Preliminary Studies of Human Skeletal Remains Excavated from Dihar (2012 ‐ 13), District Bankura, West Bengal
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Preliminary Studies of Human Skeletal Remains Excavated from Dihar (2012 ‐ 13), District Bankura, West Bengal Veena Mushrif‐Tripathy1, Rupendra K. Chattopadyay2, Dipsikha Acharya2, Shubha Majumder2 and Bijan Mondal2 1. Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Deemed to be University, Pune – 411 006, Maharashtra, India (Email: [email protected]) 2. Department of Archaeology, Calcutta University, Alipur, Kolkata – 700 027, West Bengal, India (Email: [email protected]) Received: 17 August 2017; Revised: 14 September 2017; Accepted: 08 October 2017 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5 (2017): 606‐619 Abstract: Present paper deals with the preliminary findings of the study of human skeleton excavated at Dihar, (Lat. 23˚7΄10˝ N‐23° 08ʹ 10˝ N, and Long. 87˚21 ʹ E‐87˚ 22΄ E), in close proximity to the late medieval temple town of Vishnupur (the capital of the ancient Malla dynasty), in the north‐eastern part of the district of Bankura, West Bengal. The site was excavated by the Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta by second author. The human skeleton excavated in 2012‐13 from the trench C 1 was studied by the first author in November 2013. The site gives evidence from Pre‐metallic EVF (Early Village Farming) to late medieval period and the skeleton probably belonging to early historical period. Almost completely preserved individual is male and aged around 45 – 50 years. The observations include osteometry, Odontometry and pathological lesions. Keywords: Excavation, Dihar, Age Estimation, Stature Estimation, Sex Determination, Dental Attrition, Odontometry Introduction This paper presents the observations on human skeleton excavated at Dihar during the field season of 2012‐2013 under the guidance of second author, on behalf of the Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta. Dihar (Lat. 23˚7΄10˝ N‐23° 08ʹ 10˝ N, and Long. 87˚21 ʹ E‐87˚ 22΄ E), a well‐known temple village, lies in close proximity to the late medieval temple town of Vishnupur (the capital of the ancient Malla dynasty), in the north‐eastern part of the district of Bankura, West Bengal (Figure 1). It is an isolated, quiet hamlet on the left bank of the river Dwarakeswar. There are several mounds in this village and most of them along the Kana Nadi have been excavated. A few mounds near the ‘presumed palaeo‐channel’ are yet to be probed scientifically. The name Dihar may have been derived from the word dvi‐har implying two Sivas, Mushrif – Tripathy et al. 2017: 606‐619 i.e., the two Siva temples of Sandesvara and Sailesvara which have accorded Dihar, the temple‐village, the status of a major pilgrimage centre. Figure 1: Map Showing Location of the Site A low mound like Manasatala requires special attention while removing the surface layers as it has varied erosional character as well as humus formation. Thus, special care has been taken while removing the same. The cardinal point O was marked in the central part of the mound, and accordingly the trenches ZB1, A1, C1 and D2 were laid. The human skeleton was found in trench C1at the depth of 99 cm, after the removal of the associated habitational matrix between the depths of 75 and 99 cm (Figure 2). The skeleton facing north was found in a seated posture slightly inclining towards its back. The associated findings include BRW, black ware, red ware and charcoal. Unfortunately, the pit line could not be demarcated. From the depths ranging from 95 cm to 99 cm, different parts of the trench yielded three clusters of bone remains. Excavation at this trench was stopped after reaching the depth of 102 cm. Excavation at this trench was suspended after the recovery of a skeleton buried in association with cultural debris. The process of recovery of the skeletal remains was quite complicated as it was found in a disturbed situation. 607 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5: 2017 Figure 2: Skeleton in situ Based on occupational deposits, i.e., in situ occurrence of diagnostic artefacts/habitational assemblages, besides, disturbed remains/assemblages occurring at later periods, six chrono‐cultural Periods can be reconstructed at the Manasatala mound. Period I: BRW using EVF phases (Pre‐metallic). Period II: BRW using EVF phases (Metallic, associated with metal, both copper and iron). Period III: Early Historic Period (showing the continuity of BRW). Period IV: Post‐Gupta Period/Early Medieval Period (showing a minimal continuity of BRW). Period V: Medieval (Pre‐ Malla), disturbed sequence. Period VI: Late Medieval (Malla) disturbed sequence. The evidence at hand (from Manasatala) gives evidence of the beginning of farming, domestication of animals and plants, and, in the subsequent period, the use of metals, besides others, during the EVF phases. A portrayal of the mechanism by which a self‐ sufficient village farming culture may have developed and how this culture determined its character and history (of the entire chrono‐cultural sequence), has now been unfurled (though in a small scale). Material The human skeleton has excavated in 2012 ‐13 and the anthropological study was conducted in November 2013. The soil is very hard and compact with black in colour. Bones are embedded with lump of soil and it is very difficult to remove soil from bones. Bones have become fragile while cleaning they are breaking in to pieces. At the same time there is evidence of extensive root activity and they are penetrated through all the bones. The big mango tree near the vicinity of the burial has been reason behind it. It is appreciated that the excavation team to bring the skeletal material packed it neatly and brought it to the Archaeology Department, Kolkata for further analysis. Bones were cleaned using water and soft brushes. The skeleton was buried in semi sitting posture and slightly titled position. This way of burial is affected preservation of bones. Skull is damaged and compressed from left 608 Mushrif – Tripathy et al. 2017: 606‐619 side. The rib cage is preserved with some thoracic vertebrae. Pelvis is badly damaged. All the long bone shafts are properly preserved but both extremities for most of them are damaged and not available for observations. Preservation Record Skull Complete skull is preserved but highly damaged. Fevicol coat was applied to it to keep small fragments into place. There are around 20 small isolated pieces. Mandible is preserved but broken into 3 parts, including one small chin portion, one R side portion from canine to condyle attached with skull and other L side from canine to 2nd molar. Left side maxilla is completely damaged, central portion of maxilla is missing, one fragment consisting Pm1 and Pm2 is present (Figure 3). Figure 3: Skull, a. Before Cleaning; b. After Cleaning Dentition Maxilla: RC slightly broken crown, LC isolated, RLPm1 complete, RLPm2 complete (LPm1and Pm2 with small fragment), RLM1, (L isolated), RM2 and RM3. Mandible: RLI1, LI2 (isolated), RC (sample taken for ancient DNA), LC, RPm1 (isolated), LPm1, RLPm2, RLM1, RLM2, RM3. There is one extra mandibular RM3 not belonging to this individual (Figure 4). Thoracic Cage: Rib and some five thoracic vertebrae is present in lump of soil. It is difficult to remove bones form soil as they are very fragile. 609 ISSN 2347 – 5463 Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology 5: 2017 Figure 4: Mandible Fragment, a. Side View, b. Occusal View Upper Extremity Humerus: RL shaft portions preserved but both extremities lost, for L Humerus capitulum is present but damaged considerably. Radius: R complete shaft, both extremities lost, L ¾ shaft with severely damaged proximal side. Ulna: R almost complete shaft but both extremities missing, L severely damaged proximal extremity with ¾ shaft. Carpals: R navicular, lunte, triangular, lesser multangualr and capitates. Metacarpals: R 1st, 2nd and 3rd, L 3 partially preserved bones, including proximal side of 2nd metacarpal. Lower Extremity Pelvis: RL several small and medium sized fragments representing pelvic region including part of sciatic notch and pubic area. Femur: RL part of shaft and portion consisting head and neck, distal extremity missing. Tibia: RL shaft portion preserved but damaged severely, R side is better represented than L side. Fibula: RL badly damaged shaft portions, both extremities lost, R better preserved. Tarsals: R complete talus, part of calcanus, part of navicular and cuboid (?), 2 tarsals attached with metatarsal bones, L damaged small fragment of calcanus and talus, small piece of navicular and 2 unidentifiable bone fragments. Metatarsla: R all present but dmaged considerabley, other than 5th, 4 are in the clay lump sticking together, L severely damaged and part of 1st 4th (?), proximal part, 5th distal portion and one shaft portion unidentified. Phalanges: 4 broken parts. 610 Mushrif – Tripathy et al. 2017: 606‐619 Methodology On the basis of the bones available for studies, standard methodologies which are universally accepted are used for studying different aspects. Following are the references for standard used for analysis: Determination of age and sex: Brothwell (1981), Olivier (1969), Stewart (1979), Ubelaker and Buikstra (1994) and Louise Scheuer and Sue Black OBE (2004). Assessment of morphological features: Ubelakar and Buikstra (1994), Steckel and Rose (2002). Stature estimation: Trotter (1970) formulae for White populations. Odontometry: Moorrees (1957), Wolpoff (1971), Potter et al. (1981), Dahlberg (1963). Pathological observations and interpretation: Larsen (1997), Ortner and Putschar (2003), Roberts and Manchester (1995), and Lukacs (1989). Analysis Age Estimation All teeth of this individual show advance stages of wear. Even anterior teeth also have grade 5 or 6 wear. On the basis of dental ware and over all bone development, the individual was around 45 – 50 years old. Sex Determination Although most of the part of this individual is represented but they are either damaged or missing.