PREFACE

 We are so privileged to publish this valuable book titled “Tamilnadu PWD – Past & Present” authored by Er.K.Ramalingam, Former CE, TNPWD, Former President, Association of Engineers, TNPWD and presently the State President, Tamilnadu PWD Senior Engineers Associaiton as a Platinum Jubilee Publication of AOE, TNPWD. We are really fortunate to have I written by a Senior Stalwart of PWD and our Association.  Infact it is a continuation of Er.C.S.Kuppuraj‘s book 150 years History of PWD, mainly supplementing and complementing the activities of TNPWD in the last 150 years – both before independence and also in the post independent period. It gives not only a detailed account of works implemented but also the engineers responsible for the execution.  The data furnished relating to floodworks are very extensive and unique one carefully compiled in this treatise. The list of CEs of PWD from its inception 1857 to 2011 is included as a special addition, a reference for the present as well as for the future.  We are thankful to Er.K.Ramalingam, who took lot of pains including proof correction at this age of 85 years. Er. N.Kailasapathy & Staff Er. AVA for their assistance.  We convey our sincere thanks to Er. A.Mohanakrishnan, Former CE (I), PWD, Former Chairman CTC & Present Advisor - Water Resources (TN) for his valuable suggestions and correction of certain data and Thiru. S. Audiseshiah, IAS (Retd) Former Principal Secretary to Govt., PWD for their forewords adorning this book.  We are grateful to Er. D.Arumugam, President & Er.P.Krishnamoorthy, General Secretary - Association of Engineers for their support and assistance.  Our thanks are also to Thiru. M.Nasar Ahmed (M.S.Xerox) and VPS Printers for preparing the DTP works amd printing.  We hope that this valuable treasure will be useful as a reference guide for the PWD Engineers and their well-wishers for many decades. Er. A.Veerappan Chairman, Organishing Committee AOE, TNPWD A Platinum Jubilee Celebrations FOREWORD

 It is my pleasure and privilege to write the Foreword to the book authored by Er. K. Ramalingam, my esteemed colleague in the Public Works Department. This is on the request of Er. A. Veerappan, State Secretary of the Tamil Nadu PWD Senior Engineers Association and Chairman, Organising Committee for the Celebration of the Platinum Jubilee of the Association of Engineers, Tamil Nadu Public Works Department. Er.A.Mohanakrishnan  Er. K. Ramalingam is a very simple, honest, frank gentleman, soft and pleasing in his speech and manners. Always action-oriented, given a work to do, he will plunge into, with only the objective and target in mind. He has been very hard working and was sought after whenever difficult complicated jobs are to be executed in the department.  Unlike me, he was versatile and has handled many intricate jobs in record time to the satisfaction of his senior officers. His execution of the Manniar Silt Ejector in the Cauvery Delta in 1974 with very little of technical help available to him, except for his visit to see similar Ejectors in the North Indian Irrigation Systems, has been a talk among us, his colleagues for long, and I am happy to record that Manniar Silt Ejector is still functioning satisfacatorily.  I still remember how I admired his audacity as Executive Engineer to jump in, to take the wheel of the jeep when we were both taking the then Chief Engineer, of those days, in that jeep with no other vehicle for rescue, to drive a number of kilometres in the sandy tract leading to Dhanushkodi after the well known 1964 December devastating cyclone causing a six - metre wave sweeping clean across the tract into the sea leaving none alive, except a lonely dog which escaped. It is something of a phenomenon we now call "tsunami". We were taking the Chief Engineer to show the floating buoys we had erected for wind and tide observations while engaged in the detailed investigations for the alignment of the Sethu Samudram Canal which was dredged half way through and is halted at present.  Er. K. Ramalingam, if I remember correct, did a lot of work for the Cooum Improvements and also largely improved the North Buckingham Canal widening and deepening, for resumption of navigation. He served on deputation for a period in the Neyveli Lignite Corporation in the formation period. He was the first Superintending Engineer posted on deputation to the Fishing and Marine Engineering Corporation and did a lot of initial investigation works to establish minor ports along the South Indian coast both east and west like Thondi, Muttom, Colachel etc.  His services were lent to the Space Department when the Centre at Sriharikota was being developed. He made a mark in planning and organizing civil works in the initial stages for the functioning of the Centre meant for sending out PSLVs successfully since 1980, carrying satellites of various types, Indian and foreign, of varying pay loads.  As Managing Director of the TN Tube Well Corporation which he organized, with regional units at Chennai, Villupuram and Trichy, to tap the ground water in the eastern plains of Tamil Nadu, he maintained close coordination with the investigations being done by the Ground Water Department, PWD. When he found too much of interference from the administrators, he preferred to leave and get back to PWD.  As one who closely followed me in the listing of PWD Engineers, he got promoted as Chief Engineer, PWD, in charge of Minor Irrigation in 1984. During his period he concentrated on the minor irrigation tanks all over in Tamil Nadu and their modernization through external funding from the European Economic Community. Several Ex-Zamin tanks were also improved and brought under the Public Works Department where the ayacut served exceeded 40 hectares and the local Panchayat Unions where the ayacut served is less than 40 hectares, for maintenance.  Coming to the Publication a draft copy of which was handed over to me, which I have read completely, the author by himself has clarified it as a SOURCE BOOK AND NOT A HISTORY in his "Introduction" chapter which I may extract below:-

"Therefore the present account is not a history and not even an exhaustive account. But it is a source book. The events are arranged under some convenient heads for quick reference. Every effort has been made to trace the eventsfrom the administration and technical reports of the State Government and some institutions like the Association of Engineers, Budget speeches and Policy notes of the PWD".  Er. K. Ramalingam rightly points out how we in the department are poor in recording events and maintaining histories of at least major technical achievements. He has taken enormous pains to collect information from different sources and perhaps from his own jottings he might have maintained.  Listing of "Former Chief Engineers" in chapter 31 from the first Chief Engineer of the department, the most renowned irrigation engineer Col. Sir Arthur Cotton KC IRE, appointed in 1857 when the department was created, right upto the latest appointment on 08.08.2011 is commendable. The advisability of rearranging according to the subjects they held charge like irrigation, buildings, investigation, IHH, IMTI, PF, DRCS and so on irrespective of the repetition of the names under different heads, may be considered while editing.  I should congratulate the Association of Engineers, Tamil Nadu PWD, who have planned the publication of this book to be released in their Platinum Jubilee Valedictory Function. This Association under the guidance of my elderly colleague Er. C.S. Kuppuraj got a fillip during ESCO 70 which he organized, .has been making a steady progress since then, under able successors, to reach this Platinum Jubilee year and present an image of trust, and respect as an organization serving the Engineers of the department, not only in representing and obtaining the reasonable emoluments for their services in the department, but also in improving their technical caliber through releases of technical hand books and publication of this nature.  I am sure this Publication will serve the present and future generation of engineers in the Public Works Department as a ‗SOURCE BOOK‘ to whenever they come across situations, left to handle similar works by themselves, to learn and seek guidance from the contribution made by several engineers of the past in the department.

07-09-2011 A.Mohanakrishnan Advisor to Government, (Water Resources)

S.AUDISESHIAH, I.A.S. (Retd.) Former Principal Secretary to Government, PWD 52, Cauvery street, Kalakshetra Colony, Besant Nagar, Chennai – 600 090. FOREWORD

 I deem it my honour and privilege to be invited to write the ‗foreword‘ for this compendium titled ―Tamil Nadu Public Works Department—Past and Present‖ authored by Er.K.Ramalingam, retired Chief Engineer, Public Works Department and former President/AOE, TNPWD and also sitting President, Senior Engineers Association, TNPWD. I thank Er. A.Veerappan, State Secretary & Chairman, Organising Committee and the office bearers of Senior Engineers Association, TNPWD for giving me this opportunity.  Er. K. Ramalingam has created an impressive compendium of facts and figures carefully researching through 150 glorious years of Public Works Department. The content, in the given framework, covering a long history of the Organization cannot be expected to be more comprehensive. The author has tried to ensure that there are no gaps in information at any point in time regarding the outstanding performance of the Department. It is then for the individual reader to seek further details specific to the given subject depending upon his/her interest. I sincerely feel that every reader of this publication is obliged to compliment Er. K. Ramalingam for his sincere effort.  An interesting fact reiterated in this compilation is that the Irrigation System in Tamil Nadu which we are proud of has its origin in the vision and creations of our ancient dynasties of Chera, Chola, Pandian and Pallava. The author conveys the fact that our ancient rulers were not only proud of their creations but also were optimistic that the bountiful water sources created in the form of canals, tanks, anaicuts etc will remain perennial. However it is a pity that the optimism of our ancient rulers is not fully realised, in the sense that over exploitation of resource, regional greed of denying equitable distribution of water flows across the regions and non-compliance of the well-thought-out past water-sharing agreements has become the rule of the day.  The author has given due recognition to the British rulers as well by highlighting some of the outstanding irrigation projects such as Mullai Periyar, Mettur Dam and several anaicuts across rivers, initiating significant improvements to the then existing infrastructure, both before and after establishing a full-fledged Department of Public Works in 1858. Some of the great contributors during British rule like Captain Arther Cotton, Col. Ellis, Er.Pennycuik and others are recalled as being synonymous with monumental irrigation projects created in Southern India.  The author also covers a plethora of irrigation works like Lower Bhavani, Noyyal, Kodumudiyar, Marudanadhi, Palar Porandalar, Uppar, Vaigai, the marvellous Parambikulam Aliyar Project and many others created after Independence. The basic details provided in respect to each project i.e. time of execution, project cost, ayacut area etc will be of immense value for reference and further study.  I compliment the author for adequately elaborating under chapters 16 & 17 the tank modernization schemes undertaken since early 18th century. His summery presentation of Irrigation Growth in the State before and after Independence in the following Chapter is impressive too. One can visualise from the presentation that the network of nearly 30,000 irrigation tanks (PWD & Panchayat) across the State, a unique feature forming part of minor irrigation system is the main stay of farming community, particularly in dry regions. Considering the fact that about 33% of irrigated land is supported by tanks, the author has justified in conveying the importance of this segment of irrigation. Modernization schemes like WRCP, IAMWARM and NABARD supported minor irrigation works have aimed at increasing farm productivity thereby assuring sustainable optimum income to the farmers. This is believed to be achievable through rehabilitation and modernization of water sources with particular reference to tanks and canals, up-gradation of water studies and training institutes, effective participation of water user associations etc. The author has vividly brought out the positive outcome of these schemes and while doing so has conveyed, as I understand that water use efficiency in combination with farmers‘ participation is the key to achieve the objectives of modernization schemes.  While indicating further modernization schemes in the pipeline, the author has specifically mentioned the Cauvery Modernization Scheme, since submitted by the Task Force constituted under the Chairmanship of Er.A. Mohanakrishnan. I had the opportunity of examining this report during my tenure as Principal Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department. I can confidentally say that this is one of the most meticulously prepared reports and am hopeful that we can soon see the execution of this project.  Yet another highlight in the compilation is the subject relating to Inter-State Water Disputes. Although the content is not very elaborate, it gives a gist of developments over a period of time in chronological order. This will enable the reader to appreciate the amount of effort, time and money consumed despite which just settlements are still eluding. There is therefore the need for a strong time specific dispute settlement mechanism including a firm legal frame failing which the food security will become a serious casualty.  Some of the other notable subjects specifically covered in the compilation are, Tank Improvement Works, IAMWARM Works, Water Users Associations, Training and Water Institutes, Ground Water and Hydrological Studies, Interlinking of Intra-State rivers and Public Buildings of monumental value. This information, in my view, will immensely benefit the departmental Engineers to take existing schemes forward with imagination, dynamism and dedication for the larger benefit of society.  The author has been meticulous not to miss the administrative systems that were in place at different periods in time, since the full-fledged Public Works Department was created in 1858.  In all, the author has done an appreciable job in bringing out the subject wise significant developments spanning a period of 150 years of Public Works Department. The objective of this exercise in my understanding can be twofold: firstly to provide a handy guide to all the Engineers, particularly beginners in the Department with readily available information and secondly to motivate the incumbents to dedicate themselves in their duties for the larger good of society. More importantly, I should say that a mere reading of this useful compilation inspires everyone to contribute by way of ‗writing‘ and ‗publishing‘ books / papers on every subject under the scope of the Organization. I will be extremely happy if the Engineers serving and retired can make an attempt to elaborate each of the subjects in this compilation, particularly those relating to Inter-State Water Disputes, Ground Water and Hydrological Studies, Interlinking of Intra-State Rivers, Expansion of Minor Irrigation Sources etc and intensively deliberate over them. Such initiatives will go a long way for the policy makers to do their bit for further improvements to the irrigation infrastructure and systems thereby impacting sustainable food production enhancement.  Last but not least is my earnest desire to compliment the retired Senior Engineers who I consider as legends and who continue to make significant contributions for the good of the Organization and Society. I do not venture to name these outstanding personalities for the fear of missing some. It is gratifying to note that some of the serving engineers, particularly beginners show promise in terms of adding further glory to the Organization.  I conclude by extending my best wishes to one and all on the occasion of ―Platinum Jubilee‖ of the Association of Engineers, Tamil Nadu Public Works Department. 21-09-2011 S. AUDISESHIAH TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Brief Description Page No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Legacy from the past 3

3. British Period 9

4. Evolution of PWD Structure 13

5. Notable Projects in Andhra Pradesh 23

6. Projects in Malabar of Kerala State 25

7. Cauvery – Mettur Project and 27 Mettur High-Level Canal

8. Grand – Anicut Canal 33

9. Flood and Flood works 35

10. Buckingham Canal 41

11. I.H.H. Poondi 46

12. Coovum Improvement Works 48

13. Mullaiperiyar and Periyar – Vaigai works 51

14. Interstate Water Disputes 54

15. Projects after independence 59

16. Tank Improvement works 105

17. WRCP and IAMWARM works 110

18. Irrigation growth in the state 135 Chapter No. Brief Description Page No.

19. Training Institute 150

20. Rural Employment Guarantee Schemes 152

21. DCR Schemes 153

22. Sand Quarries in the State 155

23. Kudimaramath Works 156

24. Chennai City Water Supply Schemes 159

25. Marine works and Sethusamudram Project 165

26. River Pumping schems and Tube-well Corporation 168

27. Groundwater and Hydrological studies 172

28. Interlinking of Rivers 183

29. Anti-sea Erosion works and Royapuram Beach 186

30. Building works 190

31. Former Chief Engineers 214

32. Bibliography 229

Er. K.RAMALINGAM, B.E., B.Gl., F.I.C.A., F.I.A.H., F.I.E., (India) Former Chief Engineer (Minor Irrigation), TNPWD AP 506, 16th Street, J-Block – Anna Nagar West, Ch-40. Ph : 044-26161640, Cell : 99411 28751, E-mail : [email protected]

CHAPTER - 1 : INTRODUCTION :  Tamilnadu PWD is a very live and dynamic institution and is a potent force to bridge the gap between Government and the people, between hunger and hope and between water and crops. It is now proposed to record some events of the past and present, in a chronological order such that it may become a reference book of case- studies to help in applying them, to improve upon them, and to solve our future problems and to fulfill the hopes of people and Government.  In the world, India and Egypt have been pioneering the traditions of applying river waters to raise crops and feed the hungry people over many millenniums and China had been pioneering in the field of innovative tools and machineries to maximize results from the efforts of the mankind. In India, the state of Tamilnadu had been demonstrating how best to harness and distribute the river – waters to the fullest extent, eventhough it had not been endowed with any major rivers and it ranks about the last in the country in per-capita availability of water. In the art of building – construction, too, we have had a lineage of great builders like Rajaraja Chola and Pallava kings and we continue the same tradition and we have established a distinct style and culture in all our buildings.  Therefore the present account is not a history and not even an exhaustive account. But, it is a source-book. The events are arranged under some convenient heads for quick reference. Every effort has been made to trace the events from the administrative and technical reports of the state governments and some institutions like Association of Engineers, Budget speeches and Policy – notes of the PWD Ministers. But all these reports are not readily available in a continuous manner as there is no regular systems of preservation. It is understood from the Secretariat Librarian that the Government have stopped printing the administration reports since the last few years. But a few reports were available from the years 1923 with many gaps in the Connemara Library where access to them is very arduous and forbidding. The Irrigation Department are not publishing the “New Irrigation Era” regularly or with required care and lately, due to some administrative changes, the nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 1

publication has been relegated to unconnected agencies. Therefore the activities are not highlighted. On the other hand, compared with the past, the tempo of activities and number of schemes and scale of investments have grown over 10 times over the past decade. Therefore it has become very necessary that we keep all the technical, hydrological and financial particulars and publish them periodically. Therefore many particulars had to be collected from the articles of the various engineers presented at some seminars or in some journals. In this connection, the contributions of our eminent Engineer Dr.A.Mohanakrishnan are to be very much appreciated.  In this electronic age, web-sites will prove to be very good repositories but the trouble comes at the time of updating when the old informations get lost. A system should be evolved to store these data in regular files and preserve them. The Government should also resume publication of the State administrative reports and make them available in the web-sites freely to all those who want them. The Budget and policy speeches must also be stored in web-sties. The Government departments like PWD, Ground Water, Agriculture Engineering and Agriculture must be encouraged to publish monthly bulletins and preserve them in the respective departmental libraries, web-sites and also in Government libraries like Connemara etc.  These Information are being serialised in the bimonthly bulletins of Mooththa Poriyaalar of Tamilnadu PWD Senior Engineers’ Association since one year and the Association of Engineers, TNPWD have thought it fit to publish this in a book form in connection with the platinum jubilee celebration of the Association of Engineers’ I hope that this publication will help to establish a recorded history of this type but likely to contain some errors in dates or facts, I request the reading engineers and others to contact me and point them out for later incorporation.

Er.K.Ramalingam

President, TNPWD Senior Engineers Association

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CHAPTER 2 : LEGACY FROM THE PAST

1. The rulers of Chera, Chola, Pandyan and Pallava kingdoms were very sensitive to creation of irrigation facilities. The British who came after 1800 had not constructed any irrigation tanks. They had done only major works like Periyar Dam and Cauvery Mettur project and installed anicuts or regulators across rivers and channels in Cauvery, Krishna and Godavari basins in 1850. They had inherited over 39000 irrigation tanks which account for 45% of the area brought under irrigation through channels tanks and wells. When East India Company took over the state, they had realized the important role played by irrigation tanks in preventing famines and therefore appointed Sir Arthur Cotton as Inspector of tanks. Therefore the tanks formed the infrastructure for irrigation development and it is worthwhile to record when such tanks and related facilities were installed by native rulers before the establishment of PWD by the British in the year 1858. The information on the history of tanks is embedded in the poems of sangam period, and engravings from the stone – edicts and etchings in the walls of the ancient temples which date backwards to the period before birth of Christ. Literatures like Silappadhikaram, Thiruvilayaadal Puranam and Puranaanooru and Aganaanooru give indirect information. The stone sluices and surplus weirs have been left with some engravings of names of rulers or donors and their periods. Collection of such information is beyond the scope of this article. However some information are given from ready materials cited in the a bibliography. 2. Aganaanooru (76) states that Cauvery was always flowing full breaking the banks. Puranaanooru (35) describes the Cauvery would never fail to feed the populace even if sun were to change its direction of movement. Poem 68 declared that Cauvery suckled her children like a mother. Manimekalai refers to the myth that Cauvery originated from the pot of saint Agasthya. 3. Poets in Karnataka preserve episodes on battles that took place on the banks of Cauvery river between the ruling families of Karnataka (Chalukyas and Rashtra Kootahs) and of Tamilnadu (Cholas and Pallavas). The massive army of Pulikesi, Vikramadihtya and Vimaladitya checked the flow of Cauvery between Uraiyur and Puhar while marching against Chola capital. In the 18th century Chikkadevaraya Wodaiyar completed building a dam and some Tamil Chieftains of Madurai region are stated to have hastened to Mysore and made unsuccessful attempts to destroy it.

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4. Though Cauvery is born in western ghats, and flows hundreds of miles before entering into present day Tamilnadu, it was exploited more by the Tamils than by Kannadigas. This is satirically observed by a 13th century Kannadya grammarian named Kesiraja, author of Sabdamaniderpana. He wants to know from Tigulas (Tamils) whether they were borrowing the water from Kannadigas or appropriating in the name of past debt. 5. Restoration of old tanks and introduction of minor works between 1800 and 1810 by Dewan Poorniah of Mysore and constitution of PWD in 1856 of the Mysore state were viewed with suspicion and Madras Government formally expressed its concern on these developments in 1870. This brought the two states to the negotiating table at Ooty, in 1890, leading to conclusion of 1892 agreement. Records say that Irrigation facilities in Mysore state in 1900 was sufficient for cultivating 1.1 lakh acres and that this increased to 4.4 lakh acres in 1971. Records say that before the completion of Mettur dam the ayacut was only 14.4 lakh acres and this got increased to 45 lakh acres after commissioning of the dam. 6. The following are some of the irrigation rivers which existed in the period of Chola kings (846-954) 1) Mudikondan Cholapperaaru 6) Veera Rajendra Chola Vadavaru 2) Tanporuttaperaru 7) Vikramanaru 3) Sankatavuta Cholapperaaru 8) Karikala Cholapperaaru (Kollidam) 4) Akalanka Peraaru 9) Veeracholanaaru 5) Veerachola Vadavaru 7. The following are some of the channels which were excavated or named by Chola kings (846-954).

1) Arunmozhidevan Voikkal 8) Keralamadevi Voikkal 2) Arinjikar Voikkal 9) Kodandarama Voikkal 3) Irajakesari Voikkal 10) Cipudhi Voikkal 4) Irajendra chola Voikkal 11) Sangam Thavirtha Chola Voikkal 5) Uttamachili Voikkal 12) Sundara chola Voikkal 6) Utthamachola Voikkal 13) Sembian Madevi Voikkal 7) Gangaikonda chola Voikkal 14) Cenanatha Voikkal

15) Cholakula Voikkal 33) Jayakonda chola Voikkal

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16) Cholachoolamani Voikkal 34) Sri Arinjikar Voikkal 17) Nittavinodan Voikkal 35) Srikanda Voikkal 18) Parachakkara thatta Voikkal 36) Ganderaaditta Voikkal 19) Paramesvara Voikkal 37) Sri Sembiyamaadevi Voikkal 20) Parantakan Voikkal 38) Sri Parantaka Voikkal 21) Maadevan Voikkal 39) Aali Voikkal 22) Maadevi Voikkal 40) Irayan Voikkal 23) Mudikonda chola Voikkal 41) Ganapati Voikkal 24) Vanavan Madevi Voikkal 42) Ganapati voikal 25) Vimaladitya Voikkal 43) Karumanikka voikal 26) Subramanya voikal 44) Kesava voikal 27) Tiruvengada voikal 45) Saraswati voikal 28) Thillividanga voikal 46) Valli voikal 29) Padmanabha voikal 47) Veereswara voikal 30) Parvati voikal 48) Sri Devi voikal 31) Veerachola Voikkal 49) Sri Purushothama voikal 32) Veeranarayana Voikkal 50) Sri Madava voikal

8. The drains excavated in Cauvery delta during Chola period are given below (846 – 954)

1. Veeranarayana vadi 8. Kausala vadi 2. Srikandaraditya vadi 9. Kamadeva vadi 3. Sri Sembiyamaadevi vadi 10. Sankara vadi 4. Sri Sembiyamaadevi vadi 11. Thiruchitrambala vadi 5. Sri Rajaskesari vadi 12. Thiruvaranga vadi 6. Sri Ranga vadi 13. Sreedara vadi 7. Sri Veeranarayana vadi 14. Perumal vadi

15. Srikamuka vadi 26. Naratanga vadi 16. Sriveerakamuka vadi 27. Panchavanmaadevi vadi 17. Annanarayana vadi 28. Parameswara vadi 18. Aditha vadi 29. Parakrama vadi 19. Irajakesari vadi 30. Madurantaka vadi nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 5

20. Kandarulkanda vadi 31. Madeva Adigal vadi 21. Kamara vadi 32. Mummudi Chola vadi 22. Kadarangonda vadi 33. Vayiramega vadi 23. Kulothunga Chola vadi 34. Vairravan vadi 24. Chola kulavalli vadi 35. Videvidugu vadi 25. Tribhuvana Maadevi Vadi

Some more ancient structures of the past are given below :

Remarks as to the No Name of Structure River Period kings responsible

1. Uyyakondan Cauvery 985-1014 Rajarajacholan channel

2. Head sliuice for Cauvery 1070 – 1120 Kulothunga cholan Uyyakondan 3. Manniyaru Cauvery 1216-1256 Rajaraja Cholan near Konerirajapuram

4. Mudikondan Cauvery 1216-1256 Rajaraja Cholan

5. Veeracholan river Cauvery - Veera Rajendra cholan

6. Vikraman River Cauvery 1118-1125 Vikrama Cholan near Kuttalam

7. Kandaraditha Tank Cauvery 950-957 Kandaratyachola

8. Parameswara Cauvery 7th century Parameswara Varman Thadagam (great grand son)

9. Gunamalli Cauvery 7th Century Mahendra Varman

10. Mahendra Cauvery 7th Century Mahendra varman Thadagam

11. Palar anicut Palar 7th century -

12. Mahendra odai Palar 7th Century -

13. Vinnamangalam Palar 920 King Udayendran

14. Thanneer Palar 8th century - Thadagam (Dravya nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 6

Remarks as to the No Name of Structure River Period kings responsible Thadagam) 15. Veeramega Palar 8th century Pallava king near Uthira Thadagam merur 16. Parimelan Kanmoi Palar 8th century near Melur. by Maravarma Sundarapandiyan

17. Walaja Tank Palar 19th century Karnataka Nawab N.A. Dist

18. Kodiveri Anicut Bhavani 1500 AD Vijayanagar king

19. Madurantakam Tank Kiliyar 984-1014 Rajarajacholan

20. Veeranam Tank Vellar 907-988 Parantaka Chola (Veeranarayana Eri)

21. Kandaratheetha Eri Cauvery 950-957 Kandaratheetha Cholan

22. Kaveripakkam Tank Palar 9th century Nandivarman III

23. Samudram Tank Cauvery 19th century Maharatta ruler basin

24. Perungulam Tank Cauvery 1250 Rajarajachola (Chola Samudram)

25. Sembyan Endal Cauvery 11th century Chola kings

26. R.S.Mangalam Tank Vellar 900-920 Feeding channel from Vaigai

27. Kodimelazhagam Tambiraparani 7th century Anicut 28. Nathiunni anicut Tambiraparani 7th century

th Pandyan kings 29. Kannadian Anicut Tambiraparani 7 century 30. Kodagan Anicut Tambiraparani 7th century 31. Pazhavan Anicut Vellar 7th century 32. Marudur Anicut Vellar 7th century nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 7

Remarks as to the No Name of Structure River Period kings responsible

33. Gudumelan Anicut Vellar 7th century 34. Ukkal Tank Cauvery 1012-1043 Maintained by lands granted by Rajendra cholan

35. Thinneri Tank Palar 8th Century Pallava king Thirayan (Thinnaneri)

36. Chembarambakkam Adyar 8th century Pallava king. Terminal Tank tank of Palar Anicut system strengthened after floods for city water supply

37. Pandyan Dam Palayar 1000 AD Marthanda Varman but silted up and abandoned

38. Ullar Surplus course Cauvery 200 BC Improved by Maharatta king in 1801

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CHAPTER 3 : BRITISH PERIOD

 The British formed a full fledged PWD in 1858. The military engineers were assigned on permanent basis. There were 3 branches in 1866 of (i) Military works (2) Civil works including irrigation and (3) Railways. By 1895 military works became heavy and were formed into a separate branch. Sir Arthur Cotton was in front of fame in 1850’s with successful execution of works in Cauvery, Krishna and Godavari basins. Irrigation projects appeared like goldmines and private persons entered into the field under guarantees provided by G.O. I who assured 5% return on capital outlay. Two Irrigation companies were floated in 1858 to exploit coastal areas of Orissa and adjoining areas. Madras Irrigation Company was formed in 1863 but failed in their ventures and GOI took over these companies. In 1866 major change took place in the policy of GOI and they ruled that irrigation projects shall be executed to prevent famines and they shall be financed from grants and loans from GOI without any consideration of state boundaries. Though Railway projects were more remunerative, famine occurances opened eyes of many engineers who felt that priority should be given to irrigation. When the East India Company took over the state administration, all irrigation structures were in a state of ruin and neglect due to frequent wars and behaviours of many small rulers and kings. People were diverting water from streams and rivers by means of temporary korambus and mud- dams which were renewed after every flood. Farmers were satisfied with yields from fields even though they were very meager and large land holdings easily made good their requirements.  In response to demands of farmers, British were obliged to construct many anicuts and regulators in the places of mud korambus. But no irrigation tanks seem to here been formed except Chembarambakkam (1893) Periyar and Mettur and Wellingdon reservoir took most of their meticulous planning and investigation. Such works executed during British period (upto independence in 1947) are given below.

Sl. Name of Dam / Period of River sub Cost Capacity Area Remarks No Anicut Construction basin in Rs. MCuM benefited lakhs ha

1. Periyar 1886-95 Periyar 108.00 443/299 57871

2. Pechiparai 1895-1906 Kodayar 26 152/126 25900 Travancore samasthanam

3. Wellingdon 1913-23 Vellar 23 73/60 11197

4. Mettur dam 1926-34 Cauvery 680 2708/2646 121810

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Sl. Name of Dam / Period of River sub Cost Capacity Area Remarks No Anicut Construction basin in Rs. MCuM benefited lakhs ha

5. Srivaikundam 1873 Tambara- 16.11 - 9617 Through many Anicut parani tanks

6. Kodivery Anicut 1894 Bhavani 0.71 - 9800

7. Sethiathope Anicut 1895 Vellar 1.19 - 19200

8. Tirukoilur Anicut 1895 Ponniar 0.45 - 15000 Sandy bed 500 m wide

9. Cheyyar Anicut 1852 Cheyyar 1.10 - 28800 Feed 144 tanks

10. Poiney Anicut 1857 Poiney 0.28 - 14600 -

11. Palar Anicut 1857 Palar 2.58 - 4000 -

12. Cauvery grand 1881 anicut Head Regulator

13. Upper Anicut 1836-38 Cauvery NA - - Remodelled in 1899-04 with 55 spans of 40 feet

14. Cauvery dam 1845 Cauvery - - - Check erosion of Cauvery bed

15. Papanasam 1943 Papanasam - 158 Conceived in 1928-29 mainly for power

16. Lower Anicut 1836 Cauvery NA - 48000 ha Thanjavur and South Arcot Districts

17. Vennar Head 1856 Cauvery NA - 1.8 Lakhs Regulator

18. Cauvery Surplus at 1850 Cauvery NA - - Surplus into escape near Coleroon

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Sl. Name of Dam / Period of River sub Cost Capacity Area Remarks No Anicut Construction basin in Rs. MCuM benefited lakhs ha Perumal koil

19. Chembarambakkam 1893 Adyar 0.76 88.3 5269 tank

20. Sathyamurthy 1944 Kosastalayar NA 0.772 Chennai city Sagar (Poondi) drinking water

21. Uyyakondan 1938-39 Cauvery NA 1310 Channel Restoration

22. Lower Bhavani 1952 Bhavani 950 929/909 83772 Preliminary works started in British period

23. Nandyar Voikal 1899 Trichy 0.07 3210

24. Pelandur Anicut 1893 S.A 0.69 5044

25. Tamarapakkam 1909 Chingleput 65.00 Drinking Anicut water

26. Marudur Anicut 1894 Tambarap- 0.06 7046 5834 II stage arani

27. Vallur Anicut 1893 Kosastalayar 0.08 - 11.13

28. Pelandur & 1850 Vellar N.A - 12000 Converted Sethiahope anicuts into regulators in 1913

29. Kattalai bed 1933-34 Cauvery NA - 25800 to replace 4 regulator korambus

30. Kattalai North bank 1934-35 Cauvery NA - 416 canal

31. Kattalai High level 1936-37 Cauvery NA - 822 canal

32. Ayyavayyanar 1928-29 Cauvery NA NA NA improvements

33. upland drainage 1928-30 Cauvery NA NA NA

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Sl. Name of Dam / Period of River sub Cost Capacity Area Remarks No Anicut Construction basin in Rs. MCuM benefited lakhs ha

34. Barur tank 1891 Salem 0.46 2145

35. Vriddachalam 1893 South Arcot 0.24 - 3557 Anicut

36. Mamadur Anicut 1891 South Arcot 0.09 - 1919

37. Puthan Dam Paralayar 1894 16.11 - 23769 Cochin Samasthanam

38. Kodayar 1906 Kanyakumari

40. Panamarathupatti 1911 Salem 6.98 - - - Tank

The British Government had constructed barrages across Cauvery and Vennar rivers in Cauvery Delta wherever branch rivers took off and helped to form 1505 A class channels and 19000 km of branch channels in the old delta.

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CHAPTER 4 : EVOLUTION OF PWD STRUCTURE

 The origin and development of the departments executing the Public Works in the State could be briefly stated as follows : A. Prior to the year 1858  All Public Works were carried out and maintained by three distinct and independent departments in the presidency. (i) The Maramath department of the Board of Revenue : Irrigation works, navigational canals, all civil buildings, all minor roads and bridges not on the trunk roads or cantonments. (ii) The Trunk Road Department : All trunk roads or great links of communication. (iii) The Engineering department of the Military Board : All fortifications, all cantonments, all military buildings in the Province All roads, bridges, public buildings in the Presidency town of Madras. I. THE MARAMATH DEPARTMENT :  This department was practically incharge of the majority of the public works of all kinds and was thus a very important department of the Government in the early British period. At first the collectors assumed the charge of these works without adequate professional assistance which resulted in unprofitable outlay and waste of public money. Thereafter several periodical changes were effected for better progress which may be serialized as below : 1809 : The engineers under the designation “Superintendents of Tank Repairs” were appointed to aid the Collectors. 1819 : The Maramath department was regularly formed. The “Inspector General of Civil Estimates” at the Presidency town had under him “Civil Engineers” in each of the three divisions into which the then Presidency was divided. 1825 : The Inspector General of Civil Estimates came under the control of the Board of Revenue but had the power to record his views for the information of the Government if they differed from those of the Board. 1836 : The post of “Inspector General of Civil Estimates” was redesignated as the Public Works Engineer. This engineer had a seat in the Revenue Board for matters connected with his subject and was also Ex-officio Secretary of the Board. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 13

1838 : The whole Presdency was rearranged into 8 maramath divisions each under a Civil Engineer working under the Public Works Chief Engineer. The construction and maintenance of civil buildings in the Provinces so far under the Engineering department of the Military Board were taken over. 1858 : The Maramath department was abolished. The duties of the Civil Engineers and of the establishment under them were mainly of supervision only and consisted of (a) Preparation of plans and estimates (b) Inspection and direction of works under execution. (c) Measuring up of works when finished. (d) Execution of large building works and such project works in exceptional cases.  The actual execution of works were done by Revenue Maramath department working under the Tahsildars.  The strength of the department just at the time of its breaking was as follows : Maramath department : 24 Civil Engineers (permanent) 11 Civil Engineers (temporary) 25 East Indian Surveyors 23 European overseers 35 Native Maistries Revenue Maramath establishment : 12 Superintendents of Maramath & 79 Taluk Maistries II. The Madras Public Works Department  The Court of Directors in England appointed a Public Works Commission in 1855 to review the working of the Maramath Department and they came out with the following recommendation. (1) The Work of the Presidency are generally in a neglected state except in a few favoured Districts. (2) The annual grant allotted is inadequate. (3) The establishment appointed is inadequate. (4) The Board of Revenue is no longer able to deal with the business of Maramath department. (5) The executive establishment employed under the Tahsildars as Revenue Maramath is inefficient nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 14

(6) It is bad management and bad economy to have three establishments to be in charge of different classes of work scattered over the Presidency (7) One department should be established to manage all Public works and should both supervise and execute the works.  Based on these recommendations and on the advice of the Home Government and the Government of India, the Madras Public Work Department was first formed in 1858 with the following cadre strength. Chief Engineer … … … 1 Inspecting Engineers … … .. 3 District Engineers … … … 20 Executive and Assistant Engineers … … … 78 Upper Subordinates, Sub Engineers, Supervisors and overseers … 204 Lower Subordinates or Sub Overseers … … 714 B. 1859 – 1872  A few administrative changes that came in, during this period may be listed as below: 1860 : The Chief Engineer was appointed as Secretary to Government in the Public Works Department. Three Inspecting Engineers i.e. Deputy Chief Engineers were temporarily vested with the powers of Chief Engineer. 1863 : Radical administrative changes came in posts of Inspecting Engineers which were abolished. Eight Superintending Engineers were posted. The Presidency was divided into 84 Public Works ranges and each put in charge of an Executive Engineer. The Chief Engineer and Secretary to Government, Public Works Department was mainly concerned with preparation of budgets, allotment of funds and promotion of subordinates. 1867 : Chief Engineer, (Irrigation) was appointed. In 1870 the Public Works Commission was appointed. Main points of reference were:- (i) To consider the agency by which the minor works of Irrigation should be effectively maintained. (ii) To consider the efficient working of the Public Works administration as organized in 1863.  The Commission stressed that maintenance of minor irrigation works should not be handed over to the Revenue Department but considered that as their number were far too great to admit of their effective maintenance by any Government nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 15

Department, arrangement should be made for the execution of all ordinary repairs not requiring professional skill by the agency of the ryots themselves by providing a reduction of assessment in the form of a remission of revenue to be granted for execution of such repairs. The Committee also recommended the revival of “Kudimaramaths” or unpaid village labour of the ryots upon works of irrigation by a legal enactment and also gave a draft act for enactment.  On the organization side, the Commission desired that the posts of Superintending Engineer could be abolished and instead, 21 District Engineers could work in close coordination with the District Collectors and in direct communication with the two Chief Engineers. The Chief Engineer who was also the Secretary to the Government, Public Works Department was asked to exercise all powers of the professional Head of the Department as Chief Engineer instead of merely being a Controlling Officer as envisaged in 1863. These recommendations were implemented in 1872. C. 1873 – 1942.  Further changes came in, during this period as the country was heading for self Government and independence and more development – oriented works were in the offing. The executive and the Superintending Units were rearranged more than once to suit the needs. A few such changes are as below : 1878 : The District Engineer system was abolished and the posts of Superintending Engineers were revived. 5 Superintending Engineers were appointed and the executive divisions were 39. 1879 : Executive divisions were further reduced to 29. 1880 : Local fund works were transferred to the Local Boards. The Superintending Engineers were reduced to 3 and the number of executive divisions to 19. 1881 : The Presidency was rearranged into 6 Superintending Engineer‟s circles and 30 executive divisions. 1895 : Military works became heavy and got separated out of PWD.  Since then, the administrative units remained generally the same for well over five decades. Large increase in works came in with several major irrigation projects being taken up. Mention has to be made of the Periyar Dam built between 1885 and 1895 and the Mettur including the Grand Anicut and the Upper Anicut carried out during this period. For all such project works special divisions and construction circles were formed then and there according to necessity. Special units to deal with famine and drought works and also flood works were also functioning at different times. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 16

1850 : Financial and social profits were note worthy and especially after successful works carried out in Cauvery, Krishna and Godavary deltas and irrigation work considered as a goldmine. 1858 : Government allowed reluctantly private enterprises to enter irrigation sector under guarantee scheme of 5% on investments. Irrigation companies floated in England and went into operation in 1863. 1863 : Madras Irrigation company was formed but failed in their venture. Government of India took over both the companies. 1866 : G.O.I. announced major irrigation policy of (a) states only to launch projects (b) projects to be met from loans and (c) political state boundaries not an interference. 1879 : State Government took up schemes as productive and non-productive as recommended by a committee and this productirty test depended upon the rate of return. 1903 : Irrigation Commission headed by Col. Scott Moncrief recommended changes in principle from producturty to protection against famine and G.O.I. approved this. 1914 to18 : Funds became scarce due to diversion to war efforts and emphasis shifted to productivity from social security. 1918-21: Irrigation works were virtually under G.O. I before Montagu Chemsford Reforms of 1921 States could take up schemes upto Rs.10 lakhs Imperial and provincial names were given to all works States allowed to raise loans. Funds given by G.O.I to States as advances. 1821 : G.O.I. did not allow States to undertake any works above Rs.50 lakhs without approval of Secretary of State until 01.04.37 when provincial autonomy was introduced. 1825 - 26 : Superintendent post was sanctioned for Workshop and Stores. 1928 - 29 : 3 workshops were set up at Madras, Dowaleshwaram and Bezawada and Rs.7.09 lakhs sanctioned. 1935 : Government of India Act – Radical irrigation left to the sole legislative completence of the states and of princes. G.O.I. stepped in, only in cases of disputes when Governor General would appoint commissions. 1861-1921 : Irrigation was a central subject and was closely watched by G.O.I. From 1837 it became a state subject.

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1943-1968 :  This quarter century was a crucial period in the history of our country. Following the „Quit India‟ movement, the historical transfer of power from the British hands to our countrymen was effected in the most cordial atmosphere. Immediately after independence we launched gigantic projects for overall development through Five- Year plans drafted in succession. Our state, which had contributed in no small measure in the struggle for independence, was now also in the forefront, in implementing the development schemes.  The administrative machinery had to be geared up to handle these development and construction schemes. Following the resolutions of the Indian Roads Congress held in Nagpur in 1945, a massive programme for expansion and development of the National and State Highways was drawn A separate department to be in charge of all the roads was considered essential and the State Highways Department was thus formed in 1946.  Through the Madras Act No.17 of 1961 the State Housing Board was formed to execute housing and improvement schemes throughout the state. This restricted the building activity in the Public Works Department to the public buildings, educational medical, judicial, institutional and so on.  The Public Health and Sanitary works of the State were, over a long time, in the charge of a special wing of the Public Works Department. With the fast development of the urban water supply and sewerage schemes and the avowed policy of the Government, to provide safe drinking water to all the villages the workload in this wing had increased enormously. A separate Public Health and Municipal Works Department was hence constituted in 1962 which has since merged into the Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board on 14.04.1971.  Tamil nadu Slum clearance Board was formed in 1972 1968 – Reorganisation :  Recommendations of the 1968 commission are given in this chapter.  With the several development projects executed in the Five Year Plans, the departmental activity both in the Irrigation and Buildings Branches had increased. Besides, the permanent circles and divisions, several special construction circles and divisions were functioning. A Special circle for food production schemes was functioning with the entire state as the unit and similarly separate divisions executing special minor irrigation schemes.  The new Government took a policy decision that the administrative set up should have territorial jurisdiction rather than functional divisions and ordered reorganization. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 18

 As per this, each district was placed in charge of a Superintending Engineer with three or four divisions under him, each Executive Engineer having three or four Assistant Engineers. Each unit was placed in charge of both the irrigation works and buildings in its territorial jurisdiction. New Capital works, construction works and also the maintenance works within the territorial jurisdiction were brought under the same unit. Sixteen circles were formed in the reorganized set up as against the fifteen existing circles. Of these sixteen, ten were district circles with the smaller districts like Salem and Dharmapuri, Coimbatore and Nilgiris and Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari forming single units. The other six were special circles like the Designs, Central Mechanical, Floods, P.A.P. etc., 1973 : “Hindu” Published the proposal of Tamilnadu Govt. to recruit direct Assistant Executive engineers and Govt. issued G.O.Ms.No.1964 dated 18.12.1973 for direct recruitment of Assistant Executive Engineer and the Association of Engineers objected to the proposal. Government also issued a G.O.Ms.No.1905, dated 10.12.73 to split PWD into 2 wings of buildings and irrigation and to allow transfers during the next 10 years and not beyond. This was also vehemently opposed by the Association of Engineers, TNPWD. 1984 Tamilnadu Irrigation Management Training Institute was established in the year 1984 with financial assistance from United States Agency for International Development under Water Resource Management and Training Project Government in G.O.Ms.759, dated 6.11.96 establishing Irrigation management Training Institute at Trichy for training engineers and farmers on modern trends. Engineer-in-chief will be the vice-chairman of the Governing council of the institute. 1993 : World Bank comes forward to help irrigation branch with aid for rehabilitating all the irrigation structures and to complete some on-going schemes to tide over financial problems of government and suggests separation of the water resources wing from the Buildings. Again this proposal was opposed by the Associations. 1994 : The Government sets up a high power committee under the chairmanship of Dr. M.Anandakrishnan and 15 other members to suggest reorganization proposals and it recommended gradual separation. The W.RC.P report copy is enclosed. 1995 : Government issued G.O.Ms.No.530, dated 3.7.1995 ordering separate organization called Water Resources and 4 zones at major basins and number of sub-basins. 1995 : The Association of Engineers vehemently opposed the separation proposal. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 19

1995 : Government appoints Engineer-in-chief in G.O.No.1185, dated 23.11.1994 with starting pay of Rs.5100 and Er. K.O.Palanisamy assumes charge as the first Engineer-in-Chief. 2002 : Government appoints another committee under Er. C.A.Srinivasan and 3 other members for separation of the PWD into 2 separete departments. Er. A.Mohanakrishnan was also a member of the committee. The committee did not recommend separation and Er. Mohanakrishnan gave a dissent note. 2002 : Technical secretariat for water Basin Management and development Board formed in 2001. 2003 : Expert committee formed to review Engineering Reforms Committee recommendations to modernize based on latest technological advancement consisting of 1) Ramasamy R.Iyer 2) Dr. V.C.Kulandasamy, 3) S.T.Deokale and 4) Engineer-in-Chief of WRO

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ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS COMMISSION 1968 Government of Tamil Nadu A Report on the PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT ADMINISTRATION Volume I : SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 1. To the extent possible engineers should be allowed to specialise in either Irrigation or Buildings, so that eventually the department may be bifurcated into two independent departments to be able to keep pace with modern developments. (paras. 2.7. and 2.8.). 2. Methods should be devised by which a few of the engineers will work for short spells in the PW Secretariat as Under secretary/Deputy Secretary / Joint Secretary – and a few of the IAS Officers will work for short spells in the PWD – under the control of the Chief Engineer in certain non-technical areas-to promote mutual undersatanding between the policy-making and programme – executing wings of the Government. (para.3.5.) 3. The Public Works Secretariat while processing major projects involving large outlays should engage the services of independent consultants for technical scrutiny of the scheme. (para. 3.7.) 4. The Board of Engineers should be authorized to facilitate and regulate the horizontal movement of engineers from one department to another to relieve undue stagnation (para. 4.3.) 5. Deputations to outside agencies, interdepartmental movement of work-charged establishment and tools and plants may also be arranged by the Board of Chief Engineers. (para. 4.5. and 4.6.) 6. A smaller Board consisting of the Chief Engineers of the Government Departments only, may be delegated with the power to settle all tenders above a value of Rs.25 lakhs, so long as the tender excess is within 5% (para. 4.7. and 4.8). 7. A three-year tenure may be given to every officer appointed as a Superintending Engineer/Chief Engineer irrespective of his normal age of retirement. (Para. 5.9.). 8. To avoid stagnation of graduate engineers and to ensure that they could assume higher responsibilities at appropriate ages, the intake of the graduates at the level of the section officers should be restricted so that all of them will normally get promoted to the level of Executive Engineer before the age of 32. Rest of the vacancies at the level of section officers will be filled in, by Licentiates who could normally hope to move up only to the level of the Assistant Engineers before retirement. A job evaluation of the section-charge may be done by independent experts to assess whether most sections could be manned by licentiates – with

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marginal improvements to the curriculum of the LCE Course, if necessary (para 5.11.1. and 5.11.2). 9. If the recommendation in para 5.11 was found unacceptable on the basis of the studies mentioned in para 511.2., then direct recruitment at the level of the AEs should be revived. Four to five persons may be recruited every year based on both written competitive examinations and viva voce and aptitude tests and designated as Assistant Executive Engineers and given a scale of pay slightly better than that of Assistant Engineers. The promotion procedures may be so devised that all of them in the normal course, could hope to become EEs in the 6th year of their service. (paras. 5.12.1., 5.12.2. and 5.12.3.). 10. Stagnation may be relieved to some extent by facilitating horizontal movement of Engineers among the various engineering departments and organizations upto the level of AEs (para. 5.14.). 11. Stagnation may also be relieved by a judicious use of the opportunities to depute engineers to outside agencies. (para. 5-15. and 5-16). 12. The creation of Common Cadre of engineers for all engineering departments and organizations is not recommended as it will be unmanageably large and will not be conducive to specialization. (para 5-17). 13. Direct recruitment at Assistant Engineers level to the different departments of engineering, may be by a common competitive examination. (para 5-18). 14. A training programme of three months’ duration should be organized for all newly recruited section officers. (para 5-19). 15. A more detailed training programme of 8 to 12 months’ duration should be organized for the directly recrutted AEs. (para-5-21). 16. Engineers of the department should undergo at least once in 5 years, Refresher courses of 6 to 8 weeks’ duration to be organized by the department every year, to update their technical knowledge. (para 5-22). 17. Every year, at least 25 to 30 engineers in the age group of 25/35 should be sent for advanced courses of training in such fields as materials’ management, work - study, industrial engineering, personnel administration, structural engineering building science, pre-stressed concrete designs, computer applications, etc. All the Executive Engineers should be trained in the use of PERT/CPM. (para. (5-23).

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CHAPTER 5 : NOTABLE PROJECTS IN ANDHRA PRADESH

 Andhra Pradesh separated from Madras Presidency in 1956. Until then PWD was executing all works in Andhra Pradesh. Some important works are only covered in this history.

A. Tungabhadra Dam (713000 mcft; irrigate 3 lakhs acres (cost Rs.17 crores) was mooted.  1929 to 1931 – Investigations being continued.  1933 to 1934 Experts of Madras, Bombay, Mysore and Hyderabad conducted 2 meetings at Bangalore but could not reach any agreement.  1933 to 1935. Joint river gaugings were conducted and Government of India approached to approve and constitute Interstate Arbitration committee to fix the ratio of sharing the cost.  1938-1939 sharing of cost and waters discussed jointly in November 1938 and provisional agreement reached based on available data on water flows.  1944-1945 Inauguration of scheme under consideration. Agreement reached between Hyderabad and Madras. Cost will be Rs.10 Crores. Dam 8200 feet long and 160 feet high. Headquarters will be at Hospet. Cost to be shared equally. Capacity of reservoir will be 113500 Mcft and waterspread 138 square miles. Project will be developed in 2 stages. 2.90 lakh acres will be benefited.  1950 – 1951 Excavation in progress for dam and canals.  1951-1952 excavation for dam completed and dam being raised.  1955 Project completed and commissioned Er. M.S.Thirumale Iyengar, was Chief Engineer till 1952 followed by Er. N.Padmanabha Iyer, Er. L.Venkatakrishna Iyer and Er. K.V.Ekambaram B. Machkand Hydro – Electric Project.

 1944-1948 : Joint development with Orissa. Sanctioned for Rs.492 Lakhs.

 1951 : Machkand H.E. Project was commissioned.

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C. Krishna Pennnar Project Investigation  1948 – 50 : 2 Special Divisions formed for investigation under Er. N.Padmanabha Iyer as S.E., Er. Kuttiammu and Mr. Mahadeva Iyer, were executive engineers. The headquarters was Chennai.  1951 : Detailed Project report prepared.  1953 : Scheme dropped on formation of separate state of Andhra Pradesh. D. Ramapada Sagar across Godavari.  1949 – 50 : Investigation was carried out.  1950 : Foundation revealed no rock. Soil experts Karl Terzhagi and J.C.Savage brought to the site for consultancy. Dr. K.L.Rao was the Superintending engineer, design and all drawings prepared in detail.  1953 : Andhra Pradesh formed and the project was transferred.

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CHAPTER 6 : PROJECTS IN MALABAR OF KERALA STATE :

 The Madras PWD was attending to the projects until 1953 when Malabar district was transferred to Kerala. Some important projects are dealt here. A. Malampuzha Reservoir Project  1949 : Malampuzha reservoir project sanctioned under first five year plan for post- war reconstruction. Er. J.E.Vaz was the executive engineer. Project across Malampuzha was costing Rs.528 lakhs Ayacut of 47200 acres for 2 crops. New Ayacut of 5800 acres and 12000 acres of 3rd crop. Dam 195 feet length 626 mcft capacity and 88.5 feet height and water spread is 816 acres. L-B canal is14 miles and R.B. Canal 8 miles long.  1953 : Partly completed and water let down for 10000 acres on 02.10.1953. expected food was 70000 tonnes. Entire work was done through job workers limited to Rs.25000 at a time.  1955-56 : Nearing completion. Water let down for 18000 acres. Project completed on 09.10.1955. B.Walayar Reservoir Project :  1947 : Project costing Rs.92.37 Lakhs taken up to irrigate 6500 acres. Capacity is 520 Mcft.  1954-55 : Masonry dam completed and canals in progress; work transferred to Malampuzha division. Water let down for irrigation for 18500 acres.  1956 – Project completed and final cost was Rs.99.92 lakhs. C. Meenankara Reservoir Project :  1928-1929 : Meenankara Project investigated and abandoned as unproductive.  1947 : Included in first five year plan under post war development.  1955-56 : Project sanctioned on 14.08.1956 for Rs.46.56 lakhs. Dam 3150 feet long. 2850 feet earthern and 300 feet masonry. 2 canals on left bank and right bank to irrigate 4100 acres. Anicut across Shireya river.  1956 – 1957 : completed and handed over to Kerala.

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D. Cochin Port :  1939 : Cochin Port. Wharves opened in Wellingdon island.  1944-48 : Cochin port development works at Rs.17878 lakhs. E. Mangalam Reservoir Project :  1951 : Started on 3.4.1951. Reservoir of 250 Mcft capacity and pickup dam to irrigate 3280 acres across Cherukunnapuzha.  1955 : Completed and commissioned. D. Manjalar Reservoir Project (1951-56)  Project sanctioned under post war reconstruction project under first five year plan. Dam was across Cherukkampuzha with a Capacity of 386 mcft to irrigate. 809.4 hectares in new and stabilise 1315.85 hectares. The cost was Rs.44.80 lakhs.

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CHAPTER No.7 : CAUVERY METTUR PROJECT AND METTUR HIGH LEVEL CANAL

 The following are the calendar of activities completing the above project. Er.Barber’s report gives full details.  1854 : Captain Arthur Cotton gave a report but modified later by col. Ellis.  1800-1810 : Restoration of old tanks and introduction of minor irrigation work by Dewan Poorniah in the Mysore Kingdom.  1850 : Formation of PWD in Madras Presidency and also in Mysore State.  1870 : Madras Government formally informed its concern on the developments in Mysore State.  1890 : Representatives of 2 States negotiated at Ootacamund.  1892 : Madras – Mysore agreement signed. It put on record schemes already completed and those which were in progess in the Mysore state covering main rivers and tributaries. Agreement reached that no more projects to be undertaken and no attempt to restore the tanks. It was also agreed that if any dispute arose, it should be resolved by arbitration commission of Government of India.  1906-1910. Both States proposed major projects like Kannambadi dam and Cauvery Mettur projects. Madras Government emphatically argued that Mysore project should not be cleared without first getting its Cauvery – Mettur Project cleared.  1915 : Dispute between the states referred to Arbitration Committee which turned down Madras proposals and upheld the Mysore case. Madras approached the Secretary of State, London.  1919 : Secretary of State upheld Madras case.  1920 -1924 : Negotiations were resumed and agreement reached. Disputes raised on sizes of reservoiors and were resolved by Sir C.P.Ramasamy Iyer who was a member of the Viceroy’s executive council and full support was extended by Lord Wellington who was Governor of Madras.  18.02.1924 Agreement was signed between the 2 states.  1911 to 1931 Though foundation stone was laid in 1911, dam was realised only in 1931. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 27

 1910 – 1924 : Seven sites were investigated for Mettur dam, they were Urachi, Nerunjipet, Navapet and 4 places at Samballi. Some proposals were for earthern dam. There were many alternatives submitted by a few engineers including Er.Moss and Er.Ellis. The proposal of Er.Ellis was accepted for Rs.912 Lakhs.  20.07.1925 : Dam construction was inaugurated by Governnor Viscount Goschen.  1925 : Er.Mackay was in charge of dam and Er.Narasimha Iyengar was in charge of canals under the Superintending Engineer Er.Stoney. The surplus discharge was proposed at 2.5 Lakh cusecs based on the observation of 2.07 lakhs recorded in 1806 at this site. In 1924 heavier flood of 4.50 lakh cusecs was encountered at the dam site and therefore Ellis Saddle was designed for 5 lakh cusecs and hence it could pass higher floods encountered in 1961 and 1981 without any danger.  1925-26 : Camp office was established at Mettur. There were 5000 labourers. Engineers deputed to England in April for getting overhead ropeway. Roads were laid and best site upstream of Dam chosen. 3 new divisions were formed for the dam and 2 for canals were formed.  1928 – 29 : All building materials were being collected and power supply procured from Mysore state and 2 electric travelling cranes procured.  1929 – sudden floods submerged the foundation and cleared. Instead of stones proposed to be implanted in surki mortar, Portland cement was used at the instance of Er.Mullings and this accelerated the works. Original plan was to do concreting in lifts by steel shutters for which 2 high steel towers (340 ft high and 1800 tonnes) painted black and red erected at either ends. Hand pouring was found faster and hence cable was used as a crane for lowering. Pillars and cables were erected in 1929-30 and this invited lot of interest from everyone. Stone masonry was adopted instead of poured – concrete. Power was got from Mysore. Construction joints were introduced at every 128 feet intervals. In an ingenious way reinforced concrete pillars 30 ft x 30 ft were laid cast-in-situ across joints to block the gaps.  Inspection galleries were formed in the body of dam for the first time. Ellis Saddle of artistic beauty was built between 2 hill sides in a curve of radius of 800 feet just to follow the rock outcrop and this helped in increasing the length of surplus escape. 16 spans of 60 feet each with arches. Saddle constructed only in lime-surki and not in cement. Floor concrete alone was laid with 20% replacement of concrete with surki mortar. Sluice gates 60x20 feet were made at PWD, Madras Workshops who had quoted lower than M/s.Glenfield & Kennady even though more massive and erected in less than 2 years by middle of March 1934 and last stone was laid on nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 28

14.07.34. 546200 cft of concrete used. 96400 tons of cement were used and rest 449900cft was in masonry. Cement rate for concrete was Rs.42.20 and masonry Rs.35.75 for cft. The entire work had taken 5 years and 10 months. Engineer-in- Chief was in full command of the work and dam was commissioned on 21.8.34 from on ornamental parlour by Sir George Stanley., then Governor of Madras. Modern design with all cross masonry works at 72 duty. But ayacut did not develop beyond 256000 acres. Capacity was 93.5 Mcft and it was highest. Per capita water availability was 0.03 mcft for Madras, 0.11 for Karnataka and 0.12 for Kerala.  1933-34 : completed on 14.7.34. Irrigation was released on 21.7.34, dam completed 99%, canals 7%, 7 siphons, 3 bridges, 8 canals except for 1 mile in last reach (31/10 to 32/6).  1934-35 : All works completed Bridge at 32/6068 in progress Earthwork between 31/1 and 33/40900 and 34/08 and 34/60 was in progress.  1938-39 : Stepped – apron was in progress at dam.  1952-53 : ayacut is 301000 acres Rs.4.8 crores. F.R.L. raised by 10 feet.  Under this scheme Grand Anicut Canal was excavated for a length of 101.08 km and Vadavar extention canal in Mannargudi area was carried out to benefit 3.01 lakhs acres in erstwhile Thanjavur district.

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VIEW OF STANLEY RESERVOIR AT METTUR

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METTUR HIGH LEVEL CANAL :  Sanctioned under postwar-reconstruction scheme in 1949 under 1st Five year plan to benefit Bhavani Taluk of Coimbatore district and opened for irrigation on 25.07.1957. Ayacut will be 48000 acres in lieu of shortfall in ayacut under G.A.Canal for which 3.01 lakh acres was approved. Only one crop was permitted. It irrigates 17000 acres in Coimbatore and 28000 acres in Salem. Canal runs at the foot of the hills for 4 miles and 2 furlongs. It bifurcates into one on the right margin and the other on the left margin of Cauvery by means of a pressure aquaduct to irrigate. This canal is 39 miles long and irrigates 2800 aces in Tiruchengode, Omalur and Namakkal taluks of Salem district.  1949 : Scheme sanctioned and taken up.  1949 – 55 : Work was in progress.  1955-56 : West bank canal completed and released water in August 54. East bank canal was in progress.  1956-57 : Water released for 16000 acres.  September 2 1954 : Cauvery pressure aquaduct, Box culvert and steel pipes done departmentally at a cost of Rs.24 lakhs.  1958-59 : Major part completed. Water released on 18.7.59 for 43214 acres instead of 45000 – fully completed by 1.8.62.

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CHAPTER No.8 : GRAND-ANICUT CANAL

 The canal starts from Grand – Anicut on the right side. The Head sluice contains 4 vents. It has 9 regulators and many drops. There are 16 branch channels on the left side. The largest are Rajamadam and Kalyana Oodai. As designed and executed under C.M.P. the canal was dug upto 35/8100 or 109.23km. There were 583 existing irrigation tanks. The flow in the canal was designed for irrigation at a duty of 72 acres. All the sluices were fitted with shutters which could be controlled. There were 14 jungle – streams crossing the canal and 20 anicuts were built across them to supplement the tail end command of the main canals. This being a contour canal, all irrigation took place only on the eastern side of the canal.  1929-35 : 2 additional sub divisions attached to Thanjavur circle to speed up G.A. Canal was commissioned and opened for irrigation.  1935-1960 : Canal was drawing lot of silt due to the take-off direction being 90o to the river. Many model studies were conducted at IRS Poondy to exclude the silt and on their recommendation 2 groynes were built one on the east of the main head and another on the west preventing the direct entry of upland – drainage. In the initial 5 kilometers it was going south of Vennar river at a higher level ranging from 3 metres to 1 metre. The vents were designed to draw 3400 cusecs or more. But the western – most vent was almost not helpful as its opening was more often allowing back-flow into the Grand-Anicut.  1939 : Heavy rains in Tambaraparani and breaches in New main channel extending G.A. Canal from Merpanaikadu by 13.20 kilometer and finally feeding Mumbalai tank executed to feed an additional ayacut of 30380 acres. Breach in Vettikkadu embankment due to heavy rains.  1944-48 : Investigation taken up for G.A. canal extension by Narasinga Cauvery.  1949 : Breach in Vettikkadu embankment.  1953-54 : Olavayal channel executed under grow more food scheme from the right side of canal to irrigate 7000 acres in Pudukottai district.  1960 : Vettikkadu reach lined on bed and sides Er.P.K.Vedanayagam was the executive engineer.  1967 : Breach occurred in Chitrakudi embankment at 8/0 near Budalur and water stopped for nearly one month and breach closed. Staff concerned reshuffled and nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 33

changed mainly due to efforts of Mr. S.D.Somasundaram MP of Pattukottai who had served earlier in PWD as Assistant Engineer.  1968 : Desilting of G.A.canal from o/o to 4/0 upto Sholingavari embankment carried out during the closure season at an expenditure of Rs.4 lakhs.  1968 – 1969 : Rs.55 lakhs sanctioned for carrying out improvements to canal and to carry 4000 cusecs. Canal lining on the sides carried out from o/o upto 4/0. Intermediate berms created in Chitrakudi and Vettikadu embankments to withstand percolation and erosion. Canal water drawn upto 4200 cusecs successfully. Both the bunds strengthened and width increased to 3 metres even at aqueducts for easy transport by lorries and Dozers.  1969 : Large scale repairs carried out to Olavayal channel and the damaged syphon repaired.  1970 : Desilting of Mumbalai tank carried out and revetments done to banks to prevent seepage and leakage. Quarters constructed for Executive Engineer and Personal Assistant to Superintending Engineer at Thanjavur.

GRAND ANICUT

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CHAPTER No.9 : FLOOD AND FLOOD WORKS

 1903 : Some portions of Palar Anicut were washed away and brought back to standards in 1905. Founded on 2 rows of wells 3 ft diameter and 12.5 feet deep. Body wall 7 feet high. (1951) : Falling shutters installed. 300 feet long breaching section was built with brick work. R.C.C. cut off built on upstream side and on 3 steps on the downstream side. R.C.C piles were driven at the end of 2nd stage apron. Catchment area is 3974 sq miles and maximum flood was 158477 cusecs.  1924 : Unprecedented floods at Mettur of 4.50 lakhs cusecs and Mettur dam redesigned for 5.0 lakh cusecs.  1930-31 : Coleroon bank breached @ Koviladi in the Cyclone on 28.11.30. Breaches in Kattalai, S.B.Canal, Ayyan Vaikkaal and all rivers in Cauvery delta.  1931-32 : Heavy rains in October 1931. All channels breached in Thirunelvely district above and below Srivaikuntam Anicut North main channel.  1936-37 : Unprecedented rains on 02.11.36. All anicuts and channels breached in Pollachi, Udumalpet and Dharapuram taluks. Sudden floods in Amaravati in November 1936.  1913 : Pelandurai Anaicut across Vellar built in 19th century went into ruins. Reconstructed in 1876 but affected by floods on 1877, 1880 and 1884. Crest lowered in 1896 and fitted with 6 feet high shutters. Again damaged in 1913 floods which went 23 feet above crest. It was converted into a regulator in 1916. It irrigates 12000 acres. Sethiathopu regulator in Chidambaram Taluk above Pelandurai regulator was also damaged in 1847-50. Repaired in 1880 and crest raised by 3 feet shutters in 1904 to standards. Water brought into Vadavar and Raja Channel. Affected by 1913 floods and repaired.  1937-38 : November very heavy rains and Ponnery Taluk badly affected. Chennai city north completely flooded. Spills from Kosastalayar entering Coovum through Buckingham canal.  1938-39 : G.A.Canal breached. Kannadian and Nathunni channels in Tambaraparani breached in Nov. 1938.  1943 : Coovum suffered catastrophic floods which were described by Er. A.R.Venkatachary in his report which suggested various remedial measures.  1946-47 : Heavy rains on 29.07.46. Heavy damages in Chengalpattu and Nellore districts. New Divisions formed.

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 1948-49. Vettikadu embankment breached in G.A.Canal. G.A. extension channel at R01/04 also breached and closed. Total cost Rs.53000. Perumal tank was repaired and surplus arrangements completed at a cost of Rs.53.70. lakhs  1952-53 : Thirukkoilur anicut damaged and 2 feet falling shutters fixed.  1954-55 : Heavy rains in Thirunelveli, Thanjavur and Periyar ayacut areas. Number of tanks breached and were closed Er. S.Ramachandran prepared report on mitigation of floods in Cauvery Delta.  1955 – 56 : Heavy rains in November 2005 and January 2006 flood flows were 3781 cusecs in Vaigai river, 15645 in Tambraparani, 64969 in Manimuthar and 2768 in Saruganiar. Breach at Koviladi in Cauvery for a width of 1000 feet velocity was very high. Loaded boats were sunk and floods did not abate. Took time to close and restore normalcy. Cauvery barrage was suggested with 41 vents of 40 feet each with lift shutters of 10 feet height. Permeable soil to have cut-off- no open excavation. Ingenious method using Bentonite adopted and completed in 2 seasons by Er. M.Balasubramaniam Executive Engineer. Cyclone on 30.2.55 affecting Thirunelvely, Madurai and Ramnad districts. 4984 Tanks got breached in Thiruvadanai, Ramnad, Mudukulathur, Sivagangai, Paramakkudi and Aruppukottai taluks. Ring-bunds provided using divers brought from Mangalore at 3511 places by 20.12.55. Many weirs were outflanked and were restored by October 1956. One special circle and 4 EEs and 24 AEEs sanctioned. Crops saved by drawing water from Vaigai R.S.Mangalam (27 breaches), Kalari tank (7 breaches) Mudukulathur tank (1 breach), Ramnad big tank (7 breaches) and Sakkaraikottai tank (7 places). Breach closing cost Rs.250 lakhs.  1960 - 61 : unprecedented rains in July 1961. Coleroon breached at Koviladi between 18/6 and 19/00 on 07-07-61. Major damages at Agarapettai above Cauvery and Kudamurutty regulator. Major portions in Cauvery Delta submerged. Rainfall was 335cm between 1-06-61 and 24-07-61, 100cm between 1 and 30-06-61; 127cms between 1-03-61 and 05-07-61. Balance 108cm between 6 and 7-07-61. Wireless sets promptly erected at critical places. At Upper Anicut, level rose upto 3.9 feet in a few hours and breach at Kaviladi widenend to 1000 feet. Special staff of (Superintending Engineer and 4 Executive Engineers were specially posted. 3 times the capacity of Mettur reserervoir passed out. Army was requisitioned. Mettur dam water level was maintained at 125 feet and calculated risk taken to keep floods away from Cauvery delta. Remedial works were started on 11-07-61 when maximum flow was 1.86 lakh cusecs on 28-07-61. Three pontoons were sunk and breach closed on 30-07-61. It took 23 days and Rs. 20 Lakhs and all works completed only by 24-11-61. Peak flow encountered was 2.75 Lakh cusecs. Er.P.K.Vedanayagam was the SE incharge nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 36

 December 1964 : Heavy rains in Ramnad District and Rameswaram island. Dhanushkodi village got wiped out causing largescale damages to railway bridge at Pamban and Railway jetty at Rameswaram. Restoration took 4 months. Mr.T.T.Krishnamachari the finance minister at Delhi and he got Sedthusamudram project sanctioned to give work to people.  1967 : Floods in South Arcot district and 4 new divisions formed at Maduranthangam, Vandavasi, Tindivanam and Villupuram.  1972-73 : Heavy rains and floods in Trichy in December 1972. Breaches occurred in Coleroon banks and were closed and strengthened at a cost of 9.50 lakhs.  1976-77 : Chennai city experienced very heavy rains as detailed below.  24 hour rainfall on 21-10-1846 – 520mm. 24 hour rainfall on 24-10-1857 – 460mm  24 hour rainfall on 25-11-1976 – 452mm.  An intensity of 50mm per hour was recorded in 1976. Out of 1200 slums enumerated in 1975, 800 slums were subjected to flooding. Out of 5 lakhs of people in slums, 3 lakh got displaced. Flood damages as assessed in the Nucleus cell report are Buildings Roads 1976 – 2136.17 lakhs 550 lakhs 1977 – 1119.00 lakhs 810 lakhs 1978- 304.10 lakhs NA  Er.P.Sivalingam, Chief Engineer, PWD was appointed as Chairman of a Committee and members included Chief engineers of Highways, Housing Board (Er. B.A.Jayabalan) were in the committee and they had recommended many schemes for overcoming the floods for a cost of Rs. 1219 lakhs under first priority and schemes for Rs. 982 lakhs under the second priority. MMDA engaged one J.H.Kop, a drainage expert from World Bank to study and give his opinion. He came down in 1979 and gave a report endorsing Er.Sivalingam’s report. At the instance of MMDA, the Government formed a Nucleus cell in 1979 with one SE (Er.K.Ramalingam) as chairman and superintending Engineer from I.H.H, Poondi. Highways and Chennai Corporation as members for studying the schemes and give list of priorities so that they can be implemented under the proposed MUDP. The Nucleus cell report was given in 1981. In order to avail the funds from World bank, MMDA appointed M/s. Mott Mcdonald International who studied the problem and gave a report in 1994 in 5 volumes. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 37

 As a first relief measure, the Chennai Corporation advanced Rs. 35 lakhs to the PWD and executed the Captain Cotton canal in Vyasarpady region of its last stretch of infall into Buckingham canal. This was completed in 1980.  Next, MMDA entrusted the drainage canal from Kodungaiyur to Buckingham canal for purpose of building quarters in the kodungaiyur tank- bed. This project was executed along the north side of Moolakadai-Korukkupettai road and this was completed by Nucleus cell in 1981 at a cost of Rs. 30 Lakhs. The Mambalam drain was entrusted with PWD by Chennai Corporation and this was executed in 1983 by PWD.  1977 : Heavy rains and cyclone affected Kodaganar dam which got damaged. The reservoir was near Alagapuri village in Vedasandur taluk having an Irrigation extent of 2080 hectares (New) and 144.09 ha (gap). It was completed in 1975 at a cost of Rs. 212 Lakhs. It was rebuilt in 1982 at an expense of Rs. 920 Lakhs.  12-11-1977 : Heavy rains in Thanjavur and Thutthukudi districts. Kodaganar dam got washed away. 3 lakhs cusecs reached Upper Anicut on 13-11-77 and sudden realization at Cauvery barrage and 1.20 lakhs cusecs of water was diverted into Cauvery. But Koarayar was also in floods and brought 40000 cusecs. Trichy town was flooded. Cauvery not able to carry, floods entered into Colreoon and 5 breaches on left bank of Cauvery in the Srirangam island portion. 3 breaches were near Amma mandapam and 2 near Kilikoodu. These breaches were similar to those in 1924. Breach closing could be started only on 20-11-77. Ring bunds were erected despite the fear of crocodiles. Skilled workers brought from Koviladi, Uthamanur, Sakkarahollan and Trichinampoondy and casuarina piles employed. Special Chief Engineer for floods was Er.S.Manavalan and supply to delta could be restored only in December 77.  Depression in bay which crossed Nagapattinam on 12-11-1977. Heavy damages to crops, cloud burst on the eastern slopes of Western Ghats in Vedasandur taluk of Madurai. Vedasandur range recorded 241.50mm on 13-11-1977. Several tanks breached in Varattar and Kodaganar which is a tributary of Amaravathi carried floods several metres high sweeping off all habitations. 3 villages of Nallamana, Kottar and Thirukkai swept away leaving no traces. Earthern dam at Kodaganar overflowed discharging 45000 cusecs, later estimated at 2 lakh cusecs over large expanse of cultivated land. Amaravathi breached. Peak discharge of 3.08 lakh cusecs received on 13-11-1977. Several channels like Ayyan, Peruvalai, Pullambadi, Uyyakondan breached. Kudamurutty drain carried 1.63 lakh cusecs nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 38

and breached Srirangam island at 3 places. Large parts of Trichy got flooded. Grand Anicut received 1.44 lakh cusecs on 13-11-1977 discharging 114000 cusecs into Cauvery and 15000 cusecs into Vennar. Above 1.80 Lakh cusecs diverted into Coleroon at Upper Anicut and 1.14 lakh cusecs at Grand anicut. 1.5 lakh cusecs in Kudamurutty and lot of damages through Kilikkoodu breach. Coleroon flow exceeded 4.50 lakh cusecs as it approached Lower Anicut. Earlier it was only 4 lakh cusecs in 1858. Left bank of Coleroon above Lower Anicut spreading over 3 lakhs cusecs in the area north of Coleroon. Lower Anicut passed down 1.5 Lakh cusecs. 2400 tanks breached (392 tanks in Pudukottai, 174 in Thanjavur). In Cauvery delta rivers breached at 703 places, channels at 383 places. Government urged to launch heavy restoration programme.  1983 : High intensity of rainfall on 22-12-83. Depression formed 100km east of south-east of Pamban and brought torrential rains. Madukkur raingauge recorded 422mm on 23-12-83. Mettur was closed on 22-12-83 anticipating rains due to depression and all shutters of Cauvery Barrage at Upper Anicut brought floods directly, into Coleroon 53000 cusecs reached Grand anicut. Flood waves from upland of Pudukkottai breached several irrigation tanks and channels enroute. Grand Anicut canal breached heavily at a few places and passed floods into Vennar which is designed to take 110000 cusecs passed 30000 cusecs. 508 tanks breached in Pudukkottai. 182 in Trichy, 469 in Thanjavur. Breaches in rivers and channels were over 1415 places. Er.T.K.Viswanathan closed the breaches as Special Chief Engineer.  1983 - 1984 : The floods in Coovum river damaged Aranvoyal Anicut taking advantage of sand pits. Not rebuilt as no ayacut remained.  1988 - 89 : Vaigai floods restoration started in September 1984 and completed by March 1989 at Rs. 600 Lakhs.  2000 - 2001 : Rs. 50 Lakhs was sanctioned for removing obstructions in Kudamurutty, Ayyaru and Korayar which will be widened. Embankment of Uyyakondan was strengthened.  2001 – 02 : Tiruchi city flood prevention scheme sent in 1999 was sanctioned for Rs. 50 crores.  2005 : Heavy rains in Karnataka on 23-10-05. Inflow into Cauvery measured to 206222 cusecs on 24-10-05 and came down to 48000 cusecs on 28-10-05. Peak was on 24-10-05 when 241300 cusecs was received. Breach occurred on left bank of Srirangam Nattuvaikkal at 5/2 and at Alankudi in Sirkali Taluk. Realisations are nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 39

as below on 24-11-05 : Upper Anicut – 2,98,724 Cusecs. Grand Anicut – 98123 cusecs Lower Anicut – 3,35,016 Cusecs.  2006 : Heavy rains in Cauvery delta on 23-10-05. Flow increased to 206222 cusecs at 8 am on 25-10-05 and over 2 lakhs cusecs till 2 am on 25-10-05. From 25-10-05 (3 AM) it was less than 2.0 lakh cusecs and 48000 cusecs on 28-10-05. Peak flow was on 24-10-05. Breach occurred on left bank of Srirangam Nattuvaikkal at 5/2 and 2/6 in Alankudi in Sirkali taluk when flow exceeded 2.05 Lakhs cusecs on 27-10-05. Discharges at Upper Anicut, Grand Anicut and Lower Anicut were 298724, 98123 and 335016 Cusecs respectively.  2007-08 : Schemes for Coovum, Adayar and Kosasthalayar, Otteri Nalla, Virugambakkam and Arumbakkam are formulated under JN NURM.  Scheme for diversion of Korayar, Kudamurutty, Uyyakondan, Agniyar are formulated with aid from NABARD.

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CHAPTER NO. 10 : BUCKINGHAM CANAL

Buchingham navigational canal (no bed slope) was excavated in 1880’s to give relief to famine – affected people. The canal connected all lagoons from Kakinada upto Vedaranyam parallel to the sea-cost (AP 907 KM, Tamilnadu 180 KM and Pondy 2KM) north and south of Madras. Boats were towed manually on the bank where paths were laid on banks. The canal was 10 m wide and 1 metre deep and steam launches plied from 1936-37. The main cargoes were firewood, salt and rice. The following statement gives revenue receipts for a few years in lakhs of rupees.

1924-25 Rs. 3.05 Lakhs 1934-35 4.59 1925-26 3.53 1935.36 4.83 1926-27 N.A. 1936-37 5.17 1927-28 0.26 1938-39 3.36 1928-29 4.25 1943-44 1.36 1929-30 4.23 1944-45 1.36 1930-31 4.15 1952-53 20.73 (9800 passengers) 1931-32 4.16 1955-56 80.31 (tonnes) 1932-33 4.19 1956-57 284.11 (tonnes) 1933-34 4.22

Wharves for unloading the cargo were constructed adjoining Wall Tax Road and Trevelyan Basin Road. A permanent division was in position until 1970. It was again revived in 1973-74 and the first regularly appointed executive engineer was Er. K. Ramalingam. 1971-72 dredging works were completed under III five year plan. Roads laid in Hood and Shell wharves. Wharf completed on Cooum and improvement works taken up from 6/0 to 10/1 of North Buckingham Canal.

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Buckingham Canal

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Buckingham Canal within Chennai City

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NORTH BUCHINGHAM CANAL A high power technical committee was set up in G.O. no.2206 dated 11-08-58 and they had recommended that canal should be excavated upto bed level of +4.27 for a width of 10.06 m in the north and 6.10 metres in the south and that depth sould be not less than 1.83 metres. A master plan was prepared for Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh costing Rs.600 Lakhs. North B Canal (including AP) to cost Rs.350 lakhs and south B Canal to cost Rs.256 lakhs for moving 3 lakhs tonne of cargoes. Under this scheme, the north canal areas taken up from Ennore to Central station. The Bed width was increased to 15 metre, depth lowered by 1.20 feet and sides lined with precast concrete block (75 mm thick) at a slope of 1 1/2:1 over 100mm of gravel backing. Provision was also made for a toe-path. The following were some salient levels. Bed level + 4.25(H.S.L is .+6.09) BERM + 7.25 HW OST 6.71 LW OST 5.29 This project was completed between years 1973 and 1975. During this period the canal was kept closed to traffic. The Cargo of firewood which was being brought from Andhra Pradesh were detained at a temporary wharf at Ennore. From there, fire wood was being moved by private parties by lorries and taken to markets in Chennai. This interim plan put the canal out of operation and canal became unnecessary even though it was improved. The boat-owners also expressed a fear that concrete lining on the canal- sides would damage the boats (wooden) and that stopped the entire traffic in the canal. 1975 A scheme was contemplated to bring 150 cusecs of coolant water from Ennore Thermal Station through North Buchingham Canal so that the reach of cooum river between central station and the sea-mouth could be flushed.. A model study was made at I.R.S Poondy and recommendations given for a) creating a wide entry basin in the Buckingham Canal at the entry point of coolant water and b) raising the top level of the lock-gate at Ennore by 1.5 metre and raising the canal banks suitably. The entry basin was constructed in 1975 along with canal-lining work. By that time thermal station had problems of giving coolant –water which had to be diverted to fluidise the fly-ash for ultimate disposal into the sea.

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1976-77 Rs.46 lakhs sanctioned for construction of a wharf at Chintadripet and for dredging the North Buchingham Canal – Expenditure upto 1976-77 was Rs.46.94 lakhs 1977-78 Under the grant from Government of India the North Buchingham Canal was dredged at an expenditure of Rs.19.90 lakhs 1995-1999 Railways had built the Thirumayilai station under MRTP project and had obstructed the water way and caused flooding in 1996 floods in Mylapore. Railways were asked to widen canal at a cost of Rs.190 lakhs. Silt was cleared for 4 km at R.K. Mutt at a cost of Rs.132 lakhs. Otteri Nallah was desilted and provided flood banks on Adyar in Kotturpuram at a cost of Rs.85 lakhs. An amount of Rs.68 lakhs received as loan assistance from Government of India. 2000-2002 Cleaning of waterways was sanctioned and Rs. 51.47 crores and spent in Buckingham canal Adyar and Cooum. Dredging Buckingham Canal completed. 1999-2007 Millennium scheme granted for Rs.300 crores and implementation was started from 1999. Rs.30.81 crores spent in Buckingham Canal. Balance amounts spent in Adyar, Virugambakkam, Otteri-Nallah and other drains. 2007-2008 Master Improvement plan for Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu submitted to Government of India for sanction (total 1095 km)

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CHAPTER NO.11 : IHH POONDI

Institute of Hydraulic and Hydro by Research is a new name. Actually it was called Hydraulic Research Station and it was started on the Right bank of Poondy (Satyamurthy) Reservoir in 1943. The Director was in the grade of executive engineer. 1946-47 Model studies were conducted and seepage studies undertaken. 1944-52 Energy dissipation arrangements designed for Lower Bhavani Project and other projects. 1947-48 New building for strength of materials constructed at chepauk. 1950-51 S.M & R laboratory transferred to Chepauk building. Got equipments and model studies conducted for lower Bhavani Tungabadra and Malampuzha. 1951-52 Model studies of Krishna – Pennar and Malampuzha conducted Ferguson compressor machine added at S.M & R and also self-regulating balance Designs for K.P.P and other projects were studied on models. 1953-54 Andhra separation Er. T.P.Kuttiammu took over as E.E. Conducted model studies for spillways and Stilling basin for Bhavani and large dams. 1954-55 Activities started on left flank of Poondy. New instruments purchased and New Irrigation Era published both for Madras and AP state. 1955-56 Model studies conducted on P.A.P and established model for Royapuram sea-shore studies. 1956-57 Set up wave-tiding devices and conducted study for Coovum improvements and photo elastic studies of gates. 1961-62 Received funds from centre conducted studies on surki and puzzolana. Tests conducted on building materials for PWD and river valley projects of other states and continued research on fundamental studies. 1963-64 Central funds received and studies sponsored by National Building code. Tests conducted on engineering properties of building materials, sub-soil flow, puzzolana cement, etc. High-head jacks purchased. Tests on hydraulic gates, evaporation losses, sedimentation in L.B.P., loss of head in trash- racks, corrosion properties of soils, artificial rain-making and mortars with Eranavur sand.

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1969-74 Model studies for state and other state projects and of CPWC, CBI, CSIR, NBO and institute of standards. Er. P.Kumarasamy was the first Director 1970-71 Anti sea erosion studies. Bed samples collected from various rivers in the state and collection of rainfall data for all states. 1979 Shore erosion at Mahabalipuram-Model studies carried out at CWPRS on a model bed on a scale of 1/360 and 1/120 and recommendation issued. 1982 soil cement blocks of various mixes and their strengths Aug 1982 conducted as per G.O. 522 dt 21-03-80 model studies on remedial measures to the Royapuram sea-erosion problem (18/82) May 1983 Based on discussion held at CWPRS report prepared on the efficiency of off-shore discontinuous breakwater at (-) 1.5m depth or at (-) 2.0 m depth for Royapuram erosion problem (5/1983) Feb 1984 Final report on design of off-shore breakwater for Royapuram sea erosion for designing of a suitable section (2/84) Feb 1986 Model Studies ordered by State 173302 dt 21-12-84 and R05368-4/84 dated 18/01/84 to get relief from pronounced sea-erosion North of Madras Harbour (1/86) and (11/86) August 1989 Department of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries have sanctioned in MS No.261/dated 27/02/88 for model studies for permanent remedial measures against sea erosion in North Madras. The post of Director was downgraded to superintending engineer. 1992 Data Collection– There is one division attached to IHH with Headquarters at Chennai for collection of wave heights at 22 sites along the coast in 4 zones (Pulicat lake to Mahabalipuram, Mahabalipuram to Point calmere, Point calmere to Rameshwaram and Rameswaram to Kanyakumari). They issue periodical reports on behaviour of sea-coasts periodically. One was issued in 7/80.

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CHAPTER NO.12 : COOVUM IMPROVEMENT WORKS

It is a surplus course, collecting surplus from cooum group of tanks in Thiruvallur Taluk. It is 65 Km long flowing from west to east winding its way through Madras city and meeting sea 3Km south of the Madras Harbour. Flow is not permanent but will be an asset to the city if kept clean and free from smell. An anicut across Kosastalayar at Kesavaram in N.A district diverts part of the flow into Cooum to be carried for about 30 km where an anicut had been constructed at Korattur where part of Cooum water is diverted into Bangaru Channel which feeds Chembarambakkam tank. There is another anicut at Aranvoyal which had got damaged by 1983 floods. The catchment area is 290 sq km studded with 140 tanks and a few minor Irrigation tank of Ambattur (4.871 mm3) and Korattur (2.872mm3) and Madavaram (0.982 mm3). This enters Chennai city at Aminjikarai and runs for 18 km through the city. It collects storm water from 18 sq km. It has 9 bridges and Napier bridge is the last. The River bifurcated above Napier bridge. It was only 40 to 50 feet wide upto college road and 60 feet upto C-in-C bridge where it widens to 120 feet. Below Wellington bridge it is 300 feet wide and 8 feet deep Below Napier Bridge it is 500 feet wide. Worst flood discharge is 19000 cusecs though only 10000 cusecs is computed by IHH Poondy. Waves attack coast at the river mouth at 300 angle. Sir Francy Spring found that a littoral drift is taking place east of the mouth carrying 1 million tones of bed-silt along Coromandel coast and that as it changes direction from south to north when the North- east monsoon breaks. Madras Harbour was built in 1876 and southern breakwaters built. This is causing accretion in the Cooum mouth. The sea-coast was 195 metres below Napier Bridge in 1891 and 410 metres in 1974 and is still advancing eastwards. Tidel range is 4.3 feet on spring tide and 1.1 feet at Neap tide. The Chenani city was having population of 6 lakhs in 1910 and 28 lakhs in 1975 and was being supplied 30 gpd of drinking water. The river also receives 51 storm water drains which bring in also domestic sewage and also Otteri nallah, between Chetpet and Napier bridges. 10 slums were located on river bank according to high-power technical committee and 941 families according to I.R.S. report. To remove the bad smell developed due to blockage of sea-mouth, many projects were evolved to induce natural flushing of the river. The following are some of them 1890 Harbour canal scheme 1905 Mr. Hutton’s scheme 1921 Mr. Bristow’s scheme 1923 Mr. Kharghet. CE. CPWD nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 48

1923 Mr. Madley, proposed a 2 metre diameter pipeline underground and taken into sea costing Rs.6.5 Lakhs 1923 Diverson scheme into Adyar by closing river below Chetpet and reclaim 100 acres 1927 Mr Molesworth scheme for Rs.1.785 lakhs 1950-51 Model Studies were made in I.H.H. Poondy 1955 Field trials made using hume pipes laid across sand-bar 1957 Link Canal scheme was examined and given up 1958 High power Technical committee by government order No.2206 dt.11-8-1958 1958-67 Chief engineer of PWD and Madras Harbour proposed many schemes 1967 Govt sanctioned scheme in 1967 in GO Ms. No.1371 dated 4-7-67 for Rs.32 lakhs and inspected by chief minister on 19-6-67. The proposal was for (a) tidal weir (b) dredging of river and disposal of dredged material and (c) construction of Jetty at Cooum-mouth and erection of sand-pump. The weir was modified as a regulator and the sand-pump was ordered instead of 2 excavators ordered for Buckingham Canal. Revised cost to Rs.70 lakhs but final cost was Rs.74.30 lakhs. 1969 II Stage was sanctioned in G.O.1673,dt. 29.09.69 for Rs.62 Lakhs for clearing and beautifying river margin between Chetpet and Napier Bridge and this ended with Rs.138.72 Lakhs. 1970 Fireproof huts were built for 941 families for Rs.9.6 lakhs. A boat with 3.75 HP motor was purchased for inspection at Rs.8000. 4 single boat Jetties and 4 double-boat Jetties were constructed at Rs.3.1 lakhs. Improvement works taken up in 70-71. 1970-71 Silt accumulation in the river was cleared under a separate estimate of Rs.5.12 lakhs. Dhoby Khana was built at Rs.14000. Model studies at I.H.H. Poondy was sanctioned at Rs 30000 (revised to Rs.70000) Channel width increased from 70 feet to 100 feet. Regulator instead of weir and 2 vents of 35 feet width were provided and cut-off provided with sheet-piles. Cooum river sloped at 11/2:1 and lined with 3” thick concrete slopes over gravel backing. Sewage infalls closed at 119 places. Sand-pumps were erected (5 more ordered for cuddalore and 2 more for Ennore). Global tenders were called for dredging 7 feet deep and of 275 H.P IHV Beanner of Holland Kirloskar gave tenders along with a vacuum pump for priming. Swimming nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 49

pool was constructed at a cost of Rs.12.15 lakhs and Boat club at a cost of Rs.4.62 lakhs and Parks built opposite to War Mamorial at a cost of 3.5 lakhs. 71-72 Wharf completed in Coovum 76-77 Sand pump procured and installed 1986 Flood discharge of 538 cusecs observed at Napier bridge, Tidal flushing felt upto 4300 upstream. 2266 cusecs diverted into Chembarabakkam at Korattur anicut. 1983 The Aranvoyal anicut across Cooum washed away by floods and sand- mining. Not rebuilt as ayacut lands have been converted into other uses 2006-2007 Cooum dredged at a cost of Rs 300 crores. The reach between Periyar bridge to sea (Rs.2.20 crores) and Periyar Bridge to Koyambedu (Rs.17.47 crores) to be taken up. 2007-08 Cleaning of city waterways at outlay of 1700 crores was taken up. Metrowater appointed as Nodal agency. But no progress made.

2009-10 Chennai city waterways at Rs.300 crores. B canal and cooum from Periyar bridge upto R.K. Mutt to be taken up. Periyar Bridge to sea-mouth completed. 2002-03 Groyne with R,M. Stones erected at South of Coovum 170 metre long at Rs.78 lakhs and raised by 1.5 m on advice of NIOT 2003-05 Cooum mouth groyne to be raised by 1.5 metres 2010 Cooum river in Chennai region has been taken up for beautification and improvement on the model of Saint Antonio River in Singapore and special cell opened with one administrative. Officer and agreement signed with Singapore Agency.

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CHAPTER NO. 13 MULLAIPERIYAR DAM AND PERIYAR VAIGAI IRRIGATION

This is the first inter-basin transfer of waters in the world. Average annual rainfall is 2000 mm yielding heavy run-off. Dam 49 m high, capacity 443 mcm. Leading channel 1646 metres long followed by 1920 m long tunnel of 374 sq feet cross section. Dead storage was 300 mcm. The water goes into Suruliyar on Gudalur side costing Rs.65 lakhs 58 km long river in Gudalur and Cumbum and distributes water to 52610 hectares completed in 1925. The course of events is traced below. 28-10-86 Periyar Agreement signed and Rs.40000 to be paid to Travancore annually as royalty. 1862-1867 Investigation carried out and completed and detailed estimate given for 162 feet length earthern dam for Rs.17.45 lakhs. Mr. Coulomb who propounded his theory on earth pressure seems to have given the design for an earthern dam. But it was not accepted. 1882-83 Er. Pennycuik was placed in exclusive charge of investigating and he evolved a scheme for masonry dam 155 feet high to be built in lime-mortar. 29.10.1886 Agreement signed with Maharaja of Travancore. The Dewan was one Vembakkam Ramiyar and agreement concluded on orders of Maharajah and of John Child Homophone, the resident of the state and the Governor of Madras Presidency on behalf of the Secretary of State of India. The lease period was fixed for 999 years and could be renewed for further periods if so desired. Lease amount was fixed at Rs.40000 per annum. 1925-26 Surplus escape protection works made in state to meet adverse weather. 1930-31 Periyar pre development data being collected and investigation made Rain Gauges fixed. 1944-48 Vaigai Reservoir Project detailed investigation. 1947-48 Investigation in progress pending settlement with TN E.B. 1951-52 The leading channel of Periyar lake deepened by 1.2 metres in 2 seasons. 1951-53 Investigation of Periyar Hydro Electric Scheme 1955-59 Periyar H.E.S with 4 machines of 35 MW each completed and commissioned 1955-59 Vaigai Reservoir project taken up under First Five Year Plan as post-war- relief works for Rs.330 lakhs. New area for irrigation to be 20000 acres. Dam Cost borne by TNEB and PWD

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29-10-1970 Price to be paid to Kerala for power development and rate fixed at Rs.30 paisa per kw. B. VAIGAI RESERVOIR The purpose is to store the tail race water of Periyar. H.E.S especially during non- irrigation season of February to June Capacity of the dam is 193 mcft. The cost was Rs.330 lakhs located 13 kilometres below Suruliyar infall. During water regulation for irrigation due consideration is given for old catchment of Vaigai river and 17 MCM is earmarked for drinking water needs of Madurai city. The dam has catchment area of 225.3 sq.km and water spread of 24.19 sq km. Length of masonry dam is 231.66 metres. Earthen Dam is 3243 metre long. 1954 Preliminary works started in April 1954. 1955 Cross-masomy works in progress 21-1-59 Completed water released for 3431 acres in Madurai. Sivaganga and Thirupattur taluks on 29-8-59 1960-61 Reservoir full and water level kept 1 foot below FRL C. Periyar Vaigai Improvement (Modernisation) scheme. Periyar-Vaigai basin holds no scope for improvement except through reduction in losses. World Bank have offered credit of Rs.23 Million Dollar. There is seepage loss in river during flow upto Peranai regulator. Seepage loss assessed at 200 Mm3 and 75 Mm3 as operational losses. 190 Mm3 anticipated to be recovered by (a) lining upto 10 hectare limit (b) lining canal 32 km long from Vaigai dam to Peranai. (c) rehabilitate existing sluices. (d) additional outlets to provide supplies. (e) improve the tanks (f) extend canal system to new areas (g) improve command area and (h) reorganize and strengthen operational staff. Vaigai system has 115 channels and 414 tanks and caters to 5047 acres. Periyar main Canal Irrigates 168800 acres, Peranai regulator started in 1954 and completed in 1959. Virahanur regulator having 18 vents of 12.2 x 1.98 metre size. Right bank canal is 46 km carrying 19.00 cusecs to irrigate 27217 acres. Parthibanur regulator having vents of size 12.2 x 1.87 metres. Left Bank Canal is 45 km and carrying 50.4 cusecs to irrigate 31872 acres. Right Bank Canal 43km long and irrigates 30598 acres. Total cost was Rs.823 lakhs and irrigation to benefit 105882 acres to produce 55940 tonnes of food. 1970-71 Improvement works taken up

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1981-82 Flood diversion from Vaigai to Gundar and Girdwmal basin 2 link canals one above Virahanur regulator and another above Parthibanur regulator linking Vaigai to Gundar and Girdumal carrying 1000 cusecs and supplying to 55 tanks having an ayacut of 10424 acres under Girdumal Link Canal to Paralayar carrying 1500 cusecs to fill 64 tanks having 10424 acres under Gundar. Revised estimate is Rs.148.5 lakhs. 1991 Link canal below Vaigai dam connecting pick-up anicut and Periyar dam canal near Peranai Regulator taken up for Rs.25 crores and this was cleared by World Bank in October 1993 and balance works under link canal completed in oct 1993. Distribution network taken under W.R.C.P Tail-end works to extend irrigation to Thirupattur Tank and 13 others, 40 tanks in Sivaganga Taluk to irrigate additional ayant of 218.3 ha cost Rs.8.84 crores in progress. 1996-97 Stage I taken up in July 1977 completed in August 1984 at Rs.46.40 crores with W.B. aid Additional ayacut of 10305 hectares in Madurai and Sivagangai districts. Stage II from October 1983 to benefit 8539 hectares at Rs.148 crores (latest assessment) and conserved Rs.136.14 crores till November 1995. Link Canal at Peranai regulator taken upon at a cost of Rs.25 crores in 1991 and completed. All works closed by October 1993. 1998-99 Tail-end improvement works to Thirupattur tank and 13 other tanks in Thirupattur taluk completed in 1997-98 to benefit 218 hectares. Expenditure in 1999-2000 was Rs.408.15 crores (220.71 under WRCP) and in 2001-02 Rs.544.65 crores (219.82 under WRCP).

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CHAPTER NO. 14 INTERSTATE WATER DISPUTES

The major inter-state rivers are Araniyar, Kosasthalayar, Palar, Cauvery Ponniar and Periyar and Parambikulam Aliyar. The various stages are indicated for each river-basin. A. Mullaiperiyar Dispute on restoring F.R.L. Central Water Commission suggested R.C.C coping and widening of dam-top, to provide 3 additional spillway vents, cable anchoring, concrete backing on rear face, strengthening of leading drain and parapet wall and energy dissipating arrangements. All costing Rs.13 crores. 1979 F.R.L lowered to 136ft 1976-77 Strengthening scheme sent for approval for Rs.49.56 Lakhs 1982-83 Strengthening works costing Rs.720.5 Lakhs taken up and to be completed by 84-85. 1990 3 Additional vents to surplus escape approved in June 1983 for Rs.320 lakhs and started in 84-85 and to be completed by 86-87. Kerala objects to conveyance of materials for pitching of apron and work stopped. 1981 capping on top of dam completed for Rs.131 lakhs. 1998-99 All strengthening works completed except dissipation works for additional vents of spillway which are in progress Tamilnadu wrote to Kerala for discussion. 1999-2000 Meeting held in 1998 at Trivandrum and constituted Technical committee to discuss technical issues and submit reports. Tamilnadu ready but Kerala not ready and not conveyed date for discussion. 2000-01 Kerala does not permit energy dissipation works and raising parapet walls was started in 1987 and these have to be done later. Meetings held on 28- 11-96 and 13-08-98 to constitute Technical committee. Reports placed on 28-01-2000 at Trivandrum. Many meetings held between chief ministers but no agreement reached. 2001-02 As per direction of supreme court, meeting convened on 28-04-2000. Water resources committee of eminent engineers constituted for raising F.R.L. on a phased manner in June 2000. Final report of March 2001 sent to states for their views. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 54

2005-2006 Meeting held on 06-11-04 and minister level meeting on 27-11-04 at Trivandrum. 27.02.2006 Supreme Court issued final orders. (i) The agreement for 999 years is legally valid (ii) The environment is not at all affected. (iii) The dam is strong and safe and hence water can be stored upto 142 feet (from 136 ft). (iv) After strengthening the Babydam, water can be stored upto 152 feet. (v) The Kerala Govt should assist GOTN in strengthening the Baby Dam. 15.03.2006 To nullify the Supreme Court order, Govt. of Kerala on 15.03.2006 enacted an Act Kerala Irrigation and Water Protection Act, stating Kerala Govt alone has authority to fix the water levels in all 22 dams including Mullai Periyar Dam, restricting the maximum water level at 136 feet. 11/2006 to Discussion at Govts level under the guidance of central Govt but failed as

March 2007 the Kerala did not agree. 21.02.2008 Kerala proposed construction of new dam and reiterated. 11.01.2007 GOTN preferred petitions in the supreme court to quark the Kerala Act 3/2006 and permit GOTN to raise water upto 142. 2006-2007 Affidavit filed on 31-03-06 to declare the Kerala irrigation and water Consolidation Committee Act of 2006 as unconstitutional and SC addressed to advise restoration of 142 feet. 2007-08 Meeting held between CM’s on 18-12-06 as directed by SC on 29-11-06 but no solution . 2009-10 S.C ordered on 13-12-07 SC appoints Arul Singh Retired CJ of Rajasthan to record evidence. Final hearing on 31-03-09 and adjourned to July 2009.

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B. Talks on Parambikulam Aliyar Project 1901-02 - Kerala State not interested in attending discussions 1903-04 Technical Committee Consultant and first meeting held on 11-02-02 at Parambikukam 1909-10 Meetings between secretaries took place at Trivandrum on 08-04-09 and another on 24 and 25-04-09 for holding further talks. 19.12.2010 Supreme Court once again appointed another committee under former Chief Justice Dr.A.S.Anand to find out the present strength of Mullai Periyar Dam and the samd is now investigated. 06.06.2011 Meanwhile, Kerala Govt. prepared DPR and planned to construct a new dam below the Mullai Periyar, once again stating the old Dam is not safe. However GOTN continued to contest the contention of Kerala Govt and opposed the construction of new dam by Kerala. 08.04.2011 Geological investigation by Geological survey of India carried out soil investigation by CSMRS was completed. Dispute in Palar basin 2003-2004 River Basin Management Development Board (RB MDB) for Palar and Tamiraparani met at secretariat in August 2002-2 meetings were held and second meeting was held on 24-11-02. 2006-2007 Mysore not to proceed with check-dam as per 1892 agreement. Andhra Pradesh assured that it will proceed with scheme only after consulting with Tamilnadu. 2007-2008 Tamilnadu filed a suit in Supreme Court. But Andhra Pradesh proposed to give details of scheme before 05-02-07 and not to proceed without consulting Tamilnadu. 2009-2010 Andhra Pradesh furnished information and central water commission will conduct studies to find water availability.

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CAUVERY WATER DISPUTE : The 1924 agreement was signed subject to review after 50 years. Karnataka state refused to honour the agreement from 1974. Therefore dispute had arisen. The Kerala and Pondichery Governments also joined by putting up their claims. Organized groups of farmers had also stepped in to make their demands. Under these circumstances creation of new platform for negotiations became inevitable. This led to bilateral and multilateral meetings. Between 1968 and 1990; 22 state multilateral-level meetings, 21 meetings under the Chairmanship of Union Minister of Irrigation, 5 bilateral session between Tamilnadu and Karnataka took place. These meetings took place in 70’s and became scarce in 80’s. 1991 Tamilnadu demanded constitution of a tribunal under Interstate waters. Disputes Act 1956 and urged for tribunal enquiry which took place in 1975, 79 and 1986 25-06-1991. The tribunal gave an intern award that 205 TMC shall be given by Karnataka and that Tamilnadu shall make 6 TMC available to Pondicherry with effect from 01-07-1991 and also stipulated that Karnataka should not extend their ayacut beyond 11.2 lakhs. This order was also published in gazette by Government of India on 10-12-91. Pursuant to this award, this quantity was realized on yearly basis between 1991 and 2001 (except 1995-96) but 182.73 TMC only was realized in 1995-96. Karnataka had also applied for clarification and amendments. 1995-96 Supreme-Court suggested that C.M.’s shall meet and come to an amicable interim measure. 1998-99 As no amicable settlement could be reached, dispute has gone before the Tribunal where cross-examination of 9 witnesses and 1 of union were completed. Further cross-examination are being continued (as in 2009). 1999-2000 Cross-examination of 5 witnesses of Karnataka upto 08-05-97 4 more of Tamilnadu to be heard Kerala to provide 3 witnesses. Final award only after conclusion of cross examination. 2000 -2001 Final adjudication in progress and cross examination are being continued. 2002-2003 Interim award of 25-06-91 only meetings held 3rd meeting proposed on 10-10-01 not provided for making good deficits. Arguments started on 29-01-02 and final award only after conclusion.

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2003-2004 Meeting on 08-09-02 Cauvery Review Authority directed 9 TMC to be made available on weekly basis (0.8 TMC per day) during September and October. But Kuruvai has been lost in 8 lakhs out of 11 lakhs hectares only could be planted. Mettur storage cannot last beyond Jan 2003. The North East Monsoon had failed. Samba crops planted in 8 lakhs hectares could not be saved due to adamant attitude of Karnataka. 2004-2005 Final arguments on issues framed by CWC are at an advanced stage. 5th Feb 2007 Final award passed by the Tribunal however not yet notified in the central Govt. gazette due to appeals pending in the Tribunal & Supreme Court. Water realisation at Mettur are furnished below:- 1991 – 1995 1996 - 2001 Excess more than 205 TMC 2005 - 2008 2008 – 2011 more or less 205 TMC was realised. 1995-1996 Less than 205 TMC was realised the shortfall ranging 2.2% to -139.84%. 2001-2005 (during 2003-04). 14th June 2011 GOTN requested for the Gazette notification of the Final award.

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CHAPTER NO.15 PROJECTS AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Schemes constructed after independence over 100 minor and major for schemes were constructed during the 5 decades after independence. They are discribed below. Irrigation Management Institute have published photographs and particulars of some schemes in 1987 in 2 volumes. Schemes in Cauvery Basin

Sl.No Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks Lakhs

1 Adavinayanar 1997-99 376.90 98.34 gap 9.0 ha Reservoir capacity 4.80 Mm3 in Trichy District

2 Parappalar 1971-74 90.64 New 405 ha Masonry Dam across STABILISATION Parappalar near 535 ha Palani. Dam length 81m and height 39.62m

3 Nanganjiyar 1998- 4107.00 2554 ha Dindugal district 2003 stabilisation capacity 16.30Mm3 23.86 ha

4 Lower Bhavani 1948-58 1034.00 83772 ha Under I five year plan as a post war reconstruction work near Mettupalayam across Bhavani CA is 4200sqkm. Capacity of 929Mm3 project commenced in 1927- 28 by British Engineers completed on 19-08-58 Er. A.Srinivasan was Executive Engineer.

5 Gunderipallam 1974-78 153.65 1001.21 ha In Erode district near Erode CA is 72.23 sqkm. Capacity is 306 Mm3.

6 Varattupallam 1974-78 192.00 1210.44 Near Bhavani in Erode district CA 66.82sqkm. Capacity is 43.94 Mm3 dam is 1798 is long nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 59

Sl.No Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks Lakhs and 15.50m high.

7 Amaravathi 1953-58 334.00 8700.93 ha Near Udumalpet-CA is Reservoir 839 sq.km. capacity is 114.61 Mm3. Earthen dam is 770.23 m long and 50.0m high. Masonry dam is 3253 long

8 Ponnaniyar 1970-74 100.00 740.59 ha Earthen dam is 195 m Reservoir long and 51.82 m high. CA is 87.18sqkm and

capacity is 3.40 Mm3. M.Balasubramanian was Executive Engineer

9 Uppar Reservoir 1980-86 140.00 New 720 ha Near Lalgudi. Masonry dam is 720 m long and 8.87m high. CA is 44.40 sqkm and capacity is 2.27 Mm3

10 Siddamallee 1982-87 478.90 Stablise 342 ha Near Udayarpalayam Reservoir new 135 ha earthen dam is 5050cm and 15.15m high. CA is 40.63 sqkm and capacity is 6.422 mm3 canal 9.8k long

11 Neyyar 80-85 1281.97 1576.90 ha Capacity 6.58 Mm3

12 Kodumudiyar 1986-90 1560.00 320.2ha Capacity is 3.58 Mm3

13 Chinnavedampatti 1986-90 370 226.7ha Capacity is 2.82 Mm3 Tank

14 Anicut across 1957-60 3.72 Near Rajankudur Fort Chinnar

15 NKHLC 58-61 179.29 New 1327 ha Feeding 119 tanks in Stabilization Trichy and Thanjavur 3382 ha districts. Project House construced under this scheme at Trichy nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 60

Sl.No Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks Lakhs opened on 17-07-01

16 Mad alamuthuvari 1999-03

17 Vattamalaikarai Odai 1974-78 193.00 2347.23 ha Eathern Dam 1820 m Reservoir long and 20 m high.CA is 396sqkm capacity is 751 Mm3

18 Jedarpalayam bed 1953.54 15.45 5176.5 ha Taken to Secure Regulator New 200 ha irrigation in komarapalayam and Pugalur channels.

19 Pullambadi 56.61 142 Stabilisation 2nd five year plan to 587.45ha 8.953 use flood water ha new opened on 12-6-61. Left bank of cauvery irrigation in Lalgudi and Udayarpalayam taluks. Canal 54 km long to feed 8 new tanks and 19 existing tanks.

20 Maharajasamudram Opened on 10-9-55 by Anicut Er. U.Ananda Rao, CE

21 Kattalai Regulator 2009 Beddam being converted into regulator for diverting of flood waters to south.

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TIRUCHI

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Schemes in Madurai- Ramanathapuram areas

Sl Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

1 P.T. Rajan Channel 1978-81 19.37 To stablise 13.5 km long to extend 168ha Gap Periyar water to 21.7 Ha Venkatachalapuram in Cumbum Taluk

2 Marudanadhi 1976-80 3120.00 Stablise 924 Near Ayyampalayam ha gap 29.6 ha capacity 174 mcft. New 1498 ha

3 Pilavakkal (Periyar 1971-76 222.43 388.5 hectares 2 Reservoirs Across and Kovilar reservoir in Vaippar basin. Earthen Virudhunagar dam 17 metre high District and 864 m long. CA is Stablisation 24.77 sq km. In April 1984, 16000 cusec of 2990 ha flood experienced gap 75.66 ha again 10000 c/s designed.

4 Arjunanadhi 82-83 303.60 2632 acres Near Golwarpatti of Reservoir Stablisation Satthur taluk capacity use 99 ha gap 178 Mcft. 352 acres

5 Shanmuganadhi 1976-81 695.00 Stablisation Capacity is 63.85 Mm3 Reservoir 777 ha gap 76.5 ha

6 Sothuparai 98 1810.00 299.19 ha Capacity 2.8 Mm3

7 Nayodai 1998 720 148 ha Dindugal District

8 Sirumalai irrigation 1996 887 128 ha` Nilakottai Taluk Scheme

9 Narayana Cauvery NA 741 NA Ramnad Distict Raghavendra Cauvery and Sankarattrunam

11 Girdumal 91 53.00 3458.57 ha In Sivagangai district

12 Palar Porandalar 1971-78 565.00 4079.32 ha Near Palani earthen Reservoir dam is 2450m long and 32 m high. CA is 259 sqkm and capacity is 43.19 Mm3 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 72

Sl Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

13 Varadamanadhi 1957-78 206.00 186.18 ha Near Palani. Earthen Reservoir dam is 297 m long and 26m high capacity 0.9 Mm3 14 Uppar Reservoir 1965.68 87.20 2452.45 ha Near Dharapuram. Earthen dam is 2362m long and 16.76 m high. CA is 903.88 sqkm capacity is 14.92 Mm3

15 Vattamalaikarai odai 1974-78 193.00 2347.23 ha Near Dharapuram. CA is 396.00 sqkm. Capacity 7.59mm3. Earthen dam is 1820m long and 20 m high. 16 Parappalar Reservoir 1971-74 90.00 404.69 ha Masonry dam is 81.08 m high. CA is 72.88 sqkm and capacity is 5.6 Mm3 17 Vaigai Reservoir 1954-59 330.00 9645.89 Earthen dam is 3243m long and 33.8m high. CA is 2253.3 sqkm and capacity is 193.84 Mm3 18 Manjalar 1963-67 106.48 809.39ha Across Vaigai near Periyakulam earthen dam is 1004.6m long and 28.33m high. CA is 119.14 sqkm and capacity is 13.48 Mm3

19 Vembakottai 1980-85 467.00 3279 ha Across Vaippar in Reservoir Virudhunagar dist. CA is 26.91 sqkm and capacity is 11.29 Mm3. Earthen dam is 3216m long and 9.7m high.

20 Kullursandai 1980-84 254.00 1034ha Approved in 1979 Reservoir across Vaippar near Aruppukottai. CA is 80.38 sqkm and capacity is 359 Mm3 earthen dam is 3207 m long and 8m high.

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Sl Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

21 Kuthiraiyar Reservoir 1982-90 877.22 Stabilisation Earthen Dam is 875.72 ha 800.9m long and New 1316 ha 27.38m high. CA is 71.40 sqkm and capacity is 7.17 Mm3

22 Kodaganar Reservoir 1973-76 1890.00 3643.37 ha CA is 1670sqkm and capacity is 12.3 Mm3 Earthen dam is 434m long and 12.75 m high. Near Alagapuri Village. Damaged in 1977 cyclone and rebuilt in 1982-88 at Rs.920 lakhs .

23 Anaikuttam Reservoir 1982-89 275.00 1225.65ha Near Virudunagar CA is 40.83sqkm and capcity is 6.602 Mm3. Earthen dam is 2940 long and 9.50m high.

24 Golwarpatti 1982-92 981.00 Earthen Dam near Reservoir Sathur is 5750m long and 9.04m high. CA is 13.80 sqkm and capacity is 5.04 Mm3

25 Varattupallam 84-90 1646 3998ha Capacity is 17.25 Mm3 Reservoir

26 18th channel 2000-05 2860 22.81 ha Uthamapalayam Taluk

27 Malattar anicut 1994 4200 1914 ha Ramnad District

28 Ramakkal Odai 1998 565 107 ha Dindigul District

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Schemes in Salem and Kallakurchi

Sl Name Period Cost in Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

1 Manimukthanadhi 1966-70 106.00 1618.78 ha Across Reservoir Manimukthanadhi in Kallakurichi taluk. Earthen dam is 4454m long and 20 m high.

2 Gomukhinadhi 1963-65 121.00 2023.47ha Vellar basin in Reservoir Kallakurchi taluk capacity is 15.86 Mm3. earthen dam is 2103 m long and 24.8m high.

3 Kariakovil Anaicut 1982-92 1185.00 11457ha Near Atthur. CA is 70.5sqkm and capacity is 5.38 Mm3. Earthen dam is 748 m long and 32m high and cemol 10.10 km long.

4 Perumpallam 1983-90 541.00 1092 ha Earthern dam near Reservoir Sathyamangalam CA is 44.53 sqkm. Capacity is 3.28 Mm3 Earthen dam is 1888m and 17.09m high.

5 Noyyal Reservoir 1984-92 1646.00 Supply to Earthen dam 2290 m tanks long and 16.10m high. CA is 2245.55 sqkm and capacity is 17.44 Mm3

6 Anaimaduvu 1982-92 1175.00 2119ha Earthen dam near Reservoir Valappadi CA. 145.02 sqkm and capacity is 7.56 Mm3. Dam is 670m long and 27.94m high.

7 Nallathangal Odai 1998 4270 1920 Erode District

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Schemes in Ponniar Basin

Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

1 Restoration of 70-73 Nandan channel

2 Ellis Choultry anicut 1952-53 2.54 352.23ha II Under grow more food crop 947.4ha scheme across Ponnaiar – 2000 feet long 2 feet falling shutters. 19 open heads above anicut.

3 Pullampatti Reservoir 81-83 211.81 2154 acres Reservoir 131 Mcft gap 96 acres capacity 2 canals on Stabilisation left and right banks. 326 acres

4 Eachampalli 81-84 394.00 2530 ha Across Ponnaiyar in Hosur Taluk 2 canals left 23.15 km and Right Canal 28.68km

5 Varattar Reservoir 1997 3595 1157 Harur Taluk near Vallimedu village

6 Kesarigulehalla 81-88 399.00 Stablisation Dharmapuri District, 85ha capacity 134.09 Mcft earthen dam is new 1620 ha 1671.7m long and 16.74 m high.

7 Nagavathi 80-87 359 New 807 ha of Reservoir capacity 3 double crop 4.6 Mm earthen dam is 306m long and 15.8m length.

8 Vidur Reservoir 1958-59 89.00 890.33ha (ta) Across Varahanadhi 404.69ha capacity 17-13 Mm3 (Pond) earthen dam 4380 m long and 22.55 high. Spillway 506ft long and 15 ft high galts. Canal 10.5km long.

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Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

9 Sathanur I & II 1954-58 318.00 LBC-9712.5ha Across Ponnair in N.A. 60-63 RBC 8498.4 district taken under I ha five year plan. Work done departmentally. It is a post war reconstruction work – 20 feet gates.

10 Thumbalahvalli 1979-83 212.24 883.85ha Near Palacode across Reservoir 40ha (gap) Ponniar C.A. is 232.50 sq km and capacity 3.68 Mm3.

11 Thoppaiar 1980-86 596 2157 ha Dharmapuri taluk earthern dam 435 m long and 19.76 m high. CA is 276.79km. Capacity 8.46 Mm3

12 Karuppanadhi 1997 4350 318 In Thiruvannamalai District.

13 Pambar 1977-83 323.71 1618.78ha Across Pambar Earthern dam 652m long and 16.50m high. C A is 1736 sq km. Conceived in 1877 by collector Mr.Lefareance, I.C.S

14 Vaniar 1979-85 1203.10 3460 ha Harur taluk. CA is 101.76 sqkm. Capacity is 11.8 Mm3 earthern dam 1136 m long and 31.17 m height.

15 Chinnar Reservoir 1971-77 203.70 756.78ha Near Krishnagiri C A is 620.85 sqkm. Capacity is 14.15 mm3 earthen dam is 365 m long and 29m height height.

16 Shoolagiri Chinnar 1981-85 187.00 352.6 ha Earthern dam is 415m long and 25.3 m high. CA is 143.62 sqkm and capacity is 2.30 Mm3 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 85

Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs canal 2.36 km

17 Kelavarapalli 1977-79 1250.00 6.10 148d Across Ponnair near Reservoir & 87-93 WS Hosur Masonry dam is 546.80 m long and 13.5 in high CA is 2442 sqkm and capacity is 13.22 mm3 delay due to land acquision problem.

18 Krishnagiri Reservoir 1955-58 202.00 3642.3 ha Investigated in 1884 but dropped as it was not viable. Earthern dam 713 m and Masonry 278m long and 29.26 m high. CA is 5428.4 sq.km, capacity is 66.1 Mm3

19 Mathalapallam 2001 1415 445 ha Dharmapuri District

20 Vattamalakarai Tank 74.80 200.00 82.2 ha paddy Near and 82 ha Muthukumarasamy cotton temple in Dharmapuri taluk. Capacity 0.2 Mm3

21 Markandanahdi 1947 60.48ha and Across Markandanadhi anicuts at 41.13 ha joining Ponnair. Beemandapalli and Kallapalli

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PAMBAR RESERVIOR

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Schemes in Tambaraparani and Kanyakumari areas

Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

1 Ghatana 1967-74 212.00 400 ha Ayacut in stablisation Ambasamudram Taluk 288 ha earthern dam 32.92 m high and 1628 m long capacity is 9.97 Mm3 CA is 46.46 sqkm.

2 Ramanahi 66.74 181.00 New 202 ha Ambasamudram taluk stablisation CA 46.58 sqkm. 1688ha Masonry-cum-earthern dam 840 metres and 31.09 m high. Capacity 152 mcft.

3 Kuppathu odai NA 878 NA Tirunelveli district. Tenkasi Taluk

4 Sadayaneri extension NA 1233 NA Satthankulam Taluk channel channel will be extended upto Puthanamthurai.

5 Manimuthar 1951-58 505.00 8093.9 ha Earthern dam is Reservoir 2553m long and 45.72 m high. CA is 161.61 sqkm and capacity is 156.07 Mm3.

6 Karuppa Nadhi 1974-78 273.50 1163.49ha Near Tenkasi Earthern dam is 850 m long and 40 m high. CA is 29.34 sq km and capacity is 5.24 Mm3.

7 Gundar Reservoir 1979.83 123.00 39.69 ha gap Near Tenkasi. Earthern dam is 297.1m long and 14.66 m high. Masonry dam is 929 m long CA is 9.92 sqkm and capacity is 0.71 Mm3 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 91

Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

8 Perunchani Reservoir 1948.52 147.00 Supplement Near Nagerkoil CA is 159.46 sqkm. Capacity to Kodayar is 81.84 mm3 Masonry dam is 308.46m long and 36.27m high.

9 Pechiparai 1948-52 147 Near Nagerkoil. CA is 159.46 sqkm and capacity is 81.84 mm3. Masonry dam 308.46 m long and 36.27m high.

10 Chittar Pattanamkal 1963-70 190.00 Pattanamkal Reservoir Chittar I and scheme 6070.42ha II across Paralayar and Dams 762 and 1076m Radhapuram long and 21.94m high. 6879.81 ha Capacity 17.28 and 28.55 Mm3 inter connect. Paralayar aqueduct 50 feet above river and 1240 feet long.

11 Anandam Channel 1981.87 445 Stablise remodeling 1457ha gap 931 ha

12 Gunderipallam 74 33.63

13 Papanasam 1944-48 258.00 Advanced Kar H E Scheme across from Tail Race Papanasam.

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Schemes in Chennai Basin (Palar, Adyar, Cooum, Kosastalayar and Araniar Basins)

Sl Cost in Name Period Ayacut Remarks No. Lakhs

1 Andi appan odai 1995-97 2738 814 ha Near Vaniyambadi

2 Shenbagathope 1997 3400 270ha Polur Taluk of Reservoir Thiruvannamalai Distirct.

3 Rajathope Reservoir 98-99 251 88.72ha In North Arcot Distirct

4 Bathalapalli 2055 1125 Across Malattar near Reservoir Ambur

5 Maduranthakam RBC 1984 430.00 South Arcot District

6 Araniar 1947-52 104.00 New 1024 ha Five year plan near Stablisation Pisattur village 3644 ha Reservoir in AP. Anaicut and Land is in TN. Uthukottai Taluk Canal 1072 km long capacity 50.5 Mm3

7 Mordana Reservoir 1995-98 1950 Stabilisation Across Malattar a 2786.64 ha tributary of Palar near and Gudiyatham New 285.4 ha

8 Cheyyar Anicut 6.80 At the head of Uthiramerur supply channel in Kancheepuram district.

9 Wellington Reservoir Reconst 2000 1198ha Original construction ruction 1913-23 capacity 70.4 study by Mm3. Commi- ttee

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PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR PROJECT (PAP)

A part of Coimbatore district lying on the leeward side of Western ghats in a dry arid region with meager rainfall and has no natural resources sufficient for vast stretch of parched soil. The Government had decided to divert some of the west flowing rivers and use 30500 Mcft (9000 Mcft Nirar, 2500 Mcft from Sholayar and 2.5 TMC from Anamalayar. In harnessing Anamalayar, a separate agreement had to be entered with Kerala Government. The ryots of the project ayacut grow millets, groundnut and cotton with rainwater. Therefore 240000 acres or 97000 hectares was designed for a dry and prefer wet crops limited to 20%. The Govt. with the concurrence of Kerala Government took up this project as a multipurpose and multivalley project. 7 rivers, five on the Anamalais and 2 on the plain. Reservoirs will be formed and interconnected through tunnels. The rivers lie at elevation ranging from +3760 feet and 1050 feet and help to develop 180MW of power. The following are the hydraulic particulars of these 7 reservoirs.

S. Name C.A. Capacity Length cost Remarks No Mm3

1 Upper 75.11 1.1 132.59 25.91 105.00 Water Nirar diverted to Aliyar

2 Lower 37.20 7.76/4.93 174.96+14.02 50.02 1240 Diverted to Nirar Sholayar by tunnel of 2.20m diametre and 8050 metres long

3 Sholayar 121.72 152.70/143.07 899+345 105.16 1125 Highest Earthern dam in Tamilnadu feeds power house and tail water goes to Parambikulam

4 Parambikul 230.50 504.66/379.71 579.12+318.21 73.15 347 Water let into am Thunakadavu reservoir through 2480m long nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 99

S. Name C.A. Capacity Length cost Remarks No Mm3 tunnel.

5 Aliyar 196.83 109.43 2289.05+911. 44.04 297 35

6 Thunakada 43.35 15.77/9.00 313.94 25.91 57.13 vu

7 Peruvaripal 15.80 17.56/11.02 466.34 27.74 34.30 lam

8 Thirumurthy 80.29 54.80/49.39 2627.44 34.14 238.80 Canal benefitted 73313 ha

1958-61 Preliminary works started. 1962 Headworks in progress. Aliyar Dam commenced on 02-10-62. 1969-70 Sholayar High dam of 105.18m. Sholayar and Parambikulam dams completed. Tunnel lining completed for 350 metres. Thekkady dam discussed at Trivandrum in May 1969. Thrown up for irrigation for 103017 acres. August 1968 Seepage studies at Aliyar Dam using radio-tracer isotopes by V K Iyer from CW PRS. 1972-73 Ayacut is 26400 and power 185 MW cost of Rs6733 lakhs opened for irrigation on 31-10-72. 1973-74 Works are in progress 1979-80 All works completed 2.5 lakhs hectares Extended to 4.0 lakhs hectares and extended area not to be given 3 zone pattern which are eligible once in 18 months. Divided into 4 zones and water supplied to all in two year. 1997-98 Water allowed to all 4 zones No 1 cycle upto May 96. Survey cycle 1 zone ayacut.

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CHAPTER NO - 16 : TANK IMPROVEMENT WORKS District Wise List of Tanks in Tamil Nadu

S. Panchayat Panchayat Panch- PWD PWD PWD Ex- District Total No. <20 ha >20 ha ayat Rainfed System Total Zamin

1 Chengalpattu 1241 542 1783 1202 5 1207 756 3746

2 North Arcot 1482 602 2084 632 537 1169 482 3735

3 South Arcot 1213 553 1766 573 184 757 79 2602

4 Salem 449 100 549 188 188 737

5 Dharmapuri 1451 128 1579 98 3 101 154 1834

6 Coimbatore & 42 22 64 57 2 59 123 7 Erode

8 Thanjavur 338 153 491 5 680 685 1176

9 Pudukottai 4609 725 5334 369 161 530 58 6394

10 Tiruchi - - - 173 85 258 214 472

11 Madurai & 3142 249 3391 288 483 771 331 4493 12 Dindugal

13 Sivagangai 642 691 1333 1378 130 1508 7367 10208

14 Ramanathapuram

15 Virudhunagar 806 159 965 289 397 686 445 2096

16 Tirunelveli

Thuthukudi and 17 Kanyakumari 1062 12 1074 24 - 960 984 2058

Total 16477 3936 20413 5276 3627 8903 9886 39202

Total ayacut under tanks is 9 million hectares which is 33% of irrigated extent in state Total number of villages in state is 16477. Calendar of activities pertaining to irrigation tanks :

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Due to outbreak of famines, large scale repair works were taken up and tanks brought to standards as per details in Tank-memoirs. Tank-memoirs were also being continuously investigated and updated. 1825-26 Improvement works sanctioned for Rs.3.05 lakhs for Veeranam Tank. 1828-29 Small tanks with less than 40 hectares were transferred to the control of collector as they do not need technical skill. 1822 Tank Restoration scheme sanctioned and entrusted with regular divisions. One new division created for Rs.3 crores. 1828-29 501 sqmetres investigated 494 sq.miles taken up. Total completed 8228 sq.miles and 4582 sq.miles in progress. 1830-31 Tank Restoration scheme 7811 sq metres investigated. Total 88411 sq miles. 605 sq.miles in progress. 1831-32 Completed 84089 sq 261 sq.miles this year and balance 4583 sq.miles. 1833-34 102500 sq.miles investigated and during the year 66 sq metres, expenditure Rs.198.20 lakhs and during the year 0.96 lakhs 1834-35 TRS investigation 102500 sq.miles 16.34sq mile during the year. 1936-37 38 sq miles during the year and 88776 sq.miles totally. 1837-38 102500 sq miles investigated under TRS. 1937-38 Accelerated TRS scheme Rs.15.02 lakhs. Total Rs.47.07Lakhs 1838-39 888.87 sq.miles completed Total 8552 sq.miles Balance is 3366 sq.miles. 1851-52 Tank improvement schemes Rs.1 Crore sanctioned Rs85 lakhs to wells and Rs.15 lakhs for chief Engineer. CE (I) has sanctioned 188 new schemes for Rs.14.80 lakhs and spent Rs.13.03 lakhs TRS 476 sq miles irrigated and so far 86115 square miles covered. Balance 13600 sq miles 1934-35 New divisions formed and 17 schemes sanctioned to relieve unemployment 1936-37 HL schemes spent Rs.19.95 lakhs and totally Rs.32.95 lakhs 1938-39 Accelerted improvement works at a total cost of Rs.49.61 lakhs and completed over 163986 sq miles in TRS 1944-48 New Sub divisions formed and 8893 sq mile covered during the year and 10250 sq.miles totally invest aged and 85673 sq miles completed. 1947-48 TRS No new area 88966 sq.miles completed. Balance 3283 sq miles 1948-49 1740 sq miles completed during this year. Totally 102500 sq miles investigaed .90706 sq miles completed. Balance 5023 sq miles. 1950-51 Sanctioned in May 2000, 7 EE’s, 32 AE’s and 141 Supervisors for T.I works. 1393 schemes sanctioned for Rs.10803580 13551 new works in addition to incomplete works. 227 works completed and additional area created for nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 106

7975 acres yielding 5334 tonnes of food. Total value of works Rs.782474 T.I works by regular divisions. 454 new schemes at a cost of Rs.3256062 in addition to 99 schemes sanctioned in 1949.50 but not completed. 410 schemes executed during the year at Rs.1488350. 1954 225 schemes sanctioned at Rs.38.84 lakhs to irrigate 31636 acres 117 works completed at Rs.608613 Dom gate 4489 acres. 1962 529 schemes and 154 new works at Rs.688.08 lakhs. 95514 acres benefited and 26278 acres stablised. 71-72 936 schemes sanctioned for Rs.3813600 for 85 tanks in PWD and ex-Zamin tanks in Aranthangi and Pattukottai areas. 73-74 975 tanks completed and Rs.408.66 completed. Spent Rs.376.08 lakhs 74.75 775 tanks 696 completed and spent totally Rs.431.79 lakhs 79-80 55 works completed at Rs.129.59 lakhs. 29 works completed under accelerated spending Rs.29 crores. 270 tanks completed under AMIP scheme and spent Rs.28.77 lakhs and 640 ex-Zamin tanks completed spending Rs.5.06 lakhs. 1984 201 schemes sanctioned for Rs.3813600 for 85 tanks in PWD and ex- Zamin in Aranthangi and Pattukottai Taluks. 1979-80 Improvements to Vadavar channels at Rs.11 lakhs and Lalpet channel at Rs.7.20 Lakhs under Veeranam tank irrigation. 1981 Ford Foundation funded a research project in Anna University and the Padianallur tank 20 km north of Chennai was taken up. Rs.1 crores was sanctioned by Ford Foundation and Rs.1 Lakhs by PWD. Tanks were modernized and channels and field bothies provided and such experience gained. 1984 EEC aided Modernization Phase 1-25 million Euros for works and T.N. Govt to bear establishment charges and machineries. Agreement signed on 25- 01-84. Agriculture Engineering Department executed on farm development works. Anna University monitored. Technical Review Committee appraised and formed the project feasible and sanctioned the tank particularly EEC visited the tank in February 1985 and February 87 and expressed satisfaction. Under this scheme 150 tanks of average ayacut each of 150 ha spread in 7 districts were executed. 1987-88 EEC aided Modernization phase 1. 150 tanks of ayacut between100 and 200 hectares totaling 20302 hectare costing Rs.463 lakhs were executed. 1987-88 Renovation of ex-zamin tanks at a cost of Rs.785 crores under progress. 9986 tanks with W.B. aid and system tanks having ayacut over 40 ha a few already covered under EEC and Periyar Vaigai 3437 such tanks and 4956 rain fed tanks with ayacut of over 40 ha and totaling 473580 hectares nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 107

proposed. By this project 1890 Mm3 of water is estimated to be saved and help irrigate 60987 hectares. 1996-97 PWD tanks with ayacut between 100 and 200 ha and ex-zamin tanks having ayacut of 4 to 50 hectares taken up at a cost of Rs.115 crores under agreement ALA/86/11. 216 PWD and 80 ex-zamin tanks taken up till 1995-96. 192 rain fed and 80 ex-zamin completed Additional potential upto 95-96 is 4736 hectares and expenditure is 86.35 crores. 1996 Phase 2 approved by EEC on 23-09-96 to be completed by December 1999. Phase 3 for 3000 Rainfed with ayacut bewteen40 and 100 hectares sent to Government of India to cover all districts except Nilgiris and Chennai. Total ayacut will be 15180 a hectares. 1996 Japanese aided (OECF) tank rehabilitation project for 2500 tanks at a cost of Rs.270 crores sent to Government of India in September 1994. Team to visit in August 1996. 96-97 State-Bank aided project for 1000 MI and ex-zamin tanks sent for approval. 97-98 Rs.17.2 crores allotted for quick completion of 9 major projects from Rs.115 crores of EEC assistance. 98-99 OECF assisted project for 2500 rain-fed tank at a cost of Rs.270 crores sent in September 1994. Fact finding team came in January 1998. Final master plan report received from Japan in March 1999 approved for preparing estimates. State Bank-aided project for 8739 tanks and 9850 ex-zamin launched in 1995-96 for standardization and handing over to Panchayats. Allocation is Rs.1500 lakhs (PWD, 480 lakhs for ex-zamin and Rs.980 lakhs for Panchayat tanks). Budget for 98-97 is Rs.885.13 lakhs. 1999-2000 OECF memorandum of understanding signed in August 1996 and Phase 2 in December 1996. Completed studies in February 1997. Presented reports in February and July 1997 at a cost of Rs.890 crores for rehabilitating 2093 tanks in 5 districts. Proposals sent to G.O.I in September 1997 for OECD aid. 1998-99 State-Bank aided Project Budget estimate is Rs.8.95 crores (Rs4.22 for ex- zamin and 4.63 for PWD tanks). 251 tanks of PWD at Rs.3.83 crores and 189 ex-Zamin tanks at Rs.2.83 crores taken up for standardization. Expenditure upto July 1999 is Rs.2.0 crores for PWD and Rs.1.32 crores for ex-zamin tanks. 2000-2001 Tank Modernization Phase 1 from July 84 to August 1999 carried out for Rs.52.44 crores benefiting 28740 hectares. Under Phase 2, Budget estimate for 1999-2000 is Rs.9.5 crores and expenditure upto 1998-99 is 119.93 crores Additional ayacut is 30 hectares. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 108

2001-2002 NABARD assisted modernization of 44 minor irrigation tanks benefiting 5054 hectares sanctioned for Rs.14.66 crores in June 2000 to be taken up during 2001-2002. RIDF works in progress in 45 schemes Japanese Bank of International cooperation (JBIC) team visited in 1996 Rs.8093 crores for 2093 tanks sent to G.O.I getting for JBIC assistance. Under SBI aided project, 8903 PWD tanks and 9886 ex-Zam Tanks in progress at an estimated cost of Rs.9 crores. 2002-2003 NABARD modernization phase 1- RIDF 44 MI tanks to benefit 5054 hectares at a cost of Rs.14.66 crores Japanese aided project for 1298 tanks sent to G.O.I for benefiting 171000 ha awaiting sanction of Rs.957.73 crores 2003-04 NABARD - RIDF Budget allocation is Rs.11.64 crores 2007-08 RIDF IX sanction of Rs.48.43 crores for modernization 157 non-system. MI tanks in 17 districts. NABARD – 122 tanks completed. RIDF X Rs.68.20 crores for 250 non-system MI tanks in 23 districts covering an area of 26900 hectares. NABARD scheme to be completed by March 2007. RIDF XI Rs.20.59 crores for 96 non-system MI tanks in 16 districts covering an area of 7909 hectares to be completed by 2007. 2009-10 Food Production was 61 lakh tonnes in 2005-06, 84 lakhs in 2006-07 and 89.1 lakhs in 2007-08. Cultivation extent was 54 lakh ha. Production was 78 lakh tonnes in 2009-10.

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CHAPTER NO - 17 : WRCP AND IAMWARM WORKS

WRCP (Water Resources Consolidation Project) implementation was sanctioned in GO MS No.530 dated 03-07-95 and 4 zones were formed under water resources organization. The G.O and details of headquarters and staff relocations are enclosed. Year-wise progresses are indicated below 1995-96 Scheme cleared by World Bank in June to enhance agricultural production to 0.7 Mha benefiting 4 million families – expenses Rs.807.49 crores 1996-97 Rs.159.06 crores issued 1997-98 Accorded additional schemes for Rs.22 crores spent Rs.164.22 crores 1998-99 Rs.80 crores spent on 152 works Budget is Rs.185.84 crores 1999-2000 174 works costing Rs.344 crores taken up so far spent 807.49 crores budget Rs.220.71crores 2001-2002 Budget is Rs.374.08 2002-2003 Project extended upto March 2003. Project can enhance agricultural production by 6 lakh hectares rehabilitate 25 MI tanks, 2347 Panchayats tanks. 2003-2004 Project extended upto March 2004 2004-2005 Project extended upto September 2004 and completed and declared by World Bank to have been completed satisfactory. Total expenditure is Rs.840.84 crores 2005-2006 WRCP II stage project costing Rs.2900 crores sent to Ministry of Water Resources Government of India. 2006-07 Total Expenditure upto September 2004 was Rs.840.84 crores 2007-2008 1566 Waters user’s Association formed. 2007-2008 Tamil Nadu has embarked on the Rs.2,547-crore World Bank-aided Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water bodies Restoration and Management (IAMWARM) project and it is expected to be completed by 2010. Budget for 2007-08 is Rs.714.94 crores. The project covers 6.17 lakh hectares spread over 63 sub-basins. There are in all 127 sub-basins in the state. In the first year, 2007-08, nine sub-basins covering 2.94 lakh hectares at an investment of Rs.714.94 crore were taken up, according to the Public Works Budget. In 2008-09, 16 more sub-basins spread over 80,000 hectares would be

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taken up with an outlay of Rs.585 crores. The balance 38 sub-basins would be taken up in 2009-10. “The project aims to improve the service and delivery of irrigation systems and productivity of irrigated agriculture with effective management of integrated water resources in a sub-basin frame work” as narrated in the Policy Note of Department tabled in the Assembly. The Project has four specific components and seven departments are involved in its implementation. The five components are : Irrigation systems modernization in a sub- basin frame work, agricultural intensification and diversification, institutional modernization for irrigated agriculture, and water resource management. Water resources organization, agriculture department, horticulture department, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Agriculture marketing, Animal husbandry department and Fisheries department are agencies responsible for its implementation. TASK FORCE ON CAUVERY DELTA MODERNISATION Tamil Nadu government has set up a task force, headed by well-known irrigation expert Er. A.Mohanakrishnan, for modernising Cauvery delta irrigation system. The force is expected to submit its report before July 2010. The government has also initiated a performance evaluation study’s of some of the major irrigation projects in the state to increase water use efficiency to 60% from the present 40-45%. To begin with, the study would be in Cauvery delta, Vaigai and Tambaraparani irrigation schemes. That major irrigation systems in the Cauvery delta like Lower Coleroon needed extensive improvements of infrastructure and modernisation of existing irrigation structures for optimum utilization of Cauvery waters. Though modernisation was long overdue, it could not be taken up as Karnataka opposed the move on the plea that the Cauvery water dispute was pending. Now that the Cauvery dispute has reached the final stage, the government thought it fit to keep ready modernization schemes to be launched once the final orders are published. 2008-2009 Budget provision is Rs.672 crores. The World Bank/FAOCP Project Preparation Mission dated January 29, 1993.

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TAMILNADU WATER RESOURCES CONSOLIDATION PROJECT (WRCP) Draft Aide Memoire B. WRCP EMPHASIS AREAS AND ISSUES I. Water Resources Planning and Management II. Tamil Nadu has long recognized the importance of water planning. Over the last decade in particular, also assisted by a UNDP Project, USAID, the World Bank’s Tamil Nadu Water Supply and Sanitation Project (Credit 1454) and the National Water Management Project (Credit 1770IN), Tamil Nadu has made strides in developing technical expertise in hydrology and river basin modeling. Between IWS and the Institute of Hydraulics and Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology Poondi (IHH) under PWD, TWAD, METROWATER, Anna University’s Remote Sensing Unit and other centres, a useful start on the technical front has been made. IWS, for instance, is developing three basin models, TWAD has been giving protective water supply to 100 municipalities / corporations, 23 townships and most villages, METROWATER has augmented drinking water supplies to Madras through a network of three reservoirs and wellfields and Remote Sensing techniques with, inter alia, likely important application for estimating crop yields and irrigated areas are being developed at Anna University. (The mission wishes to express its thanks to the various agencies, including the above, who briefed the Mission on their work programs, and provided valuable suggestions on future direction) 1. The Mission advised that Tamil Nadu was one of India’s front-runner states in this still very neglected area. Nevertheless, these initiatives were disparate, and lacked an institutional apparatus to coordinate the efforts and translate them into an actionable program resulting in achieved holistic water resource planning. Also, notwithstanding the mission’s appreciation of the technical effort and achievement being made in Tamil Nadu, even on the technical front a great deal remained to be done for instance, 9 of Tamil Nadu’s 17 river basins remain to be assessed, and the eight existing models need further refinement and operational use in decision making. 2. Recognizing the importance of achieving holistic water resources planning in Tamil Nadu, GOTN had nominated the Institute of Water Studies (IWS) as “Nodal Agency” to coordinate water resources planning in the state (Order Ms No 1536 November 3, 1992, issued by Secretary PWD). However, the modalities of how IWS was to operate, how full, fair and objective representation in state decision making of all users of water was to be achieved, how larger considerations such as articulating a State Water Policy, achieving a State Water Plan, and rapid build-up of basin nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 112

planning, still remained – in the combined view of GOTN and the Mission – to be clarified and detailed out. 3. In the Wind-up discussions, GOTN advised the Mission of the following intended actions: (i) the status of IWS would be elevated. In its capacity as Nodal Agency for coordinating water resources planning and allocation in the state, the post of Director, IWS, would be elevated with immediate effect to the rank of Chief Engineer, and would now report directly to the Secretary, PWD (instead of through CE Groundwater). (ii) A higher level coordinating committee, with representation of all users, was required to guide the functions of IWS as state water planner and coordinator. A Water Resources Control and Review Board would be established under the Chairmanship of the Minister PWD, with Secretary, PWD as alternate Chairman. The Director, IWS would be Member Secretary. The Board would meet once every two months, or more frequently as needed, and would have as members all key interested parties (eg. TWAD, Metrowater, CE irrigation, CE Minor Irrigation, Municipal Administration, Director Town Panchayats, Director Rural Development, Chairman Electricity Board, Chairman PCB, Directors, Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, IMTI, and Anna University. (iii) A “Tamil Nadu State Water Policy”, consistent with the National Water Policy (MOWRS,1987) would be prepared and issued. A first draft was provided to the Mission for its comments and suggestions. The Mission agreed to provide such comments, but recommended that, in addition to the Mission’s comments, a specialist consultant input should be provided in view of importance of this document. PWD agreed to this suggestion, and also advised that the draft should be reviewed by the Water Resources Review and Control Board and other senior state authorities to ensure that the document benefited from all perspectives and a full consensus. The Mission agreed with this procedure and commented that, providing the document was available in final draft by May 1993, quality and state level consensus should govern timing for this pivotal document. PWD agreed with this suggestion, and advised it would provide a second draft by April, 1, 1993, with the objective of finalizing the document in June 1993. (*To PWD: mission response somewhat amplified here from our verbal first reaction, the paper is welcome and of key importance, hence our recommended more complete review process described above). (iv) It was agreed that IWS technical capabilities would be strengthened under the WRCP. A five-year program to strengthen IWS and achieve the following would be prepared with consultancy assistance during WRCP preparations: nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 113

- Multi-use river basin plans covering the whole state - A State Water-Plan including inter-basin transfers as feasible - Sound real-time water allocations on a multi-use basis - An associated research and special studies program IWS would coordinate and contract work by local universities and other water agencies - IWS would also coordinate state training efforts in water planning and hydrology (v) Finally, the Mission commented that the present structure of the public Works Department (a vestige of the days when construction was the primary activity and still comprising responsibility for Buildings and Architecture) was inappropriate for the increasingly important role that it should play as a state water planner and water development agency. The Department merited restructuring towards a state Water Resources Department, shedding roles connected with water and assuming greater responsibility in the water sector. GOTN look note of this suggestion for its consideration during the forthcoming months. II. Irrigation Scheme Modernization and Upgraded Water Management The largest short and Medium – term source of increasing agricultural productivity from irrigation would be through implementing a major program to modernize and rehabilitate existing irrigation schemes. PWD advised that existing irrigation infrastructure was dilapidated due to accumulated neglect of maintenance over many years. Water management suffered from this past neglect and was outdated. Typical problems were unreliable and poor distribution of water in a command, with tail enders frequently not getting water, and even head-enders getting unpredictable supply, not necessarily corresponding to agricultural calendar needs. It was agreed that this would be a major focus and expenditure item under the WRCP. The focus would be on water management, supported by infrastructural modernization to attain this, and borrowing from and adapting the National Water Management Project (NWMP) approach. The adaptations to the present NWMP approach would be: (i) The decision to invest in any command would be driven by farmer interest and commitment to participate in the investment and to undertake subsequent operations and maintenance, and scheme management. Schemes where farmer interest and commitment were not present would not be modernized. (ii) A two-stage approach would be used in any command selected: Stage I - Command diagnostic of current operations, agricultural needs, water distribution, state of infrastructure and problems in association with farmers who would need to form atleast an informal association for discussion, decision making and nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 114

agreement on their contribution to the investment and subsequent O&M. On this basis, preparation of a command Plan of Operation and an associated set of infrastructural modernization/upgrading, up to a guideline upper limit in terms of average investment per hectare, to achieve the Plan of Operations. Implementation and monitoring of the resultant investment and water management improvement. (This stage is similar to NWMP except for the much greater farmer involvement to be now incorporated). Stage II - Successful commands through stage I would be candidates for a further level of infrastructural modernization involving a higher level of investment and agricultural productivity. Selection for this stage would depend on success of stage I, an active Farmer Association, and formal agreement with the Farmer Association on its responsibilities and Government responsibilities. In both stages, especially Stage II, farmer responsibilities would be significant. Specifies need to be worked out by PWD with assistance of consultants and the “Operations and Maintenance Study” (Attachment B). A tentative approach was, however, agreed. What is needed is an incentive-based linkage between farmer contributions to investment, operations and maintenance, and the performance and availability of the service. Revenues generated by farmers should go back into the command, to break the vicious circle of lack of funds, poor operations and maintenance, and lack of farmer and government commitment to upkeep and to assure and improve the service. Farmers needed to feel at least identified with the service and its management and financing. They needed to participate investment decision making, financing of the investment (even if investment contributions are modest), management and maintenance of the system, and financing of O&M. Ultimate sustainability would probably require financially and managerially independent commands, managed by farmer associations and employing their own professional cadre. Some commands might be ready to move a long way towards this already. On others, farmer participation would need progressive build-up, starting with agreed O&M responsibilities by farmers lower down the system, and their participation in command management and maintenance decisions by PWD. Scope for immediately greater financial contribution by farmers to O&M appears attainable (para 21). In all phases of evolution of the above, government and farmer responsibilities need to be clearly defined, and assistance provided to farmers to help them organize themselves. It was agreed with GOTN that modernization and water management improvement program would be progressively and successively implemented and monitored over as large an area as realistically achievable during the WRCP. The ongoing NWMP currently covers 153,000 hectares under active work. The state surface irrigation network comprises some 2.5 million hectares of commands. Major, medium and minor, of which 1.5 million hectares under major schemes (over 10,000 hectares each) and medium schemes (2000 to 10000 hectares each), and some 1 million hectares under nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 115

minor irrigation. For present purposes, a total area coverage of one million hectares could be assumed under WRCP for stage I, with a sub-set, say 50% through stage II was well. (Feasible dimensions of the program will be worked out during preparation). Financing implications were discussed with Secretaries Finance, State Planning Commission, PWD and the Chief Secretary. At present, Tamil Nadu’s Eighth Plan had a modest entry for this against NWMP (presently 64 crore rupees). As an illustration, if 1 million hectares were to come under sage I at NWMP’s 1993 terms upper limit per hectare of 4000 rupees (US$ 140 per hectare), a sum of 400 crore (US $ 140 million) would be needed. It says, 0.5 million hectares also came under Stage II, at an assumed average per hectare incremental investment of Rs.5000 per hectare, a further Rs.250 crore (US$ 88 million) would be needed. It was agreed that Plan allocations could be adjusted to accommodate the program, and that this would be discussed with GOI. It was also commonly appreciated by GOTN and the Mission that the feasible extent of farmer contributions to the investment would be an important alleviating factor to the Government funds required. II. Maintenance and Funding of O&M Effective maintenance, technically well executed and fully funded to the required level to ensure that irrigation/bulk water supply infrastructure does not deteriorate is indispensable. Otherwise the huge investment in assets will deteriorate and irrigated area decline (negative investment). Maintenance should be regarded as a prior charge for irrigation sector expenditure, before financing modernization or expansion. Like other states, Tamil Nadu has not lived up to this critical need, a fact well recognized by GOTN. Part of the reason has been the serious financial crunch and the low water - charge payments by farmers (averaging Rs.37/ha for paddy). Compounding this, PWD execution and monitoring of maintenance could be improved, and in some commands, infrastructure is so dilapidated that routine maintenance expenditure may be wasted until proper upgrading has been achieved. Nevertheless, it is imperative that a solution be found. GOTN advised the mission that this is well recognized and that full maintenance should be an achieved objective under the WRCP. In its Status Report for the WRCP, PWD had reviewed and commented on the undesirable state of scheme maintenance in Tamil Nadu. The Ninth Finance Commission had recommended average “maintenance norm” of Rs.180/ ha for maintenance plus Rs.65 for regular establishment charges and Rs.36 for special repairs (RS.281 in all). It has recommended a 5% annual increase to these norms to account for inflation, though the actual increase for materials and labor in Tamil Nadu has been 51% (compared with 17% over the three years 1989/90 to 1992 base on the Finance Commission’s recommended annual increase). Correspondingly, such “norms” would be Rs.210/ha (maintenance only) going by the Finance Commission, and Rs.272/ha nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 116

accounting for actual inflation in Tamil Nadu. The CE Irrigation, PWD has commended an average maintenance allocation of Rs.250/ha for 1993/94. Actual maintenance allocations in Tamil Nadu were Rs.103/ha and Rs.58/ha respectively for major and medium/minor irrigation in 1989/90. Financial allocations have improved since the averaging Rs.134 and 79 respectively in 1991/92. Further, for 1992/93 the mission was advised that the maintenance (including staff allocation) allocation was about Rs.120/ha. The Finance Secretary advised the mission that the Finance Commission norms were being aimed for, though the fiscal crisis made this difficult. He envisaged progression to this over the next two years. In the wind-up meeting, Secretary PWD committed to a maintenance allocation of Rs.200/ha for 1993/94 and of Rs.250/ha for 1994/95. Secretary PWD also advised that it was GOTN policy not to increase staff numbers. The Mission fully supports this policy. Finally, Secretary PWD instructed the PWD staff to prepare for the projects Command modernization and O&M components a massive training program to gear staff to the technical and farmer outreach need of these thrust areas. Preparation of this program would form part of the O&M Study. In parallel, there is a need to tighten field planning, budgeting and monitoring of maintenance expenditures and actions, to ensure that the extra funding is used well. WATER CHARGES : In several meetings, the Mission commented that water charges were extremely low relative to O&M funding needs. Water charges range by crop, season and other factors, but appear to be generally less than Rs.40/ha, and rates have not been changed since 1962 (Collection rate are reported to the mission to be about 75 to 85%). The water charge however, are less than 20% of O&M financing needs. GOTN advised that increasing water charges was seen as clearly desirable but was politically sensitive. However, the Mission advise that water charges represent the equivalent of less than 10 kg of paddy or less than 0.3% of typical irrigated paddy crop yield. Alternatively, water charges as a cost item for the farms compare with expenditures by irrigated farmers on fertilizer of Rs.2000 to 3000 or more per hectare, or less than 2% of the farmers fertilizer expenditure. If farmers paid the full O&M cost it would-still only amount to about 10% of the fertilizer expenditure and less than 2% of his growth crop revenues. Social welfare and affordability constraints appear, thus to be fully surmountable, perceived political feasibility being perhaps the key difficulty for GOTN. The mission recommends further reflection by GOTN on how to find revenues to finance O&M, a matter that the mission will also reflect on. The mission advises that a move on cost recovery now will immeasurably increase the Bank’s receptivity to Tamil Nadu’s Proposal for a WRCP. In the interim, additional to the most important need which is to increase the levels of water charges, the following preliminary suggestions for consideration are offered, pending further illumination under the O&M Study. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 117

(i) Discuss and consider the recommendations in the “Report of the Committee on Pricing of Water “(Vaidyanathan Committee, September, 1992) (this is currently under review by GOTN). (ii) Consider a way to simplify the present array of crop-based water charge rates (under rotational water supply, for instance, where farmers receive the same amount of water per hectare, a single per hectare rate in a command would suffice.) (iii) Consider farmer organizations collecting water charges and earmarking O&M receipts back to the command. This could at least be done for incremental contributions by farmers for their O&M; (iv) Consider institutionalizing preparation and annual consideration by GOTN of a short “Cost Recovery and O&M Financing Status Report” (providing the annual opportunity for regular reconsideration. Whether the decision is to make no change or to make adjustment, a mechanism would be available for GOTN deliberation on a regular basis). It was agreed that the “Operations and Maintenance Study” to be undertaken as part of the project preparation exercise would be used to detail the program for O&M and associated modernization/rehabilitation to be financed under the WRCP. This would also include assessment of how farmers could contribute to and finance O&M. IV. Project Completions Another major expenditure head proposed by PWD, and comprising the bulk of the present Eighth Plan, would be for completing ongoing projects. The Eighth Plan contains completion works on four major projects and five medium projects, minor irrigation and various other entries. The Mission fully agrees in principle with the thrust to complete projects (to get benefits from past investment on stream, and consistent with GOI Eighth Plan emphasis and Bank Irrigation Sector Review), but commented that (i) Prioritization within this list might be needed depending on funding availability, (ii) a fresh look at the program was desirable to review the status of each projects the economic viability of the proposed completion, and to ascertain whether further feasibility work was required for remaining works; and (iii) water availability should be part of this review. It was agreed that a report containing a project by project summary of salient features would be prepared by PWD, and that the projects would be grouped by basin, with commentary in collaboration with IWS on water availability (based on present knowledge) and recommendations regarding any further assessment needed. (Report Guidance note at Attachment C). The report would cover all line items in the Eighth Plan (and any additional Proposals): major, medium and minor irrigation, flood control and drainage. For flood control and drainage, a large program may be envisaged. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 118

V. Expenditure Prioritization Central to the WRCP is an appropriate balance of expenditure (combined non-Plan and Plan sources) for all of PWD’s activities, and corresponding to the mutually agreed priorities for PWD’s program. It was agreed that the major financial outlays would be for the Command Modernization Program (water management Program associated with infrastructural improvement/rehabilitation), Maintenance and viable Project Completions. To the extent that farmers can fund O&M (and contribute to part of infrastructural improvement), the cost of the program would diminish. Funding of all other needed activities (eg. training, consultancy, research, the water planning thrust, etc) would also receive priority, but amounts would to smaller than the main expenditure items above. It was agreed that PWD would prepare a five year proposed Expenditure Program (Plan and non-Plan) with starting date at October 1, 1993, covering PWD’s entire activities and investment in the irrigation/water sector and including the revised emphasis areas above. The agreed five year program would comprise the WRCP, and Bank financing would support this program. A any such program requires some modification over time (in line with experience and program new water availability findings, unforeseen needs, etc.) it was agreed that there would throughout the WRCP period an Annual Bank/GOTN Review of the program reviewing expenditure and performance in the previous year and firming up next year’s program. For any new specific proposals, a sub-project report would be prepared for Bank review (as in the NWMP). VI. Institutional Adjustment and Strengthening A complex set of institutions, often evolved over many decades, defines the irrigation sector and the water sector as a whole. Inevitably, these institutional arrangements do not keep pace with changing conditions facing the state or the country. In Tamil Nadu, too, the PWD recognize that it must now gear itself to face the challenges of future tasks related to water resources management. It is not easy to change from a phase of infrastructure development to a period when integrated water resources management and improvement of infrastructure become the principal task focus. In addition, water resources departments worldwide need to internalization environmental concerns and to promote the participation and management of systems by water users and local organizations so that irrigated agriculture and other bulk water supply infrastructure remains a sustainable enterprise. In order to adjust itself to achieve these new objectives, and to better achieve existing responsibilities, it was agreed that an Institutional Study will be undertaken by PWD as part of project preparation (Attachment D). This would aim to arrive at a comprehensive set of recommended adjustments in organizational structure of the department, management and procedural improvements, staff incentives, specialization, training and nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 119

career development, and other aspects to improve the department’s performance. In this connection, GOTN would consider reorienting PWD to become a Water Resources Department, shedding roles and functions not connected with water, and assuming greater responsibility in the water sector. VII. Strengthening Environmental Capability PWD’s capabilities to measure and monitor environmental impacts of water development and utilization, to incorporate such considerations in planning, design and water allocation, to undertake environmental assessments, to implement regulatory actions promoting sustainable management of water resources, to recommend pricing and legislative actions encouraging environmentally sustainable water use, and to interact with other state agencies involved with water related environment matters, would be strengthened under the WRCP. Groundwater levels, pollution, water logging and stalinization are some of the issues needing attention. Attention to institutional mandates, procedures and inter linkages, staff technical capabilities and necessary equipment and supporting research, would be amongst the strengthening measures likely to be required. These measures are likely to be substantially interlinked with the activities of IWS and the Water Resources Control and Review Board. Interlinked with the preparation work for the WRCP’s water resources planning and management component environmental assessment would be undertaken to prepare an action program to achievement improved environmental capability. R&R Overview The mission was advised that resettlement and rehabilitation are not critical issues in Tamil Nadu as all dams and major networks have been constructed. In remaining completion improvement works, persons whose land is partly purchases for canal widening/other channels, etc, are not disrupted from the local community, and are compensated for lands acquired, and provided other benefits as needed. It was agreed that existing land purchase and compensation practices would nevertheless be reviewed for possible practical improvements as appropriate, with assistance of a short consultant input. In addition to the reports to be prepared by PWD with consultancy assistance cited above (see Attachments, all reviewed and agreed with PWD), a draft “WRCP Project Preparation Report” would be prepared for the whole project. This would encompass the salient decisions from the other work items, and provide the central forum for putting the whole program together. Items that might have been only partially covered in the other reports (for instance, the complete training program, research, general project administration, etc) would, inter alia, appear in this report. The preparation Report nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 120

would define the project concept and objectives, describe the detailed features of the project, cost out the components and describe management features for coordinating coordinating and monitoring the WRCP (Refer Attachment F). The report would serve as the anchor document in the Preparation exercise, and as such can be expected to go through progressive iterations (with the aid of word processing facilities). DETAILS FROM DISCUSSION DRAFT ON TAMIL NADU WRCP-WORLD BANK MISSION AIDE MEMOIRE – JUNE 1993. * To assist the Water Resources Department (WRD) or PWD to adjust its activities and expenditures to the new challenges of efficient resources management. Water users need to become more involved in Water Management and Maintenance, and cost recovery improved. To achieve these objectives, institutional adjustments and improvements are needed. * The WRCP would support a prioritised and agreed work and expenditure program of WRD of PWD which comprises both plan and non-plan accounts. The WRCP would comprise the entire expenditure program and staff efforts of WRD over the five year period, April 1, 1994 to March 31 of 1999. * WRD’s priorities have been agreed as follows:- i) Upgrade Water Resources Planning and Management to make best use of available water resources and the medium and long term needs of the State. ii) Institutional adjustments and upgrading:- PWD would be re-organised to create a Water Resources Department, Specialised in Water Planning, Bulk Water Supply, Irrigation and Drainage Development, Flood Control, Operation and Maintenance, Design, Construction, Regulatory, Environment Management, Programming and Budgeting, Data Collection. The associated Institutional adjustments would be accompanied by Staff-reallocation, Training, Consultancies and improved staff incentives to enable career growth with staff specialization and continuity. iii) Scheme Modernisation, Farmer Turnover:- * To rehabilate and modernise existing irrigation and drainage schemes generally in disrepair. * Improving the common existing situation of poor water distribution to involve farmers in the investment programme including turnover of responsibilities of maintenance and management to farmer councils below distributory head. iv) Maintenance:- Annual maintenance of all water resources. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 121

(v) Project Completions (viable) and Draingage:- On going Irrigation Schemes to be completed. Investment to improve Drainage to be taken up. * Provisional Project Cost:- WRD’s proposed Expenditure over the Five Year Period are show below. (In 1993 base cost)

A. INVESTMENTS :- 1) Modernisation of existing Schemes Rs. in Crores. Distribution Net Works a) Stage I – major & medium (10 Nos 0-54 Mha) 220.10 b) Stage II – major & medium (7 Nos 0.15 Mha) 150.00 c) Stage I – major schemes (40 Nos:0.1.Mha) 41.30 d) Stage I – Unidentified (0.19 Mha) 76.00 OFD WORKS e) Stage I – (0.8 Mha) 80.00 f) Stage II – (0.4 Mha) 40.00 g) Radio communication System 20.00 h) Farmer Organisation Service (Equipment Materials) 11.20 Modernisation Sub Total. 638.60 2) Project Completions and Drainage (10 major & medium schemes) 193.20 3) Krishna Water Supply Project (completion cost) 45.00 4) Maintenance Equipment (Investment) 50.00 5) Institutional strengthening a) Equipment and materials. 55.50 b) Training 15.00 c) Consultancies (local & Foreign) 19.00 d) Research and Studies 6.00 (A1 to A5) Sub Total 1022.30

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6) Other Projects :- a) Dam Safety Project (Estimate) 125.50 b) EEC Tank Rehabilitation Project (Estimate) 100.00 Total Investment Expenditures including other projects 1247.80 B) RECURRENT COST :- (Provisional Estimates under further PWD review) a) Maintenance Field works (140Rs/ha for 1.3m ha. 5 years). 91.00 (Provisional NB this would decline annually as farmers take Over distributaries maintenance) 2) Establishment Costs 250.00 3) Other WRD recurrent costs (fuel, electricity, misc) 35.00 Sub Total Recurrent Costs 376.00 Total A and B (Preliminary estimate based on above.) Rs.1623.80 Possible Downwards Adjustment of Works : Crores. (Say 20% of A1, through A3 20% of 8768) (Para.6) (-) 175.3 Total Rs.1448.50 Crores TOTAL BASE COSTS: About Rs.1450 to 1600 Crores. (Us $ 470 to 520 million equivalent)(20% Downwards adjustment in the investment program has been made towards lapse in achievement of the detailed command level preparation) PROJECT FINANCING: Existing for future externally funded or centrally sponsored in WRD’s programme would be excluded from Bank funding under the WRCP. Bank will finance all items under investment except of OFD works. (below sluice level) OFD works to be financed jointly by G.O.I. and Tamilnadu Farmers. Prioritization, Annual Expenditure Review and Sub-Project Evaluations. * A key objective under the WRCP is to ensure that the global programme of WRD’s efforts

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and expenditure are appropriately prioritised across the spectrum of WRD’s activities corresponding the key needs of the State. * WRD’s expenditures and over all program would be annually reviewed by Govt. of Tamilnadu and World Bank.

Water Policy, Planning, Role of WRC and IWS and River Basin Planning. * Govt. of Tamilnadu will establish a Water Resources Council (WRC) with Institute of Water Studies (IWS) to be the “Nodal Agency” for state water planning the technical secretariat of the WRC. * WRD will reorganize at field level around 4 River Basin Managers (CE Rank) and associated Units. * River Basin Advisory Panels will be established and it will be chaired by River Basin Managers. Institutional Arrangements and Strengthening World Bank Mission welcomed the decision of Govt. of Tamilnadu to appoint an “Engineering Reforms Commission” which will review Institutional improvement needs for PWD. PWD has agreed to bifurcate so as to create a specialised Water Resources Department (WRD). * WRD will now be headed by an E.I.C. (Engineer-in-Chief proposed by Mission to be at Addl. Secretary Rank). * A variety of procedural and management practices adjustments are necessary to help a better and more expeditious management environment, staff continuity and professional growth including promotions within specialities, and incentives for good performance and less popular specialities. * These adjustments and focus areas of WRD’s programme under WRCP will be accompanied by a) Staff redeployment to reinforce staffing in emphasis areas. b) Reduce staffing in over staffed units. c) Vigorous staff Training Program by WRD and IMTI, IWS, IHH, Anna University, I.I.T. and other State Institutes. d) Use of National and International Consultancies for updating expertise and management practices. e) No additions to staff numbers. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 124

f) Recruitment or Secondment to WRD of some specialist personnel (generally non- engineering) will be needed. g) Net-reduction of staff over time through retirement process. Engineering recruitment minimised. No new recruitment of laskers or permanent Workcharge. No or minimise recruitment of JEs/AEs. Scheme Modernisation, Maintenance and User Participation * Modernisation/rehabilitation program will be implemented on a command by command basis, utilizing experience gained under NWMP. * Farmer participation – Farmer commitment to over O & M below the distributory head (about 200 ha level) and to raise user fees themselves to cover O & M needs. * O & M investment down to sluice level limit to an average of Rs.4000/ha (1993 terms) * Formation of “Farmers’ Council” at distributory (about 2000ha) levels as a registered society. An agreement will be signed between each council and WRD spelling out their respectively rights and responsibilities below distributory head. * On completion of stage-I, investment, reliable and equitable water distribution in command will be established. Stage-II will enhance field water availability, equity and reliability as were as more sustainable infrastructure. The average cost of Stage.II would be Rs.10,000/-ha. The second level of modernization includes additional structures, as needed and selective lining. * To offer financial and Technical Assistance for investment by the farmers on OFD works below sluice level to improve water distribution within the sluice command. A number of features remain to be clarified. * The program proposed by PWD under WRCP would target. i) 10 Major/Medium Commands totalling 0.54 million ha for stage.I. ii) 7 Major/Medium commands (0.15mha) for stage. II. iii) 40 minor schemes (0.1 m ha) for Stage. II. iv) 0.19 m ha unidentified for stage. I. v) OFD works for 0.8 m ha for stage. I. vi) OFD works for 0.4m ha for stage. II. * A key factor will be the degree to which WRD can mobilize the staff efforts and Training required to prepare for and implement this programme.

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* To have two years of the programme prepared by appraisal, and commence implementation in year 1of atleast 6 stage-I commands and 4 stage. II commands. The equipment urgently needed for each division responsible for above 45000 hectare command is listed below:- TRANSPORT VEHICLES :- (1) Jeeps 4 to 5 depending upon number of sub divisions.These may be departmentally (2) Motor Cycles – 12 to 15 purchased and given to staff or (3) Cycles – 12 to 15 incentive provided to staff to purchase. MACHINERY :- (4) Tipper trucks 2 to 3 (5) Tractors with back hoc and front-end loader 1 (6) Concrete mixer 1 (7) Concrete Vibrators 2 (8) Air compressor for Dam Division 1 (9) Generator for Dam Division 1 (10) Boat for dam division 1 (11) Water pumps 2 (12) Vibrating plate computers 2 to 3 SURYVEY INSTRUMENTS:- (13) Quick setting levels 4 to 5 (one for each sub division) (14) Ordinary levels 8 to 10 (15) Micro computer 2 to 3 (16) Photo copier 1 to 2 At the state level, one “total station” should be purchased to monitor water levels in long canals.

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MAINTENANCE IMPLEMENTATION :- Maintenance works are the responsibility of the farmers and PWD. PWD should keep a close watch on the quality of maintenance whichever be the agency responsible for carrying out the repairs. Repair works to be carried out by PWD should be generally entrusted to contractors. To ensure satisfactory performance by contractors however, following measures should be adopted. (i) Define clearly staff authority and accountability. (ii) Draw clear specifications for works to be carried out and take adequate care in preparation of contract documents. (iii) Award the contract to the lowest responsible tender. (iv) Establish strict, formalized quality control procedures. For works that cannot be let out to contractor should be done by employing specialised maintenance gangs. For that purpose, O & M wing should develop a core of specialised maintenance staff in each command with the necessary skills and equipment to carry on emergency and routine repairs. For routine repairs, Mazdoors should be appointed at the following seat. One Mazdoor for every 3 to 4 km of perennial canals; One for every 6 KM of non-perennial canals; One for every 4 KM of perennial distributory; One for every 10 KM of non-perennial distributory; And one for every 6 to 10 KM for minor canals. Tanks bunds should be entrusted to farmers MECHANISED MAINTENANCE:-. In the long term there will be a shift towards mechanization for O & M. The shift is in part supported by the restricted period available each year for maintenance of canals and by scarcity of labour. The equipment presently available with O & M is not only meager but most of it is in a serious state of disrepair because of poor state of maintenance, probably cause by inadequate maintenance budget. All existing plant and equipments beyond economic repairs should be written off and those that can be economically repaired should be brought under serviceable condition.

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WRCP HEADQUARTERS AND RIVER BASINS GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU ABSTRACT Public Works Department – Implementation of Water Resources Consolidation Project Re-organisation and Restructuring of Public Works Department – Formation of 4 Regions with the Headquarters and River Basins – Orders – Issued. PUBLIC WORKS (WR1) DEPARTMENT G.O. Ms. No. 530 Dated : 3.7.1995 Read : 1. G.O. Ms. No. 279 Public Works (WR) Department dt. 29.3.94 2. From the Chief Engineer (General) and Engineer-in-Chief (Water Resources Organisation) Lr. No. AEE/T1/A/44953/95, dt 23.5.95. ORDER :- In the order first read above, the Government have inter-alia issued orders that the Water Management may be decentralized along basin lines and the basins will be headed by Basin Managers in the cadre of Chief Engineers by redeployment of the existing Chief Engineers. The Chief Engineer (General & Irrigation) was requested to send detailed proposals for implementing the order. 2. Accordingly, the Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources Organisation has sent proposals for the decentralization of the Water Management of Basin lines with four Regions consisting of several independent river basin boundaries. Each Region will be headed by one Chief Engineer. The Engineer-in-Chief has furnished the details of river basins to be included in each region and also Headquarters of each region. He has requested orders of the Government, for the formation of the four Regions along with the respective river basins with Headquarters. 3. The Government after careful consideration, accept the proposal of the Engineer-in- Chief, Water Resources Organisation and direct that the Water Management be decentralized on basin lines with headquarters at :- (1) Madras (2) Tiruchirappali (3) Pollachi and (4) Madurai Along river basins indicated in the Annexure – I, Annexure – II, Annexure – III and Annexure – IV respectively, to this order. Each Region will be headed by a basin Manager in the cadre of Chief Engineer by redeployment. 4. This order issued with the concurrence of the Finance Department vide its U.O. No.2341/FS/P/95 dated 30.05.1995. P. BASKARADOSS Secretary to government.

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ANNEXURE - I REGION-I HEADQUARTERS AT MADRAS Basin No. River Basin Tributary Sub-Tributary 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Araniyaru 1.1. Ilamkalvai 2. Kortalaiyar 2.1. Nagariar 2.2. Nandhiyar 2.3. Akkur 3. Cooum 4. Adyar 5. Palar 5.1. Kallar 5.2. Malattar 5.2.1 Goddarvanka 5.2.2 Goddarvanka 5.3. Goundinya Nadhi 5.3.1 Goddar 5.4.Punniyathirtha Nadhi 5.4.1. Gundalkalkan Ar 5.4.2. Uttrakaveri Ar. 5.5. Malaikanar. R 5.6 Poiney 5.7 Cheyyar 5.7.1. Karavanar 5.8 Killiyar 5.7.2. Kattu Ar. 5.7.3. Kamandalar 5.7.3.1 Nandiyar 5.7.4.Kalavai Maduvu 6. Ongur 7. Varahanadhi 7.1. Tondiaru 7.2. Pambaiyar 8. Malattaru Malattaru 9. Pennaiyar 9.1. Chinnar-I 9.2. Chinnar-II 9.3. Mirkanda Nadhi 9.3.1.Nachikuppa Nadhi 9.3.2.Veppampatti Nadhi 9.4. Pullampatti R 9.4.1. Semmankuppanar 9.5. Pambar 9.5.1. Mattur 9.5.2. Barguri 9.5.3. Kanar 9.6. Vaniaru 9.6.1. Kallar 9.6.2. Varattar 9.7. Kallaru 9.7.1. Kovilar 9.8. Pamba Aru 9.9. Musukunda nadhi 9.10. Thurinjalar 10. Gadilam 11. Vellar 11.1. Vashistanadhi 11.1.1. Anaimaduvar 11.1.2. Kariyakovidar 11.1.3. Sengipuramar 11.1.4. Malliyakarai R 11.1.5. Mankaniyar 11.2. Kallar 11.2.1. Ettalar nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 129

11.2.2. Swethanandi 11.3. Chinnar 11.3.1. Koneri R 11.3.2. Eluvur. R 11.4. Kattodai 11.5. Manimuktha Nadhi 11.5.1. Gomuki 11.5.2. Mayura Nadhi ANNEXURE - II REGION-II HEADQUARTERS AT TIRUCHIRAPALLI Basin No. River Basin Tributary Sub-Tributary 1. 2. 3. 4. 12. Cauvery 12.1. Santhanamuthuhalla 12.2. Toddahalla R 12.3. Chinnar 12.6. Palaru 12.7. Thoppuraru 12.8. Sarabanga Nadhi 12.12. Penniar 12.12.1. Thirumanimuthar 12.14. Karaipattanur 12.15. Pungaru 12.16. Aiyaru 12.17. Ariyavurar 12.17.1. Koraiar 12.18. Kulaiyar 12.19. Nanadiyar (Branch Rivers) 12/2. Cauvery 12/2-1. Kudamurutti 12/2-2. Arasalar 12/2-3. Veeracholanar 12/2-4. Vikramanar (Branch Rivers) 12/3. Vennar 12/3-1. Vettar 12/3-2. Vadavar 12/3-3. Koraiyar 12/3-4. Paminiyar 12/3-5. Pandavayar 12/3-6. Vellaiyar 12/1. Coleroon (Branch River) 12.20. Andi Odai 12.21. Marudayaru 13.1. Madarajasamudram Agniar Ambuilyar Vellar Koluvanar Pambar

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ANNEXURE - III REGION-III HEADQUARTERS AT POLLACHI Basin No. River Basin Tributary Sub-Tributary 1. 2. 3. 4. 12. Cauvery 12.13. Amaravathy 12.13.3. Upper Odai 12.13.4. Nallathangaiar 12.13.5. Varattukarai 12.13.6.Vattamalaikarai 12.13.6.1. Perimpallam 12.13.7. Andankarai 12.13.8. Nanganjiar 12.13.8.1. Odai Karai 12.13.8.2. Parappalar 12.13.1. Kudhiraiyar 12.13.2. Shanmuganadhi 12.13.2.1. Pachayar 12.13.2.2. Porandalar 12.13.2.3. Palar 12.13.9. Kodaganaru 12.13.9.1.Samdanavardani 12.9. Bhavani 12.9.9. Varattupallam 12.9.9.1.Nalukkupparai Pallam 12.9.1. Moyar 12.9.1.1.Ambyaur Halla 12.9.1.2. Paikara 12.9.1.3. Avarai Halla 12.9.1.4. Singur. R 12.9.1.5. Kedar Halla 12.9.1.6. Gundaharta Halla 12.9.1.7.Kukalthurai Halla 12.9.2. Siruvani R 12.9.3. Kundah 12.9.4. Nikalapallam 12.9.5. Pillurpallam 12.9.6. Thannirpallam 12.9.7. Kombupallam 12.9.8. Gunderipallam 12.11. Noyyar 12.11.1. Chinnar 12.11.2. Sanganurpallam 12.11.3. Nallur Korangampallam 12.4. Palar 12.4.1 Kathala Halla 12.4.2 Tatta Halla 12.4.3 Maniyar Halla 12.5. Periyapallam

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ANNEXURE - IV

REGION-III HEADQUARTERS AT MADURAI Basin No. River Basin Tributary Sub-Tributary 1. 2. 3. 4. 18. Manimuthar 18.1. Virusuli R 18.1.1. Palaru 18.2. Thirumanimuthar 19. Kottakkaraiyar 19.1. Saruganiyar 20. Vaigai 20.1. Kottakudiar 20.2. Suruliar 20.3. Mavuttuodai 20.4. Varaha Nadhi 20.5. Manjalar 20.5.1.Maruda Nadhi 21. Uthrakosamangaiyar 22. Gundar 22.1. Marattanaru 22.1.1. Kanal odai 22.2. Vegavathy 22.2.1. Paralaiyaru 23. Vembaru 24. Vaippar 24.1. Seevalaperi 24.2. Nichapanadhi 24.2.1. Deviyaru 24.3. Arjuna Nadhi 24.3.1.Mannarkottai 25. Kallar 25.1 Malattar odai 26. Korampallamaru 27. Tambaraparani 27.1. Pambar 27.2. Servalar 27.3. Manimuthar 27.3.1.Periyar 27.3.2. Keelamaniuthar 27.4. Gadana Nadhi 27.4.1. Rama Nadhi 27.5. Pachaiyar 27.6. Chittar 27.6.1. Karuppanadhi 27.6.2. Uppodai 28. Karamaniar 29. Nambiyar 29.1. Kombiar 30. Hanumanadhi 31. Palayaru 32. Valliyar 33. Kodayar 33.1. Paralayar Farmers may be illiterate but not ignorant. They had reacted favorably to green revolution and would to water management training courses and demonstrations programme in the lead to this willing cooperation. Indirectly this will lead to economy in nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 132

water usage and irrigation by turns can be slowly inducted into their minds. That is why the WRCP project emphasis formation of water users Association to be formed. 1997-99 Government had decided to form water user’s association under WRCP and importance to be given EC assisted phase 2. 2000-01 Rupees 250 per hectare to be collected and matching grant (OECD) will be given. 2001-02 W.U.A bill passed on 18-05-2000. Assent received for Rs.15lakhs. 1078 farmers councils established and registered under T.N.S.R Act. 86 are in progress. Funds required for 01-02 is Rs.120.21 lakhs Implementing TNF MIS Act no provision under WRCP. After framing rules of TNFMIS ACT elections to be held for which Rs.100 crores will be needed. April2002 Government issue G.O. NS No.152 dated 26-04-2002 Constituting Technical Secretariat for supporting the Basin Manage and Basin Management and Development Boards for one year at an estimated cost of Rs.66.5 lakhs. 2002-03 1267 farmers councils established and 88 in progress. 2005-06 1965 completed. W.U.A to be formed in non-WRCP also. Documentation completed from April 2004 – Members given orientation training and sensitized for effective participation. 2009-10 1227 completed in Feb 2009. Elections to be held for 1354 for phase 3 works before August 2009. State level steering committee formed. So far 3380 were approved and 11452 constituted.

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3. RIVER BASINS Particulars of catchment areas and surface and ground water potentials are tabulated below.

SL.No. Name of Basin Drainage Drainage Normal Normal Ground area on km2 area in TN Annual Volume water km2 Rainfall in Mcum Potential (in mm) (in Mcum)

1 Chennai 7282 5542 1130 6.26 1120 2 Palar 17871 10674 940 10.03 2610 3 Varahanadhi 3637 3637 1250 4.55 1482 4 Ponnaiyar 15865 12141 920 11.17 1560 5 Vellar 8558 8558 980 8.39 1344 6 Cauvery 87900 48730 930 45.32 7 Agniar 4463 4463 910 4.06 920 8 Pambar 3488 3488 880 3.07 9 Kottakaraiar 1813 1813 880 1.60 976 10 Vaigai 7741 7741 900 6.97 993 11 Gundar 4838 4838 770 3.73 766 12 Vaippar 6255 6255 8001 5.00 1167 13 Kallar 1739 1739 6001 1.04 69 14 Tambrapani 5482 5482 1110 6.09 744 15 Nambiar 1561 1561 950 1.48 275 16 Kodaiyar 1533 1533 1720 2.64 342 17 Parambikulam - 2174 610 1.33 751 Aliyar Total 130369 122.73

Source : State Remote Sensing Centre IWS, Chennai -113

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CHAPTER NO- 18 : IRRIGATION GROWTH IN THE STATE

A. Growth before independence (1947) In 1801 East India Company took over Thanjavur district. At that time the entire irrigation system is reported to have come to ruins as the rulers were only indulging in internal wars without having any time to attend to irrigation needs of people. As the British felt that the irrigation was a potential source of revenue and was profitable, they began to devote time to this development. The Grand-anicut amazed them and provoked them to introduce improvements. The following are major developments in Cauvery. 1836 Sir Arthur Cotton became Chief Engineer. 1845 Regulators were built across cauvery and Vennar at Grand-anicut and road over the regulators built. Lift gates were provided. Barrages were built across all the channels in places where Korambus were being put-in by farmers for water diversion. The field boundaries were built high and farmers stored water for a over 9” height and they believed that crops grow only if the boundaries grow and store water. 1836-38 Upper Anicut was built to prevent cauvery water wasting into Coleroon. But this eroded the bed in Cauvery. Therefore grade wall was built across Cauvery. This is called Cauvery dam. 1856 Vennar Head which was 4½ miles upstream of Grand-anicut shifted to its present position. Grand Anicut-dam stones removed and lift shutters made by Col. Smarts were fixed in 32 spans of height 5 feet. Shutters made at Madras workshop. 1899-1907 Upper Anicut remodeled as a bridge-cum-regulator with 55 spans of 40 feet each and fitted with gates and Counterweight (designed by Col. Smarts). Mr. Rajagopala Iyengar was associated with this work. Each shutter weighed 8 tonnes. Grand-anicut was remodeled as bridge-cum-regulator with lift gates serving as an anicut and surplus weir. 1909 Floods washed away scouring sluices in Upper Anicut and rebuilt. The arrangement did not effectively ensure water to delta and therefore ayacut started diminishing. 1924-25 In productive works, area irrigated was 31.91 lakh acres under I crop and 5.32 lakhs acres under II crop. Gross revenue was 38.59 lakhs. Under unproductive, it was 24.2 lakhs.

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1925-26 Improvements carried out to Veeranam Tank sanctioned for Rs.3.05 lakhs. Area irrigated under productive works was 32.35 lakh acres in I crop and 5.32 lakh acres in II crop under non productive works 2.43 lakh acres in I crop and 0.20 lakh acres in II crop. Road dam built across cauvery at Grand Anicut. New scouring sluices were erected at Coleroon one at Trichy and another at Thanjavur. 1928-29 Upland drainage diversions to G.A under examination. 1930-31 Remodeling Cauvery delta channels under investigation. Restoration of old course of Uyyakondan under investigation. The growth has to be examined before independence and after independence. The amounts spent on irrigation before independence (1947) and the ayacuts under I and II crops as detailed in the State Administrative reports are given below in the statement. The British had classified the works as productive and non-productive based on the figures of the previous 3 years and collected water - tax at different scales and also for different crops. Irrigation growth before 1949 All figures in lakh - acres

Productive Lakh Rs. Unproductive Lakh Rs. Total Crop Revenue expenses area Year in lakhs II I II in lakh Acres Expense I Crop Expense Rs. Crop Crop Crop Rs. lakhs 1924-25 ---- 31.91 4.68 - 2.62 0.23 NA 39.44 178.59

25-26 45.98 32.36 5.32 47.04 2.43 0.20 93.02 40.31 185.47 27-28 108.71 NA NA NA 2.45 0.18 106.71(+) 2.45(+) ----

28-29 119.58 NA NA 15.00 2.43 0.17 134.58 2.43(+) ----

29-30 102.89 33.73 5.21 NA NA NA 102.89(+) 102.89(+) ---- 30-31 100.47 36.21 5.33 2.07 NA NA 102.54 36.21(+) ----

31-32 NA 34.20 2.50 0.97 ------0.97(+) 36.70(+) ----

32-33 82.00 33.02 4.83 184.02 ------266.02 37.85(+) ----

33-34 44.42 33.22 4.89 146.03 ------190.45 38.11(+) ----

36-37 18.63 34.42 5.64 115.16 2.39 0.38 133.79 42.83 3.49 37-38 7.27 34.99 5.99 103.70 2.43 0.63 110.97 44.04 3.65

38-39 9.10 35.05 6.19 93.72 2.29 0.41 102.82 43.94 ----

43-44 5.37 35.07 9.29 1.08 3.50 0.93 6.45 48.79 ---- nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 136

Productive Lakh Rs. Unproductive Lakh Rs. Total Crop Revenue expenses area Year in lakhs II I II in lakh Acres Expense I Crop Expense Rs. Crop Crop Crop Rs. lakhs 44-45 8.95 37.19 8.28 2.10 3.51 0.82 11.05 49.80 ---- 45-46 7.41 28.40 7.13 12.71 3.58 0.52 20.22 39.63 ----

46-47 12.19 39.10 7.80 54.44 2.86 0.71 63.63 50.47 ----

1947-48 46.76 38.39 7.48 99.80 2.80 0.55 146.56 49.22 ---- 48-49 40.90 39.18 7.84 227.16 2.74 0.40 268.06 50.16 ----

It may be seen that the irrigated extent had been ranging over about 30 to 40 lakhs acres under productive and about 2.5 to 3.0 lakhs acres under non-productive schemes. All told, about 40 lakhs acres had been under irrigation during the year 1924 to 1949 and the Government had been investing over Rs.100 lakhs on the maintenance and capital works until 1947. The investment had started growing by 50% to 100% in the year 1948 and 1949 due to the coming of the popular Governments. The major works carried out by Government before independence are detailed in chapters 2 dealing with schemes executed by British Government. B. GROWTH AFTER INDEPENDENCE After independence the Government wanted to stop importing food crops and as a short term measure it & took up some schemes to give a boost to the food-production. The first such scheme is the grow-more food-scheme. 1. Grow-more food schemes 1946-47 Under post-war reconstruction, several schemes were taken-up. 21 schemes costing Rs.46.549 lakhs to irrigate 29295 acres were sanctioned with subsidy of 50% from Government of India. 1947-48 35 schemes costing Rs.51.04 lakhs to irrigate 54600 acres sanctioned under post-war reconstruction schemes executed for Rs.27.4 lakhs. 1948-49 47 new schemes costing Rs.121.49 lakhs to irrigate 37570 acres sanctioned. 1950-51 90 new schemes costing Rs.84.82 lakhs to irrigate 46082 acres sanctioned under intensive cultivation programme to yield 21339 tonnes of food. 1951-52 38 major schemes are in advanced stage of construction to irrigate 28484 acres at a cost of Rs.55.03 lakhs. Post-war reconstruction works costing Rs.29.63 lakhs mostly completed.

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1953-54 Olavayal channel was added to G.A. Canal in Pudukottai District to irrigate 27000 acres C. Accelerated Repairs in Cauvery Delta 1969-70 Proposal for Modernisation of Cauvery channels with World Bank sent to Government of India for approval. 1971-72 Modernisation of Cauvery channels and barrage at Upper Anicut costing Rs.212 lakhs sent to G.O.I. for clearance. 1972-76 Modernisation of Cauvery channels taken up under accelerated repairs wherever necessary in 4 years of 1972-73 to 75-76 costing Rs.12.98 crores. Manniar river straightened, desilted and lined for 10.5 km length on bed and sides at a cost of Rs.24.4 lakhs. Manniar river was drawing silt due to unfavorable angle of head sluice. Model studies was conducted at IHH Poondy and silt ejector constructed 250 metres below head-sluice to discharge 24 cusecs with silt. Length of ejector was 60 metre having 6 vents of size 3.5x1.07 metres. The ejector is first of its kind in South India. Separate head sluices were constructed for channels of (a) Ayyanallur (b) Veerakkan (c) Thalluvancheri (d) Mathiyan and (e) Ukkarai. Regulators/barrages were constructed across Cauvery and branch rivers above the head sluices of (1) Kothangudi (2) Thiruvarpadi (3) Sholaivalagam (4) Chickanikenpatti and (5) Uthirangudi Head sluices which were having unfavorable orientation and therefore drawing excessive silt were remodeled for (1) Neerathanallur (2) Sangam (3) Tiruvappadi (4) Budangudi (5) Namasivayapuram and (6) Neyvasal. Neerathanallur channel flowing adjacent to coleroon for 500 metres was getting blocked by sand and therefore diverted southwards through ayacut field. The reach adjacent to coleroon was lined on sides and bed to prevent seepage of water into Coleroon. The South Rajan channel flowing adjacent to deep drain was lined to prevent seepage losses into drain. The bed dam at Manambedu was converted into a regulator Manakkalmedu channel was at the tail-end of Bheernan channel and was having heads sluice 7 km above this regulator. The channels Senganur and Thiruvarppadi were having their head about ½ km above regulator and were getting clogged by earth slipping into high banks of river. Heads were shifted and placed side by sides with suitable sill-levels to divide water for better regulation. The drains of Palavar and Nandalar were studied and provided with standard banks. The bed dams across Noolar were converted into regulators for better regulation. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 138

Project Houses were built at Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Mayavaram, Nannilam and Tharangambadi. Quarters for cauvery delta engineers were built at Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, Mayavaram, Mannargudi and Sirkali, Office building and staff quarters were built at Nannilam Villupuram and Thirukoilur in the year 1974.The Cauvery delta ayacuts were zonalised by a cell containing irrigation engineers and revenue staff and agronomist such that the fields which were likely to get water for II crop were identified after considering the various aspects of (a) contiguity (b) feasibility and (c) fitness of soil and depending upon these recommendations all blocks were intimated about the eligible field. A regulator was built across cauvery at Mayavaram giving better commands to Rajendran and other channels. 1968-69 Modernisation of Govinda Cauvery and Rajan channel started in 1963 has been fully completed. 1976-77 Drainage channels in Cauvery delta at Rs.10.55 lakhs. Barrange at upper anicut completed at Rs.165.17 lakhs. 1984-85 Estimate for modernisation of Thanjavur channels updated to Rs.366.6 lakhs. Improvements to 12 channels, 5 regulators and 18 channels, 696 Drainages identified for improvement at a cost of Rs.11 crores, 315 taken up and 223 completed upto 1984-85. 1986-87 Out of 696 drains identified, 367 completed upto 1985-86 and 124 taken up in 1986-87 1987-88 Improvements to Lower Anicut and Grand-anicut completed RCC cut off walls provided at Grand-anicut and lining in 16 channels completed 1996-97 485 drainage schemes completed in cauvery delta. 1999-2000 Estimate for phase 1 of modernisation of cauvery delta sent to government of India for Rs.460 crores 2001-2002 Modernisation of Cauvery delta at Rs.460 crores sent to government of India. Interim award given for 205 TMC on 25-06-1991. It was notified in the G.O.I gazette on 11-08-89. Authority met on 28-10-98 and 14-07-2000 and T.N. Government insisted on its implementation. Assessment of 670 TMC made at 75% dependability and 740 TMC at 50% dependability. The findings of cauvery fact finding Committee were Karnataka 208.70, Kerala 410.10, Tamilnadu 641.5. Total extent irrigated was over 47 lakh acres. 2002 TNEB have completed 4 barrages across cauvery having shutters of 9 metres height upto Bhavani. 3 more barrages are proposed.

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2007-08 Tsunami affected Nagapattinam. Rivers and channels were desilted and strengthened with world bank aid at Rs.19.271 crores and completed by September 2007 2009-2010 Rehabilitation and modernisation of Cauvery delta in 5 districts to be taken up in 3 blocks of 5 years each. Estimates sent to Government of India for Rs.5100 crores. D. Drought Relief Works :- 1977-78 588 schemes taken up in Ramrad district and 587 completed 199 schemes taken in Dharmapuri district taken up and 187 completed. Ayacut benefited are 92239 acres in Ramnad and 282260 acres in Dharmapuri District 1973-74 86 schemes taken up and 2 completed estimated cost was Rs.223 crores and spent Rs.106 lakhs. 1974-75 Dharmapuri District – 49 works costing Rs.83.35 lakhs and 23 completed benefiting 2280 acres. In Ramrad district 116 spill over works costing Rs.26.71 lakhs taken up along with 254 new works costing Rs.123.82 lakhs. 120 works completed benefiting 13672 acres 1979-80 Pambar Reservoir scheme in progress benefiting 152631 hectares in 4 zones. 1998-99 Rs.78.60 crores sanctioned in 1991 with World Bank aid and Rs.41.85 crores for institutional building 1999-2000 Upgrade 16 dams of Pechiparai, Gomukhi, Manimuthar and Periyar. Midterm review by W.B. agreed to include Sathanur, Vidur, Sholyar and Wellington costing Rs.32.45 crores. Dam safety II stage 118.5 crores in 13 dams for PWD and Electricity Board. Dam Safety Works :- 1970-71 Pechiparai dam completed and also Perunchani dam. 1996-97 Rs.7860 lakhs is the estimated value. Spent Rs.933 lakhs upto March 1996. E. Irrigation schemes executed in 1947 to 2006 Statements are enclosed giving the salient details of schemes executed in the basins of (a) Cauvery (b) Ponnaiar (c) Madurai and Ramad regions, (d) Salem and Erode areas (e) Tambaraparani and Kanyakumari area (f) Madras basin containing Palar, Adyar, Cooum, Kosastalayar and Arnaiyar basins.

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A summary is given below Basin No of Schemes Cost in Lakhs Ayacut benefited in Hectares Cauvery Basin 21 10785 120817 Madurai & Ramnad 29 13916 33774 Salem & Erode 7 9044 16588 Ponnair 20 18557 42128 Tambraparani & Kanyakumari 13 4627 18970 Chennai Basin 9 13608 13952 100 70537 246229 Statement - A Irrigation extents in 5 decades (Taken from Statistics Department publications) (lakhs hectares) Year Canals Tanks Wells Other sources Total Remarks 47-48 4.41 3.10 1.70 0.47 9.68 48-49 4.53 3.04 1.78 0.50 9.85 49-50 4.62 2.99 1.65 0.59 9.85 50-51 4.63 2.55 1.54 0.34 9.06 51-52 4.60 2.80 1.74 0.24 9.38 52-53 4.49 2.81 1.43 0.35 9.08 Andhra State Formed in March 53 53-54 1.88 1.97 1.25 0.10 5.20

54-55 1.90 2.15 1.13 0.15 5.33 55-56 1.94 1.98 1.26 0.16 5.34 Malabar area attached to Kerala 56-57 8.07 8.83 5.00 0.44 22.34 57-58 8.20 8.47 5.20 0.44 22.31 58-59 8.40 8.40 5.45 0.36 22.61 59-60 8.41 8.33 5.64 0.41 22.79 Vaigai Reservoir Project completed 60-61 1960-61 8.80 9.36 5.98 0.06 24.62 Lower Bhavani and Amaravati completed in 1958 61-62 9.23 9.39 5.94 0.46 25.02 Mettur canals scheme commissioned 62-63 9.01 9.46 6.15 0.45 25.07 63-64 8.73 9.19 6.04 0.43 24.34

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64-65 8.90 8.92 5.99 0.43 24.24 65-66 7.98 9.03 6.59 0.39 23.99 66-67 8.50 9.66 6.40 0.55 25.11 67-68 8.91 9.90 6.98 0.50 26.29 68-69 8.90 7.51 7.44 0.32 24.17 69-70 9.05 8.79 6.90 0.34 25.08 70-71 8.83 8.98 7.75 0.36 25.92 7-72 71-72 9.30 9.24 8.20 0.36 27.10 PAP completed in 1972 Tubewells were 15000 numbers 72-73 9.41 9.49 8.29 0.32 28.15 73-74 9.26 9.30 9.30 0.29 28.15 74-75 8.86 5.94 9.24 0.34 24.35 75-76 9.09 7.50 8.70 0.36 25.65 76-77 6.76 8.00 8.24 0.29 23.29 77-78 9.25 9.10 9.58 0.41 28.34 78-79 9.19 8.41 10.69 0.44 28.73 79-80 9.32 8.96 11.17 0.39 29.84 80-81 8.88 7.38 10.45 0.38 27.09 81-82 9.00 7.38 10.45 0.26 27.09 82-83 7.63 5.17 9.59 0.16 22.55 83-84 8.65 8.07 9.25 0.21 26.18 84-85 8.95 7.15 10.07 0.23 26.40 85-86 7.73 6.72 10.30 0.26 25.01 Tubewells 60000 numbers 86-87 8.19 5.09 10.10 0.18 23.56 87-88 7.20 6.09 10.92 0.17 24.38 88-89 8.10 4.79 10.71 0.15 23.75 89-90 7.90 5.22 11.69 0.16 24.97 90-91 7.69 5.31 10.59 0.35 23.73 91-92 8.43 5.77 11.68 0.17 26.05 92-93 8.50 6.29 12.01 0.17 26.97

1993-94 93-94 8.50 6.29 12.01 0.17 26.97 Periyar Vaigai Modernisation Project completed 1993 94-95 8.44 6.74 11.85 2.00 29.03 95-96 7.71 5.12 13.27 0.15 26.25 96-97 8.02 6.24 13.70 0.15 28.11 97-98 8.37 6.75 14.13 0.20 29.45 98-99 8.34 6.90 14.77 0.18 30.19 99-2000 8.67 6.33 14.53 0.19 29.72 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 142

Statement - B Growth of tubewells and wells and irrigation in 5 decades (Taken from Statistical Department) Year Tubewells Open wells Total wells Extent of Irrigation Extent under in 1000’s in 1000’s in 1000’s in 1000 ha each well ha

50-51 - 537.45 537.45 154 0.29 51-52 - 777.70 537.45 174 0.32 52-53 - 750.43 750.43 143 0.19 53-54 1.55 763.43 764.98 125 0.16 54-55 1.70 800.62 802.32 113 0.14 55-56 1.91 789.69 791.63 126 0.16 56-57 1.80 820.99 822.79 500 0.61 57-58 1.93 854.51 856.44 520 0.61 58-59 2.19 909.27 911.46 545 0.60 59-60 1.74 874.06 875.80 564 0.64 60-61 1.64 873.60 874.80 598 0.68 61-62 1.67 932.39 934.06 594 0.64 62-63 2.19 940.18 942.37 615 0.65 63-64 2.78 958.18 961.14 604 0.63 64-65 2.83 972.64 975.47 599 0.61 65-66 1.80 975.96 977.76 659 0.67 66-67 1.93 986.60 988.53 640 0.65 67-68 2.04 1027.45 1029.49 698 0.68 68-69 4.25 1113.84 1118.09 744 0.67 69-70 5.70 1183.18 1188.88 690 0.62 70-71 4.49 1219.71 1224.20 775 0.63 71-72 24.97 1279.85 1304.71 820 0.63 72-73 19.34 1324.22 1349.14 829 0.61 73-74 18.14 1338.36 1356.56 930 0.69 74-75 5.57 1469.81 1475.38 924 0.63 75-76 4.93 1570.42 1575.35 870 0.52 76-77 7.14 1574.68 1581.82 824 0.52 77-78 7.70 1542.56 1550.26 958 0.62 78-79 7.68 1577.60 1585.28 1069 0.67 79-80 8.09 1594.16 1602.25 1117 0.70 80-81 7.74 1606.47 1614.21 1045 0.65 81-82 7.72 1618.27 1625.99 1045 0.64 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 143

82-83 7.92 1631.43 1692.91 959 0.57 83-84 6.60 1914.16 1977.22 925 0.47 84-85 2.35 1918.78 1977.53 1007 0.53 85-8685-86 85-86 62.30 1745.00 1807.30 1030 0.57 Sudden increase in tube wells 86-87 86-87 71.90 1677.18 1749.08 1010 0.58 87-88 82.14 1644.72 1726.86 1092 0.63 88-89 86.62 1654.19 1740.81 1071 0.62 89-90 86.48 1657.01 1744.39 1169 0.67 90-91 89.75 1680.26 1770.01 1059 0.60 91-92 98.17 1682.45 1781.12 1168 0.66 92-93 108.34 1687.03 1753.37 1201 0.67 93-94 109.70 1690.68 1790.38 1201 0.67 94-95 124.71 1715.54 1829.75 1185 0.64 95-96 137.32 1690.94 1828.26 1327 0.73 96-97 18.48 1788.15 1806.63 1370 0.76 97-98 145.44 1657.02 1802.46 1413 0.78 98-99 150.30 1657.91 1808.21 1477 0.81 99-2000 162.62 1664.29 1826.91 1453 0.80

In the last 53 years, the Government had executed 100 major and medium irrigation schemes and spent nearly Rs.70537 lakhs or 705 crores to benefit roughly 2.46 lakhs of hectares. Against the gross area of 60 lakh hectares, this addition is about 4%. Today the net irrigated area is about 30 lakhs hectares. These projects have added about 8.2% growth mainly in the category of canals. Net area irrigated in the state from 1947 to 2000 under canals, tanks and wells and other sources given in the enclosed. Statement “A” as collected from State department of Statistics. It shows that an area of 3 million hectares are being irrigated. Some of them might have also yielded 2nd crops. F. Growth of irrigation under wells and tubewells Kindly see the statement “B” enclosed for 50 years. Over 20000 tube-wells seem to have been added in the years 70-71 and 60000 numbers from the year 1985. At present 163000 tube wells appear to be in use in private and Government sector. Regarding dry wells, 537000 wells were in use in 1950 and they have increased over 3.5 times and at present 1664000 wells seem to be in use mostly in private sector. The average ayacut under each well was hovering around 0.20 hectares till 1956. Afterwards it has gone upto 0.60 hectares until 1995. After 1996, average ayacut under each well increased to 0.8 hectares mostly due to tubewells.

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G. Performance under five year plans (Collected from State Planning Commission) The allotments made in the 5 year plans are given below Year and Plan Allocation Crores Remarks 51-56 First 20.15 56.60 Second 17.56 61-65 Third 31.41 66-67 Annual Plan 12.54 68-72 Fourth 28.29 73-77 Fifth 59.65 78-79 Midterm 40.71 80-84 Sixth 161.33 85-59 Seventh 343.74 Actually 1006.75 crores spent 90-92 Annual Plan 167.37 92-96 Eighth 540.00 Rs.312.10 crores spent 97-01 Nineth 605.00 Rs.445.86 crores spent actually 2002-06 Tenth 496.00 Rs.863.83 crores spent actually 2007-12 Eleventh 2431.36 38% of the State Plan

The allotments under eleventh plan is Rs.2431.36 crores which is nearly 6 times the allotment under Tenth Plan. But this provision of 2431.36 crores works out to only 3.8% of the entire state plan. The projects taken up in the first 3 five year plans are given below :

Cost in Ayacut Ayacut II Programme Project Basin Year lakhs I crop crop Rs. acres acres I Plan L.B.P Bhavani 1956 102.00 83700 Araniar Araniar 1957 10.59 1012 3169 Perunchani Kanyakumari 4.37 27763 Mettur Canal Cauvery 1957 19.29 18211 Manimuthar Thirvnelveli 1958 50.50 8094 33589 Amaravathi Coimbatore 1958 32.98 8701 12950 Vaigai Madurai 1959 33.10 9234 Krishnagiri Salem 1958 20.24 3642 Sathanur South Arcot 1958 25.80 8498 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 145

Cost in Ayacut Ayacut II Programme Project Basin Year lakhs I crop crop Rs. acres acres II Plan NKHLC Trichy 1960 22.45 8345 Pullambadi Trichy 1960 20.61 8949 Vidur South Arcot 1959 8.89 1295 Neyyar Kanyakumari 1965 9.03 3773 PAP Coimbatore 480.00 97214 MI Schemes Kanyakumari 1961 2.20 III Plan Palar Anicut South Arcot 1965 4.81 1329 extention Sathanur II Stage North Arcot 1964 6.00 2023 Gomukhi South Arcot 1966 8.70 2023 Manjalar Madurai 1966 6.58 531 1255 Chittar Madurai 1968 66.70 13079 5941 Pattanamagal Total 934.74 lakhs The particulars of works taken up and completed as allocated in the Tenth plan are given below. (2002-2006) Categories Allotment crores Rs. Actual Expenditure crores Rs. WRCP 874.00 149.83 Dam Safety 30.00 10.34 Tank modernisation 61.00 38.56 Major and MI 96.00 863.83 IMTI 30.00 2.97 Floods and Ant sea erosion 179.00 164.81 Hydrology projects 8.00 13.31 Modernising MI tanks 10.00 23.76 projects under NABARD State Bank and SMIP and DCR 10.00 23.71 Modernisation Ex-Zamin 4.00 3.57 Modernisation PWD 4.00 0.64 NABARD assistance 357.00 181.91 Ground Water 84.00 14.94 SMIP 108.00 30.61 MI tanks desilting 200.00 220.62 Total 2375.00 1743.91

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H. Status of irrigated area in the State The ayacuts irrigated in the year 2000 to 2007 as published by Agriculture department are given below :- Figures are in 1000 hectares Year Area under paddy Area under sugarcane Total 2000-01 2080 316 2396 2001-02 2060 321 2381 2002-03 1516 261 1777 2003-04 1397 192 1589 2004-05 1873 222 2095 2005-06 2050 335 2385 2006-07 1931 391 2322 2007-08 1789 383 2172 From the above figures it may be seen that total irrigated area in the state is gradually on the decrease. The rate may be in the order 2 to 3% per year. I. Yield of paddy per hectare in the state The Statistics department have worked out and given the yield in Kilograms per hectare for paddy for various years.

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Some figures for the last 30 years are given below

Yield Yield Yield Year Year Year kg/ha kg/ha kg/ha 1970-71 1900 1980-81 1861 1990-91 3116 1971-72 1971 1981-82 2265 1991-92 3115 1972-73 1954 1982-83 1845 1992-93 3116 1973-74 2057 1983-84 1914 1993-94 2927 1974-75 1597 1984-85 2138 1994-95 3392 1975-76 2029 1985-86 2372 1995-96 2712 1976-77 N.A 1986-87 2728 1996-97 2671 1977-78 2050 1987-88 2872 1997-98 3050 1978-79 2017 1988-89 3032 1998-99 3579 1979-80 1996 1989-90 3088 1999-2000 3481

The yield after reaching 3000 kgms in 1988-89 is showing very slow progress over the last 20 yeas and at present it is only 3500 kgm per hectare. J. Floodwaters to be saved from River Basins An Expert committee under the chairmanship of Thiru. Vijayaraghavan IAS (Retd.) was formed in 2001 to study the surplus waters escaping into the sea and to recommend schemes for harnessing them. The Committee had recommended schemes in the following 5 basins. Palar 24.339 TMC Ponniyar 26.404 TMC Vellar 41.243 TMC Cauvery 104.56 TMC and Tambaraparani 24.05 TMC Government are studying the report and are yet to issue orders

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K. National Water Management Project (1985-1992) Formal approach to system management problems was out-lined by the Govt of India in Manual on Irrigation Water Management 1982. In pursuance of this, efforts were made during the eighties towards integrated water management and rotational water supply or warabandi in a few W.B. aided projects in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In the light of these experiences, the world bank was approached in 1982 a few projects were launched in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu. The concept provided for minimal but essential investments required to implement operational plan which included repairs, renewals and renovations of existing structures, provision of new control structures, field channels and drains measuring devices and investments in upgraded O&M facilities and equipment including housing for staff and transport and communication equipments as required to execute the operational plan. Initially 16 sub-projects, covering a CCA of 0.46 million hectares were included in the projects of the 3 states. The Project was implemented in Tamilnadu in 7 irrigation systems like Sathanur, Periyar, Vaigai, Manimuthar, Sethiathope, Chittar at a cost of Rs.86.77 crores covering an extent of 0.22 Mha. Er. R.Sridharan was the chief engineer and the period of execution was 7 years. The commissioner (water Management) of Ministry of Water Resources closely monitored the project. Regarding a few sub- projects he had analysed the results as below in 1996. Increase in area Increase in Production tonnes per ha

CCA Cost External Ayacut Production Tonnes SL. Scheme Before of After % No. Name Original IncreaseBefore After NWMP NWMP NWMP Increase 1 Tholudur 14.9 54.7 9500 13553 4053 9.00 10.30 14 2 Ch ittar 9.6 35.3 4578 11130 6552 4.50 7.50 67 3 Sethiathope 19.50 71.4 17890 18868 978 4.10 5.34 30 4 Cumbum 8.10 29.7 12068 13493 1425 8.90 9.34 5 5 Marudanadhi 2.70 9.8 976 1280 304 4.50 5.50 22

From the above the Commissioner had emphasised that this NWMP is a highly efficient scheme requiring least cost with effective and close operation.

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CHAPTER NO.19 : TRAINING INSTITUTES

A). P.W.D Staff Training Institute Established at 5 places of Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Coimbatore, and Salem by G.O. Ms. No.492 dated 20-08-79 Director in the grade of Superintending Engineer was controlling from Trichy. All the five centres were controlled by deputy directors in the grade of executive engineer who were assisted by Assistant engineers and an office Lecturers were being Invited by these executive engineer from the local colleges and PWD staff who were paid at the rate of Rs.100 per hour Lunch and tea were also supplied to the trainees free. The budget and overall administration was controlled by the chief engineer Buildings. The sanction to continue was sanctioned in G.O.Ms.No.419 dated 29-08-02 and the training centres at Salem and Coimbatore to be disbandoned in a phased manner. In 2009 the Government were pleased to increase the remuneration of Rs.100 to Rs.500 per hour and the modern facilities like Computer - Power-Point Projector supplied to them. B) Publication of New Irrigation Era New Irrigation Era was started in January 1950 and is publishing quarterly or half-yearly according to material available. In the early years it was being published every month and Ministers of PWD and Chief Engineers were publishing details of various schemes sanctioned or in progress and recording many important events. The executive engineer, Gauging is in charge of this publication and is now attached to Groundwater wing. The Groundwater branch is also bringing out a new letter every Month since 1980. C). Association of Engineers and of Assistant Engineers TNPWD The Association was started in 1931 and was recognized by government in G.O. M.S No.1701 dated 1936. It was founded by Er. M.K. Narambunathan Pillai. The Association was permitted to publish a monthly bulletin by Government in their G.O. Ms.No. 126 dated 5-2-80 and it has been rendering yeoman service for welfare of the engineers. D). Institute of Water Studies It was sanctioned on 30-06-1975. A separate building was constructed at Tharamani, Chennai and a full complement of officers was posted under the head of a chief engineer. The institute was started with the aid of 2.74 million dollar from USAID. The object of the institute was to collect all the hydrologic and meteorological data of various nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 150

river basins in the state and record them and to analyses the potentials of each basin against the actual ultilisation and to assess water-balances. The Institute has divided the state into 17 river basins and is now engaged in preparing perspective-plans for future development. It has prepared for almost all the basins during the last 3 decades and published all the reports and maps for guidance of the water resources department. E) Irrigation Management Training Institute The Government felt that each system of irrigation should function more efficiently and increase the output to match with the targeted goals. In addition to water, other essential inputs like seeds and farmer’s rolls should also be improved by running demonstration - farms and giving training to farmers in improved and modern management practices. The USAID came forward to extend help and a Management training institute was opened at Trichy as per G.O.No.Ms.252 dated 14-10-83. One chief engineer irrigation was posted to head the institution and experts from other agricultural field were also posted. Every year training classes are conducted to farmers at Trichy and other centres of agricultural growth like Madurai, Tirunelveli etc. 48 such classes were conducted in 2008-09 and 2144 in 2009-10 where totally 2800 farmers were trained.

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CHAPTER NO.20 RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE SCHEMES 1984-89 The Government of India embarked on an ambitious scheme to guarantee employment to the rural unemployed persons and get some long - pending irrigation schemes executed. The projects to be executed were selected by the State Government and funds allotted every year by Government of India. It also provided 50% for cost of labour and 50% for the materials to be procured from local and prescribed that no machineries to be employed. The scheme was sanctioned on 30.04.84 by the State Government and launched in May 1984. 30 New subdivisions were sanctioned and these were attached to regular division in the districts. The scheme was implemented over 5 years upto 1989 and Rs.5 crores spent every year Under this scheme irrigation schemes with low cost benefit ratio of over 200 in number which were investigated fully but not executed for want of funds were pushed through. 2004-05 Government sanctioned Rs.108 crores in G.O.Ms.No.191/PWD/ dated 22- 05-03 from Rural Ministry and work was started from June 2003. The scheme was centrally sponsored under the name of Sampoorna gram Rozgar meant for benefiting drought prone areas. The Scheme approved 25% towards cash and 75% of rice for labourers. Under the scheme 1750 tanks were taken up and improved.

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CHAPTER - 21 : D.C.R. SCHEMES

 The Tanks have been meeting 45% of the needs of irrigated area in the state by surface water and they have been serving the farmers for over 1000 years since periods of Chera, Chola, Pandya and Pallava Kings. Naturally they were getting silted up and the farmers and Govt faced the problem of tanks losing their capacities year after year. This prompted Government to take up some remedial schems.  1925-26 British Govt. desilted 255 tanks but discontinued Er.U.Ananda Rao, Chief Engineer studied the problem in depth and found out that removal of accumulated silt is not possible or economical and suggested the scheme of partial desilting. This novel proposal was to deepen the tank beds and remove the accumulated silt upto 50% and to throw this silt on the tank – bunds and strengthen them. The balance 50% is to be made good by raising the F.T.L. by 30 cm and bringing the foreshore lands under irrigation. This proposal was approved by the Govt. and Er.K.V.Ekambaram initiated the scheme in Chenglepet, North Arcot, South Arcot and Ramanathapuram and Pudukottai districts and Govt sanctioned scheme for 5 years and following amounts were spent on this scheme. 1956-57 - 6.60 lakhs 57-58 - 1.34 lakhs 58-59 - 9.3 lakhs 59-60 - 8.15 lakhs 60-61 - 9.35 lakhs Total 34.83 lakhs  Expenditure in 2nd five year plan was Rs.51 crores benefiting 7 lakh acres which yielded 2 lakh tones of food grains and 23600 tones of cotton. Theareafter proposals for desilting tanks using machineries were taken up year after year.  1961 – 62 : 47 tanks were cleared in Chingleput and Rs.11.30 lakhs spent.  1971-72 : 31 Tanks were done making assured supply to 35759 acres and bridging the gap of 674 acrs.  1973-74 : 20 works were completed benefitting 2652 acres spending Rs.8.01 lakhs. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 153

 77-78 : 234 tanks were desilted.  79-80 : 3.37 lakhs spent  May 1982 : Additional staff sanctioned for DCR and SMIP schems and enhanced powers were given CEs-2, SE-1, EEs-4, AEE 28 and AEs 112.  1996 – 97 : Rs.1.20 lakhs for DCR schemes to create additional ayacut of 750 lakhs acres.  1998-99 : Rs.895 lakhs spent so far on DCR scheme  2001-02 : 200 tanks were desilted starting from 1997 given by government in 97-98, spent Rs.19.91 lakhs.  2003-04 : Budget was 74.8 crores – spent Rs.50 crores on desilting of system and rain fed tanks.

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CHAPTER No.22 : SAND QUARRIES IN THE STATE

 Building activity is an important industry in the state and forms one of the 3 fundamental necessities of mankind (Food, shelter and clothing). Sand is the main ingredient for building industry and the builders have been availing of their needs from leases duly authorized in each district by the district collector aided by geological assistants and licences issued by revenue authorities like Deputy Tahsildars. Though the irrigation engineers of the concerned river basin are declared as conservators and they only attend to maintain them. They had no voice in the quarrying of sand from these rivers and often, interests came to clash such quarry – licenses led to damages to irrigation structures which are fatal both for the rivers and growth of food from river waters. During the decade of 1990-2000 the building needs had reached peak heights and this led to the excavation of sand from the rivers and assaults on authorities controlling the sand-licenses. Consequently the Govt set up a committee of experts to study the impacts of sand- quarries and as per their recommendations entrusted the responsibilities to the water resources organization of PWD (Ms.No.95, dt.01.10.03). The water authorities identified 239 locations with the help of the district collectors and started selling of sand at the rate of Rs.1000 per one lorry load of 200 cft of sand and this rate was reduced to Rs.600 from 19.06.04  About 170000 loads are being lifted per month at Rs.626 for 200 cft from 3.10.03. Revenue collection is Rs.446.31 Lakhs. During 06.07 it was Rs.128.11 crores. The rate and quantity was refixed at Rs.900 per 300 cft as per amendment of rule 38 of Tamilnadu Mines and Minerals rules of 1959 from 25.08.08. At present (1909-10) 130 quarries have been approved by the district collectors. During 1908-09 revenue was 129.58 crores and upto 31.5.09 total collection amounted to Rs.720.75 crores.

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CHAPTER NO.23 : KUDIMARAMATH AND DESILTING WATER COURSES

 Before British period tanks were maintained by farmers. Due to fragmentation of land holdings and negligence by land-lords, the maintenance declined. Tax was collected at 4 to 5% of gross produce from the command area and it was called Eriyam which was used for tank maintenance and rehabilitation. Due to invasions from other dynasties, persons were appointed to collect this tax and they were called Eriyam and each village managed maintenance works and this system was called kudimaramath. During British period, the ryotwari settlement was introduced and responsibility of common properties like rivers and tanks rested with the Government. Revenue officers were not capable of maintaing works and therefore engineers were employed. The first irrigation office created in 1880 was headed by Superintendent of Tanks. Revenue collected from command - area lands was found substantad and this prompted British to maintain the tanks, in proper order, and to regulate this, they brought in a legislation called Madras Compulsory labour act 1958 which faced lot of difficulties and had to be scrapped by 1990’s.  In 1947 after independence Govt had to intervene wherever repairs were taken up to increase production in 167 channels which were desilted at Rs.3.75 lakhs. in Cauvery delta this practice had to be continued in later years also, using manual labour during the closure periods. Machineries were used in place of manual labour for effective results from 1997 onwards in Cauvery delta. Statement giving the length of rivers and channels in Cauvery delta is given below :

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Statement – A

Cauvery Vennar Total Channel Length Length Length Name Nos Nos Nos Km Km Km

A Class 922 323777 583 2316.67 1505 5554.44

B Class 5812 4721.96 3932 3992.60 9744 8714.20

C Class 5891 3149.20 5191 5060.73 3855 6209.93

D Class 2752 1273.66 2566 1349.38 5318 2623.91

E Class 914 359.50 1837 312.38 1751 671.88

F Class 279 114.62 178 47.18 457 162.80

G Class 24 11.4 - - 24 11.41

Rivers 17 20 37 1600

Drains 22 300

Statement B gives the expenses in silt clearances in years 1944 to 2008.

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Statement B

Year Remarks Rivers Channels Canals Cost in Existing Tanks Lakhs Cauvery 1569 km 1100 km 784 km (Delta) Rs. Delta

1946-47 NA 167 Nos - NA 3.75 Manual clearance

47-48 NA 120 Nos NA - 4.12 Manual Clearance

48-49 - 196 Nos - - 4.02 -do-

50-51 - 174 Nos - - 4.89 -do-

96.97 - 615 km - - 231.00 40 Bull dozers employed

97-98 NA NA - - 1000.00 Machineries employed

98-99 NA 639 km - - 962.00 -do-

99-2000 472 km 1624 km 1816 13 5800.00 -do-

1000- NA NA - NA 5000.00 -do- 2001

2007-08 NA NA NA NA 4000.00 -do-

Desilting of channels is being done every year in the Cauvery Delta.

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CHAPTER NO.24 : CHENNAI CITY WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES

The Chennai city (Madras) being the capital of the state had considerable population and PWD being the only construction agency was also looking after schemes to agument drinking water supplies. The Cholavaram Tank was linked to Red Hills lake by a channel 4 km long which is a part of the lower supply channel. Govt ordered construction of anicut across Kosastalayar near Thamaraipakkam village about 1.8m high and PWD constructed it and commissioned in 1872. Therefore Red Hills lake started receiving flows from Kosastalayar besides its own catchments. No addition to water supply was made until 1940 when Govt sanctioned barrage across Kosastalayar near Poondy. Er. U.Ananda Rao was the engineer who constructed it. Its capacity was 77 Mm3 fixed with 3 metres high gates and from this reservoir Upper supply channel was also excavated over a length of 13 km to meet the channel from Cholavaram. This is a major addition to the city-water supply. In 1973 a separate head was provided in Poondy reservoir to draw 100 cusecs to divert to Thamaraipakkam. The following are the present capacity of the reservoirs supplying drinking water to Chennai city. Poondy ------3231 Mcft Cholavaram ------881 Mcft Red Hills ------3300 Mcft Chembarambakkam ------3645 Mcft ------Total 11057 Mcft ------They were supplying nearly 14 TMC of water every year. All these reservoirs were under maintenance of the PWD. Emergency gates were installed at Red Hills in 1953 instead of falling shutters. Meanwhile the population of Chennai city had crossed 1.4 million and many industries had grown in North Chennai especially Chennai. Petroleum Corporation (originally MRL) which itself needed 4 Mgd. Railways required 3 Mgd and many other industries like Madras Fertilizers and Sreeram Fibres. The C.P.C.L. refinery plant was built in 1975 and Er. K.D.Karambayya, a PWD Engineer (later Chief Engineer of PWD in 1970’s) supervised its construction under Engineer Er. Brahmanandam. The entire project was done under Turn-key contract. The UNDP helped the PWD in investigation and identifying potential ground water aquifers situated between Kosastalayar and Araniar basins Dr. S. Panchanathan was the Director. The Phase 1 and 2 of this investigation identified 3 well fields at Minjur, Panjetty and Thamaraipakkam. Trial wells were sunk and reports prepared. Totally 24 Mgd was estimated to be available. The Government ordered laying of the pipelines nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 159

from the 2 fields of Minjur and Panjetty to supply 13 mgd of water to all industries in Manali and neighbourhood. In 1974, Dr. Panchanathan was appointed as chief engineer of the newly formed Ground-water wing of the PWD. The Ground Water Department was administering this pipe-line system until 1978 when the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Drainage Board was formed. In 1978 the system was transferred to the Board. The Well field at Thamaraipakkam was developed to supply 11 Mgd and project was sanctioned to Interconnect the wells and lead water over 34 km through R.C.C pipes of 600 mm diameter to Manali area from the well field. This is the first time that R.C.C pipes were used over a long distance. Its sanctioned cost was Rs.210 lakhs. The Scheme had 3 intermediate booster stations equipped with electric pumps designed and erected by P.W.D workshop. Similar project was under execution for Thambaram and Pallavaram areas where R.C.C pipes were found to crack and fail. Therefore pressure-relief valves, air – valves zero-pressure and scour valves were introduced and Thamararpakkam was successfully commissioned and handed over to Metro-water Board in 1979. Due to spurt in population, the supply was very inadequate and Govt was examining schemes for bringing water from Cauvery. After a study of hydrologic data it was decided that one TMC could be drawn from Veeranam Tank by laying 2 numbers of R.C.C pipelines of 1900 mm diameter and pumping from Veeranam lake after treating the water at a filter plant located at Vadakuthu near Neyveli. The contract was awarded in 1970 to M/s. Satyanarayana Bros who imported technology from Greek. The pipes were of 1900 mm diameter of special precast RCC, manufactured and cured by vacuum process which could be handled immediately after casting. The pipes were manufactured at 2 factories located at Thirukalukundram and Panruti. Project was manned by staff from the PWD under the supervision of Er. M.E. Hussain. The building materials were supplied by the department. The manfacture and laying of pipes was the responsibility of the contractor. After 2 years the manufacturing process got stopped due to paucity of funds with the contractor and doubts which arose regarding the type of joining arrangement of the pipe segments. A Committee headed by Dr. G.S. Ramasamy, Director of S.E.R.C, Madras, examined the Greek Technology and opined that it was not satisfactory. The project had to be abandoned in 1965 after manufacturing 201 pipes and preparing the routes of the pipelines. Though many proposals were under examination none was executed until 2004 when the State Government took up the same Veeranam-Pipeline Scheme with aid from World Bank and adopting steel pipes of 1750 mm diameter undeterred by lot of criticism. Filter plant was located at Kadamaplayam and 250 km of pipelines were laid and distribution system was built at Porur for supplying 180 Mgd. The project cost was Rs.800 crores. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 160

A minor shallow well-field was identified by Ground water Department in 1970 adjoining the old Mahabalipuram Road near Kelambakkam and this area was handed over to Metro water who executed the scheme in 1975 and integrated it with the distribution system. The PWD was examining schemes of bringing water from Cauvery river as it would be more reliable and controllable. The chief engineer irrigation Er. Manavalan had investigated through the services of Er. Mohanakrishnan and evolved a scheme in 1980 to bring water through an open canal from Kattalai-bed-regulator. At the same time Er. C.A. Srinivasan investigated a scheme to create a storage above Sathanur Reservoir across Ponniar and then a scheme to extend Mettur Highlevel Canal and also to run an open channel from Cauvery (near Pallipalayam) and to feed into Velachery lake. These alternatives were discussed with the Chief Minister (Thiru. M.G. Ramachandran) and Chief Secretary and it was ordered that the scheme to run an open-canal from Kattalai could be taken up. An order was also issued to implement it by appointing Er. Manavalan as special chief engineer. But it was not pursued and implemented. The PWD reinvestigated the same scheme by a special division in 1990 and evolved a scheme to bring 950 mld of water by pumping through pipe-line 280 km long instead of open channel and the same could not be reopened. As this alternative of bringing Cauvery water would ensure better control and realization, the Metrowater have now settled a consultancy to explore scheme for Cauvery water. In 1948 the Government sanctioned investigation of Krishna-Pennar Project which encouraged construction of a storage across Krishna and excavating a canal south upto Pennar River where also a reservoir would be created. This would be an irrigation canal of over 1200 km long designed to carry 16000 cusecs and this canal was proposed to be brought upto Poondy to augment supplies to Chennai city. Investigation was made thoroughly, designed in detail and model studies conducted at I.R.S Poondy and finalized in 1951. The investigation was conducted Er. T.P. Kuttiammu and Er. Mahadevan under Er. N.Padamanbha Iyer who was the Superintending Engineer. The project was opposed by politicians of Andhra Pradesh and they agitated for a separate state which was formed in November 1953. Scarcity of water in the city was becoming very acute. Khosla Committee had recommended in 1951 that dependable scheme could be only from Krishna river. The Prime Minister of India (Tmt. Indra Gandhi) conducted a meeting of Chief Ministers of 3 states of Maharashtra, AP and Karnataka and persuaded them to give 5 TMC each from their shares to Tamilnadu. Agreement was signed in 1983. It was agreed that AP would release 15 TMC through a project known as Telugu Ganga and that 12 TMC would be entered into Tamilnadu every year. Meeting of Chief Ministers were held on 15-06-78, 19-08-82 at Hyderabad. Draft agreement was signed on 18-04-83. Total cost of the project of Telugu Ganga canal was was estimated at Rs.1900 crores and Tamil nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 161

Nadu released Rs.521 crores as its share and AP promised to release at first 3 TMC by 9/96 after holding a meeting on 18-07-86. 73.366 TMC was received upto 10-10-96. Due to heavy rains Telugu Ganga breached at many places. After repairs water was released on 26-06-97 and released 2.29 TMC. Meeting was held on 18-1197 for arresting the leakages and Rs.44.21 crores was spent between 24-07-98 and 10-11-98, and 2.837 TMC was realised. The estimate of Telugu Ganga Project was raised to Rs.2311 crores and share of Tamilnadu was increased to Rs.634.40 crores. The Sathya Sai Baba Trust lined and improved Telugu Ganga canal in the year 2004 to 2008 over 81 km at a cost of Rs.200 crores. Consequently realisation in Chennai got appreciably increased. The Canal in Tamilnadu reach called Krishna water - canal was 25.32km long and cost was Rs.40.44 crores and one special circle with 4 divisions was created. Project was started in 1984 and completed in 2000. In 2002, the length of 4 km got damaged due to rains and Rs.71.88 lakhs spent to repair. Along with this canal, the F.R levels of Red Hills was raised by 600 mm adding a capacity of 12.75 Mm3. FRL of Chembarambakkam tank was raised by 600 mm adding a capacity of 14.85 Mm3. A Link canal was cut between Sathymurthy Sagar and Chembarambakkam tank for augmenting the storage capacity. All these works were done in 1981 at a cost of Rs59 crores.

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The quantities of water realized in various years though Krishna – canal are given below Year Realization Year Realization 96-97 0.076 06-07 5.183 97-98 2.29 05-06 2.09 98-99 2.81 04-05 2.718 00-01 6.68 03-04 0.21 01-02 0.40 06.07 5.183 Repairs to canal were completed by 19.9.08 and total quantity realized upto 2008-09 was 6.882 TMC The Madhavaram Tank had lost its irrigation ayacut and industries have developed. This tank has been handed over to Metrowater from 1996 by PWD for being used for drinking water and a pump room had been built and pipeline laid to the Treatment plant already erected in the Red Hills area. The Metrowater have built 3 check-dams across Kosastalayar at Velliyur, Jagannadhapuram and Melsembedu between 1991 and 1993 to improve the ground water. PWD had constructed check-dam across Adayar near Nandambakkam in 2008 and one at Manapakkam was taken up in 2007 and completed in 2009 at a cost of Rs.3.47 crores for improving the ground water level. Out of Rs550 crores allocated towards artificial recharge of rivers and streams across the state, nearly Rs.48 crores could be utilized by the WRO, Chennai Region, towards providing check-dams to prevent run-off of rainwater into sea. 7 check dams are being taken up from 2010 across Araniyar and one across Kosastalayar under this scheme after studying maps of the area from remote sensing. They have already taken up check dams across Cooum at Parutipaltu and Karapalayam at a total cost of Rs.1.33 crores. There are irrigation tanks numbering about 29 lying in and around Chennai city. The PWD have stopped maintaining them as their ayacut have got converted into residential and industrial complexes. These water bodies hold potential to augument drinking water supply and help Metrowater. With this in view, Metrowater got 20 tanks transferred to their control in 2004 and invited tenders for consultancy for suggesting measures to improve them. After receiving bids, Metrowater had since decided to hand over them back to the PWD. Since an Act called Tamil Nadu Protection of Tanks and nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 163

Encroachment Eviction Act of 2007 was enacted PWD department are evicting the encroachments and restoring the tanks to standards. These tanks which have been receiving 2 or 3 fillings from rains are found to be useful to the community. The list includes Korattur, Ayambakkam, Nemilicherry, Thamabaran Puduthangal, Perungudi, Velachery Pallavaram and Maduravoyal tanks, PWD have evited encroachments from 1729 tanks in the state upto 2010 throughout the state. Two tanks to store excess water of Krishna water - canal were proposed at Ramanjeri and Thirukkandalam and were considered but dropped due to resistance from villagers whose lands would get affected. Similarly a dam across Adayar below Chembarabakkam near Thiruneermalai was considered but dropped as it would affect the road-traffic 2001 New Veeranam Project (II Stage) sanctioned in August 1993 for Rs464 crores to supply 190 mld to city is proposed to be modified to cater to settlements and towns in and around Veeranam.

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CHAPTER NO.25 : MARINE WORKS AND SETHUSAMUDRAM PROJECT

Er. John Cummins was the first chief engineer in charge of irrigation and marine works during 1867-1870. During this time the Madras Port was started. PWD had been in charge of the Madras Port in 19th century and after formation of Madras Port Trust, the department had been developing marine works until 1950 when state port-office and Fisheries department were formed and a special project circle for doing Fishing Harbours from 1982. The Madras Port was developed in 1881 and is reported to have made a profit of Rs.6 lakhs in 1933-34 and Rs.3 lakhs in 1934-35. Steps were taken to form Cochin Harbour in collaboration with Government of India and Travancore Samasthanam. 1964 A separate division for marine works was formed with headquarters at Cuddalore. Jetties were constructed and sand pumps installed to keep channels for boat traffic cleared. 1964 The first R.C.C jetty was built near Keelakarai for landing the fish especially conches. 1970 Quarters for about 50 fisherman were built at Ammapatnam. Thereafter many building projects for fisherman were constructed by the PWD. 1978 An R.C.C jetty was built at Ammapatnam for fisheries department. SETHUSAMUDRAM PROJECT 1964 December A severe cyclone accompanied by heavy rain attacked. Rameswaram island. Waves over 4m high had lashed. Rain washed Danushkody town out of existence. A whole train coming towards Danushkody plunged into the eroded coast and was lost along with passengers. The Govt of India were persuaded by state leaders to take some effective steps to give long-term relief to the people and this ended in sanctioning of the Sethusamudram Project in principle. As a follow-up measure a project circle was formed in May 1965 at Chennai with one Superintending Engineer (Er. K.R.Ramasamy) and one project officer (Thiru. R. Natarajan I.A.S) and one chief engineer of Er. R. Venkateswaran (Retired Chief Engineer of Cochin port). A project division headed by one executive engineer (Er. K. Ramalingam) was formed at Ramanathapuram and 2 sub divisions were formed at Mandapam camp.

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The State Port officer had already studied the various alternative routes for the ship canal and finalized one near Uchipuli in the main land and started collecting F.M. sketches and preparing schedules for acquiring land for formahon of canal. Meanwhile,Mr.T.T.Krishnamachari the Finance Minister at New Delhi had to resign due to some misunderstandings and the project execution was asked to be converted into detailed investigation of the scheme. Tide and wind observation were continued and experiments to ascertain probable cost of excavation in land-portion were carried out. Experiments for subsoil characteristics were carried both on land and under sea. One powered-launch equipped with echo-sounder, current meters and other equipment and complementary boats were purchased. Routes were marked inside sea by erecting tripods with 35 mm diameter M.S. rods. As the alignment on mainland revealed coral and soft-rock in certain boreholes, the exploration was shifted to Rameswaram Island and the alignment finalized by Mr.Bristow in 1922 was traced and explorations repeated until 1968 May Er. Venkateswaran chief engineer prepared a project report based on these explorations for a cost of Rs.40 crores to cater to ships of 32 feet draft. The report sent to Govt of India was not considered favourably. Calendar of further events are given below : 1971 The Project was reviewed in 1971and cost updated to Rs.72 crores. 1975 As a follow up measure of Report of A Ramasamy Mudaliyar, the Tuticorin Harbour was sanctioned leaving out Sethusamudram project and Er. Coil Pillai who was appointed as chief engineer-cum-administrator of Tuticorin assessed the probable cost at Rs.110 crores. 1981 Due to pressure from the shipping industry in Tuticorin and by Kanyakumari M.P., a committee was set up in February 1981 with Thiru. H.R. Lakshinarayanan, Development advisor to Ministry of shipping and transport as chairman and 4 other members including Er. Coil Pillai, Retired Chief Engineer, PWD on the demise of Mr. Coil Pillai, Er. P. Sivalingam, former vice-chancellor of Anna university was appointed as a member. Public hearings were conducted at Ramanathapuram, Madurai and Chennai for collecting opinion of the people and politicians. 1983 The people and fishermen represented to shift the alignment finalised by Er. Venkateswaran as it would obstruct the pilgrim traffic. A new alignment near Kodandaramasamy temple was selected and explored. Tamilnadu Govt sanctioned one subdivision for field work and exploration and observation conducted. The results were supplied to Thiru. Lakshinarayanan who gave report in 1983 for Rs,282 crores and declared nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 166

that the scheme was technically feasible forecasting surplus of Rs.453.30 crores at the end of 25th year. 1995-96 The project was not sanctioned and the State Govt wanted to update the scheme cost and benefits and entrusted the work with the Pallavan Transport Consultancy services who submitted the report in March 1996 for a value of Rs.685 crores (for 30 feet draft) Rs.760 crores (for 31 feet draft) and Rs1200 crores (for 35 feet draft ). The report was sent to Govt of India and was not considered. 1997 A seminar was conducted by the Institution of Engineers at Madurai and the minister for shipping was requested to take up the scheme very early and ministry thereupon sent the report to NEERI centre at Nagpur for giving environmental clearance. After this, the Tuticorin Port started handling the project instead of the State Government. 1998 NEERI cleared the project for execution in stages but suggested that the alignment to be shifted towards east cutting the Adam’s bridge instead of land. 2002-04 Detailed bathymetric and Geophysical surveys were conducted by NIOT and L & T Ramboll consulting engineer and alignment finalized. The overall length of 1522 m. The project cost for drafts of 9.15 metre came to Rs.1050 crores. 2004 The project was sanctioned and dredging was started and almost completed in the Bay of Bengal. At this time PIL was filed in the Supreme Court to stop the project as it would remove the Adam’s Bridge considered sacred as a bridge built by Sri Rama of ancient yore. Supreme Court directed the Government to explore alternate alignment. 2010 Ministry of Shipping has nominated the National Institute of Oceanography (NIOT) to carry out environmental impact assessment for the new alignment being finalized by an expert committee chaired by R.K. Pachauri appointed by the Supreme Court. The project will be continued only after these studies are concluded and cleared.

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CHAPTER NO.26 : RIVER PUMPING SCHEMES ND TUBE WELL CORPORATION

A. There are 166000 dug wells (private) 16000 tubewells giving irrigation facilities to 14.5 lakhs hectares. The ground water gets sustained mainly from the drawal of water in Cauvery delta and after the on-set of monsoon rains. In Palar basin, ground water is built up by spring channels during N.E. monsoon and in North Arcot District there are 12 lakhs wells. Tubewells are widely prevalent in Coimbatore district and Cumbum valley. All the wells are privately owned. 1951-55 Under scheme known as “Filter Point Tubewells Scheme”. 525 filter point wells were sunk meeting the irrigation needs in the off-season. 1958-60 A lift-irrigation scheme in 2 stages to cultivate 1500 acres through 120 M.I tanks was taken up at Vilathumar in Vennar Basin and was inaugurated in 1960. 1965-1990 The following lift irrigation schemes were executed in Vennar river basin. Details are given below:- Sl.No. Name Year Ayacut acres Pump HP Nos 1 Magar 1978 400 20 3 2 Thullaurlagam 1974 551 20 3 3 Melaththondalekadu 1970 337 25 3 4 Villangadu(Rs.1.70Lakhs) 1975 440 20 3 5 Karayankadu 1990 379 25 3 6 Keelathondalakkadrai(Rs.2.80Lakhs) 1977 700 25 3 7 Korkarthalalkadu (Rs.1.40Lakhs) 1972 740 20 2 8 Sekal 1957 397 35 1 9 Pamanimuthar (Rs.3 Lakhs) 1962 740 30 3 10 Moovanallur 1978 657 40 2 11 Thenpathi Thalayamangalam 1984 560 50 3 12 Karpaganathandalam 1973 350 35 1 13 Valavanar 1962 1970 35 5 14 Vanduvanchery 1986 455 20 3 15 Ayakarambalam 1956 758 20 1 16 Thennadar 1962 1040 20 6 17 Manakondanar (Rs.1.87 lakhs) 1973 450 20 3 18 Thagattur 1951 1339 35 4 19 Umbalachery 1974 300 20 2 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 168

20 Aymoor I 1957 717 30 3 21 Aymoor 2 (Rs.1.75 lakhs) 1970 500 40 2 22 Oradiambalan (Rs.7.00 lakhs) 1979 573 20 4 23 Vilunhamavadi (4.42 lakhs) 1965 1611 20 6 24 Velankanni (6 lakhs) 1965 1264 20 3 During 1969-1990 The following schemes were executed in Thanjavur District :- SL.No. Name Year Ayacut acres Pump HP Nos 1 Arasapttu 1980 700 40 4 2 Chinnaparuthu Kottai 1989 331 25 3 3 Okkanadu Keelayur 1969 2200 110 6 4 Poyyunda Kundragadu 1990 455 20 3 5 Kollukkadu 1982 664 20 4 B. Tamilnadu Tubewell Coporation 1982-88 TN Tubewell Corporation was incorporated as a company with authorized capital of Rs.3crores on 19-03-82. Er. K. Ramalingam was the Managing Director and Mr.Chinnasamy MLA of Karur was the chairman. 3 regional units were established at Chennai, Villupuram and Trichy. TAHDCO which was formed at Villupuram for Adi-dravidar welfare, came forward to give funds for sinking tubewells for cultivating 5 to 10 hectares each and helping marginal Adi-dravidar farmers to cultivate crops in each village. The Ground-water department was giving required data on water-availability and to drill wells. The Agricultural Engineering department was also lending their drilling and other equipments. 41 tubewells were sunk in 1984-85 spending Rs.24.94 lakhs. The expenses were shared between THADCO and beneficiaries in equal ratio. 33 irrigation source societies were formed to cultivate 576 acres and benefiting 599 families. 1982 Thiru. Selvam Deputy collector from Revenue Department took charge as Managing Director. By March 86, 125 tube wells were constructed spending Rs.81.73 lakhs. Delay was experienced due to want of access roads to the well-sites and land-holdings. A grant of Rs.116 lakhs was received and 3 drillings rigs were purchased. 1985-86 342 wells were sunk and Rs.78.18 lakhs spent Vellalapatti river-pumping schemes was executed benefiting 181.62 acres at a cost of Rs.35.87lakhs. 1986-87 Tube well schemes were executed for Rs.27 lakhs. 1987-88 executed drought-amelioration schemes to provide drinking water. The non- official chairman was replaced by the Secretary, P.W.D from 1988. Provided nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 169

drinking water facilities at 150 noon-meal centres at a cost of Rs.12 lakhs under MAPP. 21 borewells were built in Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar district (Sivagangai) at a cost of Rs.6.24 lakhs. The Corporation was wound up in 1988 as further scope was getting scarce. All the river-pumping schemes could not function due to lapses in maintenance by the beneficiaries. C. Tube Well Development in private and Public Sector See the statement given below, it may be seen that Government tube wells increased substantially after 1968-69 and is continuing at about the same number of about 4000 wells whereas, the private tube wells increased enormously from the year 1983-83 and are increasing at the rate of 10% every year. At present there are 160000 tube wells in private sector. In total there are nearly 162000 tube wells irrigating lands in the state.

Govt Private Govt Private Year Total Year Total Tubewells Tubewells Tubewells Tubewells

1950-51 - - - 1975-76 2847 2083 4930

1951-52 - - - 1976-77 1901 5243 7144

1952-53 - - - 1977-78 3448 4247 7695

1953-54 674 877 1551 1978-79 3458 4219 7677

1954-55 786 916 1702 1979-80 3422 4665 8087

1955-56 790 1154 1944 1980-81 3510 4234 7744

1956-57 790 1007 1797 1981-82 3516 4199 7715

1957-58 778 1156 1934 1982-83 4264 57214 61478

1958-59 849 1339 2138 1983-84 4216 58841 63057

1959-60 730 1012 1742 1984-85 4316 54435 58751

1960-61 695 944 1639 1985-86 4295 58608 62903

1961-62 652 1022 1674 1986-87 4079 67816 71895

1962-63 653 1538 2191 1987-88 4087 78055 82142

1963-64 900 1877 2777 1988-89 4521 82094 86615

1964-65 884 1942 2826 1989-90 4529 81947 86476 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 170

Govt Private Govt Private Year Total Year Total Tubewells Tubewells Tubewells Tubewells

1965-66 1354 449 1803 1990-91 3163 86584 89747

1966-67 1765 167 1942 1991-92 3716 94949 98665

1967-68 1870 167 2037 1992-93 3951 104391 108342

1968-69 4075 174 4249 1993-94 3934 105762 109696

1969-70 4836 868 5704 1994-95 3444 120769 124213

1970-71 3730 756 4486 1995-96 3240 134076 137316

1971-72 24129 788 24917 1996-97 2513 15968 18481

1972-73 18076 1265 19341 1997-98 2312 143132 145444

1973-74 17602 536 18138 1998-99 1978 148326 150304

1974-75 4156 1418 5574 1999-2000 1979 160636 162615

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CHAPTER NO.27 : GROUND WATER AND HYDROLOGIC STUDIES

The ground water is an important source for irrigation and drinking and for industries. The present contribution to the state is through 1581824 dug wells and 38800 tubewells. Irrigation is taking place over 6.24 lakhs hectares 1966-70 UNDP gave assistance to the State Government team to explore G.W potentials in Kosastalayar and Araniyar basins, Palar, Neyveli, Panruti and also Cauvery basin. The satellite images of the entire state were received and studied. Dr. S. Panchanathan was the director of explorations and he was helped by Executive Engineer and geologists and geophyrsicists. There were 3 experts from US who guided the explorations. The project identified 3 well fields at Panjetty Minjur and Thamaraipakkam where totally 24 mgd was evaluated as available. 1970-1974 After explorations were completed, the team was converted into Ground water Directorate and they executed the projects of drilling tube wells in Panjetty and Minjur areas and laying pipes and bringing 13 Mgd of water to Madras area for distribution of water to industries like Railways, M.R.L, M.F.L. and other industries. 05-08-74 The Government upgraded the organization into a full-fledged department and post of director was upgraded as chief engineer and it became a part of the PWD. 1977 The Panjetty and Minjur well-fields were handed over to Metrowater. 1978 The Scheme for a 34 Km long pipeline collecting 11 Mgd ground water from about 30 wells in Thamaraipakkam belt of Kosastalayar area was handed over to Metrowater for distribution to industries. 1975 Collector - well and infiltration gallery were laid in Palar river-bed near Panankattuchery and scheme to supply 3 Mgd of water to Madras Atomic Power Plant at Kalpakkam was put into operation (Rs.90lakhs). The capacity was enhanced to 5 Mgd from 1990 onwards by laying supplemental pipelines. A scheme to supply 1 Mgd to supply water Maramalainagar was executed. A similar project to supply 3 Mgd of water to B.H.E.L plant was completed near Katpady by putting infiltration gallery in Palar river-bed and an intake-tower. 1975 to 2000 The following activities were carried out

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1) Meteorological observatories were installed at 21 stations and systematic data collected on meteorological DATA Pan-evaporation, light intensity wet and dry bulb temperatures. 2) Drilling for exploratory bore-wells-An annual target was fixed for every year and drillings conducted in hard-rock and sedimentary areas in state and pump test conducted. The successful wells were handed over to the near-by Panchayat for their use. 3) Monitoring water wells- Nearly 2100 wells both dug and tube wells were selected. At about 1700 nos, automatic digital water level recorders were installed. Observations were being documented in the first week of every month. The water level contours were drawn for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. 4) Water quality study was carried out from 3400 water samples collected from various sources and tested. Qualitity contours were drawn for every 6 months and particulars supplied to various professional bodies on request. 5) Rainfall data collected from 400 R F stations throughout the state and Isohyetal maps were prepared every half-year. 6) Depth probe study was being conducted based on Govt of India sheets at every definite intervals of spare and sub-soil particulars established. 7) Village-wise studies were made on the basis of power-consumed from the wells in the village and intensity of consumption was determined throughout the state. 8) Land-use-maps were prepared for every taluk based on the particulars collected from satellite imageries. 9) Consultancy on water divining was extended to public at a nominal charge of Rs.200 per point and charge was increased by government in the order 1415 dated 01-10-93 to Rs.500. 10) Based on specific norms, fixed by the Groundwater resources estimate Committee constituted by Government of India, the assessment of the groundwater potential being carried out for all 385 blocks in the state on Mini-watershed basis in order to utilize the study in various schemes / projects effectively and also to assess the surface water and groundwater potential for better planning. From the macro-level studies conducted between 1970-80, (1992 norms) 209 blocks were found to be white, 86 grey and 89 dark. 1975 to 1980 The entire stretch of coastal belt was analyzed for study of sea-water intrusion. In Minjur well-fields, the interface of sea-water and fresh-water was found to have moved from 3.2km (1978) to 16km (2000). Constant

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observations are being made and efforts taken to contain further intrusion. 1978-80 Conjunctive use of ground and surface water was studied in a part ayacut of Krishnagiri Reservoir and recommendations given by digging 50 extra wells so that irrigation ayacut can be extended over 50% of area and yield also increased. 1983-85 PWD had constructed 2 check dams about 1.8 m high across 2 arms of kosastalayar near Sadayankuppam to arrest further ingress of sea-water in response to complaints of the farmers in the area. Northern bed dam had collapsed in the year 1995 and PWD have not repaired. 1991-93 Metrowater had constructed 3 check-dams across Kosastalayar at Velliyur Jagannadapuram and Melsembedu for sustaining ground-water. But drawl from Panjetty and Thamaraipakkam well-field has come down to 3 mgd from the expected level of 15 mgd and check-dams have not served any purpose. Two check dams across Adayar had been completed in 2008 near Karapakkam and Nandambakkam at a cost Rs.3.47lakhs for improving ground water. 2002 G.W department have built a subsurface submerged concrete barrier across Palar below Panankattuchery for a length of 1.50 Km in 2002 at a cost of Rs.2 crores adopting an Innovative design evolved by Er.A.Veerappan, then Jt. CE (GW) at an estimated cost of Rs.20 Crores observations of wells are reported to be showing improvement in ground-water level. The Government had promulgated an act making every householder to harvest rain-water over his house. This is reported to have considerably sustained the ground-water level. 2003-04 Government of India have come forward to fund a scheme for artificial recharge and state have sent a project to state-level coordination committee for approval. Government have brought a legislation called Ground water (D&M) Act 2003 prohibiting public from constructing bore-wells without getting clearance from the proposed Regulatory Body rules are yet to be followed 2008-09 Artificial recharge of modernization sanctioned for Rs.42.91 crores for 100 nos. 9 nos are in progress in 09-10 and balance 6 be dropped. Artificial recharge through dug-wells have been sanctioned for 232 blocks by Government of India in critical, semi-critical and overexploited areas for 3 years in 28 districts except Nilgiris, Kanyakumari Chennai and Ariyalur. Farmers having upto 5 acres are to be benefited by 100% subsidy upto nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 174

Rs.4000. Others are eligible for 50% subsidy. So far 33802 wells were approved by State Level Steering Committee and 11452 were constructed. 2003 To stop indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater and to bring it under control, an ordinance had been issued called “The Tamilnadu Groundwater (Development and Management) ordinance 2003 and it has been converted into an Act. Copy of the Act is enclosed. CONSTITUTION OF GROUND WATER REGULATORY COMMITTEE Ground water Regulatory committee for the development and management of Ground Water in Tamilnadu has been reconstituted in G.O. Ms.No.340 dated 12.07.2000 World Bank aided Hydrology Project No.2 had been sanctioned in 2008-07 for Rs.25.27 crores for observations of quantity of surface and groundwater and to develop supporting data for projects in Tambiraparani, Vaippar and Agniar and to pursue purpose-driven studies and address specific hydrologic problems. Tamil Nadu Ordinance No.1 of 2003 Extract from : The Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Act 2003. CHAPTER – I : Preliminary 1.1. This Ordinance may be called the Tamil Nadu Groundwater (Development and Management) Ordinance, 2003. 1.2. It extends to the whole of the State of Tamil Nadu except the areas to which the Chennai Metropolitan Area Groundwater (Regulation) Act, 1987 extends. 1.3. “domestic purpose”, in relation to a well, means extraction of ground water from such well for the purpose of drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, livestock or sanitary, by using manual, mechanical or electrical device not exceeding one horse power; 1.4. “user of groundwater” means a person or an institution including a company or any establishment, whether Government or otherwise, who or which uses groundwater for any purpose, other than domestic purpose, either on a personal or community basis; 1.5. “well” means a well sunk for search or extraction of groundwater and includes an open well, dug well bore well, dug-cum-bore well, tube well, filter point, collection well or infiltration gallery, but does not include a well sunk by the Government or Central Government for carrying out scientific investigation, exploration, development or management work for the survey and assessment of groundwater resources or a well sunk by a small or marginal farmer. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 175

CHAPTER – II : GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 3.2 The Authority shall have power to direct and regulate the Development and Management of groundwater resources in the State consistent with, conserving it and ensuring its optimal and efficient utilization. 3.6 The Authority may, in the manner prescribed, lay down or adopt standards for quality of water, depending on the kinds of water use. In doing so it shall pay regard to the standards evolved by institutions either statutorily empowered or technically competent to do so. CHAPTER – III: TAMIL NADU GROUNDWATER AUTHORITY AND ITS FUNCTIONS 7.3 The Authority shall consist of the following members nominated by the Government, namely: a. an officer of the Government, in such rank as may be prescribed, who shall also be the Chairman; b. two representatives of different departments, concerned with groundwater exploration; c. one person having special knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to groundwater; d. one full time technical officer in the rank of Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, who shall also be the Member-Secretary. 7.4. The term of office, the manner of filling the vacancies and other conditions of service of non-official members of the Authority shall be such as may be prescribed. 8.1 The Government shall, for the purpose of enabling the Authority to efficiently perform its functions or to exercise its powers under this Ordinance, appoint such number of technical and other employees, as they may consider necessary. 9.1. If in the opinion of the Authority, it is in the public interest to notify any area for developing groundwater or to regulate the extraction or use, or both of groundwater in any form, in such area, it may subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), from time to time, by notification, declare such area to be a notified area with effect on and from such date as may be specified therein. 10.1 Every user of groundwater in the notified area immediately before the date of publication of the final notification under section 9 in respect of that area shall, within a period of forty-five days from the date specified in such notification, apply to the Authority, in such form and in such manner as may be prescribed for the grant of a certificate of registration: nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 176

10.2 On receipt of an application under sub-section (1), if the Authority is satisfied that it will not be against public interest to do so, may grant, subject to such conditions and restrictions as may be specified, a certificate of registration authorizing the use of groundwater. 10.3 The Authority may on its own motion, take steps to register the wells existing and in use on the notified date. 11.1 No person shall, either himself or through any person on his behalf, engage in sinking any well or any other activity connected therewith in any notified area without obtaining a permit: Provided that this sub-section shall not apply for sinking of well or extraction or use of groundwater for domestic purpose. 11.2 Any person desiring to sink a well in a notified area, for any purpose other than domestic purpose, shall apply to the Authority in such form and in such manner together with such fee as may be prescribed for the grant of a permit. 12.1 All the wells sunk in the State on or after the date of commencement of this Ordinance shall be registered, including the wells in the areas not notified under section 9, with the Authority in such manner as may be prescribed. 13.1 No Person shall transport groundwater by means of lorry, trailer or any other motor vehicle from any notified area for any purpose without obtaining a permit under sub-section (3). 14.1 No person, either himself or through any person on his behalf, shall, after expiry of a period of thirty days from the date of commencement of this Ordinance carry on the business of sinking of well or extraction of groundwater or any activity connected therewith, by drilling or boring, in any notified area without obtaining a licence. 14.2 Any Person desiring to carry on the business of sinking of well shall apply to the Authority in such form and in such manner together with such fee as may be prescribed for the grant of a permit. 16. Notwithstanding anything contained in the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, any licensee or the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board shall not supply electrical energy for energizing. 16(a) any well sunk in contravention of the provisions of this Ordinance or the rules made thereunder; or 16(b) any source of groundwater in respect of which certificate of registration has not been granted in accordance with the provisions of this Ordinance or having been granted, the certificate of registration has been cancelled;

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CHAPTER – IV : OFFENCES AND PENALTIES. 22(a) contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of this Ordinance or any rules made there under; or 22(b) sinks well in notified area without a permit; or 22(d) fails to comply with the requisition made under the provisions of this Ordinance; 22(f) he shall be punishable. i. for the first offence, with fine which may extend to one thousand rupees; ii. for the second and subsequent offences, with fine which may extend to two thousand rupees; and iii. in respect of continuing contravention of the provisions of section 13, he shall be punishable with fine which may extend to five hundred rupees for every day during which such contravention continues. 25. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against the Government or the Authority or any officer or employee in respect of anything which is done in good faith or intended to be done in pursuance of this Ordinance. 26. No order passed, decision or action taken or direction issued under this Ordinance or the rules made under this Ordinance shall be called in question in any civil court and no injunction shall be granted by an court in respect of any action taken or to be taken but the Government or the Authority or any officer or employee in pursuance or any power conferred under this Ordinance. For Governor of Tamil Nadu. WORLD BANK AIDED HYDROLOGY PROJECT FOR TAMILNADU (Cr. TN-2774-IN) IS GIVEN BELOW The World Bank has come forward to assist five Government of India agencies and eight State Governments including Tamilnadu in the formulation and execution of the Hydrology Project. This project is intended to assist the Government of India Agencies and participating States in the development of scientific data pertaining to all aspects of hydrological cycle including surface water and Ground water component in terms of quality and quantity. The project period is for 6 years from 1995-96 to 2001-2002 and the estimated cost of the project is Rs.38.647 crores. In Tamil Nadu, the Project was implemented at a cost of Rs.38.647 crores and necessary Administrative sanction was accorded in G.O. (Ms) No.144/PWD dt.20.02- 1996. Subsequently the project cost was enhanced to Rs.53.00 Crores during 2001 through efforts of Er. A.Veerappan, then Jt. CE (GW). nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 178

BACK GROUND AND PRESENT SITUATION : Since the mid 19th century, development of surface water in India has been led by need to create large public sector irrigation schemes to secure and increase food supplies to support the growing population. Thus, surface water measurement sites were located originally for project planning and design purposes, and measurements were often discontinued after this short-term objective has been achieved. The early interest in surface water hydrometry was concerned almost entirely with water quantity. Water quality was determined through limited observations. But the information generated is inadequate, particularly with regard to water quality data in respect of present needs of pollution control and environmental protection. PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS TO SURFACE WATER OBSERVATION SYSTEM The participating state under Hydrology project will upgrade the existing stations by providing additional equipments such as automatic water - level recorders, various types of current meters, digital counters of current meters, echo sounders for depth measurements. The equipments include a variety of cableways and boat sets for current meter gauging. Provisions are made for suspended and bed load sampling packages, and for upgrading of existing and creation of new sediment sampling laboratories. IMPROVEMENT TO GROUND WATER OBSERVATION SYSTEM The observation points are predominantly hand-dug. Open wells which are not owned by Ground Water wing of PWD. With the exception of a few small areas, the networks are designed to monitor the aquifer system which provide by for the greatest proportion of the Ground water used for irrigation, which in turn uses more than 90% of the Ground Water abstract. Water levels in wells are measured manually once in a month. The project provides agency-owned purpose - built observation tube - wells in the networks along with installation of Automatic Water - Level Recorders as practical propositions. SURFACE WATER AND GROUND WATER QUALITY MONITORING Water quality monitoring has received somewhat limited attention in India. However, it is now recognized that industrialization and urbanization process and the use of fertilizers and pesticides in Agriculture sector, contribute to the deterioration of water resources, and that water quality monitoring must be undertaken seriously to provide a firm basis for development planning and the imposition of remedial measures. So, regular monitoring is required to assess the suitability of water in quality terms of various functional uses, and to initiate specific pollution control measures as required.

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METEOROLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Systematic observation of rainfall has a long history in India because these climatic variables impact so broadly on the economy. The Indian Meteorological Department is a Central Government agency and is organized exclusively to provide the fullest range of meteorological services to the Nation. The State Irrigation Agencies require rainfall and climatic data for developing rainfall-runoff relationship in river basins and for design and operation of irrigation systems, and have commonly supplemented other sources of information with their own networks of rainfall and climatic stations. The project will upgrade and repair the existing facilities at rainfall and climatic stations and expand the networks of the Surface water Irrigation agencies in the participating states. The World Bank is reimbursing the expenditure as detailed below : * Civil Works 80% of the expenditure incurred * Goods 100% on foreign expenditure or 100% of Ex-factory cost or 80% of cost of goods if purchased locally. * Consultancy, training 100% and studies * Incremental Staff 90% until March 31,1999. Salaries, incremental 75% until March 31,2000 O&M cost. 50% thereafter. ACHIEVEMENTS UNDER THE W.B. AIDED HYDROLOGY PROJECT SURFACE WATER All the Civil works pertaining to Hydrological, Hydrometeorological stations have been completed, equipments installed and are operational. All the buildings (Level I buildings, level I Labs. Hydrology Division, Sub-divisions, Section Office buildings site Equipments Stores) have been completed and operational. GROUNDWATER: All the bore wells have been constructed and equipments installed and made operational. All the Geochemical Laboratory buildings have been established and are operational with the effort of Er.A.Veerappan, then Spl. CE (GW) 13 Residential Quarters for 13 Executive Engineers of Groundwater Department were also constructed in a record time of 10 months during 2001-2002. The integrated Data Centre has been constructed, completed and occupied in 2001 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 180

Financial Achievements: (in Lakhs) Year SAR Target Actual Expenditure in Lakhs 1995-96 891.630 53.510 1996-67 1013.650 179.470 1997-98 753.590 625.000 1998-99 380.320 1086.130 1999-2000 343.660 798.410 2000-2001 481.820 84.230 (upto June 2000) Total 3864.70 826.750

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FINANCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS: II. Out of total grant of Rs.38.647 crores an amount of Rs.27.42 crores have so far been spent upto 31.3.2000 from the inception of the project on Civil works, equipments vehicles, training buildings etc. III. During 2000-2001 fiscal year Rs.1.05 crores has been spent on Civil Works, equipments etc. Out of Rs.9.36 crores allotted. Bids have been invited to the tune of Rs.3.50 crores and will be finalized before the end of August 2000. IV. Buildings 5 Nos (4 Divisions and one Circle Office) at a value of Rs.2.0 crores & 13 EE quarters @ Rs.5.00 Crores are completed by March 2002. V. Entire grant was spent before the end of Financial Year 2001-2002. RECENT R&D ACTIVITIES I. Real-time Flood Forecasting in Tambiraparani basin in Tamilnadu. Est. Rs.42.5 lakhs. Consultancy for the study was finalised. Review and NOC from World Bank was obtained & completed. II. Return-flow study in Periyar Vaigai basin Est. Rs.50 lakhs. In house consultancy study entrusted to IHH Poondi. Civil construction works for measuring devices and drilling borewells were completed by Executive Engineer, Hyrology Division, Madurai. III. Reservoir sedimentation surveys in major & medium reservoirs of Tamilnadu Est. Rs.81.50 lakhs. Procurement of instruments required for Bathymetric survey entrusted with the Govt. of Gujarat under centralized procurement. Sedimentation survey work was taken up by Director, IHH Poondi. IV. Discharge characteristics of unconventional weirs Est. Rs.50 lakhs. Study on the discharge characteristic of unconventional weirs are under progress by the Director, IHH, Poondi.

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CHAPTER NO.28 INTERLINKING RIVERS

In 1950, the composite Madras Presidency of which Tamilnadu formed a part, had a water potential of about 6000 TMC. But the reorgainsation of states on linguistic basis has left Tamilnadu with a meager potential of 1260 TMC. The all India average water- potential per capita is about 0.09 Mcft. While that of Tamilnadu is 0.026 Mcft which is second lowest among the states in the country next only to Rajastan even though the state can boast as one of the best irrigated state. The minimum per-capita need for comfortable living is 0.035 Mcft. The surface water-potential is almost fully exploited in Tamilnadu and there is no scope of any new major river-valley projects. GOI had initiated the following steps to help equitable distribution over the Country. 1972 The National water grid prepared by Central Water Commission comprised three possible alignments for Ganga-Cauvery link along with other links. Further studies were made by Dr. K.L. Rao who advocated another link connecting Brahmapurtera with Ganga. Captain Dastur prepared another proposal known as Garland Canal. 1980 After study of these proposals, Ministry of Irrigation and CWC prepared a “National Perspective Plan” comprising of 2 components of (a) Himalayan component (14 links) and (b) The Peninsular River component (16 links). The World Bank was appraised in 1982 for finding the NWMP. A water management cell was established in Ministry of Irrigation in 1984 to provide policy direction and W.B. had come forward to explore potential in some selected states. Development and maintenance of irrigation systems being the respondability of State Governments, states were asked to participate and in 1985 proposal met with favorable response. Government of India decided to instruct detailed preparation in 3 states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamilnadu and if it was successful, same would be extended to other states.

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1982 One Unit National Water Development Agency under CE was established at Hyderabad with branches at Chennai and other centres. 1987 Country evolved National Water Policy accepting inter-basin transfer of water to relieve drought. NWDA evolved project connecting River Ganga (at Patna) to Pochampad across Godavari and then Alamatti and Penniar river and finaly entering Cauvery at Hogenakkal. Other links were between (a) Hogenakkal and Poondy (b) Hogenakkal to Kalttalai Bed regulator and (c) Kattalai bed regulator to Gundar and Vaippar and (d) Pamba and Achankoll to be diverted into Vaippar to benefit the district of Virudhunagar, Sivaganga Ramnad and Thiruneliveli. It was priced at Rs.50000 crores benefiting 3.25 crores acres at a cost of Rs.16000 per acre which can be collected as betterment tax. 2000-01 NWDA evolved detailed plan for Pamba-Achankoil diversion. Pandyar- Punnapuzha scheme being pursued by state with Kerala for generation of power and to use tail - end water for irrigation. 2004-2005 Proposals of NWDA to divert 22 TMC of surplus water from Pamba Achankoil and to develop 800 MW of power is rejected by Kerala saying no studies had been made of the surplus and that by 2051 no surplus is likely. NWDA and Kerala agree to assess the availability jointly. 2005-2006 Kerala State not favouring the diversion scheme from Pamba- Achankoil. 2006-2007 Proposals for linking Tambraparani with Nambyar at a cost of Rs.189 crores and linking Ponnayar and Cheyyar at cost of Rs.174 crores sent to Government of India. Chief Minister of Tamilnadu had addressed Prime Minister in 05-09-06 and year in 25-09-07 to treat the schemes under priority. Map showing schemes proposed under National Interlinking of rivers is enclosed.

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CHAPTER NO.29 : ANTI SEA-EROSION WORKS AND ROYAPURAM BEACH

Tamil Nadu coast is 958 km long and is 372 km long along Bay of Bengal (Coromandel) 280 km along Palk Bay, 246 km along Gulf of Mannar and 60 km along Arabian Sea. The report dated 06-09-1980 on inspection of sites of Costal erosion by Beach Erosion Board gives the details of the coast. The entire coast line is fragile and has been undergoing erosion year after year. The famous story of old Kaveripoompattinam which is reported to have got sub - merged after Sangam age (2000 years ago) confirms this belief. Along the western coast (along Arabian Sea), the Kerala-State coast is a pointer where largescale erosions have been posing threats to the fishing villages from Cochin upto the Trivandrum. The Kerala state have been spending over Rs.5 crores every year during the last 5 decades especially at villages like Kovalam, Kanakkulam, Nandakara, Paravoor, Pozhu and Aghikara. They had studied the extensive experiences in U.S. and evolved a type design of Random-rubble wall for protecting the shore. Their experience on Groyne-type walls was unfavorable as it led to erosion beyond the northern groyne as the coast is subject to littoral drifts from South to North. T. N. state were also feeling such problems as can be seen from the following cases. 1942-82 Ranganathar Temple at Mahabalipuram was getting attacked by sea erosion and wave-splash. A semi-circular ring-wall was constructed and revetment placed on either sides. Yearly replenishment of stones was continued. One L-shaped breakwater 180 meter long was constructed in March 1978. The shore on the north side of this protection had come under erosion. In the N.E. monsoon accretion takes place on the northern side and on the advice from Madras Port Trust an attempt was made to nourish the coast for 2 months. But the erosion was persisting. The CWPRS was consulted and at their advice type-design was changed and adopted. But the erosions is continuing and protection with R.M.S wall is continuing. Poompuhar : - Coastal erosion was averted by construction RM wall in 1955 for preventing sea water entering into the field. Sea-erosion was occurring mostly in N.E. monsoon followed by accretion in the South-west monsoon. In 1972-73 monuments were erected to commemorate Silappadikaram and these were getting affected. Elanzi Mandapam, which was closest to sea-coast got affected. It was ascertained that coast was 30 to 50 meters away in 1880’s. A solution to arrest was suggested by Thiru. Dwarakanath Retired C.E. of the Madras Port Trust. In 1990 the problem was examined by the committee on Anti-sea erosion works (headed by Er. K. Ramalingam) and RMS wall with sheet pile anchorage was suggested. In 1992 the RMS wall was constructed.

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1980 Tranquebar : Coast for about 500 meters north of the port had been under erosion and a temple located on the coast. Stone groyne was constructed along this coast in the British period. But the coast is under continuous erosion. Thiruchendur Holy temple of Muruga was directly exposed to sea-waves and in 1970 the trustees of the temple had constructed RM wall under the guidance of engineers of Tuticorin Port. It was progressively extended seawards. A RMS wall had also been constructed to protect temple of Valli. These walls are being maintained. Reach between Gandhi Mandapam and Kanyakumari (Reach between Gandhi Mandap and Swimming Pool). The rocky coast had got weathered and to prevent its erosion from affecting the Road, Government had sanctioned R.M.S wall at a cost of Rs.3.2 lakhs Kanykumari coast:- The following are some of the damages Year No of Loss Rs. Year No of Loss Rs. Houses Houses 1969 97 4600 1974 64 70000 1970 110 5600 1975 13 1000 1971 32 40000 1976 44 50000 1972 61 60000 1977 37 17000 1973 191 200000 The following villages are being affected Vilavancode Taluk Mindalamanthai, Gurmanthura, Ramanthurai, Poothruar, and Thooshour, Kalukulam Taluk Kurumbanai, Colachel, PultroorMuttan and Kadipattman, Agastheswaram Taluk Melamankara, Pallemthurai, Kesavanputhanthuar, Neertafel, Rajakkamangalam. The 22nd Fisheries Advisory Board met on24 and 25.11.75 at Tuticorin and measures to arrest further erosion were formulated. 39 beaches were identified and R.M.S walls were sanctioned for Rs.5.90 crores. A Division was formed at Nagerkoil and works started to pretect about 30 km of coast. On 27 and 28-08-80, tidal wave had attacked and caused further damages.

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1995-96 An expenditure of Rs.130.92 crores so far spent. 1999-2000 Project costing Rs.91 crores for incorporation in National Coastal Protection was submitted to Government of India for constructing permanent protections. Royapuram Beach : The report of No.7/88 of I.R.S. Poondy gave details of problem of erosion dating back to 1875 when the Madras Port was completed. By 1956, the Coast had shifted landwards by 700 metres from 1875. The shoreline south of the Harbour shows progressive advance of coast into the sea. In 1952 a length of 528 m was protected by RMS wall at a cost of Rs.14.50 lakhs. Fisheries Harbour was constructed in 1975 and this has caused further erosion. The CWPRS had carried out model- studies (Specific note 1623 of February 1977). They had recommended nourishment of beach rather than construction of RMS walls. In 1990 State Government had appointed an expert committee (G.O. MS Mo.127 dt 20-01-90) to examine the ineffectiveness of the protection works due to malpractices (Er. K.Ramalingam was chairman, Er. Sethurathnam and Er. K.N.Rajamanikkam were the members). The Committee studied the report No.23/82 of I.R.S Poondy dealing with the shoreline behaviors along Madras. It was estimated in IRS report of July1989 that 29.16 hectares of land had been lost during the previous 9 years. The Committee had estimated on the basis of old maps that 350 hectares had been lost. Total cost incurred by the state was found to be Rs.1 crore upto 1989. Erosion was found to be between kilometer stones of 4/500 and 13/150. The erosion had gone up to road in 1982 and it had crossed the road at many points especially at Bharathiyar Nagar. The Govt sanctioned model studies at Poondi in their orders (522 dt 21-03-80, 261 dt 27-12-88) and they had recommended building of off-shore R.M. discontinuous break near each 100 metres and with gaps of 100 meters covering a length of 1.90 kilometers along 3.0 metre contour. (Report No.5/83,2/84, 1 1/86 and 11/86) parallel to the shore. They have also felt that the shore would get stabilized after construction of the proposed Satellite Port at Ennore. The field people are not in a position to construct such discontinuous structures inside the sea and are constructing R.M.S walls along coast as per recommendations of 1996 committee. A workshop was conducted on 26-11-96 to study the behavior and suggest measures to mitigate erosion. Veeranam Pipe Proposal : The General Manager Tamilnadu Construction Corporation gave a proposal for protecting the reach between 12/700 to 12/900 on an experimental basis. Veeranam Pipes of 2m diameter and 6 m long were lying unused as that project was abandoned. They were brought and sunk into the coast along 2 rows at 3 metre intervals. Pipes were filled with sand and bottoms and tops were sealed with concrete 1:2:4. The geo fabric filter was provided in between the 2 rows and concrete tetra pods were piled in nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 188

this space. One row of tubular gabion was also provided between the 2nd row of pipes. To protect the fabric and tubular gabion from direct exposure one row of heavier stones of 500 kg weight were stacked. The cost of this 200 metre reach came to Rs.5 crores. But the erosion could not be stopped. 2002 Adayar river banks which were getting eroded were protected under Anti-sea-erosion works as ordered in G.O. No.265 dt 18-7-02. 2002 Expenditure of Rs.283 lakhs made for Royapuram works beach. 2006-2007 Rs.50 crores sanctioned under post Tsumani protection works as grant- in-aid as recommended by Highlevel Committee. 30 works sanctioned and Rs.19.771 crores issued. Ennore Shore : Littoral drift is closing the mouth of river Kosaastalayar and mouth prone to shift. The Ennore Thermal Station having an installed capacity of 450 MW depends for its coolant water on the backwaters of this creek. Two sand-pumps each of 175 tonnes per hour capacity were installed in 1970 on 2 R.C.C trestle 302.5 metre long. These pumps could never be commissioned due to cavitation problems. A cutter-suction dredger with a capacity of 345 m3 per hour is dredging the basin to induct water from sea. In 1980 the sea-mouth had moved towards north away from the sand-pumps-trestles. The construction of Ennore Port was started in 1986. 2004-2006 At 4/0 Kilometer Stone, the Ministry of Transport of Government of India have built 4 groynes (2 no 160 metre long and 2 nos. 200 metre long ) at spacing of 320 and 400 a metres. Similarly at 12/600 meter – stone, 6 groyness each 200 of 16 metres long have been constructed at 400 to 320 metres. Their total cost is Rs.30 crores and they are expected to get filled with sand by 2020. These groynes are under observation. 2006-2010 The State Government had not allotted any funds for Royapuram anti- erosion work during 2006-2010. The budget for 2010-2011 is Rs.66 lakhs.

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CHAPTER NO.30 : BUILDING WORKS

The Buildings branch is a service department and has been fulfilling the demands from various Government departments and undertakings 1865 Chepauk Buildings completed for PWD 1893 High Court Building completed. 1910 Additional wing completed for PWD at chepauk 1924-25 Consulting Architect was appointed for preparing drawings for General Hospital and improvements to Victoria Hospital Gosha Hospital. Expenditure on building George Hospital at Vizag Rs.6.93 lakhs. Constructed hostel for medical students at Thanjavur and leper hospital at Tirumeni – Total expenditure Rs.75.85 lakhs. 1927-28 Capital works expenditure Rs.181094 1928-29 Architect designed building for Pathology Block for General Hospital and Director of Public Instruction. Expenditure on capital works Rs.271042. Construction of Ophthamology block at Rs.4.03 lakhs and offices for Superintending Engineer and Executive engineer and quarters for Superintending Engineers. 1929-30 Expenditure on capital works Rs.120-.10 lakhs 1930-31 Expenditure on capital works Rs.134.15 lakhs. Constructed court building at Vizag and Leper settlement and additional buildings at Rs.395428. Small- causes court and Mohammedan college were completed. 1932-33 Expenditure on capital works was Rs.76-49 lakhs. 1933-34 Expenditure on capital works Rs.59.89 lakhs New building and compound wall completed for PWD and also installation of gas plant at General Hospital. 1935-36 General Hospital Expenditure on capital works was Rs.63.82 lakhs. 1936-37 Orissa State formed and Chicacole subdivision transferred to Vizag division. Central Presidency Division formed to relieve North and South Presidency divisions. Anchitects branch divided into 2 into special architect and consulting architect and many designs were prepared. Expenditure on capital works was Rs.59.04 lakhs. Workshops formed at Madras, Dowlesivaram and Bezwada (Rs.6.27 lakhs) nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 190

1950-51 Expenditure on capital works was Rs.157.93 lakhs special circle and 5 divisions formed at Ramnad and Trichy in 12/51 for cyclone-relief works. 1951-52 Expenditure on capital works was Rs.187-74 lakhs consulting architect had prepared 522 drawings and detailed estimate for Rs.45.4 lakhs. Post of Joint Consulting architect created for expediting and preparing 643 drawings for various works. 1954 Ice making plant completed at Kozhikode. Medical College at Madurai completed at Rs.44.20 lakhs Kozhikode Headquarters hospital completed. 1955 Govt constructed buildings for Madras Medical College, Wenlock and Goshen Hospital at Mangalore. 1960-61 Tamilnadu Housing Board formed in 1961 Expansions for Medical Colleges was planned T.B. clinic at Pudukottai and 40 P.H.C’s at rural centres. ESI buildings constructed for Rs.38.1 lakhs. 1962 3 divisions formed for constructing special buildings. 1964 Buildings Branch headed by one chief engineer and 5 special superintending Engineers for carrying out works at Chennai and Thanjavur marine works buildings for P.A.P Andhra Pradesh Headquarters pumping scheme at Nagapattinam and Small Arms Projects at Thiruverumbur. 1967 PWD buildings at Chepauk. MLA’s Hostel inside Government Estate. 2 blocks of buildings in line with existing garage and dispensaries for E.S.I. The following works were also done. Fish Hatcheries Rs. 5.9 lakhs Wharf wall at Cuddalore Fishing Harbour Rs. 8.5 lakhs Slipway at Nagapattinam Fishing Harbour Rs. 0.85 lakhs Indo-Norwegian Project at Mandapam Rs. 14.10 lakhs River Traing works at Cuddalore Rs. 50.70 lakhs 1968 F.P. centre (Rs.75000 each) sanctioned & completed. 1968-69 Chief Engineer (Buildings) in charge of Public Health department. The following marine works were done Cost Lakhs Rs. Passenger Terminal at Nagapattinam 8.80 Fishing Harbour at Nagapattinam 5.00 Indo-Norwegian Project at Madras 14.10 nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 191

Cuddalore Port 139.54 Fish meal centre at Mandapam 10.96 Fisheries Jetty at Rameswaram 9.90 Tuticorin Fishing Harbour 208.00 Cuddalore Fishing Harbour 8.50 ------Total Rs. 402.91 Lakhs ------1969-70 Completed Medical Colleges at Chengalpattu and Thirunelvely ESI buildings for Rs.5 lakhs. 11 family planning centres at Rs.92000 each Completed at 31 centres. Sanctioned 73 centres for Rs.58.30 lakhs F.B. Schemes at 241 places for Rs.28.92 lakhs and 30 PH centres for Rs.54 lakhs. 1970-71 Additional buildings for Govt Hospital at Udumalpet for Rs.7.51 lakhs and 32 bedded Hospital at Cumbum, Singampunari and Sriperumbudur (Rs.9.70 lakhs) and upgrading Government dispensary at Jayankondam into Taluk HQ Hospital. Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Hospital at Irukkai (Rs.5.00 lakhs). Family Planning Centres (Rs.92000 each) completed at 41 places & 68 PH centres. 1971-72 PHC and staff quarters at 50 places taken up and completed. Grant Rs.367.73 lakhs. Family Planning and P.H.C’s for Rs.344.83 lakhs. 98 completed and 232 at various levels of progress. 1395 F.P. subcents costing Rs.174.69 lakhs taken up and 113 completed. 1972-73 Completed improvement works at 9 hospitals and 7 colleges. Completed 8206 quarters for Police Housing and 773 in progress (Rs.58 lakhs) 1973-74 First phase of Marina Beautification taken upto Gandhi Statue taken up at Rs.2.85 lakhs. Youth Hostel at Indranagar completed for Rs.3.50 lakhs. Remodelling Kalaivanar Arangam taken upto for Rs.15.0 lakhs. Ramaeswaram Tourism building completed for Rs. 6lakhs. 1974-75 8723 quarters completed for Police subordinates and handed over (749 lakhs) and further 761 quarters were completed for Rs.181 lakhs. Family Planning Centres at 374 places sanctioned for Rs.345 lakhs. 342 completed out of sanction of Rs.175 lakhs for 1391 family planning centres 342 completed. 65 nos of P.H.C’s completed Fishing Harbour at Tuticorin for Rs.210 lakhs taken up and completed breakwaters, wharfies, Jettilies dredging and slipway and handed over to Port Department Approach roads taken up in 4/69 completed. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 192

1976 Tamilnadu Construction Corporation established for taking up Government works and minimize the cost of construction. 1979-80 The following building works were done Amount in Lakhs Administrative building for Indo-German Nilgris Project 12.00 Clinical Building at Veterinary College 12.00 Multistoried building for Veterinary College 5.00 Sheep breeding centre at Sandynalla 1.10 Quarters for livestock research at Kattupakkam 10.17 Automobile workshop at Cuddalore 9.17 C.T.O office at Tiruppur 8.00 C.T.O. office at IIIrd Floor 3.86 Quarters for Three Prisoners at Chennai 36.14 R.D.O office at Vridhachalam and Periyakulam 7.80 Quarters for S.P. at Nagapattinam 2.63 G.W. Directorate S.E’s office at chengalpattu 7.06 Cyclone-relief centres (14 completed) 2.50 Sanction received for 50 police stations at Rs.3.00 lakhs each 1981-82 Budget provision is Rs.2347.41 lakhs 1982-83 Budget provision is Rs.3415.01 lakhs Additional building for PWD at Chepauk Rs.771.52 lakhs Police quarters at 9 places for 119 persons and 21 police stations Rs.864.41 lakhs Cyclone shelters at 32 places phase 1 completed Rs. 96.00 lakhs Cyclone shelters II phase at 50 places taken up at Rs.3 lakh each Rs.150.00 lakhs 20 Additional cyclone shelters sanctioned a Rs.3.9 lakhs each Rs. 78.00 lakhs 2 Additional cyclone shelters at Rs.4.88 each Rs. 9.76 lakhs Housing for Fishermen 237 sqft for each 6085 completed Rs.100.00 lakhs 1983-84 Budget estimate is 3093.23 lakhs 1984-85 Budget provision is Rs.5525.77 lakhs Rs.374.35 lakhs allotted for maintenance and repairs. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 193

1985-86 Budget provision is Rs.3236.14 lakhs 1986-87 Rs.477.44 is budget. 1987-88 Budget provision is 3566.71 lakhs Pasumpon MuthuRamalinga Thevar HQ College Rs.6.43 lakhs College at Ramnad Rs.3.65 lakhs and Dindigul for Rs.368.5 lakhs. 1989-90 Budget provision is Rs.789.28 lakhs. New works sanctioned for various department for Rs.2042.47. Taken up Police Stations and M.G.R Memorial and IUDP deposit works taken up 1990-91 Staff position is 1 chief engineer, 1 joint chief engineer, 5 special divisions at Madras, Salem, Erode and Trichy. Special circle at Virudunagar and one circle for E.I.C. Total 32 EE’s 6 spl EE’s and 13 circles Plan schemes Rs.27.02 crores and non-plan Rs.2.76 crores 1991-92 Plan schemes Rs.28.89 crores and non-plan Rs.0.9 crores 7 new schemes sanctioned for Rs.15crores. 1995 World Tamil Conference building at Thanjavur – Memorial Tower and Commemoration Hall and Auditorium in Tamil University for a total of Rs.6crores within 4 months. Works done by Construction Corporation under Er. R.Nadimuthu, Er. K.Ramalingam was Special Officer. 1996-97 15 circles and 52 division from 01-04-96 functioning separately from WRO. 1997-98 Court buildings sanctioned for Rs.28.32 crores started in 96-97 to be continued in 97-98 1998-2000 16 circles, 57 divisions. 1997-98 79 Police Stations (Rs.1500 lakhs) and completed. Buildings for Registration and Education department (4457.1 lakhs) at 373 places received. 2001-2002 16 circles and 51 divisions and 1 chief architect. Construction of primary health centres and schemes. Emergency wards at Taluk headquarters at 11 places for Rs.268 lakhs. Work completed. T.B. Centres at District Headquarters at 11places for Rs.330 lakhs. Completed at 11 places and balance nearing completion. K.A.P. Viswanathan Medical college at Trichy for Rs.1273 lakhs sanctioned in 97-98 and Administration block completed. Base Eye wards in district Headquarters at 25 places sanctioned for Rs.1421 lakhs. Collector’s offices sanctioned at 7 places (Rs.3854 lakhs) and completed by 30-09-2002. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 194

RDO office buildings at 4 places for Rs.3.74 lakhs. Taluk Offices 6 sanctioned in 99-2000 at 6 places for Rs.414 lakhs completed. Taluk Offices sanctioned at 8 places for Rs.669 lakhs 4 completed and rest in progress Combined Court building in Virudunagar (Rs.310 lakhs) Thirunelvely (Rs.120 lakhs), Salem (Rs.393 lakhs) Coimbatore (929 lakhs) and Ooty (Rs.789 lakhs) are in progress. Quarters for 30 judges sanctioned for Rs.1365 lakhs Law College at Tirunelvely (Rs.175.5 lakhs) in progress 79 police stations. 2002-2003 13 circles for buildings and 3 for electrical and 52 divisiions. 652 P.H. centres for Rs.4968 lakhs completed. Medical College at Thoothukodi sanctioned for Rs.1540 lakhs in 1999-2000 in progress. 2003-2004 Major Building works costing Rs.31,364 lakhs. 2004-2005 Works in progress for Rs.277.12 lakhs and building works to be taken up for Rs.4862 lakhs. 2005-2006 Major building works in progress for Rs.24974.75 lakhs. 2006-2007 1. Chief Engineer, 16 Superintendent Engineers, 51 Executive Engineers. 2. Electrical divisions and 2 divisions for R & D works done for Rs.650-700 crores. Quarry dust identified as a substitute for sand New works-Plan 222.97crores and non-plan Rs.19.94 crores. Budget is Rs.6767 crores 2007-2008 1.Chief Engineer, 15 Superintending Engineers, Existing building and research station at Taramani to be improved for (a) Software (b) exposure to modern trends and (c) dissemination of information. Budget is Rs.435.04 crores. M.L.A.’s office buildings at a cost of Rs.4.85 lakhs 226 completed. Major building works costing Rs.36359 lakhs in progress. 2008-2009 Centenary library buildings at Kotturpuram with ground and 8 floor as a green building started on 26-11-08 costing Rs.172 crores. 2009-2010 Budget Rs.968.32 lakhs New Assembly building block A sanctioned for Rs.425.57 crores Block B sanctioned for Rs.279.564 crores. The other major works are mention below NABARD school works (Phase7) at 16 distircts Rs.131.69 crores New Medical Colleges at Dharmapuri and Villupuram Rs. 83.78 crores Combined Court buildings at Arani, Gudiyattam, Rs. 28.39 crores Cuudalore and Karur nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 195

New Collector office at Salem Rs. 25.00 crores Expansion of Rajaji Hospital at Madurai Rs. 22.06 crores Addl. buildings for women and children at Chennai Rs. 13.83 crores Addl. buildings for Dental College Rs. 13.66 crores Addl. Buildings at Royapettah Hospital Rs. 9.88 crores Commercial Tax Office at Greames Road Rs. 5.50 crores Tahsildar’s quarters at 29 places Rs. 4.5119 crores

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HIGH COURT BUILDING, CHENNAI

SECRETARIAT BUILDING – FORT St. GEORGE BUILDING

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NEW SECRETARIAT BUILDING AT ANNA SAALAI

NEW SECRETARIAT BUILDING AT ANNA SAALAI – LONG VIEW

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ANNA CENTENARY LIBRARY BUILDING, KOTTUR PURAM

ANNA CENTENARY LIBRARY BUILDING, KOTTUR PURAM (NIGHT VIEW) nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 199

VALLAL ATHIAMAN KOTTAM, DHARMAPURI

COLLECTORATE BUILDING, TIRUNELVELI

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THENI MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 202

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COLLECTORATE BUILDING - THIRUVANNAMALAI

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DIRECTORATE OF AGRICULTURE – CHEPAUK, CHENNAI – 5. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 206

SANCTION OF DIVISIONS UNDER BUILDING ORGAINSATION (G.O. Ms.No.44PWD (G2), dated 19.1.1996) TOTAL NUMBER OF DIVISIONS : 52 SI. Sanctioned Circle Existing Divisions Proposed Divisions No 1. Buildings N.P. Division, Madras N.P. Division, Madras (Maintenance) Circle, S.P. Division Madras S.P. Division, Madras Madras Marina Division, Madras Marina Division, Madras 2. 2.Buildings Building Division, I Bldg. Constn. Dn. I, Madras (Construction) Circle, Madras Bldg. Constn. Dn. II, Madras Madras Bldg. Division. II, Bldg. Constn. Dn. III, Madras Madras Bldg. Constn. Dn. IV, Bldg. Division. III, Madras Madras I.P.P.V. Bldg Dn, Madras Bldg. Division. IV, Bldg. Constn. Dn, Madras Kancheepuram I.P.P.V. Bldg. Division, Madras Bldg. Division, Kancheepuram 3. Buildings Bldg Division, Vellore Bldg. Constn. Dn. Vellore (Maintenance & Bldg Division. II, Bldg. Constn. Dn, Villupuram Construction), Circle, Villupuram Bldg.Constn. Dn. Vellore Bldg. Division, Tiruvannamalai Tiruvannamalai Vellore Bldg.Maintenance Division, Division, Vellore Vellore Cuddalore Division, Bldg. Maintenance Division, Cuddalore Cuddalore 4. Buildings Bldg Division, Salem Bldg. Constn. Dn. Salem (Maintenance & Bldg. Division Bldg. Constn. Dn, Construction), Circle, Dharmapuri Dharmapuri Salem Salem Division, Salem Bldg. Maintenance Division, Salem 5. Buildings Bldg Division, Bldg. (Maintenance & Coimbatore Constn.Division.Coimbatore Construction), Circle, Bldg. Division Erode Bldg. Constn. Dn., Erode Erode IUDP Division, IUDP Constn. Division., Coimbatore Coimbatore Coimbatore Division, Bldg. Maintenance Division, Coimbatore Coimbatore nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 207

SI. Sanctioned Circle Existing Divisions Proposed Divisions No 6. Buildings Trichy Division, Trichy Bldg. Maintenance (Maintenance) Thanjavur Bldg. Division, Trichy Circle, Erode Maintenance Trichy Division,Bldg. Maintenance Trichy Division, Division, Thanjavur Thanjavur Pudukottai Division, Bldg. Maintenance Division, Pudukottai Pudukottai Bldg. (Maintenance) Bldg. Maintenance Division Division, Nagapattinam Nagapattinam 7. Buildings Bldg. Division, Trichy Bldg. Constn. Division, (Construction) Bldg. Division No.I, Trichy Circle, Trichy Thanjavur Bldg. Constn. Division. I Bldg. Division No.II, Thanjavur Thanjavur Bldg. Constn. Division. II, Bldg. Division, Thanjavur Pudukottai Bldg. Constn. Division., Pudukottai 8. Buildings Bldg. Division, Madurai Bldg. Maintenance (Maintenance) Circle, Dindigul Division, Division, Madurai Madurai Dindigul Bldg. Maintenance Sivaganga Division, Division. Dindigul Sivaganga Bldg.Maintenance Division Sivaganga 9. Buildings Bldg. Division, No. I Bldg. Constn. Division, No.I (Construction) Circle, Madurai Madurai Madurai Bldg. Division No.II, Bldg. Constn. Division. II, Madurai Madurai Bldg. Division No.II, Bldg. Constn. Division, Dindigul Dindigul, Bldg. Division, Bldg. Constn. Division., Paramakudy Paramakudy

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SI. Sanctioned Circle Existing Divisions Proposed Divisions No 10. Buildings Bldg. Division, Tuticorin Bldg. Constn. & (Maintenance & Bldg. Division. I Maintenance Div, Tuticorin Construction) Circle, Palayamkottai Bldg. Constn. Division. No.I, Tuticorin Bldg. Division. II Palayamkottai Palayamkottai Bldg. Constn. Division. No.II Palayamkottai. 11. Buildings RTSB Division, Bldg. Constn. & (Maintenance & Virudhunagar Div, Maintenance Bldg. Maintenance Division,Construction) Circle, Virudhunagar Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Tirunelveli Division.Tirunelveli

12. Planning and Bldg. Centre Division, Bldg. Centre Division, Designs (B) Circle, Madras Madras Madras Bldg. Research Station, Bldg. Research Station, Madras Madras 13. Electrical Circle Electrical (Spl. Bldg. Electrical Division. No.I Madras Division) Madras Madras Electrical (Maintenance) Electrical Division, No.II Division, Madras Madras Madras Electrical Division, Electrical Division, Salem Salem Electrical Division, Electrical Division, Coimbatore Coimbatore 14. Electrical Circle Electrical Division, Electrical Division, Trichy Madurai Trichy Electrical Division, Electrical Division, Tirunelveli Sivaganga, Electrical Division, Madurai Electrical Division, Madurai 15. E.S.I. Engg. Circle, ESI (Engg. Cell) ESI (Engg. Cell) Division, Madras Division, Salem Salem ESI (Engg. Cell) ESI (Engg. Cell) Division, Division, Madurai Madurai

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Posts of Engineer-In-Chief Buildings and 2 more Regional Chief Engineers (Buildings) at Tiruchi & Madurai are sanctioned in G.O.Ms.No.30 PW(D2), dt.27.01.2011 as detailed below (G.O. was in Tamil) (as it is)

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,izg;G-3 jiyikg; nghwpahsh; (fl;llk;)> jpUr;rp kz;lyk;> jpUr;rp mth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,aq;Fk; mYtyfq;fs; tl;lq;fs; Nfhl;lq;fs; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> Nryk; guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> Nryk;. fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jUkGhp fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> ehkf;fy; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jQ;rhT+h; guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> fl;ll fl;Lkhdf; Nfhl;lk;> jQ;rhT+h; jQ;rhT+h; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> ehfg;gl;bdk;. fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jpUth&h;. fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jpUr;rp guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> jpUr;rp fl;ll fl;Lkhdf; Nfhl;lk;> jpUr;rp fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> mhpaY}h; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> GJf;Nfhl;il fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> f&h;. fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;g Nfhl;lk;> guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}h;. Nfhak;Gj;J}h; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> cjif fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jpUg;G+h;

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,izg;G-4 jiyikg; nghwpahhs; (fl;llk;)> kJiu kz;lyk;> kJiu mth;fspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,aq;Fk; mYtyfq;fs; tl;lq;fs; Nfhl;lq;fs; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; Nfhl;lk;> kJiu guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> kJiu. fl;ll guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> kJiu fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> Njdp fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jpz;Lf;fy; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> rptfq;if guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> tpUJefh; rptfq;if fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> ,uhkehjGuk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> J}j;Jf;Fb guhkhpg;G tl;lk;> fl;;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> jpUney;Ntyp jpUney;Ntyp. fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; Nfhl;lk;> ghisaq;Nfhl;il fl;ll fl;Lkhdk; kw;Wk; guhkhpg;G Nfhl;lk;> ehfh;Nfhtpy;

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CHAPTER NO.31 : FORMER CHIEF ENGINEERS 1852 – 58 Col. Sir. Arthur Cotton KC. IRE Appointed as Chief Engineers in 1857. C.E..(I & B) Born on 15-05-1813. He suggested network of canals instead of Railway but Government not accepted. Felt strongly that poor people of this land should be given food care and facilities. He built anicuts across Krishna near Vijayavada and Godavari at Dowleswaram, upper and lower anicuts across Coleroon and Cuddappah- Kurnool canal. This canal was built from funds of a private irrigation company consisting of some share-holders in England. As this scheme was not remunerative, this was transferred to Government. He had given proposals for Mettur reservoirs, Madras Harbour which were modified later. He had served in Burma before joining PWD where he was deputed to do repairs to irrigation tanks in South. He was also in charge of Pamban Pass. He had planned and laid railway lines to carry materials. He went to Tasmania to recoup his health which was giving problems often. He was responsible for building rubble groynes on Vizag Sea Coast for protecting coast. He was questioned in England for constructing irrigation works instead of Railway lines but exonerated. He expired on 29.10.41. 1859-60 Col. J.H.Bell Chief Engineer Irrigation and buildings 1860-62 Lt.Col. Hostey Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1862-63 Col.W.I. Beruvoa, RE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1867-70 Lt. Col J.C. Anderson, RE Chief Engineer and inspector general of irrigation 1863-71 C.A ossr RE Chief Engineer buildings 1871-72 Col. T. Corpendale, RE Chief Engineer buildings 1872-77 Col. C.W. Walker, RE Chief Engineer buildings 1877-79 E.A. Foorore, RE Chief Engineer buildings 1870-82 J. Mullings, RE Chief Engineer irrigation 1879-83 E.H. Sankey, CBRE Chief Engineer buildings 1882-90 Col. J.O. Hasteo, RE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1883-86 Col J. A.M. Shah Stewards, RE Chief Engineer buildings 1886-87 Let. Col J Penny Cuick, CSIRE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings

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Capt. Cotton ``

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1987-88 Lt. Col. H.R. Itead, RE Chief Engineer irrigation 1888-92 C T Walck Chief Engineer irrigation 1892-96 Lt. Col. Drake Brookman Chief Engineer irrigation 1896-98 Col. D. Mc. Neil Campbell, R.E Chief Engineer buildings 1896-01 W. Hughes Chief Engineer buildings 1895-05 W.B Dew Winton, CIE Chief Engineer buildings 1886-70 John Cummins Buildings and Marine 1901-03 Col. AW Smart, RE ------1903-05 A.H. Gannet Chief Engineer irrigation 1905-06 J.P. Davidson Chief Engineer buildings 1906-10 F.J. Wilson, CIE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1906-13 C.A.Smith, CIE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1910-14 H.E. Clerk, OE Chief Engineer irrigation 1913-14 S.D. Pears Chief Engineer buildings 914-17 Col. W.M. Ellu’s 1914-19 S.B. Murray Chief Engineer buildings 1917-21 W.J. Harley Chief Engineer irrigation 1919-23 W. Helton Chief Engineer buildings 1921-23 Col. A.H. Morin Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1923-26 M.R. Karregat Chief Engineer buildings 1923 A.V. Ramalinga Iyer Chief Engineer irrigation. First Indian Chief Engineer Associated with Periyar dam construction Authored a book on reminiscences of his service. 1923-25 P. Hawkins CIE Chief Engineer irrigation 1926-28 W.C. Molesworth Chief Engineer buildings 1927-28 C.I. Mullings Chief Engineer irrigation 1926-31 R F Stoney Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings famous for stony lift gates. 1926-34 N. Swaminatha Iyer Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1926-34 L.H. Gerg, CIE Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1933-35 R. Narasimha Iyengar Chief Engineer irrigation 1934-36 V. Hart Chief Engineer buildings 1936-38 M. Obrien Chief Engineer buildings

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1936-40 F.M. Dowley Chief Engineer buildings 1938-40 H.R. Dogra Chief Engineer buildings 1939-40 J. Westardale Chief Engineer irrigation 1940-42 L. Venkateskrishna Iyer Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings 1942-45 E.H. Chave Chief Engineer buildings 1943-45 N. Govindaraja Iyengar Chief Engineer irrigation 1947 M.K. Ranganatha I.S.E Chief Engineer buildings. Responsible for establishing Madras Institute of Technology located at Chromepet 1949 N.J. Joseph I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation 1949 T.S. Venkata Rama Iyer I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation. Constructed anaicut at Dowleswaram across Godavari. 1945-52 A.R. Venatachari I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings. Appointed as a consultant for DVC project and later resigned due to difference of opinion. Author of famous report on schemes for flood relief of Madras city. 1949-52 M.S. Thirumalai Iyengar ISE Chief Engineer buildings. Special Chief Engineer for Tungabhadra and Ramapadsagar projects. Constructed and completed Hirakud dam across Mahanadhi. 1952-55 N Padmanabha Iyer I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings. Carried out Tungabadra Project Canals. 1953-56 J.M. Frederick I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation and buildings. Responsible for construction of Vaigai dam. 1955-63 U.Ananda Rao I.S.E., Chief Engineer irrigation. Reapointed for 5 years for completion of PAP Project. He conceived desilting cum reclamation scheme for tanks and led to extend the lives of many tanks. He was associated with construction of Poondy Reservoir. 1958-65 K.V. Ekambaram I.S.E Chief Engineer irrigation was also in charge of Highways department for 2 years Deputed to DVC project which he completed. Longest service in Cauvery Delta after working in G.A.Canal. 1959-68 J.G. Abraham Directly recruited as A.E.E and chief engineer General, irrigation and buildings. Responsible for planning and execution of PAP. 1968 J.I. Coil Pillai Directly recruited as A.E.E Chief engineer for irrigation and for Surgrical Instruments factory of Nandambakkam and Chairman-and administrator for Tuticorin Harbour - very dynamic engineer responsible for prodding execution of Sethusamudram Project. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 217

1965 A. Srinivasan Responsible for Glenmorgan dam, Pykara power-House Lower Bhavani project and Jedarpalayam Anicut. Deputy General Manager Technical for Neyveli Lignite Corporation from inception till 1963 when he retired as S.E of PWD. Built and completed Paradeep Port in Orissa. Very hard-working and hard-task master. 1967-69 J.E. Vaz Chief Engineer irrigation constructed Malampuzha and Walayar Projects. Equipped workshop for fabrication of heavy gates 1970 M.E. Hussain Chief Engineer irrigation and general and also Veeranam Project. Superintending Engineer for Pullambadi project very hard task – master. 1970 D. Henry David Chief Engineer Buildings and last chief Engineer to be in charge of Public Health works. 1971 V. Muthukrishnan Chief Engineer irrigation 1972 K.D. Karambayya Chief Engineer buildings and responsible for building family planning centres in the state. Built the petroleum refinery plant at Manali. 1972 J Walter Directly recruited as AEE. Expert in design and drawing of irrigation structures. Worked for a few years in Bhakra-Nangal project. Extensive tour and experience in the irrigation field and authored many articles on irrigation. 1972 S.P. Namasivayam Directly recruited as AEE and executed Atomic Plant at Trombay. Carried out discussion on cauvery dispute and guided modernization of irrigation in Cauvery delta. 1972 A.V. Alwar Chief engineer Veeranam. Associated with hydro-electric works, industries development estates and Maintenance of Cauvery delta. 1973 S. Ramachandran Directly recruited as AEE, Handled flood relief works in Cauvery in 1955 and brought out a report on proposals to mitigate floods. Retired as a Director General of National Building Construction Corporation. 1973 A.S. Hedge Chief Engineer Veeranam Project 1974 K.R. Ramasamy Directly recruited as AEE. Executed Sathanur Project and Superintending engineer for Sethusamudram Project Chief Engineer Housing Board and first chief engineer of Slum Clearance Board. 1975 D. Ambrose Directly recruited as AEE and Superintending engineer for construction of warehouses, godowns and Small Arms Project - was chief engineer buildings. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 218

1975 P. Sivalingam Directly recruited as AEE and acquired post-graduate degree in irrigation from Columbia. Distinguished himself as Superintending engineer in charge of buildings in Industrial estates - was Director of Technical Education and first V.C of Anna University and obtained Honorary doctorate. 1975 P.K. Vedanayagam Directly recruited as AEE. worked with BHEL project , flood relief project and Barrage across Cauvery - expert in laying out gardens around project sites and very good go-getter. 1975 P.K. Kandasamy Directly recruited as AEE chief engineer building in PWD and also of Madras Harbour 1976 D.I. Paul Directly recruited as AEE. Executed Periyar approach channel at Thekkadi and executed many building schemes around Trichy. Retired as chief engineer buildings 1976 B.A. Jayabalan Chief engineer Project investigation and buildings after a long spell in the Tamilnadu Housing Board where he had laid foundation in planning and designing buildings and left instruction manuals. 1977 S. Panchanathan Directly recruited as AEE obtained degree in Highways and M.S from Columbia Unviersity Director of UNDP Groundwater project and associated with well fields at Panjetty, Minjur and Thamararpakkam which supply Ground water to industries in Chennai Founded Groundwater wing of the PWD. Awarded UN fellowship for training in ground water in U S and Thailand. Awarded doctorate by Anna University of Technology. 1977 S. Manavalan Chief engineer irrigation. 1977 M.N.Ramanujam Periyar Vaigai Improvements 1977 C.A. Srinivasan Chief Engineer G.W and general. Deputy chief engineer (General) Managing Director of Anna Transport Corporation and Pallavan Transport Corporation Irrigation Consultant to Philippines Government and evolved scheme for bringing cauvery water to Chennai city to augument water supply. 1977 C.S. Kuppuraj Executed many hydro-electric projects in TNEB and a capable organizer of Association of Engineers and of seminars in Engineering projects. 1979 A. MeenakshiSundaram Chief Engineer buildings executed Walayar irrigation project and 11 MGD water supply scheme from Thamaraipakkam. 1979 N. Kumarasamy Chief engineer buildings after distinguished career in building designs nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 219

1979 M.N. Kandasamy Chief engineer flood relief 1979 S.J. Ambrose Chief Engineer irrigation and General. Very popular and sympathetic to colleagues and subordinates. 1981 A. Mohanakrishnan Chief Engineer Irrigation and General and continues as Chairman of Cauvery Technical Cell. Service over 6 decades. Awarded doctorate by Anna University Guide to Tamilnadu State Govt in all irrigation projects, disputes and chairman of various technical committees. Longest service in the irrigation field not equaled by any other engineer. 1981 R. Kuppusamy Chief Engineer Ground Water. As Executive Engineer spent 2 decades in PAP 1981 S.Shanmugasundaram Chief Engineer buildings distinguished service in workshops for preparing Tamilnadu Building Practice. 1983 W. S. Winfread Chief engineer Periyar Vargar Project specializing in strength of Materials 1983 K. Subramaniya Iyer Long years in workshop and construction of gates at various projects. Director of I.H.H Poondy. 1983 Dr. Arthur Samuel Chief Engineer irrigation and general obtained doctorate while on deputation to Germany from Neyveli Lignite Corporation. He was chief engineer in the Periyar Varyai Project after distinguished service in ground water wing. 1983 S. Shanmugam Chief Engineer Periyar Vaigai and then irrigation and General. Responsible for the investigation of most of irrigation schemes and collection and documentation of data in Water Institute. 1983-85 M. Mallikarjunan Chief Engineer buildings & irrigation and extensive experience in P.A.P. Works. 1983-85 T.K. Viswanathan Chief Engineer minor irrigation and special work of flood relief in cauvery delta. Handled many building and irrigation projects. 1984 V. Govindan Chief Engineer 1983 K. Ramalingam Chief Engineer Minor irrigation. Served on deputation and completed projects of Periyar hydro-electric, Neyveli Lignite and space departments first M.D. of TN Tubewell Corporation. 1984-85 C.K. Gopalakrishnan Chief Engineer Ground water. Distinguished scheme in Neyveli Lignite Corporation especially in design and running of conveyor belts. He was Managing Director of Pallavan Transport Corporation.

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1984 K. Sadasivan Chief Engineer IHH. Poondy after a long service in round water wing monitoring groundwater exploration 1984 S. Viswanathan Chief Engineer PWD 1985 M.Lakshmanaperumal Chief Engineer, Investigation 1985 L. Rajaratnam Chief Engineer irrigation. 1985 P. Srinivasan Chief Engineer irrigation and General. Handled investigation and execution of Veeranam Water Supply Scheme 1985 N. Balasubramanian Directly recruited as AEE and chief engineer irrigation and general 1985 S. Ramachandran Chief Engineer possessing long experience of designing and executing water courses in Periyar Vaigai. 1985 C.N. Margam Chief Engineer Minor irrigation 1986 P. Piramanayagam Chief Engineer Periyar Vaigai Project. 1986 A.V. Subramanian Chief Engineer buildings having experience and expertise in design of framed structures. 1986 S. Md. Mustafa Chief Engineer Minor irrigation and General 1986 L. Sivaramakrishnan Chief Engineer irrigation. 1986 C.G. Jayaraman Chief Engineer irrigation with dedication served in Neyveli Lignite Corporation and is designing and drawings for many irrigation projects. 1986 M. Dakshnamurthy Chief Engineer buildings responsible for office buildings of district collectorates. 1986 S. Srinivasan – Associated with Veeranam Project in 1965 very knowledgeable. 1986 A.S. Sabapathy Chief Engineer PWD (Ground water) 1987-90 A.V. Sathyakaman Directly recruited as AEE chief engineer buildings. Responsible for construction of Secretariat and many fishing harbours 1987-89 S. Nageswaran Directly recruited as AEE and Chief engineer irrigation and General. Long experience in cauvery and Tambaraparani systems. He was member of TNPSC for 3 years 1987 V.V Ramachandran Chief Engineer PWD 1987 P. Rangasamy Chief Engineer irrigation and long association in execution. nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 221

1987 A. Ganesan Chief Engineer buildings specializing in design and construction of non – residential buildings. 1987 R. Sethurathinam Chief Engineer (irrigation) 1987 G.Subramaniam Chief Engineer Periyar Vaigai Project 1987 T.R. Varadan Chief Engineer Minor irrigation 1987 C.P.Thambiannan SIDCO / Irrigation & Gl 1987 R.Sridharan IHH, Poondi 1988 M.P. Shahul Hameed Chief Engineer PWD

01.06.1988 Er.K.Chinnaraj Director, IMTI 01.06.1988 Er.N.Durairajan National Water Management Project 25.04.1989 Er.K.N.Rajamanickam CE, (Ground Water) 07.10.1989 Er.S.R.Devasahayam CE (Investigation) 17.11.1989 Er.V.M.Ramasamy CE (Ground Water) Jan-90 Er R.Vittal IMTI, Tiruchi March 1990 Er S.Muthuvale Investigation 10.03.1990 Er M.K.Natarajan Minor Irrigation 29.06.1990 Er C.Madakannu Ground Water/ Buildings 29.06.1990 Er M.Sabaratnam IMTI, Tiruchi 30.07.1990 Er N.K.Ramiah Ground Water 20.08.1990 Er R.Seetharaman Planning and Designs Aug-90 Er U.C.Gopinath National Water Management Project 14.09.1990 Er T.N.Kandasamy SIPCOT 14.09.1990 Er S.M.Krishnan Minor Irrigation 14.09.1990 Er K.Sironmani Rao KWSP (Irrigation & General) 12.11.90 ErP.Vaithilingam National Water Management Project 22.11.90 Er P.Krishnaraj IMTI, Tiruchi 15.11.90 Er Abdul Hameed Khan Ground Water 01.04.1991 Er P.Rajappa Planning and Designs 28.05.1991 Er K.Venkatasubramanian Krishna water Supply Project nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 222

09.08.1991 Er R.N.Krishnan Special Secretary (Irrigation & Gl) 30.10.1991 Er A.Loganathan Member Cavery Technical Cell 1991 Er.B.Rathinavelu Paper Promotion 11/1991 Er.V.Neelakanthan Special Secretary to Govt. 11/1991 Er.P.Dharmaraj National Water Management Project 10/1991 Er.A.M.Gajapathy Ground Water 10/1991 Er.WSO. Kunder Minor Irrigation 1992 Er.K.Pandy CE, PV Project 04.03.1992 Er K.Natarajan Director IMTI, Tiruchi 06.03.1992 Er C.N.Balasubramanian Minor irrigation/IMTI 07.10.1992 Er S.Madhavan Planning and Designs 12/1992 Er.M.Pasupathy Sugar Corporation 12/1992 Er.K.Thirunavukkarasu IMTI, Tiruchi 23.12.1992 Er.V.Duraisami Periyar Vaigai Project 5/1993 Er.G.GanapathySubramaniam Institute for Water Studies 31.05.1993 Er M.Kaliyaperumal Institute of Hydraulics ,Poondi 02.08.1993 Er K.O.Palanisamy Irrigation & EIC 02.08.1993 Er P.Govindarajan Planning and Designs 31.10.1993 Er P.S.Dhanasingh Minor Irrigation 03.11.1993 Er R.Nagamanikkam Buildings 3/1994 Er.D.Gajarajan Technical Education 09.03.1994 Er John Thomas Department of Fisheries 27.05.1994 Er J.M.Manoharan Chelliah Municipal Admn 6/1994 Er Ebenezer Devadason Co-Operative Department 30.09.1994 Er R.Jeyaraman Director IMTI,Tiruchi 03.10.1994 Er S.S.Swaminathan Ground Water 03.10.1994 Er Martin Inbaraj Krishnawater Project 10.10.1994 Er S.Selvaraj Periyar Vaigai Project nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 223

Oct-94 Er C.Balasubramanian Special Secretary Jan-95 Er D.B.Rufus Institute of Hydraulics ,Poondi 4/1995 Er.V.Arumugamaswamy PMG-WRCP 4/1995 Er.S.P.Subramanian Director IMTI /Chennai Region 4/1995 Er.N.Thangavelu CE, Buildings 4/1995 Er.M.Ramasubramaniam CE,Madurai 12/1995 Er.M.P.Durairaj CE & Spl Secretary 12/1995 Er.R.Murugaiyan CE/DRCS/EIC & CE(GL) 1/1996 Er.R.Syed Badruddin CE,Groundwater 2/1996 Er.T.Krishnamurthy CEMadurai Region 6/1996 Er.V.J.Venugopal CE Operation & Maintenance 7/1996 Er.D.Chengalvarayan CE, IWS, Tharamani 31.12.1996 Er G.Balakrishnan Ground Water 31.12.1996 Er V.Thirumurthy DRCS 1/1997 Er.R.Sadakshravelu CE,Pollachi 4/1997 Er.S.Muthukumaraswamy Spl Secretary 6/1997 Er.N.Srinivasan CE, SIPCOT 6/1997 Er.Easwaramurthi CE ,Madurai Region 6/1997 Er.S.Panchapakesan CE,Groundwater 9/1997 Er.R.Thangarajan CE,CoOperation/Chennai Region 9/1997 Er.M.Dhanaraju CE,Plan Formulation 9/1997 Er.M.A.Rajasekaran Spl Secretary 9/1997 Er.V.Muralidharan Director,IMTI,Tiruchi 9/1997 Er.S.Kandasamy CE,Madurai Region 11/1997 Er.C.Rajamanickam CE, Co Operation 11/1997 Er.S.Krishnamurthy CE, CoOperation & Maintenance 11/1997 Er.M.S.Hariharan Director , IMTI,Tiruchi 5/1998 Er.R.S.M.Manoharan CE, Krishna Water Supply nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 224

18.05.1998 Er S.M.Arasu Plan Formulation 25.05.1998 Er R.Krishnaswamy Pollachi Region 19.06.1998 Er N.Dorai Raj DRCS 22.10.1998 Er S.Rathinam Operation and maintenace 22.10.1998 Er K.Ramalingam Chennai Corporation 22.10.1998 Er R.Nadhimuthu CE(General) Chennai corporation

31.10.1998 Er A.Veerabadran Institute For Water Studies,Tharamani 11/1998 Er.D.Paneer Selvam Spl Secretary to Govt. 10.12.1998 Er N.Ponnusamy CE, Tiruchi Region 4.12.1998 Er.A.Abdul Muthalief CE, Ground Water June 1999 Er.V.Ravindran CE, Co Operation 30.06.1999 Er.S.Alagianagalingam CE, Madurai Region June 1999 Er.K.Veeraraghavan CE, Chennai Corporation 27.01.2000 Er.N.Jeyakumar C.E. O & M, Chennai 17.02.2000 Er.R.Subramanian IMTI, Trichy 30.03.2000 Er.P.V.Sahadevan CE, Director, IWS, Chennai 17.04.2000 Er.C.Seshachalam CE, P.F., Chennai 10.02.2000 Er.T.Subramanian CE, Chennai Region, Chennai 12.08.2000 Er.S.Sivaraman CE (O&M), Chennai 08.07.2000 Er.R.Radhakrishnan CE (Buildings), Chennai 25.08.2000 Er.A.Annamalai CE (Co-operative) Dept. 17.04.2000 Er.T.J.Kishore Vincent CE Chennai Corporation 26.08.2000 Er.R.Paranthaman CE Madurai Region, Madurai 31.06.2000 Er.S.Purushothaman CE (SG&SWRDC) 31.08.2000 Er.S.Kalaichelvan CE Pollachi Region, Pollachi 10.11.2000 Er.S.Senthil Arumugam Special Secretary 12.02.2001 Er.R.Jayakar David Livingstone CE (O & M), Chennai 14.02.2001 Er.R.Bose CE IMTI, Trichy nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 225

30.07.2001 Er.S.Muthubommu CE (Buildings), Chennai 20.09.2001 Er.A.K.Mohamed Ismail CE, Chennai Corporation, 29.09.2001 Er.N.Kuttalam Pillai CE (O & M), Chennai 18.10.2001 Er.M.Kandasamy CE (Co-operative) 11.2001 Er.T.Jayachandran CE, Trichy Region, Trichy 03.11.2001 Er.A.Kanagasabapathy CE, IWS Nov 2001 Er.S.Ganesan CE, Chennai Corporation 11.01.2002 Er.R.Sankaranarayanan CE (O & M), Chennai 12.04.2002 Er.R.Pandiyan CE, I.W.S. 05.06.2002 Er.M.Dheenadhayalan Special Secretary 01.07.2002 Er.R.Barathalwar CE, Pollachi Region, Pollachi 05.06.2002 Er.C.Sivaprakasam CE, Chennai Region 05.07.2002 Er.M.Jayaraman CE, IMTI, Trichy 30.06.2002 Er.D.Hariram CE, (SG&SWRDC) 31.12.2002 Er.P.R.Meenakshisundaram CE, Trichy Region, Trichy 31.12.2002 Er.S.Jayachandramohan CE, IMTI, Trichy 3/2003 Er.R.Ganesan CE, P.F. 22.05.2003 Er.A.Syed Jaffer Hussain CE, I.W.S. 22.05.2003 Er.S.Sankara Narayanan CE, Madurai Region, Madurai 21.11.2003 Er.N.Kaliappan CE, (O & M), Chennai 23.11.2003 Er.K.Raghupathy CE (SG&SWRDC) 29.12.2003 Er.SM.Nachiappan CE, IMTI, Trichy 18.02.2004 Er.S.Shanmugam CE (DR&CS), Chennai 01.03.2004 Er.V.Somasundaram CE, P.F. Chennai 2/2004 Er.R.Sundarasekaran CE, P.F., Chennai 18.02.2004 Er.S.Natarajan CE, Chennai Region, Chennai 04.10.2004 Er.V.Sukumar CE, I.W.S. 30.09.2004 Er.S.Perumal CE, O & M, Chennai nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 226

30.09.2004 Er.K.Rangaraju Gupta CE, Pollachi Region, Pollachi 30.09.2004 Er.A.Sangili CE (SG&SWRDC) 30.09.2004 Er.T.Joseph Gnanadoss CE, Trichy Region Trichy 11.12.2004 Er.R.Jagadeesan CE (SG&SWRDC) 11.12.2004 Er.M.Palaniappan CE, P.F. 15.12.2004 Er.R.Rengaramanujam CE, (DR&CS) 26.05.2005 Er.K.Swathandiran CE, Tech. Education 01.10.2005 Er.G.Pandiarajan CE, IMTI, Trichy 07.10.2005 Er.N.Sethupathi CE, IMTI, Trichy 14.10.2005 Er.R.Subbiah Poopandi Special Secretary 12.12.2005 Er.V.Muthiah CE, (O & M) 05.01.2006 Er.P.S.Mohamed Ali Jinnah CE (SG&SWRDC) 09.12.2005 Er.R.V.S.,Vijayakumar CE, Madurai Region, Madurai 01.06.2006 Er.T.R.V.Balakrishnan CE (SG&SWRDC) 30.06.2006 Er.P.Mahalingam CE, Chennai Region 30.06.2006 Er.K.Nallusamy CE, Trichy Region, Trichy 01.07.2006 Er.M.Kalyanasundaram CE, Pollachi Region 06.07.2006 Er.C.J.Kandasamy CE, I.W.S. 01.07.2006 Er.P.Raman CE (DR&CS) 30.11.2006 Er.T.Govindarajan CE, Chennai Region 20.12.2006 Er.K.Rajendran CE, (O & M) 25.05.2007 Er.S.Thiyagaajan CE (SG&SAWRDC) 01.07.2007 Er.S.Gunabalan CE (DR&CS) 7/2007 Er.T.Shanmugasundaram CE, Madurai Region 7/2007 Er.R.Raji CE (Buildings) 30.06.2007 Er.R.Thangaiah CE (P.F) 7/2007 Er.M.Thanapathy Special Secretary 7/2007 Er.K.Nagarajan CE, Trichy Region nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 227

08.01.2008 Er.S.S.Muniasamy CE (SG&SWRDC) 31.01.2008 Er.M.Louis John CE (SG&SWRDC) 16.04.2008 Er.G.Madusudan CE, Chennai Region 31.08.2008 Er.C.Shanmugam CE (SG&SWRDC) 01.09.2008 Er.D.Gridhara Rao Special Secretary 01.09.2008 Er.P.Ramamoorthy CE, Madurai Region 31.10.2008 Er.S.R.Rangan CE (O & M) 31.10.2008 Er.S.Jeyaraman CE, PF / EIC & (Gl) 29.12.2008 Er.D.Anbalagan CE I.W.S. 31.12.2008 Er.S.Kumaresan CE (P .F) 12.02.2009 Er.M.Moorthy CE Pollachi Region 10.06.2009 Er.S.Rustham Ali CE (DR&CS) 10.06.2009 Er.S.Karunagaran CE (Buildings) 11.06.2009 Er.B.Mohammed Kasim CE (Ground Water) 09.07.2009 Er.G.Panchanathan CE, Pollachi Region 02.11.2009 Er.S.Pandian CE, Technical Education 07.11.2009 Er.A.Natarajan CE, I.W.S. 03.11.2009 Er.A.Chandrasekaran Special Secretary 09.06.2010 Er.K.P.Padmavathy CE (DR&CS) 07.07.2010 Er.P.Balasubramanian CE, I.M.T.I. Trichy 30.06.2010 Er.P.Sivasankaran CE, I.W.S. 30.06.2010 Er.P.Jaganathan CE, Fishing Harbour Project 05.08.2010 Er.S.Visuvasaselvakumar CE, P.F. 31.08.2010 Er.K.R.Govindaraju CE, (SG&SWRDC) 01.12.2010 Er.S.S.Rajagopal Special Secretary 07.02.2011 Er.K.Sampath CE, I.W.S. 07.02.2011 Er.R.Thangaprakasam CE (B), Trichy Region 09.02.2011 Er.M.Sampathkumar CE (SG&SWRDC) 02.03.2011 Er.R.Gopalakrishnan CE, Technical Education 06.06.2011 Er.H.J.Nanjan CE, Chennai Region 07.06.2011 Er.M.A.Selvanathan CE (Buildings),Madurai Region 06.06.2011 Er.K.Vijayakumar CE (O & M) 08.08.2011 Er.S.Anbazhagan CE, DRCS, Chennai 08.08.2011 Er.S.Sampath CE, Buildings – Tiruchi Region

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O.33 CHAPTER – 32 : BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Madras Presidency Administrative Reports from the Connemara Library for year 1925 to 1939, 1944 to 1948; 1967 to 1990. 2. New Irrigation Era of Tamilnadu PWD 3. Madras information 1955-50 from Connemara Library 4. Poriyaalar Bulletins of Association of Engineers of Tamilnadu PWD 5. News Letters of Ground water 6. Eripaasanam from Minor Irrigtion (DRCS) wing. 7. 150 years History of PWD by Er. C.S. Kuppuraj 8. Nucleus Cell report of T.N.P.W.D 9. Irrigation Management – role National Water Management by P.C. Mathur 10. Irrigation Reservoirs of Tamilnadu published by Irrigation Management Training Institute, Tiruchi. 11. Papers read in the Seminar at Platinum Jubilee of department of Indian History of University of Madras on 26 to 28 in March 2003. 12. Articles published by Dr. A Mohanakrishnan in his book “Selected Papers on Irrigation”. 13. Articles and papers read at Eighth National Water Convention held from 9 to 11 of February 2000 at Udhagamandalam 14. Irrigation cultivation statistics of the department of statistics of Tamilnadu Government 15. Policy Notes and budget speech copies of Minister for PWD for years 1996 to 2006

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About the Author Er. K.RAMALINGAM Date of birth : 1-7-1926 Educational qualification : BE.,(civil).,B.G.L Address : AP 506,16 th street, J-block, Anna Nagar, Chennai – 40 Present Occupation : Engineering Consultant & Technical Arbitrator Phone : 044 - 26161640 Cell -9941128751 [email protected]

Membership of professional Bodies : 1. Fellow of Institution Of Engineers 2. Fellow of the Indian Association oh Hydrologists 3. Fellow of Indian Council of Arbitration 4. President, Association of Engineers, TNPWD (1979 – 1984) 5. President, TNPWD Senior Engineers Association (2010 – 2012)

Positions held: 1. Chief Engineer (Minor Irrigation Jan to June 1984), Tamilnadu Public Works Department 2. Managing Director,Tamilnadu Tubewells Corporation 3. Technical Member of the Tamilnadu State Housing Board 4. Chairman,Technical Nucleus Cell,Mitigation of floods in Chennai Metropolis 5. Chairman, Committee for Prevention of Sea-Erosion of Chennai and Poompuhar 6. Consulting Engineer for Municipalities for Storm-water drainage 7. Engineer SC- Rocket launching Project of ISRO at Sriharikota 8. Technical Consultant-Chennai Petroleum and Chemical Ltd.,of Govt. of India 9. Consultant-WAPCOS-for projects like –Augmenting drinking water resources for Chennai Metropolis 10. Executive Engineer-Neyveli Lignite Project - Construction of housing Colony and Industrial plants - Continued in inner leaf nrg;lk;gh; - 2011 230

Important works Executed :- 1. Investigation of Periyar Hydro-electric Prioject of Tamilnadu Electricity Board 2. Design and planning of the Periyar and Kundah Hydro-electric projects of TNEB 3. Construction of Penstocks, Power-House and river-training works for Periyar HE Scheme 4. Modernisation of irrigation in Cauvery Delta and Grand-anicut Canal 5. Construction of unique silt-prevention schemes in Manniar river of Cauvery Delta 6. Modernisation of Minor Irrigation and Irrigation tanks in Tamilnadu 7. Development of Tube-wells for Minor Irrigation in Tamilnadu 8. Executuion of major drains like Captain Cotton canal and Kodungayur in Chennai 9. Development of Tamaraipakkam well-field and execution of 11 mgd Water supply Scheme for industries in Manali area 10. Development of housing Colony, RocketLaunching and testing facilities at Sriharikota 11. Deepening and lining of North Buckingahm navigation canal and Coovam River inside Chennai 12. Invesitgated Sethusamudarm Ship canal Project 13. Constructed Fishing harbours at Chinnamuttam & Thondi . 14. Constructed Housing Colony and industrial facilities for Neyveli Lignite Project , Neyveli Reports Prepared 1. Protective measures for river and canal banks in Cauvery Delta 2. Prevention of erosion in Royapuram and Poompuhar Sea coasts 3. Master Plan for Prevention of stormwater submersion in and around Chennai 4. Storm-water drainage in Municipalities of Alandur, Pallvaram and Ambattur Technical Lectures delivered to serving engineers in TNPWD in construction of schemes like Irrigation Crisis-management, coastal protection and development of infra-structures etc

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