimbatore is one of the very important educational cities in South India.

• The structure of education in Coimbatore is based on the National level pattern with 12 years of schooling (10+2+3) consisting of eight years of elementary education that is years of primary and 3 years of middle school education followed by secondary and higher secondary education.

• The literacy rate of Coimbatore in 2001 was 78.5% which was higher than the average rate of whole of Tamil Nadu, 73.5%.

• The 2011 literacy rate of Coimbatore has increased to 84% to that of the Tamil Nadu, 80.1%.

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Table 4-50 Educational Infrastructure Figure 4-62 Coimbatore District Literacy

Type of Institute No’s 84.04 80.16 78.58 Primary Schools 1844 73.53 Senior Secondary Schools 1203

Special School for disabled 15 TN Coimbatore Degree Colleges 107 2001 2011

Professional Colleges 277 Source: Primary Census Abstract 2011 Technical Institutes 955

Source: TN Skill Gap Report

Figure 4-63 Block wise Literacy Rates of Coimbatore District

150862 Kinathukadavu 69401 88463 Pollachi(N) 149351 51363 Sulur 182064 185053 Annur 71832 134510 Madukarai 275272 140401 Perianaickanpala… 271237 Literates

Table 4-51 Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011

Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure - 2011 Exist. Exist. Exist. Primary Exist. Senior Special Exist. Degree Technica School Secondary School for Colleges As per Census 2011 l centres disabled 5000 7500 45000 125000 1000000 (As per URDPFI guideline: Population per Institute)

Name of the

Block

Availability

Total Population 2011 Population Total 2011 Population Working 2011 Literates Total Requirement Availability Total Gap Requirement Availability Total Gap Requirement Availability Total Gap Requirement Total Gap Requirement Availability Total Gap Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 271237 74 131 57 49 180 131 8 4 -4 3 9 6 0 145 145 174988 71452 140401 35 83 48 23 94 71 4 0 -4 1 17 16 0 74 74 132966 - Madukarai 542103 275272 266 207 -59 177 260 83 30 0 11 52 41 1 329 328 4 30 Thondamuthur 255922 114151 134510 51 128 77 34 94 60 6 2 -4 2 10 8 0 94 94 Annur 112532 58894 71832 23 183 160 15 44 29 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23 Karamadai 260050 120867 185053 52 210 158 35 105 70 6 2 -4 2 4 2 0 47 47 Sulur 226259 105541 182064 45 120 75 30 93 63 5 2 -3 2 5 3 0 94 94 Sulthanpet 77364 42852 51363 15 118 103 10 45 35 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5 Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 149351 21 155 134 14 45 31 2 0 -2 1 2 1 0 7 7 Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 88463 49 161 112 32 111 79 5 1 -4 2 4 2 0 63 63 Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 69401 21 149 128 14 53 39 2 0 -2 1 0 -1 0 13 13 Anamalai 146383 115430 150862 29 199 170 20 79 59 3 3 0 1 3 2 0 61 61 340653 155837 176980 184 116 120 - Total 681 454 749 76 15 27 107 80 3 955 952 8 1 9 4 3 3 61

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a. Skill Development Infrastructure Student mobilization continues to be a challenge for private as well as government skill training providers. The sections of the youth population that displayed the highest level of interest in skill development are the Tamil Nadu Skill Gap Assessment 110 vocationally educated, the unemployed and those employed at low skill jobs. In order to position skill development as a means for upward mobility in jobs, these groups must be targeted by effectively tapping existing information networks. Word of mouth is the most popular channel for information about education opportunities, followed by newspapers and other media. Information about jobs is usually sought through campus placements and the media. The internet is slowly gaining popularity as a mode of information, particularly in urban areas. In rural areas, however, the lack of access to the internet restricts the possibility of large-scale information dissemination through an online platform.

Table 4-52 Incremental Human Resource Requirement by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s)

Source: National Skill Development Corporation, Coimbatore

Table 4-53 Incremental Human Resource Availability by Skill level and District - 2017 & 2022 (in 000s)

Source: National Skill Development Corporation, Coimbatore

At the state level, the skill gap is expected to rise significantly between 2017 and 2022. Stable birth rates, outward migration of skilled human resources and inward migration of unskilled human resources is likely to cause a mismatch in the human resource requirements and the human resource availability, particularly at the semi-skilled level. This projection also matches primary research findings which suggest a low inclination on the part of the youth to enrol in vocational education when compared to formal education.

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b. Existing Educational Infrastructure Distribution

Map 4-35 Block wise Education Infrastructure Distribution Map 4-34 Urban and Rural Education Infrastructure 2011 2011

c. Educational Infrastructure

Map 4-36 Educational Infrastructure – Coimbatore City

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Map 4-37 Educational Infrastructure – Pollachi (Left) and Educational Infrastructure – Mettupalayam (Right)

Schemes/ Welfare Measures Mid-Day Meal

Free Textbooks Distribution of free text books, one set for one year to all school children

Incentive to Girl Students Providing scholarship to encourage education among Girls. For SC/ST/MBC girls’ students in Standard III to VIII

Supply of Free Bicycles Distribution of free bicycles to Higher Secondary Boys and Girls of all Communities

National Talent Exam Educational Development Benefit provided Rs.500/- per month from 9th Std. onwards up to higher studies.

Special Literacy Programme for Women Age group: 15-35. To provide literacy to non-literate women in all backward districts in Tamil Nadu.

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d. Educational Scholarships

• Educational Scholarship given every year to Children of Servicemen / Ex-servicemen. Sri Lankan and Refugees Studying in Schools under School Education Department

• Educational Scholarship to Children of Scavengers / sweepers Studying in Schools under school Education Department Benefit

• Educational Scholarship to School Students of Dravida, Tribal, Denotified Communities backward and Most Backward Communities.

• Educational Scholarship for children of teachers pursuing Technical Education

• Provision of education Scholarship to the children of agricultural labourers who have passed 10th and 12th standards

• Scholarship schemes for students of the backward classes and denotified communities. Pre- matric scholarship and post matric scholarship

• Free education scholarship for three-year U. G degree Courses (B. A, B.Sc. and B. Com):

• Free education scholarship for Professional Courses (Engineering, Medical, Agriculture, Veterinary and Law): For backward classes, most backward classes and denotified communities’ students studying in Government and government aided Professional colleges and in self Financing Professional Colleges under Government quota. e. Observations

• No drop out since 2013 for Mettupalayam, Pollachi

• Quality mid-day meal.

• Enrolment of students decreasing in Govt. schools due to economic growth of people.

• Yearly cultural programs celebrated.

• Quality teaching in schools.

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4.4.2.2.3 Socio Cultural Infrastructure Map 4-38 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore The is known to be very diverse, with a RECREATIONAL host of people from different parts SPACES of the country settled in the city. the city is now more popularly referred to as a cosmopolitan hub. Coimbatore is home to COMMUNITY “swamikannu Vincent” who CENTRES introduced the concept of “tent cinema” where films are screened on a vast expanse of open land inside a tent. Coimbatore also WORKING WOMEN hosts art, music and dance HOSTEL AND OLD concerts in the months of AGE HOME September and December. there are various museums and art galleries showcasing the heritage of the city, acquired from its LIBRARY AND RELIGIOUS SPACES colorful history. the “” festivals at the city’s numerous temples, devoted to the goddesses of the , are among the major festivals celebrated by the people. is the staple diet of the residents and most of the restaurants serve the meals on a giant , which is considered as a healthy way to have food. It is also believed that the banana leaf renders its own unique flavour and enhances the taste of the dishes.

a. Impacts of socio-cultural planning on a city

Across the world, there has been a renewed interest in the concept of public spaces, not only as a vector for expressing political dissent, but also in themselves, in the way they allow the citizens to come together. Traditionally, planners conceived of public places primarily as parks, he adds. These were more of micro- public places.

The report will show the existing scenario of Coimbatore which states insufficiency of community spaces as well the crime record of Coimbatore. In order to solve social issues relating to spaces, public or land the provision of good socio-cultural infrastructure would help. Figure 4-64 Flowchart of importance of community spaces

As mentioned in the book public spaces, social planning and crime prevention rob white, if crime prevention is to be effective, then it is necessary to develop a certain cultural climate and material infrastructure. The factors helping in built spaces of community living are social mapping and strategic

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planning. Social mapping includes: local conditions, local factors, local community, and identifications of users and purpose of land use. Strategic planning includes variety of different problems of intervention publicly owned common spaces multifunctional spaces cultural events multi-agency. b. Crime rate of Coimbatore Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu stands 10th in all crime records in 2013. 71st in no of murders, 116th in no of rapes, 20th in no of robberies, 79th in no of thefts, 41st in no of dacoities, 187th in no of kidnappings, 154th in no of riots. With 233 cases of crime registered against elderly persons, Coimbatore has ranked fourth in terms of crimes against senior citizens as per the NCRB data for the year 2016. Coimbatore had a share of 6.5 % of the total number of 3,562 such cases reported across the country in 2016The three maps shows the data of crime in Coimbatore also the comparison of crim of Coimbatore from Chennai. Following shows the number of communities’ centres and the library’s list as per the comparison with the URDPFI guidelines to understand the need or surplus of requirement of the amenities.

Figure 4-65 Rate of violent crimes Source: NCRB

Coimbatore community hall available and required Community hall (govt and private) Town/ taluka/revenue Required 2011 Area villages / town 2011 (1 for 15000 Available Surplus/ requirement panchayats/panchayat populatio population) as 2011 deficit (area per hall = s n per URDPFI 2000 sqm) guideline Coimbatore (m 1 1050721 67 70 -3 140096 corp.) 2 Mettupalayam 69213 27 5 22 9228 3 Pollachi 90180 0 6 -6 12024

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Figure 4-66 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore

Source: NCRB

Table 4-54

Coimbatore community hall and library available and required

Library (govt and private) Required 2011 Area Town/ taluka/revenue (1 for 15000 requirement villages / town Available 2011 population) as Surplus/deficit (area per panchayats/panchayats 2011 per UDPFI hall = 2000 guideline sqm) Coimbatore (m 6 1050721 25 70 -45 140096 corp.) 32 Pollachi (m) 90180 1 6 -5 12024 23 Mettupalyam (m) 69213 1 5 -4 9228

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Map 4-39 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places

The graph shows the deficit of community spaces in Coimbatore and Pollachi. Also, the proximity map depicts that there are regions left out devoid of such kind of spaces completely, which needs development.

Figure 4-68 Coimbatore Community Hall Figure 4-67 Mettupalayam Community Hall

30 80 25 20 60 15 40 10 5 20 0 0 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit -20 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit For 15000 For 15000 population) as 8 population) as per udpfi per udpfi 6 guidline guidline 4 2 0 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 For 15000 surplus/defcit -2 population) as per udpfi guidline -4 -6 -8

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Map 4-40 Pollachi community center

f. Map 4-1 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area

The socio-cultural aspects of Coimbatore being very prominent based on the religious aspect as well as traditional aspects, has to be enhanced based on its potential. The existing scenario of Coimbatore thus showcases the number of religious places along with the opportunities for the development of community spaces which would lead to decrease in crime rates also.

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4.4.2.2.4 Other Infrastructure

The culture of Coimbatore is known to be very diverse, with a host of people from different parts of the country settled in the city. the city is now more popularly referred to as a cosmopolitan hub. Coimbatore is home to “swamikannu Vincent” who introduced the concept of “tent cinema” where films are screened on a vast expanse of open land inside a tent. Coimbatore also hosts art, music and dance concerts in the months of September and December. there are various museums and art galleries showcasing the heritage of the city, acquired from its colorful history. the “mariamman” festivals at the city’s numerous temples, devoted to the goddesses of the Hinduism, are among the major festivals celebrated by the people. rice is the staple diet of the residents and most of the restaurants serve the meals on a giant banana leaf, which is considered as a healthy way to have food. it is also believed that the banana leaf renders its own unique flavour and enhances the taste of the dishes.

Figure 4-69 Culture and tradition of Coimbatore g. Impacts of socio-cultural planning on a city

Across the world, there has been a renewed interest in the concept of public RECREATIONAL SPACES spaces, not only as a vector for expressing political dissent, but also in themselves, in the way they allow the citizens to come together. Traditionally, planners conceived of public places primarily as parks, he adds. these were more of micro-public places. COMMUNITY CENTRES The report will show the existing scenario of Coimbatore which states insufficiency of community spaces as well the crime record of Coimbatore. in order to solve social issues relating to spaces, public or land the provision of good socio-cultural infrastructure would help. WORKING WOMEN HOSTEL AND OLD AGE HOME As mentioned in the book public spaces, social planning and crime prevention rob white, if crime prevention is to be effective, then it is necessary to develop a certain cultural climate and material infrastructure. the factors helping in built spaces of community living are social mapping LIBRARY AND and strategic planning. social mapping includes: local conditions, local RELIGIOUS SPACES factors, local community, identifications of users and purpose of land use. strategic planning includes variety of different problems of Figure 4-70 Flowchart of intervention publicly owned common spaces multifunctional spaces importance of community spaces cultural events multi-agency.

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h. Crime rate of Coimbatore

Coimbatore district in Tamilnadu stands 10th in all crime records in 2013. 71st in no of murders, 116th in no of rapes, 20th in no of robberies, 79th in no of thefts, 41st in no of dacoities, 187th in no of kidnappings, 154th in no of riots. with 233 cases of crime registered against elderly persons, Coimbatore has ranked fourth in terms of crimes against senior citizens as per the NCRB data for the year 2016. Coimbatore had a share of 6.5 % of the total number of 3,562 such cases reported across the country in 2016The three maps shows the data of crime in Coimbatore also the comparison of crim of Coimbatore from Chennai.

Following shows the number of communities’ centres and the library’s list as per the comparison with the URDPFI guidelines to understand the need or surplus of requirement of the amenities.

Figure 4-71 Rate of Violent Crimes in Coimbatore

Source: NCRB

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Table 4-55 Coimbatore community hall and library available and required

Library (govt and private) Coimbatore community hall available and requiredRequired 2011 Area Town/ taluka/revenue Community hall (govt and(1 private) for 15000 requirement villages / town Available Town/ taluka/revenue 2011 population)Required 2011 as Surplus/deficit (area per panchayats/panchayats 2011 Area villages / town 2011 per(1 for UDPFI 15000 hall = 2000 Available Surplus/ requirement panchayats/panchayat populatio guidelinepopulation) as sqm) 2011 deficit (area per hall = s Coimbatore (m n per URDPFI 6 1050721 25 70 -452000 sqm)140096 corp.) guideline 32 CoimbatorePollachi (m) (m 90180 1 6 -5 12024 1 1050721 67 70 -3 140096 23 corp.)Mettupalyam (m) 69213 1 5 -4 9228 2 Mettupalayam 69213 27 5 22 9228 3 Pollachi 90180 0 6 -6 12024

Map 4-41 Map showing proximities of community centres, open spaces and religious places

The graph shows the deficit of community spaces in Coimbatore and Pollachi. Also, the proximity map depicts that there are regions left out devoid of such kind of spaces completely, which needs development.

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30 80 25 20 60 15 40 10 5 20 0 0 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit -20 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 surplus/defcit For 15000 For 15000 population) as population) as per udpfi per udpfi guidline guidline Figure 4-73 Mettupalayam Community Hall Figure 4-72 Coimbatore Community Hall

8 6 4 2 0 Available 2011 Reqired 2011 (1 For 15000 surplus/defcit -2 population) as per udpfi guidline -4 -6 -8

Figure 4-74 Pollachi community centre

Map 4-42 Map showing spaces devoid of community and open area

The socio-cultural aspects of Coimbatore being very prominent based on the religious aspect as well as traditional aspects, has to be enhanced based on its potential. The existing scenario of Coimbatore thus showcases the number of religious places along with the opportunities for the development of community spaces which would lead to decrease in crime rates also.

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4.4.2.2.5 Economic Infrastructure

4.4.2.2.5.1 Location of Banks and its Utilization Banks: Total number of banks in Coimbatore are 817 in which 377 rural banks and 440 urban banks The below table and bar chart show how much loans are sanctioned for different sectors

Table 4-56 Loans sanctioned for different sectors

Agri & Allied MSME Trade & service Total Year (crores) (crores) (crores) (crores) 2013-14 3667 3469 1548 8684 2014-15 4422 4334 1810 10566 2015-16 5382 5281 2195 12858 2013-17 5915 6607 2439 14961 2017-18 6687 7427 3085 17199

Figure 4-75 Variation of loans from 2013-14 to 2017-18

Source: Canara lead bank, Coimbatore From the above it is clear that the loans for MSME sector is less than Agri & allied sector in 2013-14 financial year while in 2017-2018 the loans sanctioned for MSME sector is greater than Agri& allied sector. This implies development of MSME sector and change in the trend towards MSME development.

Table 4-57 32 Block Wise Existing Banks

Urban Rural Total Total Name of Households (As Urban Households Rural Households banks Block per census Banks (As per 2011 Banks (As per 2011 (existing) 2011) census) census) Anamalai 19017 20 21047 30 40064 50 Karamadai 33509 18 39644 56 73153 74 P.N Palayam 88577 44 13359 20 101936 64 Annur 5610 8 25952 39 31562 47 S.S Kullam 40346 38 8568 11 48914 49 Sultanpet 0 0 22922 49 22922 49 Sulur 50453 27 13479 34 63932 61 Madukkarai 349031 204 9529 18 358560 222 Thodanmuthur 56430 30 13342 38 69772 68 Kinathukadavu 4570 11 26584 27 31154 38 Pollachi North 2746 1 27034 25 29780 26 Pollachi South 43840 39 19290 30 63130 69 Total 694129 440 240750 377 934879 817 Source: Census 2011, statistical hand book 2014, Canara lead bank

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4.4.2.2.5.2 Markets Regulated markets: Total of 11 Map 4-43 Existing economic infrastructure of Coimbatore regulated markets are existing in blockwise Coimbatore district the below table shows markets availability block wise.

Weekly markets: There are 37 weekly markets in different blocks in the district where vegetables and groceries were bought by people around the markets.

Fish and flower markets: The more flower and fish production is there in south and north parts of Coimbatore and sales are more in Coimbatore corporation area. hence providing markets in Coimbatore corporation area and southern parts of Coimbatore will be benefited along with concentration in other parts of districts.

Automobile markets: As more automobile industries are concentrated in Coimbatore and sulur areas. Requirement of markets is there in those areas. Sales are high in Coimbatore corporation in the city.

Ware houses: As the more export and import operations in the district were done in Coimbatore, Mettupalayam and Pollachi. The present use of ware houses in Coimbatore is 82%, in Mettupalayam 76 % and in Pollachi 53 %.so there is possibility to use the remaining percentage of warehouses.

The Table shows the existing Markets (Regulated, weekly, fish, flower, automobile) and Ware houses in Block wise:

Table 4-58 Block Wise Existing Markets

Existin Automo g Weekly Ware Fish Flower bile Name of Population project Regulat Markets house Markets markets market Block ed ( 2041) ed requirem availabil availabil Availabi Availabi Market ent ity ity lity lity s Anamalai 272685 1 2 N Y Y Y Karamadai 337870 1 3 Y Y Y Y P.N 140698 1 2 N Y Y Y Palayam Annur 223020 2 N N Y Y 1 S.S Kullam 470535 3 N Y Y Y Sultanpet 1733265 1 14 Y Y Y Y Sulur 98907 1 1 N Y Y Y

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Madukkara 298188 1 2 N N Y Y i Thodanmut 323908 1 2 N Y Y Y hur Kinathukad 163794 1 1 N N N Y avu Pollachi 162369 1 2 N N N Y North Pollachi 288904 1 3 Y Y Y Y South TOTAL 4514143 11 37 Source: Tamilnadu warehouse corporation, statistical handbooks 2011 to2014, primary survey, census 2011

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CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENT

5.1 DISASTER: LANDSLIDES AND FOREST FIRES 5.1.1 Tamil Nadu Natural disasters are outcome of natural hazard such as droughts, cyclones earthquakes, floods, tsunami or landslides which have extreme effects on human lives, activities and property to a great extent. The vulnerability to disasters is increased by poverty elevation and the potential of risk for disasters. The state of Tamil Nadu is vulnerable to natural disasters like droughts, floods, cyclones floods and earthquake including tsunami, due to its geographical setting. Cyclones affect the state every year, which include five to six cyclones a year mainly between April-May and October-November, which makes it nearly 8 %. The state also witnesses annual flooding, which includes flash floods, cloudbursts, monsoon floods of single and multiple events, cyclonic floods, and also those due to dam bursts and failures. The state of Tamil Nadu has faced and suffered a severe drought in the year 2002-2003, the state could be water self-sufficient if its resources are taken proper care of and managed well. The people feel more vulnerable to earthquakes after the adverse effects of tsunami in 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. These disasters have hit the human lives disrupting the normal lives and damaged the environment, property, humans and especially women and children resulting in emotional and mental trauma. 5.1.2 Coimbatore Coimbatore district comes under a rain shadow area. Coimbatore gets more rainfall only during heavy cyclone warning period. Vulnerability depends upon these factors as per the natural disaster management report by Revenue and Disaster Management department, Coimbatore: ● Natural hazard- Drought, Cyclone/Storm, Earthquake ● Man-made Hazard- Human elephant conflict, Urban and Rural Fires, Electrical Disasters, Road Accident Among these, drought is one such disaster which is considered more vulnerable to Coimbatore district as per different spatial analysis made for meteorological drought. 5.1.3 Drought In 2002 to 2003, Coimbatore received 65% less rainfall than in previous years. The levels dropped by 30-40 per cent as groundwater couldn’t replenish itself due to climate change and excessive usage. Coimbatore witnessed drought like situation in the following years. The district witnessed the same scenario due to the failure of the north-east monsoon in December 2012. Such situations call for demand that government declares the state as drought-hit. The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991 to 2017 is shown in figure below.

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Figure 5-1 The average annual rainfall of Coimbatore from 1991 to 2017

Source: Indian Meteorological Department 5.1.4 Drought Analysis and mitigation From the average annual rainfall of Coimbatore graph in figure 1, we observed that the mean value of annual rainfall was 708.08 mm. Any year receiving less or equal to 546.06 mm will be the drought year. Any year receiving rainfall equal to or more than 870.11 mm will be wet year and between 546.06 mm and 870.11 mm will be normal year. Meteorological drought occurs when there is 25 per cent decrease in rainfall compared to the normal rainfall over an area. The worst droughts were experienced in 1995 and then in 2002 with annual rainfall below 67 per cent of its mean value. The wettest year was observed during 2014 which was 40 per cent more than mean annual rainfall. In 2016, even with less rainfall received with annual rainfall of 505.5 mm, the ground water replenished itself and coped up with the following drought. There is no systematic interval between two successive droughts but, on an average, a variation of 1 to 6 years has been the time interval between the drought years. The yearly intensity of drought is determined using the approach recommended by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and it reveals that the total number of years having no drought, mild drought and moderate drought were found to be 12, 11 and 4 years respectively. Based on the spatial analysis of rainfall variation for Coimbatore by Department of Geography, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, considering the 33 rain gauge stations of Coimbatore district, it is inferred that the maximum rainfall recorded at southern part of region, Upper Niradam which is 4655.1mm and minimum 414.4mm at Krishnapuram. The other parts of southern region experience highest rainfall that Solaiyar Nagar (3703mm), Anaimalai (3523.3mm), Valparai (2882.7mm), these places influenced by the Western Ghats windward and located at Anaimalai reserve forest part of Western Ghats and gradually decreases toward north, east, north east upland region. These upland regions are rain shadow regions which experience lowest of rainfall in the district- Krishnapuram (414.4mm), Annur (559mm), Coimbatore town (559.3mm), Sultanpet (577.3mm), Sulur (577.5mm). Use of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought analysis Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) expresses the actual rainfall as a standardized departure with respect to rainfall probability distribution function and hence the index has gained importance in recent years as a potential drought indicator permitting comparisons across space and time. A drought event occurs at the time when the value of SPI is continuously negative, and the event ends when the SPI becomes positive. The SPI may be calculated at multiple timescales (1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 24-, 48-months). The rain gauge stations in Pollachi are considered for the rainfall data and drought analysis by using SPI index with 3-, 6- and 12- month time scale. (Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought

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Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore). Table 1 provides drought characterization based on SPI and figure 2 shows the temporal variation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale for Pollachi rain gauge station.

Table 5-5-1 SPI Classification of drought characterization

SPI Classification of drought characterization

SPI value Category

2 or more Extremely wet

1.5 to 1.99 Severely wet

1 to 1.49 Moderately wet

0 to 0.99 Mildly wet

0 to -0.99 Mildly dry

-1 to -1.49 Moderately dry

-1.5 to -1.99 Severely dry

-2 or less Extremely dry

Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

Figure 5-2 Temporal variation of Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) values at 3-, 6- and 12-month time scale for Pollachi rain gauge station

Source- Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Drought Characteristics by Dept. of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore The analysis revealed that the northern part suffered significantly severe drought and the Pollachi rain gauge station was affected by extreme drought events with fluctuated rainfall pattern. The analysis projects the drought pattern which greatly helps in forewarning the drought occurrence in the region to take precautionary measures and other sustainable water management practices to reduce the environmental damage. 5.1.5 Schemes adopted during drought Government schemes are focused on targeting different vulnerable groups which are used in Pre- disaster phase as technique for minimizing their vulnerability and empowering them to respond to any disaster. These schemes include:

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• Micro irrigation schemes: Under this scheme subsidy of 50% is given to farmers who install drip or sprinkler systems in their fields. During 2008-09, the scheme will be implemented in an area of 38000 ha. • District Water Shed Development Program: This Scheme includes restore the ecological balance by conserving, harnessing and developing degraded natural resources such as soil, vegetative cover and water. During last five years from 2014, this scheme is being implemented in 24 districts covering 2,413 watersheds. The scheme expenditure is shared by the Central and State Governments in the ratio of 90:10. Other Schemes which helps in taking measures for drought prone areas of Coimbatore are: • Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana • Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaye Yojna • Pradhan Mantri Bima Yojna • Water Management Plan

5.2 ENCROACHMENT ON LAKES/ DRAINAGE BASIN 5.2.1 Degradation of Wetlands in Noyyal river basin Coimbatore district has been ranked lowest in terms of number of wetlands in Tamil Nadu. Most of the wetlands in Coimbatore are facing crisis due to anthropogenic activities. High amounts of domestic and industrial waste generated in the city ends up in lakes. During summers more of this garbage and hazardous waste Figure 5-3 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands is dumped in the dried lakes. Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India The original area of all the lakes has shrunk over the years because of construction activities around the lake in the form of encroachments and buildings. Heavy encroachments and discharge of industrial and domestic effluents are the major factors behind the receding water levels of these lakes. Industrial areas have even increased in the master plan land use 2021 and most of the allotted agricultural land lies in the vicinity of Noyyal Basin.

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Table 5-2 Concentrations of heavy metals in the Urban Wetlands

Lake Cd Cr Cu Ni Pb

Narasampathy Lake 0.3 33 1 7 0.9

Krishnampathy Lake 0.3 22 2.5 8 1.8

Selvampathy Lake 0.3 40 2 10 1.7

Kumaraswamy Lake 0.5 42 2.3 9 1.6

Selvachinthamani Lake 0.3 356 98 18 1.8

Ukkadam Big Lake 0.3 518 13 33 1.2

Valankulam 0.3 96 19 11 1.3

Singanallur Lake 0.3 46 15 9 1.6

Source: Centre for Climate Change and Adaptation Research, , Chennai All the samples exceed the maximum permissible limits prescribed for drinking water by WHO (World health organization). The heavy concentration of the metals makes it non-potable as well as harmful for the survival of the aquatic ecosystem.

5.3 BIOSPHERE: NATIONAL PARKS & WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES 5.3.1 Forest Cover and Types Based on density, forests can be divided into the following types- ● Very Dense Forests - Lands with forest cover having a canopy density of 70 percent and above. ● Moderately Dense Forest - All lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 40 to 70 percent. ● Open Forest- Lands with forest cover having a canopy density between 10 to 40 percent. Coimbatore has a large portion of land under forests and theses forests are immensely rich in flora and fauna. Also, the forests are abundant in natural resources and are a major source of major and minor forest produce for the whole country. These forests are home to many rare species such as jackal, civet cat, panther, wild bear, etc. Categories of the Coimbatore Forest Division based on geographical variance are the Nilgiris Slopes Reserved Forests, Plain Forests around Mettupalayam, Velliangadu Valley, Naickenpalayam Valley, Thadagam Valley, Bolampatty Valley and Walayar Valley. Table 1 shows the year wise forest cover of Coimbatore between 2003 and 2015. In 1997, the Forest Area decreased as a significant amount of area was found to be under tea gardens and henceforth, this area was excluded from the forest cover. The main reason for increase in Forest cover in 2015 is agroforestry.

Table 5-3 Forest Cover of Coimbatore

Very Dense Mod Dense % of Geog. Year Open Forest Total Forest Forest Area

2003 405 833 566 1804 24.15

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2005 424 825 567 1806 24.18

2009 379 951 540 1870 25.04

2011 381 922 527 1830 24.50

2013 381 932 547 1860 24.90

2015 377 943 1307 2627 35.17

5.3.2 Annamalai Forest Reserve- Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website • Geography

Figure 5-4 Annamalai forest hills

Conservation Authority, the Reserve presently includes a core area of 958.59 sq.km and buffer/peripheral area of 521.28 sq.km forming a total area of 1479.87 sq.km. Elevation ranges between 340–2,513 metres above MSL. The sanctuary has six administrative ranges.

• Significance and scope a. One of 25 global Biodiversity hotspots b. Falls in Western Ghats No 5 biogeographical classification of country c. Distinctive with over 2000 species of plants and over 600 species of vertebrates d. Parambikulam-Aliyar project and Amaravathy dam account for regional economy by providing water and power- as a water security supporter e. Agricultural prosperity in the adjoining areas depends very much on this sanctuary f. Major carbon sink and important life support system g. Ideal eco-tourism and environmental education study area h. Economic, biological, conceptual, physica, scientific, educational, cultural, religious and historic value holder

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• Water sanctuaries

Figure 5-5 Aliyar Dam

Figure 5-6 Annamalai Topography

Source: Secondary survey The dam is located at the foot of Valparai, in the Anamalai Range of the Western Ghats and has parks, gardens, aquaria and a mini theme-park, which make it a must visit attraction as well as a popular picnic spot.

Figure 5-7 Parambikulam

Source: Secondary survey Figure 5-8 Annamalai Landuse

As per secondary data, this Aliyar Lake receives water from Upper Aliyar through the hydroelectric in Navamali and the Parambikulam reservoir through a contour canal. • Flora and Fauna The diverse topography and rainfall gradient allow a wide variety of vegetation comprising a mix of natural and man-made habitats.

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Diverse habitat types include wet evergreen forests, semi evergreen forests, and moist deciduous, dry deciduous, dry thorn and shola forests. Tropical wet evergreen forest is found at an altitude of 600m to 1,600m. Much of the original evergreen forest now contains introduced plantations. The area is home to Podocarpus wallichianus, a rare South Indian species of conifer. Man-made include teak, eucalyptus, wattle, pines, deep fresh water ecosystem created by PAP dams. Figure 5-9 Flora of Annamalai Reserve Forest

Gymnopserms and insectivorous are good in population. Sanctuary supports> 2500 species of angiosperms. Plants with rich diversity balsams, crotalarias, orchids and Kurinchi, mango, kack, banana, ginger, turmeric, pepper, etc. Endemism (unique to a location) of vegetation is very rich here. Endangered and threatened species of plants protected are > 39. Rich diversity of medicinal plant wealth and kariyan shola is protected as one of the MPCA in the country. Its termed as “anthropological reserve” supporting 6 indigenous people who protect traditional varieties of crops. The endangered , , dhole (Asiatic wild dog), and lion-tailed macaque noted. Over 260 species of birds, 315 species of butterflies and animals of least concern have been identified in the park. Supports endangered wild animals >640. The state animal of Tamil Nadu, the wild goat is only found here.

Figure 5-10 Fauna of Annamalai Reserve Forest

(Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website)

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• Annamalai Tiger Reserve This tiger reserve, together with the several other contiguous protected forest and grassland habitats, is the core of the Parambikulum-Indira Gandhi tiger habitat landscape complex, with tiger occupancy area of about 3,253 km2 (1,256 sq mi) and an estimated metapopulation of 34 (32 to 36) tigers. • Kozhikamudhi Elephant Camp Elephants were earlier trained and used at Anamalai for timber operations till felling of trees was stopped in 1972 but joyrides till today. The elephant camp has become a popular public attraction since 1976. There are 20 kumki elephants at the Kozhikamudhi Elephant Camp. Camp elephants now used for:

• Perambulation and anti-poaching activities • Monsoon patrolling • Eco-tourism • As genetic resources and study centre • Operations like uprooting lantana, removing trees fallen along roads

• Tourism The IGWLS (Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary) is managed by the Wildlife Warden and falls within the administrative control of the Coimbatore Forest Circle headed by the Conservator of Forests, Coimbatore. The main tourist facilities are located in the northeast corner of the park at "Topslip", so named because of the local 19th century practice of sliding timber logs down the hills from here that houses many cottages, rooms, and dormitories for visitors. Visitors can get around the park by trekking and a safari van. Interesting scenic spots like Grass hills, Monkey falls, koochimalai, Perumkundru peaks etc. Temples of local and historical importance are found inside the sanctuary.

Figure 5-12 Elephant Ride Figure 5-13 Forest Figure 5-11 Figure 5-14 Trekking Photography

Figure 5-15 Bird Figure 5-17 Eco-Shop Figure 5-16 Video Figure 5-18 Elephant Watching Camp

Source: Annamalai Tiger Reserve, Pollachi website

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Top Slip 4600 Adivasi people from six tribes of indigenous people living in 34 settlements. The main tourist facilities are located in the northeast corner of the park at "Topslip", so named because of the local 19th century practice of sliding timber logs down the hills from here, houses many cottages, rooms, and dormitories for visitors are found here.

TRIBAL RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL AT TOPSLIP

• Completed 60 years of functioning • Children provided with free boarding, free supply of books and dress. • Handicraft training like basket making was provided • School upgraded into middle school with tutorials facility • E-learning introduced, a digital class room facility along with video conferencing.

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S.No Value category Illustrative constituents 1. Biological • West coast tropical evergreen forests • Significant population of tigers, elephants, LTM and Nilgiri tahr • First time discovery of distinct plant species • Core of ecological continuum

2. conceptual • Floral density- more than 1200 flowering plants, 120 species of orchids, 30 balsams, wild genetic resources of agricultural, horticultural and medicinal importance • Faunal diversity- vertebrates and invertebrates • Endemic/endangered/plant/animal species • Occurrence of rare and threatened wild animal species like tigers , horn bills, Cochin forest turtles, king cobra

3. Ecological process & • Catchment for various rivers, sustains PAP and other function projects crucial for agricultural prosperity • Carbon values and other ecological services is very high 4. scientific • Excellent scope for scientific research on unexplored rain forests, anthropological research on tribals in social, economic and human genetics angles 5. Educational • Rich variety of flora, fauna, tribals, offers scope for nature interpretation, conservation, education and environment awareness 6. Recreation • Wildlife viewing, trekking. • Every year 1 lakh people visit the sanctuary 7. Economic • Timber and non-timber produce value is immense • Teak plantation 3175 ha value 400 crores • Supports tribal population of 5400 over 35 settlements- direct life support system 8. Historic • Megalithic sites-2500-3000 years old ruins and statues are found 9. Religious & Cultural • About 15 old temples • Spiritual literature worth exploration Source: Primary survey report

Issues and Concerns Man-animal conflict In a bid to avert man-elephant conflicts that have, of late, become more frequent in Coimbatore district, the forest department has proposed to dig elephant proof trenches along another 135km stretch adjoining the Western Ghats. Forest officials say that encroachment on elephant corridors and forest fringes and indiscriminate farming operations are the main reasons for the conflict.

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“Ban on tourism in tiger reserves’ core areas goes” Guidelines by the Supreme Court of India, 2017 “The States should enact law to regulate tiger tourism — tourist facilities; tour operators should not cause disturbance to animals; tourism infrastructure must be environment-friendly like usage of solar energy, waste recycling and rainwater harvesting etc; permanent tourist facilities located inside the core areas should be phased out in a time frame and 10 per cent of the revenue generated from pilgrim centres located in tiger reserves must be used for development of local communities.” 22 snakes rescued in city by activists, released into forest, 2016 A reserve site has been transformed into a mini forest in New Damu Nagar. It’s 3.30 p.m. and the Sun shines bright. But not so in New Damu Nagar. The canopy created by the avenue of trees here has kept the heat at bay, almost. Many species are spotted. A huge banyan tree supports life of variety of fauna.

• Elephant Corridors The Coimbatore Forest Division forms part of the core zone of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR). It passes significant numbers of elephant population and is among the eleven Elephant Reserves in India and one among four in Tamil Nadu One of the highest human-elephant conflict areas in India due to constant human interference by various LULC (Land Use Land Cover) changes in elephant migratory routes. Fragmentation or destruction of contiguous forest into three separate landscapes as Anaimalai, Periyar, and Agasthyamalai. More than 70 human deaths have occurred due to elephants in the last decade.

• High Conflict Zones Fringe areas of Boluvampatti Block-II, Kallar, Kovaiputhur, Madukkarai, Sirimugai, Sadivayal and Thadagam villages. The region is prone to frequent crop raids by the elephants. Records showed that the forest department had paid more than INR 1.5 million (US$35,000) as compensation, for 300 crop raids during 2009–10. Discussions with local farmers suggested that peak elephant raids occur immediately after the northeast monsoon and lasts until early March, which coincides with the migratory season of elephants. The main conflict zones are: Jaccanari - Vedar Colony Corridor Kallar - Jaccanari Corridor Kallar- Nellithurai Corridor Anakatti - Veerapandi Corridor Maruthamalai -Thanikandi Corridor Kalkothi - Walyar Corridor • Causes of Human-elephant conflict

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The main causes of human-elephant conflict are agriculture expansion in the corridors, existing and proposed highways crossing the corridors, vehicular traffic along the Ooty-Coimbatore road. Development of private lands next to the corridors, development of forest land for plantations and hydroelectric project, increasing number of brick kilns, due to huge demand of construction materials, in the outskirts of the city in the Thadagam Valley.

5.4 WATER AND ENVIRONMENT 5.4.1 Soil Type Coimbatore being under a tropical wet and dry climate has several soil types which are found in all types of climates. Sandy Loam, Clay Loam and Sandy Clay Loam are the types of soils found in Coimbatore region. The soil in Coimbatore is enriched with organic matter from the hill ranges. There are rich tracts of red loam in Pollachi. The soils in Pollachi are mostly of sandy loam often mixed with gravel. Loamy soils are combination of sand, silt and clay. Sandy Loam has good drainage capacity. It cannot hold water resulting in requirement of frequent irrigation. It is deficient in specific micronutrients and requires additional fertilizers. Clay Loam which has major percentage of clay, swells to retain water, when wet. When dry cracks in soil surface are seen. Hence, it is difficult to work with. Whereas, Sandy Clay Loam is a mixture of both and shows mixed characteristics.

Table 5-4 Percentage Distribution of Major Soil types of Coimbatore

Red Red Non- Alluvial and Brown Location Calcareous Black Soil Calcareou Colluvial Forest Soil Soil Soil s Soil Soil

Coimbatore (N) 60.39 12.54 11.89 9.57 5.64 -

Coimbatore (S) 67.26 5.73 14.62 8.25 4.14 -

Mettupalayam 39.57 - 15.66 - - 44.77

Pollachi 54.42 8.23 37.35 - - -

Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

Table 5-5 Micronutrient Status of Soils in Coimbatore

Percent Deficiency Taluk Zinc Copper Manganese Iron

Coimbatore (N and S) 93 66 10 17

Mettupalayam 90 74 8 30

Pollachi 93 72 14 11

Source: District Survey Report, Coimbatore District

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5.4.2 Ground Water Scenario According to Central Ground Water Board report, the district uses 88% of water for irrigation while remaining is used for domestic and industrial purposes. The net ground water availability of the district is 438.81MCM while the existing Ground water draft is 506.15. The district monitors ground water by constructing dug wells and bore wells with the help of piezometers. 87% of total irrigated area have major source of water as Dug wells while 5% accounts for Tube wells in the district. The behaviour of water levels is analysed with reference to the rainfall pattern. The Ground water level of the district varies from 7m to 25mbgl and is affected by the change in rainfall. In 2003-2004, due to less rainfall, the ground water level reached 32.2mbgl and was declared drought.

Figure 5-19 Coimbatore District Ground water levels (1991-2016)

The aquifers of the region vary from semi-confined to unconfined aquifers. Major water bearing formations are Weathered & Fractured Granite, Gneiss, Granites and Charnockites, Colluvium & Recent alluvium along the river courses (Refer Atlas No-). Ground water in phreatic aquifers in Coimbatore district in general is colourless, odourless and slightly alkaline in nature.1

Coimbatore has reached 115% of stage of groundwater development and it is categorized under over- exploited district. The exploited area accounts for about 66% i.e.2520 sq.km. The major contributor to this depleting ground water scenario is unsustainable irrigation practices. This has led to the rate of abstraction of the ground water to go beyond the ground water availability in the district; consequently, over utilization of ground water depleted the ground water table. Agricultural activities like use of

1 Central Ground water Board Report 2014-15

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fertilizers, pesticides and high yielding variety seeds led to the contamination of ground water. The lower cost of the agricultural pump sets and use of tube wells for irrigational purposes have led to the rapid exploitation of groundwater resources.2 For example, in the Bhavani river basin, water extraction from 30-40 feet in the 1950s had gone deeper by 700-1000ft in the 1990s. The type of groundwater in the district is CaCl, NaCl, Ca-HCO3. The water quality of the district is deteriorating and is found to be hard water because of the presence of chemical constituents viz. CaCO3, NO3, F and SO4 exceeding the permissible limit. As per Central Ground water Board report the district is vulnerable to Industrial Clusters causing Ground water pollution, Electrical Conductivity (EC> 3000 μ siemens/cm at 25◦C), NO3 (> 45 mg/l) and F (>1.5 mg/l). Factors affecting ground water are Population Growth, Industrial growth in combination with a semi-arid climate, Rapid urbanization and improper disposal of waste and Irrigation practices.3

Figure 5-20 Water Contamination level in districts of Tamil Nadu

Figure 5-21 Fertilizer Consumption across Districts in Tamil Nadu (2012-13)

2Saravanan, Velayutham. “Technological Transformation and Water Conflicts in The Bhavani River Basin of Tamil Nadu, 1930-1970.” Environment and History, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2001, Pp. 289–334. Jstor, Jstor, Www.Jstor. Org/Stable/20723187.

3Rajashekariah, Kiran. (2011). Impact of Urbanisation on Biodiversity: Case Studies from India. 10.13140/2.1.4952.8324.

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5.4.3 Pollution Levels in Coimbatore (According to Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board and Central Pollution Control Board) Due to presence of numerous industries in Coimbatore, and no proper effluent treatment methods being used, the pollution levels are very high in the area. About 42336 industries are present in the district. A description of about 3422 industries is shown in diagrams below. 5.4.4 CEPI (Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index) The Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI) is an index to assess the pollution levels that is developed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The CEPI scores consider the air quality, water pollution and land pollution along with several factors such as extent of pollution, its extent and affects. Coimbatore ranks 38th among the industrial area surveyed among 43 other industrial clusters with CEPI score above 70 on a scale of 1 to 100. Thus, Coimbatore can be counted among some of the majorly polluted areas in the country and there is a requirement to focus among those aspects. Figure 5-22 Classification of industries on Combined CEPI Score of Coimbatore is 72.38. Areas with the basis of pollution index (Source: CEPI Score above 70 are considered to be polluted. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Central Pollution Control Board)

• Air Quality The entire state of Tamil Nadu has been declared as an air pollution control area as per the provision of Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. This is the result of increased industrialization and urbanization in the state. In Coimbatore, three ambient air quality stations have already been functioning under NAMP from the year 1991.

According to CEPI, the pollution FigureNadu 5- 23Pollution CEPI scores Control of CoimbatoreBoard, Central in 2009 Pollution (Source: Control Tamil Board) Nadu) (presence of toxins in air) is high in the district (A factor = 95.8%) and thus it shows the presence of inefficient effluent gas treatment methods by industries. This may also indicate high number of polluting vehicles running in the area. According to a report by TNPCB, prepared in 2017 for ‘Environmental Quality Monitoring in 4- Critically Polluted Area viz., Manali, Coimbatore-Kurichi, -SIPCOT & ’, the ambient air quality is bad. • Surface and Ground Water Quality Due to the Pathway (B) factor being high in CEPI (68.75%), it can be concluded that the pollution concentration in water as well as its impact on the ecosystem is very high. Also, according to a report by TNPCB, prepared in 2017 for ‘Environmental Quality Monitoring in 4- Critically Polluted Area viz., Manali, Coimbatore-Kurichi, Cuddalore-SIPCOT & Ranipet’, the water of Coimbatore is found to be polluted. • Land (Soil) Quality

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According to CEPI, the land is not pollution (or pollution levels are under limit). Development-Pressure-State-Response Model analysis

Table 5-6 DPSR Model for Coimbatore

Development-Pressure-State-Response Model

Development Urbanization Industrialization

More Increase in Increase in Pressure Increase in Ground Forest cover number of number of built up area Water degradation vehicles industries discharge

More air, Low water Decrease in Loss in State More air water and infiltration ground biodiversity and pollution land rate water table forest cover pollution

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CHAPTER 6. LAND UTILIZATION

6.1 DOMINANT USE The Coimbatore district is a sub-region of the Coimbatore region comprising four districts Nilgiris, Erode, Coimbatore and Tirupur. The Coimbatore being the second biggest district in terms of area with 4,726 sq. km is the biggest district in terms of population. Coimbatore Municipal Corporation is the district headquarters of the district. Apart from the Municipal Corporation of Coimbatore, there are six other in the district. There are 6 taluks and 10 blocks in the district, which comprises 274 villages. The land use survey is conducted all over the district on the ground with the help of google earth imagery and local authorities. After conducting, the land use survey the land use map is digitised in GIS with the help of TCPO maps and topographic maps are digitized for natural features like, forest boundaries, water bodies and hills. Please refer Map 6 for existing land use map below. The maximum land use share in the Coimbatore is shared by agriculture. The reserved forest area is 690 sq.km. Religious places and burial grounds share the least share. Residential land use is shared by 415 sq. km. The road share is 77 sq. km.

Map 6-1 Existing Land use Map- Coimbatore District

Area S. No Land use (sq.km) 1 Agriculture Dry 2672.01 2 Air force station 3.90 3 Airport 2.15 4 Burial Ground 0.85 5 Commercial 19.31 6 Educational 4.82 7 Health 0.43 8 Industrial 72.63 9 Landfill 0.27 10 Mining 24.28 11 Mixed Use 8.77 12 Public/Semi-Public 35.64 13 Quarry 2.17 14 Railway 4.16 Recreational/Open 15 7.25 Space 16 Religious 1.08 17 Residential 418.09 18 Vacant Land 1.05 19 Water Bodies 118.49 20 Defence Land 0.52 21 Transport 77.64 22 Agriculture wet 71.36 23 Reserved Forest 690.45 Total 4732.56

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Figure 6-1 Land use share (in %)

The percentage of Habitat area is very less in the year 2006 when compared to the year 2018. After the year 2011 the development around Coimbatore Municipal Corporation started drastically towards Pollachi and Mettupalayam. Deforestation has also happened in the recent years near the foothills of Nilgiris due to the expansion of roads towards Udhagamandalam. The eastern part of the district has also developed the area into huge habitat area by the year 2018 and still expanding its base and the process of habituating will continue for an another decade as per by the trends of demographic study. After the formation of the concentration on Coimbatore Municipal Corporation has increased drastically and that lead to the huge development activities in and around Coimbatore. There are different types of Waste land in Coimbatore district which is scattered in chunks such as Agricultural Waste lands, Industrial waste lands, mining and several other waste lands.

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6.2 HABITAT AREA: BUILT UP CONCENTRATION AND EXPANSION

Figure 6-2 Coimbatore LULC

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6.3 LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR DEVELOPMENT Based on the observations following cases are identified where lower order cities like , Kurichi and have more population than second order cities like Mettupalayam and Pollachi. Since population of Valparai is steadily decreasing and being the eco-sensitive zone control development approach shall be applied here separately. For the other settlements the comparative analysis is done based upon criteria viz.; connected settlements, order and level, zonal character. In order to upgrade the lower order cities to higher order cities, by growth pole theory socio-economic infrastructure is required. Based on the zonal characters, following tables show infrastructure required.

Urban Population Urban Growth Population Urban Growth Point Population Growth Pole Center Coimbatore 1050721 Mettupalayam (M) 69213 Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924 M. Corp Pollachi (M) 90180 Kurichi (M) 123667 Valparai (M) 70859 Goundampalayam (M) 83908 Zonal Agro based Industrial Tourism Character

Order Name Level Character Connected Infrastructure for Order Centers Upgrade 2nd Mettupalayam Center Agro Growth Center- 0 Machinery, Financial, Based Growth Point- 1 Technology, Banking Facilities, Service Center-3 Medical facilities, University, Central Village-0 Industrial Hub 2nd Pollachi Center Agro Growth Center- 1 Agro-based Industries, Based Growth Point- 2 Specialized medical facilities Service Center-1 Central Village-2 2nd Valparai Center Tourism Growth Center- 1 Controlled Development Zone to Growth Point- 1 sustain balance between natural Service Center-0 and built environments Central Village-0 3rd Kuniyamuthur Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Offering marketing, recreational Growth Point- 2 and social services, specialized Service Center-0 medical facilities etc. Central Village-0 3rd Kurichi Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Agro industries, dairy processing Growth Point- 3 units, junior college, primary Service Center-2 level specialized medical Central Village-0 facilities etc. 3rd Goundampalayam Point Industrial Growth Center- 1 Industrial products, machines, Growth Point- 0 banking facilities, degree college, Service Center-2 university, Industrial hub Central Village-0

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DEVELOPABLE LAND

Sr. SCALE No TYPE INFLUENCE CATEGORY VALUE 1 OPEN SPACE 25 VACANT 1 AGRICULTURE 2 2 SLOPE 25 0-3% 1 3-5% 2 5-8% 3 8-15% 4

>15% RESTRICTED 3 NATURAL 5 0-30m RESTRICTED >30m 1 4 RAILWAY 5 0-20m RESTRICTED >20m 1 5 FOREST 10 RESERVED RESTRICTED NON- RESERVED 1 6 DEVELOPED 5 BUILTUP RESTRICTED NON BUILTUP 1 7 WATERWAY 10 0-20m RESTRICTED >20m 1 8 ROAD 15 0-200m 1 200-500m 2 500-1000m 3 1000-2000m 4 >2000m 5 SUM OF INFLUENCE = 100 EVALUEATION SCALE 1 TO 5 BY 1

• PINK MARKED AREA ARE RESTICTED PART • GREEN IS MOST SUITABLE • YELLOW IS MODERATE SUITABLE • ORANGE IS LEAST SUITABLE

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The suitability for developable land is created by Map 6-2 Developable Suitability Map considering following criteria; 1. Slope percentage is considered as 0-3% is more suitable, 3-8% is moderate and 8-15% is less suitable and more than 15% is restricted as it is not possible for construct on that land. 2. Buffer of major road is considered as buffer of 0-200m if more suitable, 200-500m is moderate, 500-1000m is less suitable and more that 1km is least suitable for developable land. 3. All the existing built-up is considered as restricted as develop on the existing built- up is not suitable. 4. Natural feature like water body and water ways are considered as restricted area. 5. A buffer of 20m from railway property is considered as development on that land is restricted by rail authority. 6. Reserved forest land is considered as restricted for environment protection. The weightage is given as maximum weightage is given to slope and road, and equal area is given to all the restricted features. According to which the total suitability is calculated, and the total land is under all the category is given below:

Category Ares (sq.km) Restricted 2356.05 High Suitable 806.78 Moderate Suitable 1516.42 Least Suitable 33.43

Land utilization involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. It also has been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type. Following are the definition used for land utilization: Forest Area: This includes all land classified either as forest under any legal enactment, or administered as forest, whether State-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area

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of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or Map 6-3 Landcover areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the “forest area”. Area under Non-agricultural Uses: This includes all land occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals, and other land put to uses other than agriculture. Barren and Un-Culturable Land: This includes all land covered by mountains, deserts, etc. Land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost is classified as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land: This includes all grazing land whether it is permanent pasture/meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this category.

Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc.: Landcover (Sq km) Grassland 147.20 This includes all cultivable land which is not included Barren Land 1895.67 in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural use. Water Body 172.08 Land under casuri trees, thatching grasses, Rocky Land 104.45 bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not Forest 1160.26 included under ‘Orchards’ are classified under this Fallow Land 119.19 category. Built-up 467.55 Agriculture 912.31 Culturable Waste Land: Total 4978.71 This includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the last five years or more in succession including the current year for some reason or the other. Such land may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be accessible or inaccessible and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Residential land suitability As to fulfil the demand of housing in Coimbatore district we have find out the best potential area by residential land suitability analysis. Residential development depends upon various factors, like available developable land, extent of area, accessibility etc and some natural factors like slope, soil etc. Land suitability assessment is a multiple criteria evaluation process, various layers overlay and giving weightage according to our need. Overall, the following parameter have been considered for the suitability analysis: • Developable land • Community centre • School • Colleges

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• Healthcare Map 6-4 Residential Land Suitability • Parks • Garden • Roads • Railway • Water bodies • Built Up • Forest • Air quality index • Slope

Table 6-1 Residential land suitability Areas

Categories Restricted Most suitable Moderately suitable Area % Area % Area % (hectares) (hectares) (hectare) Mettupalayam 45471.71 73.67 2866.64 4.64 13385.35 21.69 Coimbatore North 37812.92 47.14 7489.99 9.34 34902.75 43.52 Coimbatore South 49237.26 59.72 8313.67 10.08 24890.72 30.19 Pollachi 18664.26 16.25 5695.53 4.96 90531.05 78.80 Sulur 16107.25 27.45 6564.13 11.18 36016.53 61.37 Valparai 69825.89 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00

6.4 ECO-SENSITIVE AREAS Coimbatore district proudly houses parts of Western Ghats which borders the district’s North and West along with the Nilgiri Biosphere, Anamalai and Munar ranges. It treasures a rich flora and fauna and is the home to Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park (IGWSNP) which is today known as Anamalai Tiger Reserve. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) set new guidelines to create eco-sensitive zones (ESZs) around Protected Areas to prevent ecological damage caused due to developmental activities around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. The new ESZ guidelines would also ensure that these areas act as ‘shock absorbers’ to the protected areas by regulating and managing the activities around such areas. A. Two eco-sensitive areas

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Two eco-sensitive areas by as per the guidelines are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Western Ghats and the Anamalai Tiger Reserve along with the Valparai Taluk. Western Ghats

Western Ghats, one of the Key map eight “biodiversity hot- spots” of the world is also a UNESCO world heritage site. It is the Ghats that contribute to the ecological richness and diversity of not only Coimbatore district but the while of Tami Nadu. The forests of the Western Ghats are rich with a wide range of plants, animals, insects, birds, endemic species, endangered species etc. It has a number of protected areas including 14 National parks, 2 biosphere reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and many more areas declared as forest reserves. It is also the Figure 6-3 Reserve forest and elephant corridors of Western Ghats source of the major rivers of Coimbatore that provides for drinking and irrigation. Elephant corridors of Coimbatore Forest Division - There are many elephant corridors in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve of the Western Ghats. Some of them are Jaccanari- Vedar colony corridor, Kallar- Jaccarani corridor, Anakatli- Veerapandi Corridor etc. Valparai- Anamalai Range The TN Environment and Forest Department declared an extent of 958.39 sq.km that circumscribed the IGWLSNP as Anamalai Tiger Reserve under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1992 on 27th June, 2008. The Reserve presently constitutes a core area of 958.59 sq.km and a buffer area of 521.28sq.km, adding up to a total area of 1479.28sq.km. The Tiger reserve along with the other forest reserves has a wide variety flora and fauna like the wet evergreen forest and semi-evergreen forest, montane shola grassland, moist deciduous, dry deciduous, thorn forest and marshes. It is also home to 20 different species of Figure 6-4 Valparai showing the Anamali Tiger Reserve core and buffer animals including endangered Bengal Tigers.

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The reserve forest along with the buffer area of the Anamalai Tiger Reserve surrounds the town of Valparai. Valparai is a hill station and has a diminishing human population due to the lack of employment opportunities and other physical restraints. The town and its surrounding areas have a potential for eco-tourism and agricultural production of tea and coffee, which is the basic source of income for most of the population of the town. However, due to its close proximity to the tiger reserve, many tourist spots and agricultural lands have been affected which is a reason for the negative growth of the region. B. Impact of Anthropogenic Activities Large amount of deforestation (legally and illegally) has led to the modification of the landscape and fragmentation of the contiguous forest into 3 different parts as Anamalai, Periyar and Agasthymalai. This has affected elephants the most as they are often found stranded. This has led to a major issue of human-elephant conflict. In Coimbatore, elephants often raid farmlands and destroy crops. There have been cases of trains running over elephants on the elephant corridor. Deforestation of the Western Ghats and human interference with the ecosystem has led to many calamities of in and around the ghats. The Kerala floods of 2018 were bound to happen with a greater impact because of the destruction of the Western Ghats. The temperature is rising, climate is changing, and ground water table is going down. Human “development” have penetrated the eco-sensitive zones and if strict regulations are not made, it would not take time for further human activities to concretize on the eco-sensitive zones. The Western Ghats along with harbouring a rich biodiversity, it also houses and supports a high population density. Valparai has a negative growth in terms of development and population growth. These are sensitive zones because retention and preservation of human population is as important as the protection of the biodiversity and ecosystem for a sustainable and inclusive development of the region.

C. Issues and mitigation measures Western Ghats Mitigations The Western Ghats of the Coimbatore region lies in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. All anthropogenic activities should be blocked there. It is a reserved forest and no agricultural practices or any other activity should be allowed. At the foothills of the Ghats, alluvial soil is rich but no agricultural practices should be allowed for 500m. No obnoxious industries to be allowed in the vicinity of the ghats and the density of the human settlement should be kept low to moderate with adequate infrastructure. Valparai Issues Apart from the forest related issues, the other major issue of Valparai is the fast drop in population growth. It is as important to sustain the population of a region as to sustain the environment for an ecological balance. There are not much employment opportunities in Valparai and the maximum population is engaged with agricultural practices of tea and coffee production. There is no good

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hospitals and the citizens have to travel to Pollachi for treatment. There is n boundary between the settlement and the buffer zone of the Tiger Reserve which causes human-animal conflict. Mitigation Eco-tourism has a lot of potential in Valparai because of its scenic beauty, the forests and the mountains. Eco-tourism has to be promoted and the revenue generated should go to the locals directly. For this, the concept of home stays has to be brought to the field so that the money from the tourist goes directly to the people, they can act as a guide and their local culture can be promoted. Home based industries of art and craft should be encouraged. Tourist spots in the reserve forest should be taken out of the Tiger Reserve buffer area. A well-defined boundary should be made between Map 6-5 Map showing the 8 urban wetlands present the settlement area and the Tiger Reserve so avoid in the vicinity of Noyyal Basin the human-animal conflict.

• Coimbatore River basins Coimbatore lies in the area of the two river basins Parambikulam Aliyar river basin and Kaveri river basin. The Noyyal River rises from the Vellangiri Hills in the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and drains into the Kaveri River. The river's basin is 180 km long and 25 km wide. It covers a total area of 3,500 sq km. The Central Groundwater Board had declared the 100-odd km stretch of Noyyal between Kachimanathi and Tirupur as over-exploited, in 2004 and 2009, a term used for an area extracting more water than its annual recharge. Noyyal River Basin The river Noyyal joins river Kaveri at the Noyyal village, in Erode district of Tamil Nadu. The rain fed Noyyal River, flowing from west to east, travels through the five districts of Coimbatore, Tirupur, Erode, , and Trichy, covering an area of 0.35 M ha. The nature of the river getting flooded downstream, especially near the Noyyal village during the rains in otherwise scanty rainfall area typical of this region caused the Chola kings to create an ingenious system of lakes and anicuts festooning the course of the river to not only contain and channelize the monsoon waters but also to aid recharge of the groundwater.

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The Noyyal river overflowed during heavy river on both the sides. Realising the potential rains and disrupted livelihood and economic of wetlands it was later used for irrigation activities in the region. In the 8th and 9th activities. Over the years various human century, during the Kongu-Chola regime, 30 activities have affected the health of these wetlands were constructed along the Noyyal wetlands.

Importance of wetland Wetlands are very important for the urban sustenance. It helps in mitigating flood by diverting the excess to the wetlands. They help by retaining water for longer duration and thus recharging the groundwater by percolation. In this process of water percolation, the water gets filtered and the passage through soil ensures nutrient retention. These create aquatic ecosystem and support biodiversity by provided them the necessary habitat conditions. These are also the part of cultural ecosystem services and enhance the aesthetic and recreation value of the region. The wetland products also generate employment in the form of provisioning ecosystem services by nurturing food products like, fish, rice etc.

Figure 6-5: Importance of Wetlands Threats to wetland Various anthropogenic activities affect the wetlands which are reasons for the degradation of natural fertility of the soil, biodiversity and flooding. Illegal imbalance and may lead to flooding of the places during heavy . The discharge of effluents by the industries as well as untreated wastes into them causes pollution. The overexploitation of water leads to the depletion in ground water table. The decline in agricultural lands is due to the selling off of these lands to real estate developers for instant monetary gains. These in turn pollute the natural balance and may lead to pollution if not maintained properly. The fertile alluvial soils are used up for construction activities. The agricultural practices which utilise fertilizers are washed off during monsoons and the runoff enters these wetlands which lead to algal formation. The sunlight does not reach the lower portions of the wetalnds affecting the aquatic ecosystems. Various anthropogenic activities also destruct the avian habitats which are dependent on these Figure 6-6 Threats to Wetlands wetlands for water sources.

• Degradation of Noyyal river basin – Factors affecting health of wetlands Impact of Industries For effective monitoring, industries are categorized as Red, Orange, Green and White according to their pollution potential. According to state Pollution Control Board rules, 'red' and 'orange' category units (highest polluting industries, which include dyeing and bleaching) should be situated 1km from a river/ stream or any other water source.

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The Noyyal basin is highly affected by such similar anthropogenic activities. Industries in Tirrupur district have highest contribution in polluting the river basin. The effluents are characterised by high concentration of bleaching liquids, soda ash, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, azo dyes, sodium peroxide, hypochlorite, and heavy metals such as Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, and Lead. Many of these chemicals are characterized as carcinogenic. This has resulted into degradation of quality of surface as well as ground water. Studies carried out by State Public Works Department, Tamil Nadu State Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) and various academic institutions have concluded that Figure 6-8 Map of Noyyal Basin showing zones created along the the water in the basin has been highly river due to pollution contaminated. A study on the water quality of Noyyal by the Central Water Commission Source: Water Management in the Noyyal River Basin: A Situation Analysis (CWC, 2001) found that most of the water quality indicating parameters had crossed the maximum permissible limits set by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The heavy concentration of the metals makes it non- potable as well as harmful for the survival of the aquatic ecosystem.

Figure 6-7 8 Location of Red, Orange, Green and White

Source: TNPCB

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Change in landuse (Agricultural lands getting converted) Due to the increasing EC concentrations in the groundwater, farmers are shifting from from less salt-tolerant crops (such as banana, coconut, etc.) to more salt-tolerant crops (curry leaf, tobacco, etc.). Traditional crops such as paddy and cereals are virtually absent (Mukherjee and Nelliyat, 2007). Due to the increasing water pollution levels, the agricultural practices which were dependant on this for source of water were severely impacted. The agricultural yield for few traditional crops like turmeric, coconut and bananas has reduced in recent times. Because of this many farmers are selling their lands and shifting to other occupations. Majorly, farmers in the surrounding areas of lakes in Singanallur, Kurichi, Narasimapathy, and Vedapatty are moving out of agricultural practices by converting into real estate plots which hampers the protection of wetlands and rather further degrades them. According to the study Appasamy et. al. (2000), it was found that the total irrigated area in the basin has declined from 16,262ha to 14,262ha. This means that the Provisioning ecosystem services are getting degraded and the change in landuse may suggest that if the local agricultural practices are demoted, it may result into induced pressures on import of agricultural products i.e. increase in input flow in the region. The change in landuse is also a resultant of heavy urbanization and increasing financial pressures on potential lands. As a result agricultural lands are being utilized for urbanization and industrial activities which reflect the changing occupation nature. The figures show temporal changes in percentages of built up land, land under cultivation, fallow land, forest land and water bodies. Improper sewage management Noyyal has a naturally seasonal flow which flows during the North-east monsoon months; however, urban and domestic sewage flows and the return flows from the Lower Bhavani project, the river experiences perennial flow in some stretches. The orographic effects of the Western ghats impart highly variable rainfall patterns. Occasional flooding occurs during heavy rains. Industries discharge their untreated effluents and the domestic sewage is also disposed off in various regions resulting in pollution of river.

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• Impact on Wetlands Impact on biodiversity The wetlands support a diversity of flora and fauna. But this natural ecosystem is slowly degrading in several ways. (Guptha et al. 2011, Reginald et al. 2007). Because of the high nutrient loading, several tanks are undergoing eutrophication which support growth of unwanted vegetation affecting the aquatic life. This is also responsible for degradation of cultural ecosystem services because the lakes have recreational potential which have been practiced in the Singanallur and Sulur tanks. The decomposition of aquatic vegetation and other organic matter in the streams and tanks result in the depletion of biologically dissolved oxygen levels thus reducing the population of fish. This is highly affecting the fishing occupation which is responsible for generating economy. The industrial pollution is also responsible for affecting fish health (Govindaraju et al. 2010). There are various exotic species of migrant birds, the population of which are steadily decreasing and are moving away from the Coimbatore wetlands. The impact can also be evidently seen on the depleting health of important indigenous medicinal plants.

Impact on groundwater potential Water resources are limited and conservation of its sources is need of the hour. Activities that generate economy like agriculture and industries highly depend on water as a resource. Ground water resources have been developed in the last three decades to fulfill the rising demands. Various reports on groundwater and our analysis gives us a declining trend in groundwater. Coimbatore and northern part of Pollachi. Over exploitation that leads to damage to the aquifers has resulted in decline of groundwater recharge potentials. Figure 6-9 Graph showing increase in water levels due to rain water harvesting in Coimbatore (Static water level in feet) Groundwater decline reminds us of the interlinked Source: Siruthuli wetlands that exist along the Noyyal Basin and were constructed to store water and for percolation, are now the victims of urbanization. In 2003, Coimbatore received 65% less rainfall than the previous years and its ground water table had dropped to 150 ft. This was the moment of realisation for people that water needed to be saved. The corporates and residents took matters into their hands and formed Siruthuli. Siruthuli, which means a drop of water in Tamil. The financially strong ones involved in the organisation pooled Rs 25 lakh each and asked people to chip in more. Wetlands that once channelized the monsoon water and aided ground water recharge had turned into dumpyards. Desilting of the major 8 water tanks was done and 6,485 million litres of water was stored. This meant adding 17 million litres per day (mld) to the city’s supply, which was 25 mld against the requirement of 120 mld. The silt collected was used to strengthen the bunds of the tanks and to expand roads. Roadside water harvesting was introduced. Borewells with recharge pits and filter chambers were constructed by Siruthuli for rain water harvesting. These attempts helped recharge groundwater.

Shrinkage in the sizes of wetlands – Vulnerability to flooding The original area of all the lakes has shrunk over the years because of formal and informal construction activities around the lake in the form of encroachments and buildings. The eight wetlands that used to hold around a combined 380 mcft storage capacity with lake bed areas worth 1,200 acres account for only around 180 mcft storage with lake bed areas around 800 acres. This is a resultant of various

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anthropogenic activities as discussed above which have serious implications on the healthy life of the wetlands.

Figure 6-11 Shrinkage in the area of Wetlands Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India

Total Bed Area in Acres Encroached Area in Acres

7 15 10 10 21 14 15 38

124 176 265 320 285

70 94 160

Senkulam Lake

Singanallur Lake

Valankulam Lake

Selvampathy Lake

NarasampathyLake

Kumaraswamy Lake

Krishnampathy Lake Periyakulam (UkkadamPeriyakulamLake)

Figure 6-10 Encroachment levels in the urban wetlands

Source: EIA Resource and Response Centre, Kotagiri, Nilgiri, India

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• Mitigation measures/ Proposal

After studying the existing conditions, the impact urbanization has caused and the growth patterns five zones have been demarcated in the Noyyal Basin Area. Mitigation measures for the same have been defined below:

Proposal Zone- 1

- No Industries near forest area - Limited tourism activities

Proposal Zone- 2 - Ban heavy polluting industries - Regular cleaning of lakes - Lake demarcation- green bunds

Proposal Zone- 3 - Sewage and industrial effluents treatment - Rehabilitate people living on encroached lands

Proposal Zone- 4 - Maintain buffer zone- to control pollution levels - Water quality monitoring

Proposal Zone- 5 -Controlled use of heavy fertilizers - Check urban sprawl

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CHAPTER 7. – INSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNANCE

7.1 EXISTING GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS & THEIR LINKS (HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL) a) Water Supply & Sewerage

The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board (TWAD) under The Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board Act, 1970,is responsible for water and sewerage infrastructure facility in the Tamilnadu State. However, in case of Coimbatore, Coimbatore Corporation is responsible for Services.

b) Master Plan/Comprehensive Development Plan

The Town and Country Planning Department (TCPD) responsible for the Master Plan for the town under Under Sec.47 (A) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1971, and the endorsement of implementing the Master Plan lies with the Urban Local Body .Local Planning Authority is responsible at local level for land use related activities.

c) Roads and Highways

National and State Highways that go through the town/city keep up under Tamilnadu Highway act 2001. Metropolitan streets are anyway made and kept up by the ULB.

d) Environmental Protection

The Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB) is in charge of environmental protection and, passed by authorities under Environmental Protection Act 1986.

e) Slum Up gradation

The Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board (TNSCB) work on improvement of schemes for notified/regularized slum settlements in the Town. Infrastructure is financed partly through loans from the Housing and Development Corporation and through grants from Govt. of Tamil nadu (Tamil Nadu Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1971). The Coimbatore Corporation is mainly responsible of the infrastructure facility in the slums existing in its boundary.

Figure 7-1 Department Overlapping f) Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, Mettupalaym Municipal Council, Pollachi Municipal Council (The Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act-1920) services :-

• Infrastructure, • Services projects,

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• Infrastructure Administration Elected Representatives; • Statutory and Financial Information (accounts, budgets, RTI compliance); • Reports and Documents (city-level plans, master plans, and others).

7.2 PLANNING INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR LINK TO REGIONAL & STATE LEVEL • Organization Structure of Urban Local Body The structure of the Corporation comprises of two Wings i.e., the Deliberative Wing and the Executive Wing. a) Executive Wing Figure 7-2 Administrative Boundary Map An elected council consist of a directly elected Mayor and Ward councilors represents the Elected Wing. According to 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA), the city is bifurcated into four ward committees and seven standing advisory groups to help the committee in its tasks. A Deputy Mayor helps the Mayor and is chosen from among the councilors. The term of both, the Mayor and his Deputy, is for a time of 5 years.

The ward board working at the zonal level comprises of elected councilors of the individual wards and is going by a Chairperson. These boards are in charge of helping the committee in the arranging and execution of improvement works at the zonal level. In addition, the council comprises of seven standing panels headed by a Chairperson.

b) Administrative Wing

The Commissioner, who is additionally the excutive leader of the Corporation, heads the authoritative wing. Four zonal Assistant Commissioners and eight Heads of Department help him. The Head of Departments include:

• Assistant Commissioner (Personnel) ƒ • Assistant Commissioner (Revenue) ƒ • Assistant Commissioner (Accounts) ƒ • Accounts Officer (Water supply) ƒ • City Engineer ƒ • City Health Officer Executive Engineer (Planning) ƒ • Chief Educational Officer.

I. The functions of the Administrative wing are as follows

• All Executive Functions with the Administrative Head (Commissioner),

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• payments, etc • Establishment matters such as appointment, transfers, • pay and allowances, etc., • public relations, redressal of public grievances, • correspondence with Government and other departments, ƒ • Legal matters etc. ƒ • Sanctioning of estimates and approval of contracts, • Others related to office administration.

• The Corporation Departments.

a. Engineering Department: The Eng. Dpt. is primarily in charge for the planning activities , preparation and implementation of all developmental works of the Corporation This office is going by the City Engineer to help the Commissioner. There are two Executive Engineers, E.E (west) for west and south zones and E.E (east) for east and north zones. There is one Assistant Executive Engineer for every one of the four zones and a Assistant Engineer for each divisions.

b. The division in a joint effort with Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage (TWAD) Board embraces usage of water supply and sewerage works inside the wards of the Corporation.The department is also responsible for ensuring the quality of the works and their execution in a period bound way.

c. Functions- Engineering Department Undertaking development works, Maintenance of road, water supply, , sewerage systems, drainage street lights and buildings of the Corporation, Maintenance of roads and .Preparation of estimates and quality control.

d. Public Health Department: The Public Health Department mainl responsible for solid waste management and public health related aspects e.g, malaria control program, immunization activities, etc.

e. Town Planning Department: The major responsibility of his Department is issuing of building licenses and implementation of various Development Plans(Master Plan, Regional Plan,Local Plan) . The dept. is headed by an Executive Engineering (Planning) and is assisted by J.E and other staff.

.

f. Town Planning Department: Issue of building licenses preparation and implementation of different Development Plans, Master Plan etc. are the major function of this department. This department is headed by an Executive Engineering (Planning) and is assisted by Junior Engineers and other staff.

g. After the amalgamation of town planning functions with the engineering section, the Junior Engineers have been given the responsibility to look after the town planning activities. However, there is lack of coordination with the Local Planning Authority and Town and Country Planning Department as the allocation of responsibilities is improper. A major problem

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arising in this department is the limited power in the issue of building licenses and also in the preparation of Master Plan.

h. Functions- Town Planning Department ➢ Issue of building license, ➢ Detection and taking action of unauthorized construction ➢ Approval of installation of machinery ➢ Execution of District Development Plan and Master Plan Proposals ➢ Removal of encroachments.

i. Accounts Department: The City Corporation maintains two separate funds, one is General Fund and the other is the Water Supply and Drainage Fund.

j. General Fund Accounts: This department deals with finance, budget and accounts of the Corporation relating to all the areas except water supply and drainage, and is headed by the Assistant Commissioner (Accounts). This department also monitor income and expenditure as per budgetary provisions. Other responsibilities are as follows:

a. Scrutinizing of pay bills and disbursing salaries to employees, b. Payment for all works and supply bills, and c. Payment of all pensions benefits to teaching and non-teaching staff of Corporation schools and retired Corporation employees.

k. Water Supply and Drainage Accounts: This section monitors and supervises the work relating to finance, budget and accounts of the water supply and drainage works of the Corporation. The section is headed by the Accounts Officer (water supply) who also prepares and submits the Budget and Accounts of water supply and drainage.

l. Revenue Department: This department is headed by an Assistant Commissioner (Revenue) and assisted by four Assistant Revenue Officers and Bill Collectors. Preparation of demand, collection and balance (DCB) statement for different tax items is one of the main activities of this department.

m. Education: The education department look after the schools and noon meal centers within the Corporation limits. The main duties include maintenance, administration and inspection of schools and related activities. The officers of the department have to work in coordination with the officers of various other departments of the Corporation like the Engineering, Public Health, Accounts, etc.

n. Public Relations Department: As a part of re-organization, the Corporation has established a public relations department with Public Relations Officer as its head. The department handles the public relations work of Corporation and all public complaints, grievances and attends to public petitions.

o. Establishment & Personnel Department: The Personnel Department deals with the establishment requirements and handles all matters related to recruitment and personnel relations. This department is headed by an Assistant Commissioner (Personnel).

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p. Council Wing Department: Officials of the Council Wing Department handle matters of the Council. Records are maintained on council and standing committee resolutions. A Council Secretary, appointed by the Council who heads the Department.

q. Litigation Department: The Litigation Department handles all Court and legal hearings related to the Corporation. This department is headed by a Law Officer.

• Directorate of Town and Country Planning Department Govt of Tamilnadu has enacted T&CP Act, 1971 by repealing Town Planning Act 1920. The Directorate of Town & Country Planning (DTCP) headed by the Director and is functioning under the Tamil Nadu T&CP Act, 1971.The department has its jurisdiction over the entire Tamil Nadu except Chennai Metropolitan Development Area (CMDA). a. Organisation Setup The Commissioner of Town and Country Planning is the Head of the department. The department is having its head office at Chennai and the sub-ordinate offices viz., 8 Regional offices, 27 Composite Local Planning Authorities and 8 New Town Development Authorities are functioning and 2 more NTDAs have been notified.

• Local Planning Authority Nodal agency responsible for Coimbatore Region. to improve the existing situation in planned mannerCoimbatore LPA has been designed, urban land is utilized in the best way and obtain the land for urban development residential and commercial projects. The planning permission and building licence can be issued simultaneously when the Local bodies are delegated with powers to issue planning permission. In case of issue of planning permission is keep possession of with Local Planning Authority, building licenceor any other licence should be provide by local body only after planning permission is issued by LPA. The Local Planning Authority after authorizing planning permission send the plan to the local body for issue of licence made under Local bodies Act. Planning permissions a) Layouts, including modifications of existing Layouts b) Sub-division of house-sites

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c) Building of any nature, including modifications d) Variations to existing land use

7.3 LOCATION OF PANCHAYAT/ BLOCK/ TALUKA/ MUNICIPAL OFFICES • Coimbatore Municipal Corporation • Municipalities Mettupalayam, Pollachi, Valparai, Goundampalayam, Kuniyamuthur, kurichi • Town Panchayat a. Madukkarai - 16/218 Palaghat Main Road, Madukkarai Post, Coimbatore-641105. b. Anaimalai- Kottur Main Road, Rangaram Park Compound. anaimalai c. Annur- 57/126, Kadai Veethi, Annur, Coimbatore - 641653 d. Irugur- Irugur Town Panchayat, Market Road, Irugur, Coimbatore-103 e. - Karmathampatti Town panchayat,28,A.k main road,somanur f. Karamadai- 60, Anna Bus Stand, Railway Station Road, Karamadai, Coimbatore-641104 g. Gudalur- Nehru nagar, Samichettipalayam, Coimbatore-47 h. Kottur- 2/216, Bagavathi Nagar, Thirumalaiyama Post, Madukkarai via cbe.641105 i. Sirumugai- Sathy mettupalayam road, Sirumugai j. Sulur- 6/60, Panchayat Office Street, Sulur, Coimbatore - 641402 k. Periyanaickenpalayam- Kuppichipalayam Road, Periyanaickenpalayam Town Panchayat Coimbatore -20 l. Vellalore- 43/18, Nethaji StreetÏ Edaiyarpalayam, Vellalore, Coimbatore - 641 111 m. Vettaiakaranpudur- 3,Mudhaliyar street,Vettaikaranpudur, pollachi tk, 642129 n. Zamin - 1.Bungalow Street, Zamin Uthukuli, Pollachi - 642004 o. Othakkalmandapam- 57,Velanthavalam Road,Othakkalmandapam, Coimbatore641032 p. Odayakulam- 181, Old Maduraiveeran Kovil Street, Odayakulam q. Kannampalayam- 13/33, Chinnarame Gounder Street Kannampalayam Coimbatore- 641402 r. Kinathukadavu- Vivekananda street, Kinathukadavu, Coimbatore 642109 s. - 1, Ponnapuram road, Samathur, Pollachi. 642123 t. Sarkarsamakulam- 43B Road Sarkarsamakulam(po) Coimbatore-641107 u. Suleeswaranpatti- Suleeswaranpatti Town Panchayat Office. No.1. Alagappa Nagar, Suleeswaranpatti - 642006 v. - 1/35, TTS Thippaiah Street, Dhaliyur, CBE 109 w. N.S.N.Palayam- Seenivasa Nagar, Narasimmanaickenpalayam Town Panchayat Office, Coimbatore 641031 x. Pallapalayam- Panchayat Office Street, Irugur Via, Coimbatore -641103 y. - Chinnathambi gounder street, Pooluvapatti z. Periyanegamam- 81/10 Dhali Road Periyanegamam -642120 aa. Perur- 16, Venkatesapuram, Siruvani main road, Perur Coimbatore - 641 010 bb. - 46, Rangamooppan Street, Vedapatti, Coimbatore -641007 cc. No.4.Veerapandi- 86. Kamarajar Road, No.04.Veerapandi, Coimbatore-641019 dd. Alandurai- 77/29, Siruvani Main Road, Alandurai, Coimbatore- 641101 ee. Digarai- Thudiyalur Main Road, Idigarai, Coimbatore - 641022 ff. - Thiru.vee.ka Street, K.K.Chavadi Coimbatore - 641 105.

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gg. - Pothanur Road,Chettipalayam,Coimbatore641201 hh. - 108, Thirumalayampalayam Road, Thirumalayampalayam, Coimbatore - 641105 ii. Thenkarai- Mathipalayam (post), Alandurai (via), Coimbatore - 641101 jj. Thondamuthur- 58,Narasipuram Road Thondamuthur coimbatore Moppiripalayam- Gandhi kadai street, vagarayampalayam - 641659

7.4 E-GOVERNANCE PROCESS Moving ahead with the moto of “Anything Anywhere” the CCMC is focusing on e-governance for maximum transparency faster services and public convenience. E-governance has some major benefits not only to the citizens but to the governing body as well. Its biggest asset is transparency and right to information for all. Collection of dues- E-governance made collection of dues easier and eradicated all the shortcomings of the manual system. 18 banks are associated with the corporation tax collection. Civic Services to Citizens- The citizens receive a Unique Identification Number for any application submitted to the corporation. Later they can track their application status from home using their UI no. making it time saving and convenient for the public. Development Work- E-governance provides maximum “right to information” and full transparency. The citizens have the facility to know about the progress of the various stages of the work on the corporation website. Tender notice, tender schedule, application forms etc., can be downloaded from the website without going to the corporation office. Grievance redressal- The citizens post their grievance to the website which as and when received are allotted to the concerned official through the workflow system. The citizens are always informed about the status of their grievance whether any actions has been taken or if the work is completed or not. Some reforms brought by e-governance are transparency in administration, Increase in revenue, increased efficiency and productivity. General features and services provided by online by the corporation are

• Static web pages on council, administration, citizens charter, engineering, public health, revenue, town planning, education, accounts, general information, map, achievements, electric cremation, contacts, rain water harvesting, procedures, guidelines, FAQ and Downloadable application forms, links to TN Govt, Railways, Telephone, Weather, World time. • Dynamic Web Pages on online auditorium booking; online grievance registration; grievance handling and grievance status view; calculators and self-assessment for property tax and water charges; event calendar; news publishing; talk to mayor, commissioner, councilors; feedback/suggestions. • Property tax • Birth/Death certificate • Water charges • Non tax • Development works • Payment centres • Collections

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7.5 CENTRAL, STATE & DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES The Twelfth Five Year Plan of the State seeks to make Tamil Nadu the Numero Uno State in all indicators of human development. The core focus of the Twelfth Plan is accelerated, sustainable and inclusive growth. The outcome of the entire planning process will be the eradication of poverty, creation of more and better job opportunities and overall improvement in the quality of life of the people of the State. Based on the recommendations of the Sub-Group of Chief Ministers, the has rationalized the existing 66 Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSSs) into 28 umbrella schemes. A. Core of the Core Schemes 1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme 2. Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Castes 3. Umbrella Scheme for Development of Scheduled Tribes 4. Umbrella Programme for Development of Minorities 5. Umbrella Scheme for Development of BackwardClasses, Differently Abled and other Vulnerable Groups

B. Core Schemes (60:40) 6. Green Revolution (KrishiUnnati Schemes and RashtriyaKrishiVikasYojana) 7. White Revolution (Animal Husbandry and Dairiying) 8. Blue Revolution (Integrated Development of Fisheries) 9. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana. a. Har Khet ko Pani b. Per Drop More Crop c. Integrated Watershed DevelopmentProgramme d. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit and FloodManagementProgramme

10. Pradhan Mantri Gram SadakYojana(PMGSY) 11. Pradhan MantriAwasYojana (PMAY) a. PMAY-Rural b. PMAY-Urban

12. National Rural Drinking Water Mission 13. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) a. SBM-Rural b. SBM-Urban

14. National Health Mission (NHM) a. National Rural Health Mission b. National Urban Health Mission c. Tertiary Care Programmes d. Human Resources in Health and Medical Education e. National Mission on AYUSH

15. RashtriyaSwasthyaSurkashaYojana(erstwhile RSBY) 16. National Education Mission (NEM)

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a. SarvaShikshaAbhiyan b. RashtriyaMadhyamikShikshaAbhiyan c. Teachers Training and Adult Education d. RashtriyaUchchShikshaAbhiyan

17. Mid Day Meal Programme 18. Integrated Child Development Services a. Anganwadi Services b. National Nutriion Mission c. Maternity Benefits Programme d. Scheme for Adolescent Girls e. Integrated Child Protection Scheme f. National Creche Scheme

19. Mission for Protection and Empowerment for Women (betibachao-betipadao, one-stop centre, women helpline, hostels, swardhargreh, gender budgeting etc.) 20. National Livelihood Mission (NLM) a. National Rural Livelihood Mission b. National Urban Livelihood Mission

21. Jobs and Skill Development a. Employment Generation Programmes b. Pradhan MantriKaushalVikasYojana

22. Environment, Forestry and Wildlife (EFWL) a. National Mission for a Green India b. Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats c. Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems d. National River Conservation Programme

23. Urban Rejuvenation Mission (AMRUT and ) 24. Modernization of Police Forces (including Security Related Expenditure) 25. Infrastructure Facilities for Judiciary (including Gram Nyayalayas& e courts)

C. Optional Schemes (50:50) 1. Border Area Development Programme 2. Shyama Prasad Mukjerjee Rurban Mission

7.6 EXISTING PLANNING PROCESS AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS a) The Curtailment of Indiscriminate Conversion of Wet Land into Other Uses

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The TCPD functioning under the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 which mainly involves in preparing Master Plans for urban areas like cities, towns, municipalities etc., to regulate the urban development in an orderly manner. So far this department has prepared 123 Master Plans for various 2nd tire cities and other municipal towns in Tamil Nadu. These areas are called as planned areas. The preparation of Master Plan is mainly of land use planning in consideration with the projected population for a plan period of 20 years. The guideline for preparation of such Master Plan was issued in G.O.1730, RD&LA department, dated 24.7.1974 which is enclosed in Annexure I. While preparing the Master Plans, most of the agriculture wet lands are earmarked under agricultural use zone and any conversion to other uses will be entertained only after obtaining of a G.O. from the Government after following due procedures with full justification as per the Act provisions. Section 28 and 32 (4) of Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 are enclosed as Annexure II. In non-plan areas not covered under any Master Plan and rural areas the indiscriminate conversion is curtained through an Act amendment passed during 2010under the Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 in section 47A in which any conversion from Agricultural to other uses are entertained only after obtaining the NoC from the concerned District Collectors only. The amendment under 47-A is enclosed as Annexure III. In the above manner this department is enforcing the restriction of conversion of wet lands into other uses. The preparation of Regional plans is also one of the tool for conversation of natural resources like forest, water bodies, agricultural lands etc. under Section 15 of Town and Country Planning Act, 1971. The preparation of such regional plans are not yet taken up and prepared. Section 15 of the said Act is also enclosed as Annexure IV. The above are the only Act provisions available in this department relating to control the conversion of agricultural land into other uses. b) Change Of Land Use In The Existing Master Plan And Detailed Development Plan Into Other Uses • Submit application to the Secretary, Housing and Urban Development, Chennai, through Local Body/Local Planning Authority, Commissioner of Town and Country Planning, Chennai. • For variation of D.D.Plan, he should submit application to the Commissioner of Town and Country Planning. • A Payment of chalan for Rs.2500/- as publication charges should accompany along with the application. • Procedure To Obtain Technical Sanction To The Layouts

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c) Reclassification Of Land In The Approved Detailed Development Plan

d) Acts, Rules and Legislations of public interest

• Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning Act, 1971 a. Preparation and sanction of Detailed Development Plan Rules b. Master Plan (Preparation, Publication and Sanction) Rules c. Tamil Nadu Town and Country Planning and Development Fund Rules, 1976.

• Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Act, 1920 a. Tamil Nadu District Municipalities Building Rules, 1972

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b. Multi-Storeyed and Public Building Rules, 1973 c. Tamil Nadu District Municipalities (Hill Stations) Building Rules, 1993. d. Tamil Nadu Cyclone Prone Area Special Building Rules, 1982 e. Tamil Nadu Nuclear Installations (Regulation of Buildings and Use of Land) Rules, 1990. Industries (Development and Regulation) Act-1951, Industrial Policy -1991, Enterprises (MSMED) Act-2006, National Manufacturing Policy- 2011, Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act- 2005, Environment Protection Act- 1986, Forest Conservation Act-1980, National Renewable Energy Act 2015, Employment act 1955.

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CHAPTER 8. – PROPOSED STRATEGY FOR SUB- REGION

8.1 POPULATION PROJECTION The population projections would play an important role in the assessment of future needs for the district. The projected population would assist in estimating the demand for physical infrastructure and social infrastructure facilities like schools, hospitals and parks in the coming years. Moreover, the population projection has been carried out for the Coimbatore district for the next 30 years using natural and induced methods. The population projection of Coimbatore district is based on the paper “MEDIUM-TERM POPULATION PROJECTIONS FOR INDIA, STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES, 2001-2051” by J. Retnakumar. The idea is based on the fact that most of the population projection is based on Census year 1991 base population data but the country is undergoing major demographic changes recently. So, to incorporate that, various methods of population projection have been considered. 8.1.1 Natural 1. Proportion or Ratio method: This method is based on the assumption that changes in any geographical area are a function of those experienced in (successively) wider areas. Thus, the population of a city or district is held to be a function of that of the region, which itself is a function of that of the nation, and so on. The requirements for this projection are time-series of populations for the areas to be used in the analysis and a forecast or set of forecasts for the largest area. In ratio methods the population of the second is plotted against that of the parent area. In our case, we are comparing the population of Coimbatore district with the state of Tamil Nadu (parent area). We see that the proportion of Coimbatore District from Tamil Nadu is decreasing from 1991 to 2001 and slightly increasing from 2001 to 2011. So, assuming that we are steadily increasing the Proportion rate for the consequent decades and projecting the population according to that. After 2031, there is a possibility of Great divide which can decrease the proportion.

Table 8-1 Population projection using Proportion method

PROPORTION (in YEAR TAMIL NADU COIMBATORE %) 1991 36781354 2233179 6.07 2001 62405679 2905776 4.66 2011 72147030 3458045 4.79 2021 69460000 3417432 4.92 2031 70040000 3537020 5.05 2041 68720000 3436000 5.00 So, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 34.36 lakhs according to the proportion method. 8.1.2 Moving Average Moving averages are methods for estimating incidence density when the time period spans several years. So, in case of Coimbatore district, the average growth rate from moving average is coming 23.83%.

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Table 8-2 Population Projection using Moving averages

YEAR POPULATION GROWTH RATE 1991 2233179 2001 2905776 23.83% 2011 3458045 2021 4282097 23.83% 2031 5302521 23.83% 2041 6460061 21.83% (The Great Divide may affect population after 2030) So, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 64.6 lakhs according to moving average method. 8.1.3 Declining Fertility Rate In Tamil Nadu, the birth and death rates are falling and it has seen in the case of Coimbatore Region, that the reproduction rate is lower than other states. According to National Family and Health Survey, there is a steady decline in fertility rate in Coimbatore which will in turn affect the growth rate. We have seen, the fertility rate has declined in Coimbatore district from 1.8 to 1.7 from 2005 to 2015.

Table 8-3 Population Projection considering Declining Fertility Rate

FERTILITY YEAR COIMBATORE Population Extra RATE 1991 2233179

2001 2905776

2011 3458045 1.85 63974

2021 3522019 1.8 63396

2031 3585415 1.7 60952

2041 3646367 1.5 54696 So, the population of Coimbatore district is 36.46 lakh according to declining fertility rate. Now, the population of Coimbatore district taking the average of three methods is:

Table 8-4 Population Projection of Coimbatore District

DECLINING PROPORTION MOVING YEAR FERTILITY AVERAGE METHOD AVERAGE RATE 2011 3458045 3458045 3458045 3458045

2021 3417432 4282097 3522019 3740516

2031 3537020 5302521 3585415 4141652

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2041 3436000 6460061 3646367 4514143 Hence, the population of Coimbatore district in 2041 is 45.14 lakhs by natural method. 8.1.4 Induced This method of population projection involves projecting population on the basis of employment generated because of the inducements or investments envisaged for a region and the addition of population with it. With the various industrial corridors and defence corridor proposed in Coimbatore region, the proposed investment generates a certain number of employments. The employment generated when multiplied by the average family size gives the total additional population. Adding this to the population projected from the natural growth method we arrive at future population. As per the various proposed industrial corridors for the Coimbatore sub region (Vision Tamil Nadu 2023), the employment generated is calculated for the year 2023 (Table 1). Total employments generated are computed as per the Tamil Nadu Industrial Policy 2014, which enlists the employment generated against the investments made in various manufacturing projects.

Table 8-5 Employments generated from various proposed industrial corridors for the year 2023

Employmen Project Investment t Generated Coimbatore- Salem Industrial 7200 Cr. 1 Corridor- Manufacturing and Business 3000 Total Industrial Investment= 30875 Cr. Investment Region- I & II Coimbatore- Salem Industrial 4800 Cr. 2 Corridor- Agri Business Investment 1000 Total Industrial Investment= 9263 Cr. Region (ABIR) Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial 3 10000 Cr. 1000 Corridor Defence Corridor 4 20000 (http://defenseindustry.in/) Total 25000

A growth factor of 2% has been assumed for the growth in employment generation in each subsequent decade. The total induced population for the year 2041 can be approximated to be 48.7 lakhs (Table 2).

Table 8-6 Total Induced Population for the year 2041.

Population Growth Factor Increas Employment Average Induced Projection by for e Year generated with Household Population Natural Employment (a)*(b)/ Inducement (a) Size (a*3.5) Growth Generated(b) 100 2011 3458045 25000 2% 500 3.5 87500 2021 3740516 25500 2% 510 3.5 89250 2031 4141652 26010 2% 520 3.5 91035 2041 4514143 26530 2% 531 3.5 92856 Total 103040 360640 Total Induced Population 2041=Natural Growth Population 2041 + Induced Population Population by Total Total Average Year Natural Employment Induced Population Induced Household Size Growth Generated Population 2041 4514143 103040 3.5 360640 4874783

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The induced population is therefore 48.74 lakhs.

8.2 PRIORITY SECTORS WITHIN THE SUB-REGION Decisions were made on the collected information at both primary and secondary level, which were assessed through various tools such as GIS mapping, quantitative analysis and change in pattern of growth. Coimbatore when viewed under the lens of urbanization parameters revealed the need to focus on 4 priority sectors namely 1) Demography 2) Transport 3) Housing 4) Infrastructure. For the first priority sector Demography trend analysis and projection was done to read the growth pattern of the sub-region and how would the region expand due to growth in population and the linked demands which it would generate. Analysis generated parameters which indicate the need to regulate future growth of settlements preventing haphazard growth.

The above mentioned 3 priority sectors under thrust area category Urbanization would encompass the demand generated due to the growing population hence to address peak hour traffic issues on Avinashi, and Pollachi road. The need for traffic de-congestion and management was addressed as part of the proposals hence was achieved under Transport sector. Similarly in order to address current housing shortage of 1.01 lac as per census 2011 and to meet future housing demand the sector is explored through proposals of rental housing schemes and compact development parameters. Environment assessment had highlighted the defunct and inadequate STP in urban agglomerations of Coimbatore and absence of independent STP for Mettupalayam and Pollachi which established the need of developing high-end infrastructure and provision for upgradation at identified locations.

The linkages are a web of control parameters within sectors and their contributors which generate positive outcomes in an effort to view the region as a global city in making with its contributory parameters. The illustration with various web linkages highlight the factors under consideration.

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Figure 8-1 Figure Methodology with Urbanization as Thrust area.

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Figure 8-2 3Methodology with Environmental Sustainability as Thrust area

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8.3 LOCATION OF FUTURE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 8.3.1 Manufacturing Industries The share of manufacturing industries in the GDP of Coimbatore is second highest i.e. 29% after service industries. Coimbatore houses more than 25,000 small and medium scale industries. The manufacturing industries which hold the greatest share in growth of economy are Automobile, Foundry, Wet grinders, Pump and Textile. With respect to the share in investment, turnover and employment, the above listed five industries are shortlisted for proposals in clusters in the most suitable industrial zones.

8.3.1.1 Land Suitability Analysis The location feasibility of industries has been analysed through the land suitability model. It identified potential area available for the manufacturing. The following criteria are selected for the land suitability: • Raw material channel • Existing location of industries • Accessibility • Economic infrastructures • Labour • Residential locations • Physical infrastructures • Wastelands Based on above criteria, Land suitability is done by assigning weightages by Influencer Modelling and Multiple Information Criteria Modelling Methods. The resultants achieved are the deciding factors for the formulation of proposals in each block of the District. High

low

Figure 8-4 Multi influence method Figure 8-3 Multiple information Criteria Modelling

To tap maximum potential of each block, industries are proposed based on the existing available infrastructure and the connectivity.

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35000 90,00,00,00,000.00 80,00,00,00,000.00 30000 70,00,00,00,000.00 25000 60,00,00,00,000.00 20000 50,00,00,00,000.00

15000 40,00,00,00,000.00 30,00,00,00,000.00 10000 20,00,00,00,000.00 5000 10,00,00,00,000.00 0 0.00 EMPLOYMENT TURNOVER Figure 8-5 Employment vs Turnover

From Source : District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore.

Analysis it was observed that the largest contributor Map 8-1 Land suitability of manufacturing industry to employment is Sulur followed by Annur blocks which accounts to 21473 and 6534 respectively. The gross employment in the manufacturing sector accounts to 54768 people as of 2016-2018. Also, the highest revenue is generated from the Annur block followed by Sulur and Karamadai blocks contributed majorly by the Textile and Wet Grinder industry.

8.3.1.2 Proposals The formulated Proposals can be listed as follows: Proposal 1: Establishment of foundry clusters in P.N Palayam, S S Kulam, Madhukkurai, Thondamuthur, Sulur and Annur majorly along the NH- 47 (Industrial Corridor), to aid allied industries like Automobiles, Pumps and Wet grinders. The raw materials obtained from Maharashtra and the Salem Steel Plant aid in these foundry industries for fabrication of various machineries and tools for the allied industries. Proposal 2:

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Establishment of newer textile clusters in Karamadai, Map 8-2 Proposed Manufacturing Industries Pollachi North and Annamalai Block along with the Agro industries as the nature of machineries, raw materials and infrastructure required are alike. Proposal 3: Heavy concentration of industrial clusters in the P.N Palayam, S S Kulam and Sulur Block which will be aided by the Bypass connecting Neelambar to Gandhi Nagar 2. Proposal 4: More employment in the Textile and the Automobile industry as the requirement of semi-skilled labor is maximum in these two for the operation of machineries used in these industries. Proposal 5: More industries establishment in the industrially backward blocks in Coimbatore like Sulthanpet and Kinathukadavu Blocks to avail 25% capital subsidy in plants, machineries, VAT and Power as per the recent MSME Policies. Proposal 6: Exhibition Centers in the Industrial clusters to create a global platform for attracting investors and traders.

8.3.2 Service Industries The workforce participation in tertiary sector accounts Map 8-3 Land Suitability for Service Sector for 90% share as of 2011 among the three sectors. The identity of Coimbatore lies in entrepreneurhip . Thus the existing service sector MSMEs have been considered for the analysis and proposals. Based on the existing concentrations, employment and turnover of various categories within the service sector, industries which hold the maximum share in growth of economy are Information technology, Consultancies, Repair & Maintenance and Hospitality. As the towns and cities become more urbanised, the share of service sector in work force partcipation increases to support the various sectors. In the present context, Information Technology is a growing sector in Coimbatore which acts as a facilitator to the manufacturing industries along with Repair and Maintenance and various Consultancies. With the growth in the service and manufacturing sector, and owing to varrious trade fairs and exhibitions held by CODISSIA and SIEMA, bussiness tourism is an emerging sector supplemented by the hospitality sector.

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8.3.2.1 Land Suitability Analysis To analyse the locational feasibility of the service sector, land suitability has been done and block-wise potentials have been explored and service sector industries proposed. The various factors considered for analysing the land suitability are listed as follows: • Existing road heirarchy • Interchanges • Educational infrastructure • Existing land use land cover • Settlement Heirarchy

Figure 8-7 Factors considered for Land Suitability Figure 8-6 Employment vs Turnover

Source : District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore. Commercial areas are more preferred along the major roads accessible to majority of the people, with interchanges being the major commercial nodes owing to proximity and walkability. Educational Infrastructure and major urban settlements facilitate the provision of skilled and semi skilled human resources for service industries. Existing land use and landcover gives the growth potential in various existing commercial areas and vacant lands that may be utilised for commercial growth. The interlinkages have been identified and mapped as in the figure.

Table 8-7 Influences and Weightages.

Major Minor Total Weightage LULC 1 0.5+0.5+0.5+0.5 3 25 Transport 1 0.5+0.5 2 17 Interchanges 1 0.5 1.5 13 Settlement 1+1 0.5+0.5+0.5 3.5 29 Education 0 0.5+0.5 1 8 Tourist Spots 0.5+0.5 1 8 Total 5 7 12 100

8.3.2.2 Proposals Following factors have been considered for the proposals of service industries:- Land Suitability analysis Decentralization of the service industries from the major urban centers to the emerging ones. Existing and proposed of Manufacturing, Agro and Tourism industries. Clustering of industries for infrastructural facilitation. Densification of service sector in the urban commercial zones.

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In accordance with the policies stated in Policy note 2017-18 by Tamil Nadu Government for the promotion of MSMEs. The Figure Shows block-wise proposal of various service sector industries as per the potentials identified. Based on the existing ratios of service and manufacturing industries in each block, consequent proposals for the number of industries have been made as summarized in the Table. Information Technology with the highest share of exports in the district and second highest in Tamil Nadu after Chennai, is an emerging sector in the district and is concentrated majorly in and around the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is cashing on the existing infrastructure and connectivity to airport. The rise of the sector can also be attributed to its proximity to Chennai and Kochi hence, the potential areas identified for IT Sector growth are Sulur, S S Kullum and Madukarai. The district being majorly industrial in nature, repair and maintenance services enhance the productivity and workability of manufacturing industries and thus find a priority in most of the blocks, with highest share of revenue generation. Block wise proposals are as follows:

• Karamadai Repair & Maintenance – Location of agro based industries. Proximity to Annur, emerging urban centre. Hospitality – Connectivity to Ooty and Coonoor, the area has a great potential for growth of hospitality. • Annur Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance, Information technology- Since Annur is emerging as new urban centre with upcoming projects of various manufacturing industries. • P N Palayam Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance, Information technology- Due to existing concentration of manufacturing and IT industries in the block. Hospitality- Proximity to various tourist spots in Western Ghats. • S S Kullam IT, Consultancy, Repair & Map 8-4 Proposals For Service Industry Blockwise Maintenance - Due to existing concentration of manufacturing industries in the block. • Sulur Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance Information technology – Connectivity to Chennai and proximity to Avinashi, along with the upcoming defense corridor. • Thodanmuthur Repair & Maintenance - Manufacturing and agro industries in the block. Hospitality- Location of the Western Ghats and various tourist spots. • Madukkarai Consultancy, Repair & Maintenance, Information technology- Existing manufacturing industries. Hospitality- Existing urban centre, proximity to various transport nodes. • Sultanpet Repair & Maintenance- Proposal of defense corridor from Sulur.

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• Kinathukadavu Repair & Maintenance- Proposed Agro based industries and proximity to Maddukarai. Pollachi North Repair & Maintenance- Existing and proposed agro based industries. Pollachi South Repair & Maintenance- Existing and proposed agro based industries. Hospitality- Proximity to Annamalai and various tourist spots. • Annamalai Hospitality- Presence of Annamalai Forest Reserve, tea and coffee estates. 8.3.3 Employment Generation The Work Force Participation Rate (WFPR) as of 1991 was 45.13% which saw a rise of 1.16% in 2001 and a downfall of 0.95% in 2011. The WFPR tends to decrease owing to the growth of population due to urbanization, increase in migrant population with lesser opportunities for employment. Thus to sustain the WFPR, a proportionate number of jobs need to be created. In addition to this, the employments generated with the assumed inducements are considered (Table 1).

Table 8-8 Employment to be generated considering Work Force Participation Rate over the years

Total Population Total Workers Percentage of Additional Year Total Employment to Population be generated 1991 2233179 1007912 45.13 2001 2905776 1345199 46.29 2011 3458045 1567950 45.34 2021 3740516 1695950 45.34 128000 2031 4141652 1877825 45.34 181875 2041 4514143 2046712 45.34 168887 Total 478762 Additional Employment due to Inducements or Investments Employment to be Employment to be generated from Investments Total generated for constant Employment to WFPR be generated 2041 478762 103040 581802 Source: Census.

MSMEs have played a crucial role in the development of Coimbatore over the years. The manufacturing industries cannot exist stand alone without the support of service sector. As of 2017, the numbers of manufacturing industries stand at 10,000 and that of service industries at 15,000. With the existing growth rate of MSMEs in manufacturing sector and keeping in view the target of sustaining the current WFPR, a total of 20,000 manufacturing industries and 30,000 supporting service sector industries need to be set up. Based on existing ratios of manufacturing and service industries, the proposed numbers of each have been projected block-wise (Table 2). Further, each block has been identified for potentials in various industries in manufacturing as well as services based on existing concentrations of employed people, number of MSMEs and turnovers. The employments generated from MSMEs are 5,24,000. Since, only manufacturing and service sectors are considered here, additional employment from agriculture, commercial, household industries, tourism and other sectors need to be generated.

Table 8-9 Block-wise proposed industries and projected employment

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Empl- Servic Existin oyme Service Emplo Prop Mfg Total e Existin g nt in Indust - osed Employ- Employme Emplo g Mfg. Block Service Servic r-ies yment Mfg. ment nt yment Indus- Industr e propos in Indus generate Generated genera tries ies Indus ed Mfg. -tries d Block-wise -ted -tries Annamal 25 300 49 583 64 768 124 1493 2076 ai Karamad 808 7857 1571 15276 472 5192 918 10095 25371 ai P N 3608 32912 7015 63991 1964 23568 3819 45824 109815 Pallayam Annur 1156 13136 2248 25541 824 9888 1602 19225 44766 S S 808 12681 1571 24656 898 8980 1746 17460 42116 Kullam Sulur 292 300 568 583 2933 35196 5703 68432 69015 Madukar 1581 12080 3074 23487 1073 8584 2086 16690 40177 ai Thondam 1921 15754 3735 30631 972 9720 1890 18900 49531 udur Kinathhu 3905 44141 7593 85824 174 1914 338 3721 89545 kadavu Pollachi 479 6139 931 11936 320 5120 622 9955 21891 N Pollachi 732 7416 1423 14419 503 5533 978 10758 25177 S Sultanpet 116 1437 223 2794 88 1232 174 2395 5189

Total 15431 154153 30000 299700 10285 115695 20000 224950 524650 Source: District Industrial Centre, Coimbatore.

8.3.3.1 Agro based Industries The analysis of current scenario shows that Pollachi possesses Map 8-5 Land suitability map- Agro Based a huge market potential for coir products export in Industries Coimbatore. Coconut productivity is high in Pollachi north and south with alone 65% existing coir-based industries in the area. Products like coir fiber, coir yarn, coir pith block, curled coir rope, rubberized coir etc. are produced. 80% of coir products are exported to china and about 95% coir pith products are exported to US. The idea is to shift Coimbatore form being a 'merchant exporter' to 'manufacturer exporter'. Hence, Coir industry has strong export potential and most female employees are employed in this industry. Before proposing the agro based industries in Coimbatore, we went through and analyzed the existing scenario of the industries and studied about the crop pattern that were existing and dominant in the different blocks of our study area. As per the study and analyses the major potential crops are Banana and Sugarcane, all of which are concentrated in Karamadai, Annur, Pollachi, Thondamuthur blocks.

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8.3.3.2 High end value addition of products Map 8-6 Land suitability map- Agro Based Industries To give a boost to the existing industrial status for Agro based industries especially banana, sugarcane and coir in Coimbatore, introduction of value-added finished products is vital. There are few ways in achieving it: Yarn based products- Tufted mats, and Geo-textiles are yarn based products and have a future prospective in the industry and their major uses in India and abroad will strengthen the export market of the district. It will uplift the yarn spinning industries and generate more employment. Value added pith products- The by-product generated after the process of coir fiber extraction will be used to make pith bags, coco peat, pith briquettes, coco pith discs etc. Banana product- as banana production is high in many blocks small chips factories can be opened up. Sugarcane Based products- a lot of sugarcane products can be made out of sugarcane such as paper, confectionery factories etc.

8.3.3.3 Land suitability of agro-base industries A land suitability analyses was done to acquire suitable land for setting up our agro based industries in favorable conditions and the blocks with higher crop concentration. For that a suitability analyses was done considering following factors: • Land (waste land, LULC) • Settlement (settlement Hierarchy) • Connectivity (Railway, Roads) • Water (Streams, water scarcity) These were the factors from top to bottom in ascending order as per the priority set. We considered the most suitable land for proposing industries in the respective blocks. The area that for most suitable land came out to be 7,057,76,661 sq m.

8.3.3.4 Proposals The coir industry in Pollachi is export oriented and valuable foreign exchange earner. Small scale and cottage industries will be established under a common facility centre to enhance the value chain of coir pith and other products. Establish new fiber extracting mills will allow spinning and manufacturing in Pollachi, at places where there is fiber shortage. To revitalize the existing industries, introduction of semi-automatic weaving looms is necessary in the production front to engross women workers and provide employment to displaced workers. There is a need for introduction of new government policies for helping the coir exporters by providing necessary infrastructure. Provision of much land is not needed as coir industries can be set up as a household industry producing various level of coir products. But policies need to be introduced for the transition stage to self-employed people in the industry and follow modern technological trends. As banana production is high in many blocks, chips can be made out of these home-grown bananas because banana is being produced in abundance and exported to Kerala and Karnataka where they make chips out of it and that chips is again imported back to Coimbatore for selling. Small scale factories can be started which can provide livelihood to the local people including women folk and empower them. Sugarcane factories can be set up which will be helpful in increasing the economy and providing job and employment to the local people and empowering them.

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The locations for setting up of these industries have been marked mostly in Karmadai, Annur, Pollachi, Thondamuthur blocks.

Issues Strategies Proposals

•Congestion in core city •Better connectivity for •Coimbatore bypass road areas. industrial growth. connecting Nellambur to •Average Traffic volume- •Reduction of congestion Gandhi Nagar-2 count on roads. factor in city core areas. •Pollachi bypass road. •Accidents – fatal and non •Comfortable and safe •Airport expansion fatal. people friendly transport •New bus terminal at •Increaseing private system. vellalore. vechicular growth. •Mobility enhancement •Upgradation of existing •Speed and delay due to within neighbourhood bus terminals. congestion and road zones and satellite town to •Proposal of new bus stops. capacities. address inner and intercity transport needs.

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• Transport Passenger Oriented Transport Proposals The city has been a centre for trade, business, and household industry and lately has emerged as an internationally renowned education and medical centre. The physical growth of the city has been influenced by the regional transport corridors, so the city has grown in a radial manner and maximum concentration is in the centre of the city resulting in congestion and unsafe travel conditions.

Coimbatore is on the path of rapid growth so planning vision of the city should be a well-connected city with efficient people friendly system facilitated with minimum travel time and maximum safety and comfort.

The proposed bypass connects eastern ring road to the Mettupalyam road passing through Nellambur, Vellnaipatti, Agraharasamakulam village, Govindanai, therkkupalyam and Gandhinagar -2. Figure 8-8 Coimbatore Bypass connecting Gandhinagar and Nellambur 1. Pollachi Bypass A semicircular Bypass Road is proposed from Udumalpet Road (NH209) at Unjavelampatty to Pollachi-Valparai Road (SH78) at Ava Chinnampalayam to Avinashi-Tiruppur-Palladam Road (SH19) at Zamin Uthukuli to Pollachi-Palakkad Road (SH78A) at Zamin Muthur to Chikkarapuram to Kabilipalayam to Coimbatore Road (NH209) at connecting Kurumbapalayam end at Unjavelampatty. This will certainly help to decongest the city roads and will facilitate the surrounding growth centers.

2. New proposed Bus Terminal at Vallalore From desire line diagram (buses) it is observed that in present scenario of Coimbatore city most of the buses originate and terminate at Gandhipuram Bus Stand which is in city core area, along with Mofussil Bus Stand and Town Bus Stand. All the buses create a lot of congestion within the city. So there is a need for a new bus terminal to distribute the passengers and develop more convenient passage for incoming and outgoing buses. New bus terminal is proposed at Neelambur which will help the passengers to bypass the city traffic. 3. Improvement of Bus Terminals 3.1 Mettupalayam Mettupalyam is the main terminal connecting to the major tourist attractions of the region like ooty and coonor. Every year large no of national and international tourist visit these places so the Bus Terminal needs to be developed.

3.2 Ukkadam The Ukkadam terminal serves the destinations to the south of the city such as Pollachi, Palakkad, , , Munnar, and Koduvayur etc. Around 186 mofussil buses operate from this terminal. The terminal has 53 bays of which 20 bays serve the town bus services and the remaining 33 serve the mofussil buses. Extra bus bays needs to be added along with other passenger facilities.

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Map 8-7 Proposed bypass and Bus terminals and routes 3.3 Signallur Signallur terminal serves the destinations of West of the city including Trichy, Madurai, Karur, Dharmapuram, Udumpet, Pulavadi, Sultanpeta, Pedddapam Patti, Kangayam, , Pallapatti, Tanjavur, Tiruppur, Kambam, and . The terminal has 51 bays and about 189 buses operate from this terminal. So the terminal needs to be developed with added bus bays, nus shelters, flooring and other passenger facilities like toilets, Rest areas, eateries etc.

4. Proposed Bus stops New Bus stops are proposed at upcoming growing centers and connecting nearby villages for better mobility which will lead better job opportunities. They will also help to improve the mobility within neighborhood zones and satellite towns, and will address inner and intercity transport needs. • Neelithurai • Betadapuram • Black Thunder

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5. Airport Expansion From the study of passenger and cargo movement it is analyzed that the existing airport is unable to cater increased current and future passenger growth. So the airport needs to be expanded to maintain the international level of service. Length of existing Runway: - 9500 ft. Length required to accommodate wide body Aircrafts: - 12500 ft.10% Increase in passenger footfall is observed every year.

6. Proposed Flyovers Based on the analysis of speed and delay map, regional desire line diagram and accidents map flyovers are proposed on the following locations. Mettupalayam Road Ward no 19, Avinashi road, Ward 20, NH209 Avinashi Road near Airport and Ward no 27, Sulur Road.

8.3.4 Economic Infrastructure Analysis for Banks : The projection done by comparing existing number of households per bank and considering URDPFI guidelines that 1 unit of bank can serve up to lakh population Analysis for Regulated markets: The analysis was done by considering population for which one regulated market can service and proposal was given for 2041 projected population block wise by considering URDPFI guidelines. (1 Regulated market for 10 Lakhs as per URDPFI guidelines) Analysis for weekly markets: Analysis is done by comparing projected population and URDPFI guidelines. As per URDPFI guidelines for 50 thousand to 1 lakh people should have one weekly market. Analysis for ware houses: The existing ware houses has capacity around 30 % vacant so considering that and future development in respective blocks ware houses had proposed. Fish and flower markets : Considering the existing markets and future development in respective blocks the fish markets had proposed. As per URDPFI these markets were provided based on potentiality of area. Automobile markets : Based on existing manufacturing industries and sales happening in the respecting block these markets had proposed. In sulur block and coimbatore city area there is more potential for these markets. Table 8-10 Banks

Househ Banks Total Population olds Banks Required banks Household Upcomin Name of Block projection projecti projectio in 2041 (existing s/ Banks g Banks for 2041 on for n (URDPF ) 2041 I) Anamalai 50 801 272685 79966 100 50 3 Karamadai 74 989 337870 97650 121 47 4 P_n_palayam 64 1593 470535 134055 84 20 5 Annur 47 672 140698 40314 60 13 2 S_s_kullam 49 998 223020 63000 63 14 3 Sultanpet 49 468 98907 27782 59 10 1 Sulur 61 1048 298188 88483 84 23 3 Madukkarai 222 1615 1733265 500943 310 88 18 Thodanmuthur 68 1026 323908 89477 87 19 4 Kinathukadavu 38 820 163794 48174 58 20 2 Pollachi_north 26 1145 162369 47063 41 15 2

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Pollachi_south 69 915 288904 84971 93 24 3 130187 Total 817 1007.5 4514143 1160 343 50 8

Source : census 2011,Statistical Hand Book, Canara Lead Bank.

Markets:

Table 8-11 Regulated and weekly markets Block wise

Regulate Regulated Weekly Populatio Existing d Weekly Markets to Markets weekly Name of n Regulate Markets Markets be require market Block projected d Required requiremen Establishe d in s Gaps (2041) Markets as per t d 2041 URDPFI Anamalai 272685 1 1 0 2 6 4 Karamadai 337870 1 1 0 3 7 4 Annur 140698 1 1 0 2 3 1 S.S.kullam 223020 2 5 3 P.N.palayam 470535 1 1 0 3 10 7 Madukkarai 1733265 1 2 1 14 35 21 Sultanpet 98907 1 1 0 1 2 1 Sulur 298188 1 1 0 2 2 0 Thodanmuthur 323908 1 1 0 2 7 5 Kinathukadavu 163794 1 1 0 1 4 3 Pollachi North 162369 1 1 0 2 4 2 Pollachi South 288904 1 1 0 3 6 3 Total 4514143 11 12 1 37 91 54

Source: URDPFI guidelines, district statistical report2011-14, census 2011

Table 8-12Markets (fish, flower, automobile) and ware house

Population Automobile Ware house Fish Markets Flower markets Name of Block projected market Requirement requirement requirement ( 2041) requirement Anamalai 272685 N Y Y N Karamadai 337870 N Y Y N Annur 140698 N Y N N S.S.kullam 223020 N N Y N P.N.palayam 470535 N N N N Madukkarai 1733265 Y Y Y Y Sultanpet 98907 Y Y Y N Sulur 298188 N N Y Y Thodanmuthur 323908 N Y Y N Kinathukadavu 163794 N N Y N Pollachi North 162369 N Y N N Pollachi South 288904 Y Y Y N Total 4514143 8.3.5 Education Infrastructure Education is essential in the financial advancement of any nation, may it be created or creating. Numerous assets have an influence in the development of a nation's economy one of which is human

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capital that implies the workforce of the nation. A decent and beneficial workforce by influencing utilization of different assets can lead an economy to a development and thriving nation. The responsibility of preparing to monetary advancement has also been assessed through the rate of return approach. In this methodology rate of return is settled from usage made by people on getting ready and estimation of the surge of a man's future benefit.

• Existing Scenario The total population according to census 2011 is 85 84.1 34, 58,045 out of which the working population is 80.1 15, 67,950. Total literates in 2011 is 26, 35,907. 80 78.5 The projected working population of 2041 is 20, 73.5 99,011. The literacy rate of Coimbatore is higher 75 than the average rate of whole of Tamil Nadu. 70 In Coimbatore the rate of worker’s participation rate, with a dominant part of the labourers 65 2001 2011 occupied with tertiary segment exercises, reflecting high amounts of abilities and Tamil Nadu Coimbatore profitability. Just 29% of the working population is occupied with horticultural exercises, while just Table 8-13 Comparison of Coimbatore with literacy rate with Tamil Nadu about 4% are occupied with medium scale producing activities. Source: Census of India 2011

• Methodology

Methodology

Identification of Industries typology Availability of HR Requirement of HR

Skill distribution of labour Supply (source: SDSH) Skilled Semi Skilled Unskilled

Existing Scenario (As on 2011) Concentration of Industries Distribution of Education Infrastructure

Identification the gap for Technical Education to support Employment for Industries (Block Level)

Conclusion

Identifying different typology of industries is the first necessity as it will ensure the demand for work force required in different industries. The availability and the requirement of human resources (HR) is equally necessary to check so as to know how much labour supply is to be made. The skill distribution of labour supply can be divided into three categories, unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled. The existing scenario of concentration of industries and distribution of educational infrastructure is to be observed so as to identify the gap for Technical education infrastructure which supports employment for

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industries. The aim is to provide technical education infrastructure for inclusive growth in skill development.

Availability and requirement of human resources: Human resource requirement is different according to different categories of industries. The categories of skill development required for the industries are unskilled, semi- skilled and skilled.

Table 8-14 Incremental human resource by skill level of Coimbatore for 2012-2017 in 000s 160 139 140

120 109 106 100 87 80 72 60 40 20 13 0 Unskilled Semi-Skilled Skilled Requirement Availability

Source: District wise Skill Gap Study for the state of Tamil Nadu (2012-17, 2017-22.)

Unskilled:

An unskilled worker is one who is involved in simple tasks who needs a very little experience. The qualification that is required for unskilled workmen is the basic education i.e. primary to secondary education. Semi-skilled: A semiskilled worker does the daily routine work which does not need much of judgment work. The qualification that is required for semi- skilled worker are vocational training/ technical education. Skilled: A skilled worker has the comprehensive knowledge of a particular trade, or craft. The education required as a skilled person is technical as well as non- technical education.

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• Distribution of Education Infrastructure Map 8-8 Map of block-wise Map 8-10 Map of block-wise Map 8-9 Map for urban and rural education infrastructure distribution education infrastructure distribution education infrastructure for 2041 distribution for 2011 for 2011

The existing educational institutions in the urban and rural areas according to the population density in 2011 as per census of India 2011 shown in figure 3 and block wise population density with density of educational institutions in figure 2. It can be observed that technical education infrastructure is low in Sultanpet, Kinathukadavu and Pollachi North. The block wise population density and density of institutions in 2041 with the settlement hierarchy shown in figure 4 where technical education is highest in Madukarai. (Refer Atlas for maps)

• Gap Analysis for Educational Infrastructure for 2011 and 2041 The Gap analysis in Table-3 shows the block wise division of total population and working population for the year 2011. The existing institutions are then further divided as requirement and availability after which the gap for the particular institution have been calculated.

Table 8-15: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2011

Gap Analysis for 2011

Name of the Block Exist. Primary School Exist. Senior Secondary

5000 75000

TotalPopulation 2011 Working Population 2011 Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 74 131 57 49 180 131 Sarcarsamakulam 174988 71452 35 83 48 23 94 71 Madukarai 1329664 542103 266 207 -59 177 260 83 Thondamuthur 255922 114151 51 128 77 34 94 60 Annur 112532 58894 23 183 160 15 44 29 Karamadai 260050 120867 52 210 158 35 105 70 Sulur 226259 105541 45 120 75 30 93 63 Sulthanpet 77364 42852 15 118 103 10 45 35 Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 21 155 134 14 45 31

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Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 49 161 112 32 111 79 Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 21 149 128 14 53 39 Anamalai 146383 115430 29 199 170 20 79 59 Total 3406538 1558371 681 1844 1163 454 1203 749 Source: Census of India 2011.

Gap Analysis for 2011

Name of the Block Exist. Special Exist. Degree Exist. Technical

School for Colleges centres disabled

45000 125000 1000000

TotalPopulation 2011

Working Population2011 Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Perianaickanpalayam 370926 164217 8 4 -4 3 9 6 0 145 145 Sarcarsamakulam 174988 71452 4 0 -4 1 17 16 0 74 74 Madukarai 1329664 542103 30 0 -30 11 52 41 1 329 328 Thondamuthur 255922 114151 6 2 -4 2 10 8 0 94 94 Annur 112532 58894 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23 Karamadai 260050 120867 6 2 -4 2 4 2 0 47 47 Sulur 226259 105541 5 2 -3 2 5 3 0 94 94 Sulthanpet 77364 42852 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5 Pollachi(N) 103284 59073 2 0 -2 1 2 1 0 7 7 Pollachi(S) 242865 103374 5 1 -4 2 4 2 0 63 63 Kinathukadavu 106301 60417 2 0 -2 1 0 -1 0 13 13 Anamalai 146383 115430 3 3 0 1 3 2 0 61 61 Total 3406538 1558371 76 15 -61 27 107 80 3 955 952 Source: Census of India 2011

Whereas in Table-4 the gaps of the number of institutions has been calculated by considering the availability and required institutions for the year 2041. We can hereby analyse that as per the requirement the number of primary schools in Madukarai is estimated to be high as the concentration of population is increasing due to the development of the block which is also the reason behind the gap. The primary and secondary school education which qualifies for the unskilled labours in different industry typologies should be provided for the gap to be filled.

Table 8-16: Gap Analysis for Education Infrastructure For 2041

Gap Analysis for 2041 Exist. Primary Exist. Senior As per Population projection 2041 School Secondary

5000 7500

Name of the Block

Total Projected Population 2041 Working Population Projection 2041 Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Perianaickanpalayam 470535 208316 94 131 37 63 180 117 Sarcarsamakulam 223020 91065 45 83 38 30 94 64 Madukarai 1733265 706651 347 207 -140 231 260 29

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Thondamuthur 323908 144476 65 128 63 43 94 51 Annur 140698 73635 28 183 155 19 44 25 Karamadai 337870 157036 68 210 142 45 105 60 Sulur 298188 139093 60 120 60 40 93 53 Sulthanpet 98907 54785 20 118 98 13 45 32 Pollachi(N) 162369 92866 32 155 123 22 45 23 Pollachi(S) 288904 122970 58 161 103 39 111 72 Kinathukadavu 163794 93094 33 149 116 22 53 31 Anamalai 272685 215025 55 199 144 36 79 43 Total 4514143 2099012 903 1844 941 602 1203 601

Gap Analysis for 2041 Exist. Special Exist. Degree Exist. Technical As per Population School for disabled Colleges centres projection 2041

45000 125000 1000000

Name of the Block

Total Projected Population 2041 Working Population Projection 2041 Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Requirement Total Availability Gap Perianaickanpalayam 470535 208316 10 4 -6 4 9 5 0 145 145 Sarcarsamakulam 223020 91065 5 0 -5 2 17 15 0 74 74 Madukarai 1733265 706651 39 0 -39 14 52 38 2 329 327 Thondamuthur 323908 144476 7 2 -5 3 10 7 0 94 94 Annur 140698 73635 3 1 -2 1 0 -1 0 23 23 Karamadai 337870 157036 8 2 -6 3 4 1 0 47 47 Sulur 298188 139093 7 2 -5 2 5 3 0 94 94 Sulthanpet 98907 54785 2 0 -2 1 1 0 0 5 5 Pollachi(N) 162369 92866 4 0 -4 1 2 1 0 7 7 Pollachi(S) 288904 122970 6 1 -5 2 4 2 0 63 63 Kinathukadavu 163794 93094 4 0 -4 1 0 -1 0 13 13 Anamalai 272685 215025 6 3 -3 2 3 1 0 61 61 Total 4514143 2099012 100 15 -85 36 107 71 5 955 950

8.3.5.1 Inferences and Proposals With respect to the above probability analysis and proposals of manufacturing, agro-based and services industries, the blocks has to be prioritized with technical education infrastructure supporting employment for industries. As per priority it has a very high requirement in Sulur, Sarkarsamakulam and Periyanaickenpalayam, moderate in Sulthanpet, Thondamuthur and low requirement in Annur. Some of the technical education courses and institutes for skill development schemes as per sectors which are to be promoted are mentioned below: 1. Textile • Handlooms and Handicrafts, Gems and Jewellery • Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) by Government owned Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs), Private Industrial Training Institutes (PITIs) • Weavers’ Service Centres and Cooperative Training • Training Centres for Handicrafts and handlooms • Apparel export training for Workers in Garment Industry 2. Auto-mobile • National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) by Automotive skills development council (ASDC)

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• Crafts Instructor Training Scheme (CITS) • Advanced Vocational Training Scheme and Hi-tech Training Scheme • Automotive and Automobile Training Systems 3. Pump Hydraulics Training Systems for Industrial & Mobile Applications • Pump Operator cum Mechanic Under Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) • Training on motor and pump testing laboratory by NSIC, Tamilnadu 4. Foundry • Engineering, Electronics hardware, Construction • Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS) • Degree courses by The National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology. 5. Agro- based • Coirs, Food Processing • Training Courses for Coir and Coir products under Coir Vikas Yojana (CVY) • Training in use of Agricultural Implements & machinery • Training courses by Council of Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP) • Person power development in rural areas (FPTC Scheme) 6. Chemicals and drugs • Medicine and Pharmaceuticals • Diploma courses on Pharmaceutical technology, Clinical and Industrial Drug Development, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry

8.3.6 Tourism Tourism is the act of spending time away from home in pursuit of recreation, relaxation, and pleasure, simultaneously making use of provision of commercialised services. Moreover, tourism is a product of modern social installations which has antecedents in Classical antiquity. As per the World Tourism Organisation, tourists are people travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. The location of Coimbatore along the Western Ghats and the cool winds flowing though the Palghat gap provide a Figure 8-9 Distribution of Tourism in Coimbatore pleasant climate to the city. Coimbatore is city with several distinguished tourism genre. Its vegetation, monuments, temples, biodiversity and rural life make it an attractive tourist spot.

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The methodology is as follows:

Tamil Nadu has the largest tourism industry in India. In 2016, Tamil Nadu was the most visited tourism destination with over 344 million domestic and 4.6 million foreign visitors. The state’s tourism department’s aim is to achieve the top position in both domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in the coming years as well.

Figure 8-12 Domestic Tourists in Figure 8-10 Share of Tamil Nadu Figure 8-11 International Tourists Tamil Nadu Tourism in Tamil Nadu in Tamil Nadu

It is rightly enunciated in the “Vision Tamil Nadu – 2023”: • Positioning Tamil Nadu as an “All Seasons All Budget Tourist Destination”. • Highlighting the Tourist Security and Tourist Friendliness in the State. • Communicating the Tourist Infrastructure like best road, rail and air connectivity and the facilities available for tourists. • Identifying and developing lesser known tourist centres to decongest the popular destinations. • Creating employment opportunities through tourism growth. • Connectivity Improvement and Signage. • Continuous research and planning to evolve new tourism products.

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8.3.6.1 Existing and Projected Employment Renowned for its quality of education, Other Coimbatore has also been kind to job-seekers, Travel agencies Services with the unemployment rate standing 3.7%, 3% much lower than the state average of 4.5%, 5% according to the latest Census data. Experts say skill gap among graduates, gap between Handicrafts Lodging industry growth and growth of graduate 22% 35% population and rising aspirations for better jobs are some factors that contribute to unemployment. Considering the total tourists projected, 65% General Shops Restaurant/ employment would be increased in various 15% café/bar components. 20% Total Projected Employment for 2041 = 93320 Figure 8-13Existing Employment Generation in Tourism Sector

Table 8-17 Total Employment Existing and Projected

Existing Projected 2041 Sector Nos. of Nos. of Nos. of units Nos. of employees employees units Lodging 639 19700 1054 32505 Restaurant/café/bar 2211 11580 3648 19107 General Shops 4560 8455 7524 13951 Handicrafts 7873 12764 12990 21061 Travel agencies 316 1580 521 2607 Other Services 650 2600 1073 4090 Total 16249 56679 26811 93320

8.4 SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY Considering the urbanization trends from 1991-2011 and from the population projection of the consecutive decades, if we assume that settlements having population more than 5000 are to be considered as urban areas, the settlement hierarchy would be the following.

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Map 8-11 Settlement Hierarchy 2041

Table 8-18 Settlement Hierarchy considering 5000+ population settlements as urban.

CLASS POPULATION 2011 2021 2031 2041 I 1,00,000+ 2 3 5 5 II 50,000 – 1,00,000 5 4 2 5 III 20,000 - 50,000 18 21 27 27 IV 10,000 – 20,000 27 38 41 45 V 5,000 – 10,000 14 67 69 75 As we mentioned in the above table, Class I settlements in 2011 is 2, i.e. Coimbatore (M. Corp) and Kurichi (M) in Coimbatore South Taluka. By 2041, we see 3 more Class I settlements coming up, i.e. Goundampalayam (M) in Coimbatore North taluka, Kuniyamuthur (M) in Coimbatore South taluka and Pollachi (M) in Pollachi taluka. We also see large number of Class V settlements coming up in 2041, changing the number from 14 to 75. Even number of Class IV settlements increase significantly (assuming 5000+ population settlements as urban).

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Therefore, by 2041, 92.26% of the population will be living in urban areas and 7.73% of the population will be living in rural areas.

8.5 SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS It is a technique capable of identifying and measuring any underlying simple structure of selected urban dimensions, for instance residential quality, socio economic status, neighbourliness, congestion etc. a. Urban Agglomeration

One of the practical rationales for defining an urban agglomeration is to recognize an urban agglomeration when it is formed, thus allowing for better implementation and integration of policies, plans and infrastructure construction. Once an urban agglomeration is defined and identified, plans, policies and infrastructure construction can be coordinated from a macro level to ensure smooth long- term integration and

A major pull factor of urban sprawl is, no doubt, the lack or insufficiency of strict planning guidelines and urban development policies, which do not control land consumption in an appropriate way.

Table 8-19 General driving forces of urban migration

Topics Push factors Pull factors Economic • Resources availability sphere • Lack of resources (water, food, goods • Economic advantages (better • Economic disadvantages (salary, lack employment opportunities, salaries of services, unemployment) • Good accessibility (enabling faster commuting) Housing & • Pleasant neighbourhood and • Dissatisfaction with present living living surroundings conditions: condition • Sufficient housing, building land • Lack of housing sphere provision • Low neighbourhood quality • Better neighbourhood quality • Few social, educational, leisure • Good social, education, leisure opportunities facilities Social • Appropriate social neighbourhood • End of professional education sphere Structure • Change of job, increase of personal • Former neighbours and friends moved income earlier to the target area, which • Family status change (marriage, evolves as homogenous ethnic district children...) • Building homogenous ethnic districts

“Ghettos”

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b. Methodology

Enhance the capacity of Coimbatore Region as a global employment generating hub – AIM URBANISATION approach

Objective- Parameters Centrality Index Identification of Growth 1 Demographic Calculation of mean and Pole-Growth Centres- 2 Economic deviation Growth Points 3 Infrastructure

Analysis Theory Order of the Growth Pole Theory cities/villages

Mapping Spatial Analysis

c. Growth Pole Identification: Parameters and Scalogram Generation

To calculate the centrality index, various parameters were considered based on demography, economy and infrastructure. Each parameter is assigned a weightage to calculate the centrality index. A total of 70 parameters are considered for the analysis but only 44 parameters are listed below to brief the process.

Table 8-20 Parameters for defining growth centre

Sub-Category Sector Categories

Demographical/Physical Settlement • Population • Urban/Rural • Average Household Social • Female Literacy Rate • Male Literacy Rate • Sex Ratio Economic • Total Workers

Economy Percentage Workers • Total Marginal Workers • Total Agricultural Workers

Industries • Total Household Industries • Total Household Industries • Total Tertiary Industries

Infrastructure Physical • Railway Services • Drainage System • Water Tap • Fire Fighting Service

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Social - Health • Allopathic Hospital • Dispensary / Health Center • Maternity and Child Welfare Centre • Maternity Home • T.B. Hospital • Veterinary Hospital • Mobile Health Clinic

Education • Primary School • Middle School • Secondary School • Senior Secondary School • Degree College Art & Science • Govt. Polytechnic • School for Disable • Orphanage Home • Working Women Hostel • Old age Home

Amenities • Private Stadium • Govt Cinema Theater • Private Cinema Theater • Govt. Auditorium/ Community Hall • Public Library • Co-operative Banks • Agriculture Credit Soc.

A total of 106 ULB’s are considered for Scalogram Analysis based on the population. Out of 284 villages, towns and cities in the district there are 106 villages and towns above 6000 population and scoring is done based on the services and amenities available in a particular village, town or city. There are Census Towns, Town Panchayat and Municipalities among the 106 administrative boundaries.

The highest score is gained by Coimbatore Municipal Corporation with 37.30 and the next highest is 13.31. Since the difference between the 1st ranked city and the 2nd ranked city are almost 3 multiples 2nd set of Scalogram analysis is done for 105 administrative boundaries removing the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation. Since the Coimbatore is 1st ranked Order Score Considered and scored the highest it is selected as the 1st order city. 1st order Above 30 According the 2nd Scalogram analysis table the 2nd order, 2nd order 10 - 30 rd 3rd order, 4th order and 5th order cities are selected by 3 order 6 - 10 4th order 4 - 6 calculating the mean and standard deviation of the scores and 5th order Below 4 considering the lowest interval cities.

Centrality Index: Calculation of Standard Deviation

To categorize villages and towns into orders (1st to 5th), the standard deviation from values of centrality index. The towns above the standard deviation value are assigned 1st, 2nd and 3td order and the town/villages below this value

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are assigned 4th and 5th order. Future Growth Centres Map 8 - 12 Urban Growth Pole and Urban Growth Centres

1st Order-Urban Growth Pole: Will send out financial technological, research and industrial impulses to all centers and points within the area of their command; will perform highly specialized secondary and tertiary activities

2nd Order-Urban Growth Centre: Secondary activities for agricultural products; will produce agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides, and machines; will have radio/television station, banking facilities, degree college, university, technical institutions; will function as industrial hubs of the area they serve.

3rd Order-Urban Growth Points: It will have agro industries, dairy processing units, junior college, primary level specialized medical facilities etc.

4th Order-Service Centers: Grocery store, general merchant shops, minor repair facilities, tailor, larger shops, restaurants, primary and middle school, sub-post office, co-operative bank, rice mill, flour mill, cinema theatre etc.

5th Order-Central Village: Offering marketing, recreational and social services; will have primary school, sub post office, health sub centre, primary co-operative

Table 8-21 Calculation for 5th Order and 4th Order

Village Centrality X-X̅ (X- Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅ )2 Index X̅ )2 Index 5th Order 4th Order Tholampalayam 3.05 -1.24 1.53 Vadambacheri 4.85 0.57 0.32 Marudur 3.28 -1.01 1.02 Pannimadai 4.91 0.62 0.39 Ikkaraibooluvampatti 3.40 -0.89 0.79 Varapatti 4.93 0.64 0.41 Madavarayapuram 3.50 -0.79 0.62 Ettimadai (TP) 4.93 0.64 0.41 Velliangadu 3.51 -0.78 0.60 Vettaikaranpudur (TP) 4.94 0.65 0.42 3.68 -0.61 0.37 Belladhi 4.99 0.70 0.49 Madampatti 3.68 -0.61 0.37 Vedapatti (TP) 5.03 0.74 0.55 Periapodu 3.71 -0.58 0.33 Somayampalayam (CT) 5.06 0.77 0.60 Kemmarampalayam 3.81 -0.48 0.23 Neelambur (CT) 5.08 0.79 0.62 Illuppanatham 3.90 -0.39 0.15 Thirumalayampalayam (TP) 5.09 0.80 0.64 Kadampadi 3.91 -0.38 0.14 Bellapalayam 5.12 0.83 0.70 Sellakkarichal 3.93 -0.36 0.13 Chikkarampalayam 5.15 0.86 0.74 Sokkanur 3.97 -0.32 0.10 Arasur (CT) 5.19 0.90 0.81 Poravipalayam 3.97 -0.32 0.10 Pooluvapatti (TP) 5.27 0.98 0.96 Masagoundenchettipalaya 3.99 -0.30 0.09 Ashokapuram (CT) 5.29 1.00 1.00 m Vellamadai 4.08 -0.21 0.04 Karegoundenpalayam 5.33 1.04 1.08

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Odaiyakulam (TP) 4.09 -0.20 0.04 Achipatti (CT) 5.33 1.05 1.10 Z. Kottampatti 4.14 -0.14 0.02 (TP) 5.39 1.10 1.21 Theethipalayam 4.17 -0.12 0.01 Pallapalayam (TP) 5.47 1.19 1.41 Veerapandi 4.24 -0.05 0.00 Devarayapuram 5.50 1.21 1.48 Solavampalayam 4.35 0.06 0.00 (CT) 5.58 1.29 1.68 4.37 0.09 0.01 (CT) 5.59 1.31 1.70 Thekkampatti 4.39 0.10 0.01 Muthugoundam Pudur (CT) 5.65 1.36 1.86 Ramapatinam 4.41 0.12 0.01 Sarcarsamakulam (TP) 5.72 1.43 2.06 Bilichi 4.47 0.18 0.03 (TP) 5.72 1.44 2.06 Irumborai 4.48 0.20 0.04 Chickadasampalayam 5.73 1.44 2.08 Pichanur 4.52 0.23 0.05 Dhaliyur (TP) 5.78 1.49 2.23 Nanjundapuram 4.55 0.26 0.07 Thenkarai (TP) 5.81 1.52 2.33 (TP) 4.58 0.29 0.08 Sirumugai (TP) 5.82 1.53 2.34 Angalakurichi 4.62 0.33 0.11 Chettipalayam (TP) 5.84 1.56 2.42 Jadayampalayam 4.65 0.36 0.13 Gudalur (TP) 5.88 1.59 2.53 (TP) 4.69 0.40 0.16 (CT) 5.91 1.62 2.62 Odderpalayam 4.71 0.42 0.18 (TP) 5.92 1.64 2.68 Marchinaickenpalayam 4.77 0.48 0.23 Narasimhanaicken-palayam 5.95 1.67 2.78 (TP) Veerapandi (TP) 5.99 1.70 2.88 (TP) 6.08 1.80 3.23

Table 8-22 Calculation for 3rd Order and 2nd Order

Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅ )2 Village Centrality X-X̅ (X-X̅ )2 Index Index 3rd Order 2nd Order Chinniam palayam (CT) 6.15 4.30 18.53 Karamadai (TP) 10.06 8.21 67.45 Zamin Uthukuli (TP) 6.35 4.50 20.27 Sulur (TP) 10.24 8.40 70.54 Makkinampatti (CT) 6.35 4.50 20.29 (TP) 10.32 8.48 71.86 Chinnathadagam (CT) 6.35 4.51 20.34 Mettupalayam (M) 10.94 9.10 82.80 Chinnampalayam (CT) 6.50 4.65 21.66 Thondamuthur (TP) 11.35 9.51 90.40 Anaimalai (TP) 6.55 4.71 22.17 Thudiyalur (TP) 12.06 10.22 104.45 Suleeswaranpatti (TP) 6.62 4.77 22.79 Annur (TP) 12.20 10.35 107.17 (CT) 6.64 4.80 23.02 Pollachi (M) 12.54 10.70 114.47 Kaniyur (CT) 6.84 4.99 24.94 Valparai (M) 12.95 11.10 123.30 Perur (TP) 6.84 5.00 24.97 Vellakinar (TP) 14.32 12.47 155.59 Karumathampatti (TP) 7.10 5.26 27.65 Kinathukadavu (TP) 7.17 5.33 28.40 Irugur (TP) 7.36 5.51 30.37 (TP) 7.39 5.55 30.78 Kannampalayam (TP) 8.34 6.50 42.20 Periya Negamam (TP) 8.55 6.70 44.94 Vilankurichi (CT) 8.55 6.71 45.03 Kuniyamuthur (M) 8.74 6.89 47.50 Kurichi (M) 8.83 6.99 48.86 (TP) 8.96 7.11 50.59 Kottur (TP) 9.02 7.17 51.42 Madukkarai (TP) 9.13 7.29 53.15 Periyanaicken-palayam 9.58 7.74 59.85 (TP) Vadavalli (TP) 9.82 7.97 63.54 Goundampalayam (M) 9.92 8.08 65.25

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Standard Deviation =√(Ʃ(X-X)²/n =598.44/105 =5.69 After calculating the scores and selecting the order of the cities, the graph is plotted with the centrality index curve.

Figure 8-14

Table 6 No of cities- Order Analysis on plotting the graph of centrality indices, the number of towns and villages found out are: Order wise Order No. of towns and villages 1st order 1 2nd order 10 3rd order 25 4th order 36 5th order 34

Table 8-23 Urban Growth Pole, Urban Growth Centre, Urban Growth Point

Urban Growth Pole- 1st Urban Growth Canter- 2nd Urban Growth Point- 3rd phase Phase phase City/Village Population City/Village Population City/Village Population Chinnampalayam (CT) 8695 Karamadai (TP) 35166 Anaimalai (TP) 17208 Suleeswaranpatti (TP) 20104 Sulur (TP) 27909 Kurudampalayam (CT) 18749 Kaniyur (CT) 12011 Kalapatti (TP) 39586 Perur (TP) 8004 Coimbatore 1050721 Mettupalayam Karumathampatti (TP) 35062 (M Corp.) 69213 (M) Kinathukadavu (TP) 8653 Thondamuthur Irugur (TP) 25691 11492 (TP) Saravanampatti (TP) 32920 Kannampalayam (TP) 15868 Thudiyalur (TP) 33924 Periya Negamam (TP) 7098 Annur (TP) 20079 Vilankurichi (CT) 24235

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Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924 Kurichi (M) 123667 Pollachi (M) 90180 Vellalur (TP) 24872 Kottur (TP) 26627 Madukkarai (TP) 30357 Valparai (M) 70859 Periyanaicken-palayam 25930 (TP) Vadavalli (TP) 39873 Vellakinar (TP) 15998 Goundampalayam (M) 83908

Table 8-24 Urban Service Centre, Central Village

Service Centres- 4th phase Central Village- 5th phase City/Village Population City/Village Population Vadambacheri 8252 Tholampalayam 6574 Pannimadai 13785 Marudur 9491 Varapatti 7644 Ikkaraibooluvampatti 6361 Ettimadai (TP) 9352 Madavarayapuram 6365 Vettaikaranpudur (TP) 17392 Velliangadu 7451 Belladhi 7637 Kondayampalayam 6636 Vedapatti (TP) 11658 Madampatti 6771 Somayampalayam (CT) 14787 Periapodu 6945 Neelambur (CT) 8382 Kemmarampalayam 6405 Thirumalayampalayam (TP) 12164 Illuppanatham 9255 Bellapalayam 9131 Kadampadi 8147 Chikkarampalayam 10242 Sellakkarichal 6209 Arasur (CT) 11510 Sokkanur 6020 Pooluvapatti (TP) 12853 Poravipalayam 6568 Ashokapuram (CT) 12993 Masagoundenchettipalayam 9616 Karegoundenpalayam 7531 Vellamadai 6874 Achipatti (CT) 9849 Odaiyakulam (TP) 13370 Chinnavedampatti (TP) 20122 Z. Kottampatti 9606 Pallapalayam (TP) 11910 Theethipalayam 8629 Devarayapuram 6417 Veerapandi 7528 Perur Chettipalayam (CT) 17809 Solavampalayam 6387 Pattanam (CT) 9196 Kangayampalayam 8251 Muthugoundam Pudur (CT) 10259 Thekkampatti 12414 Sarcarsamakulam (TP) 10289 Ramapatinam 7429 Idikarai (TP) 8686 Bilichi 10412 Chickadasampalayam 19049 Irumborai 8001 Dhaliyur (TP) 11500 Pichanur 6261 Thenkarai (TP) 7349 Nanjundapuram 9355 Sirumugai (TP) 18223 Alanthurai (TP) 7221 Chettipalayam (TP) 10366 Angalakurichi 8816 Gudalur (TP) 38859 Jadayampalayam 10049 Malumichampatti (CT) 12936 Othakalmandapam (TP) 12207 Mopperipalayam (TP) 10923 Odderpalayam 7403 Narasimhanaicken-palayam (TP) 17858 Marchinaickenpalayam 19407

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Veerapandi (TP) 16953 Veerakeralam (TP) 23841

Since the project duration is planned for 20 years the planning of the cities the urban growth poles, growth centers, growth points are developed phase wise in five phases. d. Correlation of Identified Zonal Characters with developable land and future growth POLES: As shown in the map, overlay gives future urban centers, their zonal character or growth engine and population projection. Based on the observations following cases are identified where lower order cities like Kuniyamuthur, Kurichi and Goundampalayam have more population than second order cities like Mettupalayam and Pollachi. Since population of Valparai is steadily decreasing and being the eco-sensitive zone control development approach shall be applied here separately. For the other settlements the comparative analysis is done based upon criteria viz.; connected settlements, order and level, zonal character. In order to upgrade the lower order cities to higher order cities, by growth pole theory socio-economic infrastructure is required.

Table 8-25 Showing Identified Settlements

Urban Growth Pole Population Urban Growth Population Urban Growth Point Population Center Coimbatore M. Corp 1050721 Mettupalayam (M) 69213 Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924 Pollachi (M) 90180 Kurichi (M) 123667 Valparai (M) 70859 Goundampalayam (M) 83908 Zonal Character Agro based Industrial Tourism

Table 8-26 Showing Identified Settlements and Reqisites for Upgrade in Order

Order Name Level Character Connected Infrastructure for Order Centers Upgrade 2nd Mettupalayam Center Agro Growth Center- 0 Machinery, Financial, Based Growth Point- 1 Technology, Banking Facilities, Service Center-3 Medical facilities, University, Central Village-0 Industrial Hub 2nd Pollachi Center Agro Growth Center- 1 Agro-based Industries, Based Growth Point- 2 Specialized medical facilities Service Center-1 Central Village-2 2nd Valparai Center Tourism Growth Center- 1 Controlled Development Zone to Growth Point- 1 sustain balance between natural Service Center-0 and built environments Central Village-0 3rd Kuniyamuthur Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Offering marketing, recreational Growth Point- 2 and social services, specialized Service Center-0 medical facilities etc. Central Village-0 3rd Kurichi Point Industrial Growth Center- 0 Agro industries, dairy processing Growth Point- 3 units, junior college, primary Service Center-2 level specialized medical Central Village-0 facilities etc. 3rd Goundampalayam Point Industrial Growth Center- 1 Industrial products, machines, Growth Point- 0 banking facilities, degree Service Center-2 college, university, Industrial Central Village-0 hub

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Urbanisation Analysis a. Developable Land

Sr. No TYPE INFLUENCE CATEGORY SCALE VALUE

1 OPEN SPACE 25 VACANT 1

AGRICULTURE 2

2 SLOPE 25 0-3% 1

3-5% 2

5-8% 3

8-15% 4

>15% RESTRICTED

3 NATURAL 5 0-30m RESTRICTED

>30m 1

4 RAILWAY 5 0-20m RESTRICTED

>20m 1

5 FOREST 10 RESERVED RESTRICTED

NON-RESERVED 1

6 DEVELOPED 5 BUILTUP RESTRICTED

NON BUILTUP 1

7 WATERWAY 10 0-20m RESTRICTED

>20m 1

8 ROAD 15 0-200m 1

200-500m 2

500-1000m 3

1000-2000m 4

>2000m 5

SUM OF INFLUENCE = 100

EVALUEATION SCALE

1 TO 5 BY 1

• PINK MARKED AREA ARE RESTICTED PART • GREEN IS MOST SUITABLE

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• YELLOW IS MODERATE SUITABLE • ORANGE IS LEAST SUITABLE The suitability for developable land is created by considering following criteria; Slope percentage is considered as 0-3% is more suitable, 3-8% is moderate and 8-15% is less suitable and more than 15% is restricted as it is not possible for construct on that land. Buffer of major road is considered as buffer of 0- 200m if more suitable, 200-500m is moderate, 500- 1000m is less suitable and more that 1km is least suitable for developable land. All the existing built-up is considered as restricted as develop on the existing built-up is not suitable. Natural feature like water body and water ways are considered as restricted area. A buffer of 20m from railway property is considered as development on that land is restricted by rail authority. Reserved forest land is considered as restricted for environment protection. The weightage is given as maximum weightage is given to slope and road, and equal area is given to all the restricted features. According to which the total suitability is calculated, and the total land is under all the category is given below,

Category Ares (sq.km) Restricted 2356.05 High Suitable 806.78 Moderate Suitable 1516.42 Least Suitable 33.43

b. Land Utilisation Land utilization involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods. It also has been defined as "the total of arrangements, activities, and inputs that people undertake in a certain land cover type.Following are the definition used for land utilization.

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1. Forest Area: This includes all land classified either as forest under any legal enactment, or administered as forest, whether State- owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the “forest area”. 2. Area under Non-agricultural Uses: This includes all land occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals, and other land put to uses other than agriculture. 3. Barren and Un-Culturable Land: This includes all land covered by mountains, deserts, etc. Land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost is classified as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. 4. Permanent Pasture and other Grazing Land: This includes all grazing land whether it is permanent pasture/meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this category.

5. Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, Landcover (Sq km) etc.: This includes all cultivable land Grassland 147.20 which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ Barren Land 1895.67 but is put to some agricultural use. Land Water Body 172.08 under casuri trees, thatching grasses, Rocky Land 104.45 Forest 1160.26 bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, Fallow Land 119.19 etc. which are not included under Built-up 467.55 ‘Orchards’ are classified under this Agriculture 912.31 category. Total 4978.71 6. Culturable Waste Land: This includes land available for cultivation, whether taken up or not taken up for cultivation once, but not cultivated during the last five years or more in succession including the current year for some reason or the other. Such land may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be accessible or inaccessible and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings.

c. Residential Land Suitability As to fulfil the demand of housing in Coimbatore district we have find out the best potential area by residential land suitability analysis. Residential development depends upon various factors, like available developable land, extent of area, accessibility etc and some natural factors like slope, soil etc. Land suitability assessment is a multiple criteria evaluation process, various layers overlay and giving weightage according to our need. Overall, the following parameter have been considered for the suitability analysis:

• Developable land • Community centre

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• School Map 8-13 Residential Land Suitability • Colleges • Healthcare • Parks • Garden • Roads • Railway • Water bodies • Built Up • Forest • Air quality index • Slope

Table 8-27 Residential land suitability Areas

Categories Restricted Most suitable Moderately suitable Area % Area % Area % (hectares) (hectares) (hectare) Mettupalayam 45471.71 73.67 2866.64 4.64 13385.35 21.69 Coimbatore North 37812.92 47.14 7489.99 9.34 34902.75 43.52 Coimbatore South 49237.26 59.72 8313.67 10.08 24890.72 30.19 Pollachi 18664.26 16.25 5695.53 4.96 90531.05 78.80 Sulur 16107.25 27.45 6564.13 11.18 36016.53 61.37 Valparai 69825.89 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.42 0.00

d. Comparison of Coimbatore with different Urban Planning theories The process of planning for a city takes into consideration various factors and parameters. Planning for a city is a comprehensive and tedious progress. Often, we come across cases when the growth pattern of a city resembles existing Urban Planning models. The following is a brief study of Coimbatore District based on Central Place Theory, Linear City and Sector Theory. In order to be able to compare Coimbatore with Urban Planning Models, we use the existing Land Use map of Coimbatore District. I. Central Place Theory The District of Coimbatore has six municipalities. Mettupalayam and Pollachi are the two major sub- towns in the district. Mettupalayam is situated 35 kilometres away from North Coimbatore in the valley basin of the Nilgiris while Pollachi lies 41 kilometres to the south of Coimbatore. During the analysis of these two settlements it was found that they act as a Central Place providing for different services and commodity needs for nearby villages. These two settlements are also connected directly to the urban core of Coimbatore and hence act as a thrust base for Employment, Education and Recreational

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purposes. The Central Place Theory is based on two concepts; Range and Threshold. Mettupalayam and Pollachi act as the central Place for smaller hierarchical settlements which are quite smaller in size. These settlements have surrounded these higher order towns in a circular or Hexagonal form thus holding up the Central Place Theory. II. Sector Theory Model Figure 8-15 Comparison of Coimbatore with Central Place Theory Homer Hoyt proposed Sector theory Model in the year 1939 based on the dominant organic land use that grew in the urban centers at that time. The urban core of Coimbatore city was thoroughly analysed based on existing land uses and it was found that it is completely concurrent with the Sector Theory model. The north-west and south-west parts of Coimbatore city is dominantly residential, and a small percentage of the area is dedicated to Public and semi-public or institutional use. The majority of Factories/Industries are based along transit corridors such as NH-67, NH-209 and NH-47. The city is sprawling towards the low-class residential area in the North-eastern and eastern region of the city. These industries influence the growth of low-income housing in the areas surrounding them while recent times have seen numerous redevelopment projects in this vicinity. The Model can be used to assign and regulate Land use for different uses and Land suitability. The potential of these identified areas can further be exploited to achieve the set vision of developing and transforming Coimbatore into a global city with immense employment generation and establishing it as a manufacturing hub.

III. Linear City Model Linear City model was proposed By Arturo Soria y Mata as a concept that was envisioned for the elongated growth of an urban centre. He proposed this city model as a solution for the city of Madrid which needed a plan to control its haphazard sprawl turning it into a broader city. The eastern part of Coimbatore has two national highways that connect it to the eastern capital city Figure 8-16 Comparison of Coimbatore with Linear City Model of Chennai. Both cities are also directly connected through a railway route that runs through this heavily industrialized region of Coimbatore. The northern frontiers of eastern Coimbatore consist of Light and heavy industries surrounded by low class residential settlements whereas the southern part consists of middle and high-class residential areas followed by agricultural land use. Due to these characteristics, this region of Coimbatore perfectly

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fits the Linear City Model. It can be transformed into a Mass corridor for faster passenger and Cargo movement. Similar initiatives can be taken for the regions consisting of NH-67 and NH-209. e. Case Study of eight villages in the Coimbatore district: Effect of urbanisation on rural areas of Coimbatore After we identified urbanisation as one of our thrust areas for proposing strategies of development in our sub-regional plan, we wanted to configure a pattern as to how the immense scale at which the district is urbanising will affect the dominant spatial entity of the district that is villages. Although 75% of the population resides in the urban centres the major chunk of land is yet in administration of villages at grass root level. We wanted to establish this pattern and assess how the urban-rural divide pertains in the district in terms of their dependency on urban areas. We have considered various factors namely Map 8-14 Distance of Villages from Urban Centres • Distance from the urban core • Dependency for lower and higher order of services • Change in Work force participation in agriculture • Difference in the character of villages as the character of their urban cores differ, etc Before we went for our site study, we identified the following 8 villages in the district based on these criteria. 1. Mettupalayam a. Odanthurai b. Nellithurai 2. North Coimbatore a. Vadavalli b. Kallipalayam 3. South Coimbatore a. Poorandampalayam b. Peedampalli 4. Pollachi a. Kullichettipalayam b. Pethanaickarnur Key highlight from our study of these villages show that

• Nellithurai is a tribal settlement which has been sceptical towards urbanisation and forbid intrusion from authorities whereas Pethanaickarnur is a settlement comprising of migrants from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh generations ago where there has not been a Sarpanch for years now. • Villages selected from the north and south taluks of Coimbatore show agricultural character in contrast to their urban core Coimbatore city only after travelling at least 20 km from the core. • Vadavalli exhibits an influence of other urban centres around the village like Karamadai • People in Kullichettipalayam who go out to complete higher education come back to their village to continue the family occupation of agriculture. We held our study in the villages in two parts, firstly a discussion with the stakeholders i.e. the members of panchayat, representatives from the people and staff of schools in the village, Block development

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office and Village officers. Secondly a household survey and focus group discussion with the people living in the villages. Hence analysed trends as in the later part of this section. Status of villages as per projections in 2041 As per our population projections for 2041 it can be seen that Odanthurai is going to touch the population of around 15000 which implies it is a potential urban centre and Kullichettipalayam shall correspond to a population lesser than the population as in census 2011. Map 1 below depicts the villages selected for the study accordingly marked in the colours corresponding to their distances from their core.

Figure 8-17 Population Projection for year 2041

Other observations: 1. As we move away from the urban core the population density decreases gradually. 2. When it comes to urban core of urban character as that of Coimbatore it takes as much as 20- 25 km to get see a village with Agricultural character. Whereas when we consider Pollachi and Mettupalayam which have an agricultural character, it takes only 5-8 km to find that the predominant land character is agriculture.

Figure 8-18 Correlation between distance from urban core and Population Density

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3. As we move away from the urban core the residents need to travel longer distances in order to avail higher order services. Whereas Primary services lay evidently close to the village. Here we have classified the services on the basis of as to how basic the need of that particular service in day to day life is as follows:

Figure 8-19 Correlation between proximity to Urban core and workforce participation in Agriculture

8.6 LAND USE ZONING

A. Urbanisation Proposal • Transport Urbanisation will increase in the whole region at a very fast pace as predicted by the Growth pole theory analysis and population projection. To cater to such a large population, transportation services in the

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whole area will have to be improved as well. For the same, various existing policies were studied, key points were pondered upon and certain proposals were finalised, as mentioned below. Issues identified:

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Lack of Connectivity from BRTS to the thrust areas (CODISSIA Industrial Parks). 2. Lack of Infrastructure to cater future demand of freight movement. 3. Lack of Connectivity between the Two CODISSIA Industrial Parks.

Proposals: 1. Providing Multi-Modal hub to cater to the future demand, sustainably. 2. Proposing RRTS for Regional Connectivity. 3. Proposing a Road to connect them to encourage Industrial activity.

The details of the same are, as under:

1. Multi Modal Transportation Hub at Irrugur:

Comprehensive Mobility Plan of Coimbatore already consists proposal of BRTS system which provide very good connectivity to the citizens. However, it was observed that CODISSIA is planning to provide two Industrial centres near Irrugur. The location of the industrial centres is of importance as Coimbatore airport, L&T highway and the upcoming Defence Industrial corridor are in close vicinity to the area. Defence corridor will cover a huge area spanning from Chennai, , Salem and Coimbatore. The relevance of defence corridor nodes is as follows:

• Chennai - 50+ Vendors of Engine Factory 200+ vendors of heavy vehicles factory 550+ vendors of Bharat Electronics Limited • Hosur - Presence of over 700 Industries. Developed Automobile Industry and supporting ecosystem. • Salem - Rich in Mineral Deposits Presence of strong power grid, Salem Steel Plant and JSW Steel • Coimbatore – Presence of over 45000 units in Tiruppur – Erode Corrdior. 4 SEZs in the City. • Tiruchirappalli – More than 2500 fabrication/engineering units and presence of BHEL, Ordinance factory. Moreover, through growth pole theory it was observed that Irrugur, a fast-growing suburb of Coimbatore, will come up to be a growth centre in the near future. Considering the above-mentioned factors and the fact that the area will have to cater to a large number of workers being attracted due to the opportunities provided by CODISSIA industrial centre and Defence Industrial corridor, a Multi modal transportation hub at Irrugur is proposed.

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The multi modal transportation hub will act as a bus stop for the BRTS, have bicycle sharing system, taxi stand, parking area, proper infrastructure for pedestrians and certain commercial shops. It is also suggested that the same hub is integrated with the proposed metro services. The figure above shows the approximate location of the multi modal transportation hub with respect to the airport, BRTS route, CODISSIA industrial parks and the proposed Industrial Defence corridor. 2. Regional Rapid Transit System The whole region is bustling with varied types of industries and the same is expected to grow exponentially soon owing to the upcoming Industrial Defense corridor and the various initiatives taken up by the government and organizations like CODISSIA (Industrial parks in Kallpalayam and Mopperpalayam). With the increase in the number of industries in the area, the need for an efficient infrastructure for freight movement will occur as well. Considering the presence of immense industrial activity in the adjoining regions of Erode and Tirrupur and the proposal of Industrial Defense corridor, a Regional Rapid Transit System is proposed to connect Coimbatore to the other adjoining regions. This RRTS will not only cater to the Map 8-15 Defense Industrial Corridor future freight demand of the area but will also help us in achieving our objective to create more jobs in the area. We were influenced by the existing rail based RRTS in NCR which was created with the same objective of connecting urban, industrial, regional and sub- regional centers to enhance connectivity. The map 1 shows the proposed RRTS connecting Coimbatore to Chennai via Salem. This will not only help improve the freight but passenger movement as well.ss

• Proposals for STP and CETPs Water pollution in Coimbatore is severe and the main reason is effluent discharge from domestic and industrial sources. This pollution causes problems to the residents. For the treatment of domestic waste water, one STP is already working and two are proposed in CMC area, but according to growth poles and population projection; three more STPs are required in the district, one in Coimbatore-Sulur city region, of capacity 80 MLD, one in Mettupalayam, of capacity 15 MLD and one in Pollachi of capacity 20 MLD, details of which are given below.

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Combined capacity of one working STP and two which are under proposal are:

Table 8-28 Locations and capacities of existing and proposed STPs in Coimbatore

Capacity Locations Status (in MLD) Ukkadam Working 70 Proposed 60 Nanjundapuram Proposed 40 TOTAL 170 1. The details of required total capacity of different STP is given in the tables below along with the locations and projected populations. • The sewage produced is taken as 80% of water supplied, when 135 lpcd of water is supplied in the area in concern. • The towns are selected based on growth poles and locations.

Table 8-29 locations considered, projected population and sewage which will be produced in different localities in the district

Coimbatore and Sulur Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041 Coimbatore Chinnavedampatti Chinnavedampatti (TP) 20122 26267 North (TP) Coimbatore Coimbatore (M Coimbatore (M Corp.) 1050721 1371615 South Corp.) Coimbatore Thudiyalur (TP) Thudiyalur (TP) 33924 44284 North Coimbatore Vadavalli (TP) Vadavalli (TP) 39873 52050 South Coimbatore Kalapatti (TP) Kalapatti (TP) 39586 51676 North Coimbatore Vilankurichi (CT) Vilankurichi (CT) 24235 31636 North Coimbatore Saravanampatti (TP) Saravanampatti (TP) 32920 42974 North Coimbatore Kurudampalayam Kurudampalayam (CT) 18749 24475 North (CT) Coimbatore Vellakinar (TP) Vellakinar (TP) 15998 20884 North Irugur (TP) Sulur Irugur (TP) 25691 33537 Kannampalayam Kannampalayam (TP) Sulur 15868 20714 (TP) Sulur (TP) Sulur Sulur (TP) 27909 36432 Coimbatore Kurichi (M) Kurichi (M) 123667 161435 South Coimbatore Vellalur (TP) Vellalur (TP) 24872 32468 South Coimbatore Madukkarai (TP) Madukkarai (TP) 30357 39628 South Coimbatore Goundampalayam Goundampalayam (M) 83908 109534 North (M) Coimbatore Perur (TP) Perur (TP) 8004 10448 South Coimbatore Kuniyamuthur (M) Kuniyamuthur (M) 95924 125219 South

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Total Population (2041) (projected) 2235276 Water Supplied (in MLD) 312.93864 Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 250.350912

Pollachi Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041 Pollachi (M) Pollachi Pollachi (M) 90180 117721 Chinnampalayam Chinnampalayam (CT) Pollachi 8695 11350 (CT) Suleeswaranpatti Suleeswaranpatti (TP) Pollachi 20104 26244 (TP) Total Population (2041) (projected) 155315 Water Supplied (in MLD) 21.7441 Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 17.39528

Mettupalayam Taluk Name POP 2011 POP 2041 Mettupalayam (M) Mettupalayam Mettupalayam (M) 69213 90351 Karamadai (TP) Mettupalayam Karamadai (TP) 35166 45906 Total Population (2041) (projected) 136257 Water Supplied (in MLD) 19.07598 Sewage Produced (in MLD) (80% of water supplied) 15.260784

2. The capacity of different STPs are calculated as described below: • In Coimbatore and Sulur city region, the sewage produced will be 250 MLD and since there is already a provision for 170 MLD, thus we need a STP for 80 MLD (as, 250MLD – 170MLD = 80MLD). • The sewage generated in Pollachi will be 17MLD and hence a STP of capacity 20MLD is proposed. • In Mettupalayam, the sewage generated will be 15 MLD and thus a STP of capacity 15MLD is proposed.

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3. The locations of proposed STPs are based Map 8-16 Locations of existing and proposed STPs in the district along with the area covered on slope direction, location of residential areas and proximity to rivers (refer atlas for locations on map).

Furthermore, there are no Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in the district and hence all the industries dispose their waste into the water bodies nearby. This is the major source of water pollution in the area. For solving this issue, following proposals are given: 1. To make it mandatory for industries (especially large-scale industries) to treat their effluents. 2. Subsidize and promote CETPs for small and medium scale industries. 3. To make different boards and councils that can monitor the effluent quality of the industries.

8.6.1 Final Proposal based upon Thrust Area • Western Ghats and Valparai reserved forests as NO DEVELOPMENT/ RESTRICTED Zones. • Settlements Adjacent to restricted zones as Controlled Development Zones being eco- sensitive to sustain population and revert negative growth. • Promote Eco-tourism to generate employment near eco-sensitive areas. • Agro based industries and wind power generation along with promotion of primary sector • Proposed Service and manufacturing industries to eastern half of district. • Proposed RRTS corridor to connect Industrial corridor Coimbatore- Erode- Salem- Chennai • Promote wind and solar power generation alongside service and manufacturing industries. Protect river basins, surface water resource and improve physical infrastructure to counter water depletion and degradation.

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CHAPTER 9. - FINANCIAL CONVERGENCE Highway, Bridges and by pass sector Strategy Scheme/Policy/Programme Investment Implementation Agency (Rs. in Crores) Highway, Six/Eight lane Triangular Rs 5000 Tamil Nadu Road Bridges Corridor : Thoothukudi- Development Corporation and by Coimbatore Alignment pass sector Six/Eight lane Triangular Rs 9000 Tamil Nadu Road Corridor : Coimbatore- Development Corporation Chengalpet Alignment Railways Madurai Coimbatore high Rs 23,000 Indian Railways speed rail link Coimbatore-Chennai high Rs 45,000 Indian Railways speed rail link Airport Expansion of Coimbatore Airport Rs 3000 Airport Authority of India and Transport Department, Govt. of Tamil Nadu Industry Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Rs 7,200 State Industries Promotion Corridor- Manufacturing and Corporation of Tamil Nadu Business Investment Region : (SIPCOT) Manufacturing and Business Investment Region –I & II Coimbatore-Salem Industrial Rs 4,800 State Industries Promotion Corridor- Agri Business Corporation of Tamil Nadu Investment Region (ABIR) (SIPCOT) Coimbatore- Madurai Industrial Rs 10,000 State Industries Promotion Corridor Corporation of Tamil Nadu (SIPCOT) Industrial Parks for SME’s Rs 62.5 SIDCO, Govt of Tamil Nadu Mass Public Transit Systems for Rs 50,000 Transport Madurai and Coimbatore Department/CUMTA/CMRL Infrastructure Support for Agro Rs 208 TNAU, Agriculture food processing industry Department- Department of AM&AB Infrastructure for Dairy Rs 583 Animal Husbandry, Dairy Processing and Fisheries Department Infrastructure for poultry Rs 153 Animal Husbandry, Dairy processing and Fisheries Department Centers for Excellence foe Cancer Rs 100 Health and Family welfare Cure Department, Govt of Tamil Nadu Establishment of five Global Rs 50 Private Education Quality Nursing and Para medical Institutions Training Institutes Knowledge hub in Coimbatore Rs 325 Tamil Nadu industrial Development Corporation Enhancing Employability skills of Rs 1200 Anna University, Chennai Engineering students-Coimbatore

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Entrepreneurship Development Rs 15 Cr per Department of Higher Center for SME-Coimbatore center education, Department of Industry, Tamil Nadu Skill Development Mission, Tamil Nadu Corporation for Development of Women, ILO Center of Excellence for Rs 500 TNAU under Agricultural Agricultural Practices Department

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CHAPTER 10. - BIBLIOGRAPHY Asia, I. f. (2014). Transport Budget Proposals for Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem, Tiruppur and Tiruchirappalli. Coimbatore: ITDP and ICLEI. CapaCities. (2016). Coimbatore GHG Emissions Inventory 2015-2016. Retrieved from CapaCities: capacitiesindia.org/coimbatore-ghg-emissions/ CMC, T. &. (n.d.). DISTRICT HANDBOOK. COIMBATORE: TNPCB (TAMIL NADU POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD), CMC (COIMBATORE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION). CPCB. (2008). HAZARDOUS WASTE. DELHI: CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD. Emissions, U. (2016). City - Coimbatore, India. Retrieved from Urban Emissions Info: www.urbanemissions.info/india-apna/coimbatore-india/ India, A. A. (2018, September). Retrieved from Coimbatore International Airport CJB: https://www.coimbatoreairport.com/ India, A. A. (2018, September). Coimbatore Air Cargo. Retrieved from Airport Authority of India: https://www.aai.aero/en/node/69188 Limited, I. M. (2015). Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Coimbatore Local Planning Area. Coimbatore: TNUIFSL. Ltd., T. N. (2018, September). Retrieved from Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.: http://www.tnstc.in/ MNRE. (n.d.). Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Retrieved from Ministry of New and Renewable Energy: https://mnre.gov.in/ Nadu, G. o. (2018, September). Retrieved from Coimbatore District Traffic Police: https://coimbatore.nic.in/ Railways, I. (2018, September). Retrieved from Indian Rail Info: https://indiarailinfo.com/imminent/41 Railways, I. (2018, September). Retrieved from Railway Parcel Services: http://www.coimbatore.in/RailwayEnquiryServices/RailwayParcelService-457.html TNPCB. (n.d.). Coimbatore: TNPCB. District Statistical Handbook Districts Industries Corporation Centre National Agriculture development Program 2008 and 2018 Divisional Office of the Fire and Rescue Services

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Joint Director/Deputy Director, Public Health, Dean Coimbatore Medical College Hospitals Corporation Health Officer, Regional Officer (ESI Scheme), Superintendent, ESI Hospital. Coimbatore National Skill Development Cooperation, Coimbatore The Tamil Nadu Town And Country Planning Act, 1971 –Tamilnadu Govt. Government of Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (2006) Business Plan for Coimbatore Corporation, Coimbatore: Wilbur Smith Associates Private Limited . Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (2007) Conversion of City Corporate Plan to Business Plan for Mettupalayam Municipality , Coimbatore: ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited

Tamil Nadu Government (2017) Housing And Urban Development Department

Coimbatore District Small Industries Association

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