Las Ideas Revolucionarias De Karl Marx Alex Callinicos Introducción

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Las Ideas Revolucionarias De Karl Marx Alex Callinicos Introducción Las ideas revolucionarias de Karl Marx Alex Callinicos Introducción Mi objetivo con el presente libro ha sido llenar un vacío en la literatura sobre Marx, ofreciendo una introducción moderna y accesible a su vida y pensamiento. Quien escribe comparte las ideas básicas de Marx sobre la historia, la sociedad y la revolución. Estoy agradecido a varias personas por su ayuda y estímulo: Peter Clark y Tony Cliff, quienes tuvieron inicialmente la idea del libro; Tony Cliff por sus acuciosas críticas al manuscrito; Peter Goodwin y Peter Marseden, quienes también hicieron críticas valiosas además de hacer el texto más legible. Aunque en general el punto de vista de este libro es el del Socialist Workers Party, los errores que el mismo pueda contener son exclusivamente míos. Quisiera dedicar este libro a Joanna Seddon, a quien debo, entre otras cosas, el conocimiento que he adquirido sobre los socialistas utópicos. Introducción de 1995 Este libro apareció por primera vez en 1983, cien años después de la muerte de Marx. El clima político era muy diferente al actual. Ronald Reagan había sido electo presidente de Estados Unidos. Margaret Thatcher estaba todavía en su primer período como primera ministro de Gran Bretaña. La ofensiva de la derecha que estos mandatarios encabezaban en favor del libre mercado, sólo comenzaba a hacerse sentir en la clase trabajadora. En Gran Bretaña el Partido Laborista estaba dividido luego de su desastroso gobierno de 1974-79. El surgimiento del Partido Socialdemócrata empujaba a los laboristas hacia la derecha, mientras se desintegraba el ala izquierda de estos, liderada por Tony Benn. La gran huelga de los mineros de 1984-85 todavía estaba en el futuro. Su derrota haría inevitable el triunfo de la derecha en el seno del Partido Laborista. En el plano internacional, el mundo estaba todavía sumido en lo que a veces se llamaba la segunda Guerra Fría, es decir, el periodo de tensión renovada entre los bloques de superpotencias, que había empezado a fines de los años 70. Los planes de la OTAN de instalar una nueva generación de misiles nucleares en Europa occidental (que se instrumentaron finalmente en el otoño de 1983) provocaron una revigorización masiva del movimiento pacifista. Luego de la brutal represión contra las grandes movilizaciones de los trabajadores polacos, impulsadas por Solidarnosc en diciembre de 1981, los regímenes estalinistas de Europa oriental parecían tan osificados y seguros en el poder como siempre. En Rusia, Mijail Gorbachov apenas empezaba su estrellato en el Buró Político. Hoy el mundo es muy distinto. Lo es por lo que se ha llamado la “doble revolución” de 1989-91, es decir, las revoluciones de 1989 que terminaron con los regímenes estalinistas de Europa oriental, y la caída del Partido Comunista de la Unión Soviética, que dio inicio a la desintegración de la URSS en 1991. Esta impresionante transformación terminó con la división de Europa entre bloques de superpotencias y, al mismo tiempo, con la Guerra Fría entre dichos bloques. Tan importantes como los cambios geopolíticos han sido las consecuencias ideológicas del proceso de 1989-91. Se utilizó el colapso de los regímenes comunistas para intentar refutar definitivamente las ideas de Marx. Aprovechando la caída del estalinismo, la derecha en favor del libre mercado proclamó el triunfo final del capitalismo. En efecto, Francis Fukuyama, entonces funcionario del Departamento de Estado durante el gobierno de George Bush (padre), anunció “el fin de la historia”. El capitalismo liberal, alegaba Fukuyama, había derrotado definitivamente al marxismo y, con éste, a cualquier otro desafío a su dominio. Todo lo que la humanidad debía esperar del futuro era la continuidad del capitalismo un siglo tras otro. Era natural que la derecha explotara a su conveniencia los sucesos de 1989-91. Lo sorprendente fue que muchos en la izquierda se adhirieran a la línea de Fukuyama, al menos en parte. Como la derecha, estos activistas de izquierda igualaban al socialismo con los regímenes estalinistas. La caída de lo que había sido hasta entonces el “socialismo realmente existente” era interpretada como una derrota de toda la izquierda a escala mundial. De aquí resultó el ánimo pesimista en que se sumieron muchos socialistas. En su libro Age of Extremes (1994) el historiador Eric Hobsbawm resume este estado de ánimo. Sobriamente, describe un mundo dominado por un capitalismo internacional cada vez más dinámico y por formas diversas de reacción política: fundamentalismo religioso, etc. Sobre el marxismo dice que “claramente, si Marx sigue vivo hoy como un gran pensador, lo cual difícilmente puede ser puesto en duda, ello no necesariamente es así para ninguna de las versiones del marxismo formuladas desde la década de 1890, en sus formas originales, como doctrinas de acción e inspiración política de movimientos socialistas”. Como tradición política e intelectual, el marxismo fue puesto a la defensiva. Su versión académica, ya debilitada por el aislamiento en las universidades desde los años 80, profundizó más aún su declive. En esa década cobró auge el postmodernismo, el cual declaró la muerte de todas las grandes verdades y en particular de las “grandes narrativas” –sobre todo el marxismo– que buscan dar cohesión a la historia humana en un solo proceso de desarrollo. Con la izquierda académica en estampida, los postmodernistas se proclamaron a sí mismos los verdaderos radicales, aún cuando se negaban a todo esfuerzo para cambiar el mundo a través de la acción política. Los sucesos de 1989-91 fortalecieron a los sectores de la izquierda que sostienen que no hay alternativa real al capitalismo de mercado. El Partido Laborista inglés se movió decisivamente en esta dirección. Para los laboristas el socialismo se reduce a lo que el disidente polaco Adam Michnik ha llamado “el mercado con rostro humano”. Y, en efecto, tal es el mensaje del Partido Laborista desde que Tony Blair asumió su dirección en julio de 1994. El éxito de Blair en eliminar la cláusula 4 del programa del partido, que se comprometía con la socialización de los medios de producción, subrayó el hecho de que el Nuevo Laborismo está lejos de buscar cambios significativos en la estructura capitalista británica. Lo curioso de todo esto es que este entusiasmo con el mercado aparece en un momento en que el capitalismo está bastante maltrecho. Tras una ola de euforia especulativa durante la era Reagan-Thatcher en los años 80, la economía mundial ha entrado en una recesión seria a partir de principios de los 90. Es el tercer gran estancamiento desde los inicios de los años 70. Para mediados de los 90, las economías que primero entraron en la recesión (en particular Estados Unidos y Gran Bretaña) estaban recuperándose de forma inestable e irregular. Pero Japón, la economía más exitosa de las naciones dominantes durante la posguerra, se hundió en un estancamiento que fue agravándose. Hoy es más claro que la derecha en favor del libre mercado, con su llamado a regresar a un capitalismo desregulado, difícilmente puede ofrecer soluciones a la crisis. Gran Bretaña, que entre las economías dominantes llevó más lejos esta política derechista, se halla estancada en un proceso de declive relativo que lleva ya un siglo. A su vez, un efecto de la nueva derecha en el poder ha sido una transferencia masiva de riquezas e ingresos de los pobres a los ricos, así como en general un abismo mayor de desigualdad socioeconómica. La polarización social resultante, provocó estallidos como la revuelta contra la poll tax que obligó a Thatcher a salir del gobierno británico, y la revuelta de Los Angeles de 1992. Es muy difícil concebir que la nueva generación de políticos de derecha –representados por Newt Gingrich en Estados Unidos, y Michael Portillo y John Redwood en Gran Bretaña– produzca algo que no sea más de lo mismo. La evolución de la sociedad contemporánea sugiere que sigue siendo muy válida la línea central del pensamiento marxista, es decir su crítica del capitalismo como un sistema profundamente enraizado en la explotación y crónicamente propenso a las crisis. Se plantea así la cuestión de si la teoría económica marxista puede sobrevivir, a pesar de que la tradición política de la cual ha sido parte haya sido refutada por los grandes hechos históricos. Pero ¿ha sido refutada? La respuesta a esta pregunta podrá encontrarse, creo, en las páginas de este libro. El lector descubrirá un Marx contrario al símbolo de despotismo, digno de desprecio, que hoy está ya difunto. Verá al Marx verdadero, para quien el socialismo es la liberación de la clase trabajadora por ella misma; no algo que se impone sobre la población, sino que la misma gente pueden lograr por ella y para ella, por medio de su propia lucha y organización. Hay que distinguir, pues, entre la tradición realmente marxista –que a veces se le llama marxismo clásico– y sus distorsiones diversas. La idea política que informa dicha tradición es la del “socialismo desde abajo” (para usar la frase del socialista norteamericano Hal Draper), un socialismo que es inherentemente democrático porque es hecho por las masas trabajadoras mismas. El marxismo clásico fue iniciado, como digo en el primer capítulo, por Marx y su gran amigo y colaborador Federico Engels, y fue continuado por generaciones posteriores de socialistas revolucionarios, sobre todo por Vladimir Lenin, León Trotsky y Rosa Luxemburgo. Contrapuestas a esta tradición están las tergiversaciones del marxismo, con sus variantes de reforma gradual (la socialdemocracia occidental), religión de Estado de las sociedades estalinistas (“marxismo-leninismo” oficial) y una forma académica desligada de la práctica política (el “marxismo occidental”). Debería ser obvia, en particular, la distancia entre las ideas expuestas en este libro y el “socialismo realmente existente” de la Unión Soviética y otros países. Este es uno de los temas que principalmente abordo en el capítulo 8.
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