Appendix 1 ± Biographies of Key Personnel In this appendix are the short biographies of key figures involved in the command structure of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yuri Gagarin and the training of the cosmonauts. Also included are short biographies of the commanders of the various cosmonaut teams selected by RKK Energiya, The Institute of Medical Biological Problems, NPO Mashinostroyeniya, LII and the Buran Air Force contingent. Commanders of the Cosmonaut Training Centre named for Yuri Gagarin. Karpov, Yevgeniy Anatoliyevich (Major-General) was born on 19 February 1921 in Kiev. He attended the Kirov Military Medical Academy, graduating in 1942, and was later appointed to an air division which was flying bombers on long range missions to Germany. After the war, he was appointed to the Institute of Aviation Medicine, where he developed a range of tests and knowledge which would be used to screen and test the first group of cosmonauts. Karpov was appointed as the first commander of the Cosmonaut Training Centre on 24 February 1960 and in the press, was given the title of Chief Doctor (being a Colonel in the Medical Services). He served for three years as Director and was replaced because the centre had acquired a special significance, so the leadership felt that it should be headed by an Air Force general with a reputation and fame comparable to the cosmonauts. He returned to the Institute and was promoted to Major-General in 1966. In 1973, he was appointed as a supervisor in the Ministry of Civil Aviation State Scientific Research Institute and in 1978 he joined the Federation of Cosmonautics as one of its permanent staff. He retired and went to live in Kiev in the Ukraine, where he died on 25 May 1990. Odintsov, Mikhail Pyotrovich (Colonel-General) was born on 18 November 1921 in the Perm Region. He was one of the most outstanding fighter pilots of the Great Patriotic War (WWII) and was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, on 2 April 1944 and 27 June 1945. After the war, he attended the Lenin Military-Political Academy and the General Staff Academy and also held a number of senior positions in the Air Force. Odintsov was appointed commander of the Cosmonaut Training Centre for only a few months in 1963. He was probably a Major-General at the time. The reason for his departure has never been disclosed, although it is known that he did not get along with the cosmonauts and that people like Kamanin were not very enthusiastic about him. He continued to serve in the Air Force until his retirement. 330 Appendix 1 ± Biographies of Key Personnel Kuznetsov, Nikolay Fedorovich (Major-General) was born on 26 December 1916 in Pyotrograd (Leningrad). He trained at an Air Force school named for Kalinin, served as a fighter pilot in World War II and was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on 1 May 1943, having shot down thirty-seven German aircraft during the conflict. He held a number of command positions, including a period in Korea during the early 1950s, and attended the General Staff Academy in 1956. Kuznetsov was appointed to command the training centre on 2 November 1963, with Yuri Gagarin as his deputy. He remained in command until May 1972, when he went to work at NPO Energiya until he retired in 1987. He continued to live at Star City until his death on 5 March 2000, and is buried in a cemetery on the outskirts of Moscow. Beregovoy, Georgiy Timofeyevich (Lieutenant-General) was born on 15 April 1921 in the Poltava Raion of the Ukraine. He went to work in a steel plant before going to the Lugansk Air Force School, from which he graduated in 1941. He flew 185 combat missions against the Luftwaffe and was shot down three times. In April 1944, Beregovoy became a Hero of the Soviet Union and after the war, he became a test pilot, eventually flying sixty-three different types of aircraft and logging over 2,500 flying hours. He also undertook a correspondence course at the Red Banner Air Force Academy. In 1963, the heads of the manned space flight programmes decided that the team needed more experienced candidates, and Beregovoy joined the team on 17 January 1964. He underwent some initial training and in April 1965, was selected as the back-up commander of Voskhod 3. He joined the Soyuz training group and was assigned to fly the first Soyuz mission after the Soyuz 1 crash that killed Komarov in April 1967. He flew Soyuz 3 in October 1968, but was unsuccessful in his attempt to dock with the unmanned Soyuz 2. He retired from the team in April 1969, having been promoted to Major-General after his mission, and in June 1972, he was appointed Director of the training centre, remaining in charge until January 1987. In 1977 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General and after his retirement, he worked for the Academy of Sciences. Beregovoy died on 30 June 1995. He was a twice Hero of the Soviet Union and Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR. He is buried at the Novodeviche cemetery in Moscow. Shatalov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich (Lieutenant-General) was born on 8 December 1927 in Pyotropavlovsk, Kazakhstan. He attended the Kacha HAFP School, graduating in 1949, and stayed at the school as an instructor before attending the Red Banner Academy, from which he graduated in 1956. He had a number of assignments, rising to senior inspector pilot. He joined the cosmonaut team on 10 January 1963 and was a Capcom on the Voskhod missions, as well as one of the back-ups for Voskhod 3. He became a member of the original Soyuz training group and was a Capcom on Soyuz 1, then backed up Beregovoy on Soyuz 3. He commanded three early Soyuz flights in 1969 and 1971 including being the command cosmonaut on the 1969 group flight (Soyuz 6, 7 and 8). He left the cosmonaut team on 26 June 1971, was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and replaced Kamanin as Director General of Cosmonaut Training in the Soviet Air Force High Command. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1977 and became a member of the Supreme Soviet. In January 1987, he succeeded Beregovoy as Appendix 1 ± Biographies of Key Personnel 331 Commander of TsPK (and his former post was abolished), holding the post until his removal in September 1991. He is now retired, but still lives at Star City. Shatalov is a twice Hero of the Soviet Union and a Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR. Klimuk, Pyotr Ilyich (Colonel-General) was born in the Brest Raion of Byelorussia on 10 July 1942. He attended a pilot school and after graduating, flew MiG 15s. He became a cosmonaut on 28 October 1965 and was immediately assigned to the lunar training group. He also worked on the Kontakt Soyuz missions in 1970 and commanded the Soyuz 13 Orion mission in 1973. He flew a second mission in 1975 to the Salyut 4 space station, and a third on an Interkosmos mission in 1978 with a Polish cosmonaut. He retired in 1978 and was promoted to the rank of Major- General. He then became the TsPK political chief and graduated from the Lenin Military-Political Academy in 1983. In September 1991, he succeeded Shatalov as Director of the training centre, and was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1992 and Colonel-General in 1998. He retired as Director on 25 September 2003 and subsequently retired from the Air Force. Klimuk is a twice Hero of the Soviet Union and a Pilot Cosmonaut of the USSR. Tsibliyev, Vasiliy Vasiliyevich (Lieutenant-General) was born in the Kirov district of Russia on 20 February 1954. He graduated from the Kharkov HAFP School in 1975 and served as pilot in the Air Force, flying MiG 21s, before graduating from the Gagarin Air Force Academy in 1987. He joined the cosmonaut team on 26 March 1987 and qualified as a Soyuz TM commander. He served on a number of back-up crews before commanding two missions to the Mir station, Soyuz TM 17 and TM 25. He logged over 381 days in space. Tsibliyev left the cosmonaut team in 1997, and in 1998, he was appointed to work at the training centre. In 2000, he was made deputy director in charge of cosmonaut training and was promoted to the rank of Major-General. On 25 September 2003, he succeeded Klimuk as TsPK commander. He is a Hero of the Russian Federation and a Pilot Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation. In late 2004, he was made a Lieutenant-General in charge of Cosmonaut Training and Selection, based at the Ministry of Defence. Directors of Cosmonaut Training Kamanin, Nikolay Pyotrovich (Colonel-General) was born, according to official records, on 18 October 1908 (his actual birthday was on 18 October 1909). He was one of the first Heroes of the Soviet Union, which was awarded in 1934. In 1958, he was appointed to be the Deputy Chief of the Soviet Air Force responsible for manned space flight. The post was redesignated Director of Cosmonaut Training in 1960 and then renamed Aide for Space Matters of the Air Force C in C. He remained in this post until July 1971, when he was replaced by cosmonaut Shatalov. Kamanin died on 11 March 1982 and is buried at the Novodeviche Cemetery in Moscow. Goreglyad, Leonid Ivanovich (Major-General) was born on 13 April 1916 and served in the Air Force during the Second World War.