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Stony Brook University SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Narrativas de la Excepción: Novela Criminal Latinoamericana Contemporánea (Narratives of Exception: Contemporary Latin American Criminal Novel) A Dissertation Presented by Óscar Montoya to The Graduate School in Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University December 2008 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Óscar Montoya We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Román De la Campa Dissertation Advisor Edwin B. and Leonore R. Williams Professor of Romance Languages & Chair of Department of Romance Languages, University of Pennsylvania Adrián Pérez-Melgosa Dissertation co-director Assistant Professor, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literature Kathleen M. Vernon Chairperson of Defense Associate Professor, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literature Gabriela Polit-Dueñas Assistant Professor, Department of Hispanic Languages and Literature Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel Professor of Romance Languages, University of Pennsylvania This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School Lawrence Martin Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Narrativas de la Excepción: Novela Criminal Latinoamericana Contemporánea (Narratives of Exception: Contemporary Latin American Criminal Novel) by Óscar Montoya Doctor of Philosophy In Hispanic Languages and Literature Stony Brook University 2008 This dissertation deals with the field of new Latin American narrative. It focuses on a group of novels written since 1990: Rosario Tijeras (1999), Angosta (2003) and La virgen de los sicarios (1994) by the Colombian novelists Jorge Franco, Héctor Abad- Faciolince and Fernando Vallejo respectively; Máscaras (1997) and La neblina del ayer (2005) by the Cuban writer Leonardo Padura-Fuentes; and 2666 (2004) by the Chilean author Roberto Bolaño. To a greater or lesser extent, all of them can be regarded as criminal fictions, for crime is a central element in the stories they narrate. Those by Padura-Fuentes directly employ the detective novel genre. Franco, Abad-Faciolince, and Vallejo never use it explicitly, choosing to explore, instead, the collective dimension of the violence suffered in Colombia. Bolaño, on the other hand, takes up not only the detective genre, but also other models of crime literature, in order to re-read Latin American literary tradition and to offer a diagnosis on the world’s current catastrophic condition. These novels share a realist appearance, as well as an emphasis on plot more than on formal or linguistic exploration. However, a careful reading reveals that they are indeed highly metanarrative –though not as the result of a playful exercise in artistic self- consciousness. This metaliterary orientation emerges from a void. All of these texts are built on the same question: can literature give an account of contemporary reality? All of them depict it as an alien and hostile territory, from which every previous interpretative historic referent has vanished, and every great narrative discourse has faded. All of them reflect on present time as defined by a permanent state of exception –initially understood as a suspension of law, and later as its disappearance–, which has transformed both the juridical-political tradition and the literary models of narrating reality. iii Tabla de contenido Prefacio…………………………………………………………………..............vi Agradecimientos……………………………………………………………...xxviii I. Colombia: narrativas de la excepción permanente…………………………………………....1 1. Introducción…………………………………………………….......................1 2. Estado de excepción permanente y violencia en Colombia……………....…...8 3. Narrativas del estado de excepción……………………………………....…..16 4. La nuevas formas de la excepción y sus relatos………...…………………...21 5. Tres novelas sobre el estado de excepción contemporáneo……...…………..30 5.1 Rosario Tijeras : la novela como eco de la voz social……………………………….……..31 5.2 Angosta : estado de excepción y distopía……………………………………….…..38 5.3 La virgen de los sicarios : “Dejad, los que aquí entráis, toda esperanza”…………………………....52 6. Conclusión…………………………………………………………………...71 II. Leonardo Padura Fuentes: el desmonte del dispositivo “novela policial socialista”………………..………..73 1. Introducción………………………………………………………………….73 2. La invención de un género: la literatura policial revolucionaria…………….75 2.1 El proceso de institucionalización y el dispositivo “ficción policial socialista”……………………………………………………………….. 76 3. Las máscaras sexuales y estéticas de la revolución………………………...102 4. El detective sale al mercado……………………………………………...…119 iv 5. El efecto Buena Vista Social Club ……………………………………….....128 6. El fantasma en el archivo………………………………………………….. 137 7. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………..141 III. 2666 de Roberto Bolaño: la enciclopedia invertida de la novela criminal…………………….…………...144 1. Introducción………………………………………………………………...144 2. Críticos y detectives en el desierto mexicano……………………………....147 3. Escritores, testigos, asesinos……………………………………………..…161 4. La gran obra y las narrativas del crimen……………………………………177 4.1 La gran obra y la violencia contra el canon…………………………….178 5. La gran obra y las genealogías del crimen y el horror…………………..….186 6. Conclusión……………………………………………………………….....196 Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………………….210 v Prefacio Esta tesis se ubica en el campo de la nueva narrativa latinoamericana. Se concentra en un conjunto de novelas escritas a partir de 1990: Angosta (2003) del colombiano Héctor Abad Faciolince; La virgen de los sicarios (1994) del también colombiano Fernando Vallejo; Máscaras (1997) y La neblina del ayer (2005) del cubano Leonardo Padura Fuentes; y 2666 del chileno Roberto Bolaño. Todas ellas pueden ser consideradas, en mayor o menor grado, ficciones criminales, en tanto el crimen es un elemento central en sus historias. Algunas –las de Padura Fuentes– recurren directamente al género policial o detectivesco; otras, las de los escritores colombianos, no hacen mención explícita a éste y se enfocan en la dimensión colectiva de la violencia que sufre su país; la última, 2666 , retoma tanto lo policial como otra serie de modelos de literatura criminal, para aventurar una relectura de la tradición literaria latinoamericana y ofrecer un diagnóstico del estado del mundo. Tienen en común que todas aparentan pertenecer a un canon realista y ser obras estructuradas en torno a sus tramas, más que en la exploración de la forma o el lenguaje; pero una lectura atenta nos revela que son, en lo fundamental, novelas con una alta carga metanarrativa y construidas sobre la pregunta por las posibilidades de la literatura para narrar el tiempo presente. La orientación metaliteraria de estas novelas es de corte negativo: se entregan a esta indagación no tanto como un ejercicio lúdico con el lector, sino como resultado de un vacío. En todas ellas se parte de una imagen de la realidad contemporánea como un territorio hostil, ajeno, del cual se han desvanecido tanto los referentes históricos que lo interpretaban como los grandes relatos que lo narraban. En cierto modo, son narrativas que asumen que el tiempo presente se rige por un estado de excepción –entendido inicialmente como una suspensión de la ley; pero luego, de forma más radical, como una desaparición de la misma– que se ha transformado en regla permanente, y con esto ha puesto en suspenso no sólo la tradición jurídica y política sino también los modos literarios de dar cuenta de lo real. 1 Esta somera descripción de nuestro trabajo exige precisar qué entendemos por nueva literatura, códigos de representación centrados en la trama, literatura detectivesca y criminal, y estado de excepción. El propósito de esta introducción es definir este universo conceptual. En la literatura latinoamericana –y resta decir, no sólo en ella–, 1990 es un año lleno de significado: una fecha límite, el punto de fractura entre el siglo XX y el XXI . O al menos eso consideran algunos de los estudiosos de ese impreciso territorio denominado “nueva literatura latinoamericana”. Josefina Ludmer afirma, por ejemplo, que “para pensar las formas de la imaginación pública del presente necesitamos un aparato diferente del que usábamos antes de 1990” (“Territorios del presente en la isla urbana” 1). El crítico Carlos Cortés señala este año no tanto como el comienzo de algo, sino como un momento en que el paradigma literario construido a partir del boom entra en crisis: “El boom creó ‘la’ literatura latinoamericana en el mundo, en singular. Pero borró ‘las’ literaturas latinoamericanas, en plural, y fijó una tradición canónica de cómo debe leerse, entenderse e interpretarse lo latinoamericano. Entre 1960 y 1990 esta narrativa marcó un paradigma que sigue parcialmente vigente” (“La literatura latinoamericana (ya) no existe” 38). Lo mismo puede afirmarse de la posición de Diana Palaversich, quien plantea que es a partir de este año que comienza a darse en América Latina una serie de 1 La relación del discurso legal como fundamento de la tradición literaria latinoamericana es una de las tesis del trabajo de Roberto González Echevarría, como puede verse en Mito y archivo. Una teoría de la
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