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volume xxxiv number two winter 1968 1969 1968 BOOK AWARDS WHITE OVER BLACK POETIC CLOSURE GREAT WATERS

The presentation of Phi Beta Kappa's an of social and religious restraints, by ava reader's appreciation of the entire work. "Closure," she "announces and jus nual book awards took place at the Senate rice and by the example of Hispanic says, absence of further dinner on Friday evening, December sixth. practices, led to ready acceptance of tifies the development; The three $1000 prizes were awarded for slavery. Jordan traces the uneasy justifi it reinforces the feeling of finality, com books published in 1967-1968. cations which developed as slavery became pletion and composure which we value in institutionalized, as well as the growth and all works of art; and it gives ultimate the 1968 Ralph Emerson Winning Waldo ex decline of anti-slavery sentiment and ac unity and coherence to the reader's Award was White Over Black: American tivity during and after the Revolutionary perience of the poem by providing a point Attitudes Towards the Negro 1550-1812 War. His section on Jefferson is par from which all the preceding elements by Winthrop D. Jordan. It was published ticularly illuminating for its psychologi may be viewed comprehensively and their by the University of North Carolina Press cally oriented analysis of Jefferson's relations grasped as part of a significant for the Institute of American His design." Early influential ideas on this issue his hatred and Culture at Williamsburg, Vir tory for the institution and his ambivalence the be ginia. The Christian Gauss Award in In discussing interrelationship toward Negroes as individuals. tween structure and in a literary criticism was given to Barbara meaning poem, Herrnstein Smith for Poetic Closure: A As one member of the award committee Mrs. Smith deals with many different Though the was be types of poems from the familiar and Study of How Poems End, published by study gun years before the current civil rights traditional to the most novel open-ended the University of Chicago Press. The "concrete" it is quite indispensable for a and or arranged Science Award was presented to Sir Alis- agitation, spatially full appreciation of the realities and well- poems. She also compares with the ter Hardy for Great Waters, published by poetry springs and the dilemmas of the contem other arts such as music and painting. Harper and Row. Mrs. Smith and Mr.

struggle." One of the judges "No one who Jordan attended the dinner and accepted porary noted, reads Mrs. Smith's book will ever again their awards in person. Sir Alister was Mr. Jordan is now associate professor of read a poem without some thought as to represented by his editor who read a state at the of California at history University ends." how scientist-author had prepared. it ment the Berkeley. Prior to coming to Berkeley, he taught at Brown and the University of Mrs. Smith is a member of the literature White Over Black probes the crucial, Michigan and was a fellow from 1961 to faculty of . She has formative years of the American expe 1963 at the Institute of Early American also taught at where rience and discusses those attitudes which History and Culture at Williamsburg, she received her undergraduate and grad set Negroes apart and led to their enslave Virginia. uate degrees. ment. Mr. Jordan demonstrates that even in Tudor England Negroes were con In Poetic Closure, Barbara Herrnstein In Great Waters, British scientist Sir Alis sidered radically different because of their Smith deals not only with how a poem ter Hardy writes the first non-technical color, religion and life-style. In the New ends, but with how the end of a poem account of one of the pioneer oceano- reinforced a lack reveals and affects and World, these views, by its total design the (continued on back cover)

Winthrop D. Jordan Barbara Herrnstein Smith Sir Alister Hardy www.pbk.org LIKE IT IS: The University Today

by HUSTON SMITH

One last time, then let the slogan die. Strictly speaking, of to break through the backward pull of the outgrown good. it's is," course, impossible to "tell it like it for the world is no Myths repeatedly depict young heroes challenging old, oppres one it is way, many ways to many people. But insofar as the sive orders represented by monsters, tyrants, fathers, and (in phrase calls for candor it has a point which overuse hasn't the case of matriarchies) mothers. quite exhausted. So I shall try to heed it while turning it in To understand the we need etiologies more part on the student generation itself. What is the university specific, university gap" less perennial, than "generation or "generational con like to a journeyman one too old to wear pend today teacher, flict." Let me suggest seven. There are others, but these bear ants or sport a yet enough to delight in the beard, young 'feel.' on the university's new Nehru jacket his daughter made him for Christmas? directly

1. Today's students are older, not in age but in maturity. Man" I In "Early Maturation in (Scientific American, January 1968), J. M. Tanner summarizes evidence that adds up to I am not alone, or even in the minority. I suspect, in sensing the fact that though students continue to enter college at the a quality of surrealism creeping over the ivy-coated campus same chronological age, they are roughly two years more I used to know. For twenty years I felt obtuse in the face of mature physiologically and emotionally are the aspects that questions from parents and reporters as to whether that year's concern Dr. Tanner, but given recent improvements in educa students were different. Considering the changes that were tion we can add intellectually as well. If today's students seem roiling society, it seemed they should be, but I really couldn't more bright, bearded and bosomy, it is because they are. One see it. Well that, at least, has changed. To see differences today way to bring the system back into phase would be to admit requires no anthropological elbow. I go to a faculty meeting students two years earlier; high schools are already often and find the hall preempted students inclusion. by demanding them over-prepared. The other alternative is to "teaching" delivering I find myself a course on which Responsibility change the university's system of organization and discipline. students both initiated and run. For six weeks I couldn't even Having been designed for adolescents, this system is now locate one of its sections and had fantasies of its students appropriate for high schools and needs to be superseded by a hiding out on Bunker Hill plotting for academic credit new system befitting adults. If college students are intransigent the university's demise. When I can locate the class I am free in refusing to accept certain compulsions their predecessors to participate, but my only duty will be to endorse for the accepted without question, it is because, having in goodly registrar's benefit at semester's close the grades the students numbers become have passed a threshold of "Pass-fail" adults, they dig lay on my desk. If, that is, there are to be grades. nity across which they will not and should not retreat. having been instituted two years ago, it is no longer progres 2. Today's students are not more mature: are sive. The petition from the current class is that the rating scale only they "pass-pass." more experienced. travelled be advanced to To me this looks like a student Having more and been bombarded from television and are more version of failsafe, but then I'm over thirty. Even the junior infancy by radio, cinema, they experienced but in addition are more experi faculty seem different. How is it that so many look like Che generally, they enced in two specific respects worth mentioning. Guevera: boots, black jackets, black beards, well-built? And do so often walk in pairs as stride toward me why they they One of these is sex. How much more experienced they are in the down long, narrow halls? evening here is a moot point, but the answer seems to be: considerably, both directly and vicariously through magazines, books, and II theater. To enter the world of sex is to be initiated into the

major that separates youth from manhood. It intro Wbat accounts for the changes that have come over the cam mystery duces a different sense of self, a sense of being in full measure pus, rendering it alien to those like myself who for years have gap" a man or a woman. Note, by the way, that here as in the called it home? The "generation is too simple an explana preceding point, dislocation arises not from widening of the tion if true at all. Since that phrase became a cliche I have generation but its reduction. The are thrown feel more gap by times taken to asking parents of collegiates whether they out of joint because university structures have not changed removed from their children than they did from their own to take sufficient account of the fact that students are now parents at a comparable age. Without exception they have felt more like their teachers. closer. This may reveal no more than that parents feel closer children to but at least it doesn't to their children than parents, The other respect in which student experience has been en increasing. support the notion that distance is larged is through psychedelics. Both LSD and marihuana can

much a constant. provide escapes from but it is a fact too hot for our The generation gap is real, but it's pretty reality, to handle at present with aplomb that can also As is generational conflict, and why not the elders own society they power. change is a occasion insights. Dr. Warren T. Hill, Director of the Coun everything and wield all the Moreover, Center at the of points out that law of life. Without it, perceptions grow imperceptible and selling University Pittsburgh,

whereas alcohol "facilitates the subversion . . . bodies ossify. Bodies politic are no different; they too need of controlling,

to be flexed and renewed, and conflict is often the only way organizing, planning, judging, interpreting ... by clouding up an individual's perceptions making them less discriminating

to pot . . . leads to a Huston Smith is professor of philosophy at the Massachusetts by reducing complexity simplicity state of consciousness in which one's perceptions Institute of Technology. He was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting become differentiated" Scholar in 1967-68. clearer or more (Soundings, Fall 1968). This

THE KEY REPORTER www.pbk.org schizo is not the full story, of course, but it is a part of it. Drugs 6. Black power is the force causing the greatest these words are solve nothing even hippies and the underground press now phrenia on the campus at the moment which President Morris Abram concede this. They can, however, magnify, mythify, at times being written on a weekend in Brandeis Uni clarify, and above all multiply the ways in which a problem suspended Black students who have occupied while at San or situation is viewed. No one knows how many students take versity's communications building for five days, down!" psychedelics, but no one doubts that the proportion is higher Francisco State shouts of "Strike! Strike! Shut it con than among their elders. This leads them to feel that in some tinue over the demands of the Black Student Union and the sense that is not totally trivial they have a wider angle of Third World Liberation Front. Other issues divide campuses, vision than their elders. It also encourages them to relativize this one splits individuals, right down the center. On the one

elders' their life-style, perceiving it as one among a number hand Black demands for autonomy seem reasonable; they par of options the pot-takers feel they have virtually seen, not allel the Zionist claim that the Jews could not be fully them just imagined. selves until they had a place Israel that was fully theirs. But if completely autonomous Black colleges or departments 3. More mature and experienced, students now constitute are established within universities, what will safeguard them a larger segment of our population. For two years already, from becoming northern equivalents of southern Negro col half of all Americans have been twenty-five or under. Twenty- leges with second-rate standards? Will they entrench, perhaps five is about the average age of graduate but twenty- students, even deepen, America's racial cleavage; and if so, is this some one, which or under which half our population will be next by thing higher education should be party to? year, is the age of a typical undergraduate senior. If this 7. Finally, Vietnam; last fall witnessed sanctuaries from younger half of our population consisted entirely of children, the draft at Boston University, M. I. T., and its proportional increase would be irrelevant here, but it in Harvard, Brandeis, to instance only my own community. If I cite Viet cludes, as we have seen, a sizeable and growing number of nam last it is not because it is least important but because adults. It is not surprising to find them wanting an increasing it is foundational, pivotal in a way to the entire university voice to match their growing proportion. scene. This most doubted war in our history eats away and 4. The novelties noted thus far have been in students them festers; it pollutes everything. Students interrupt careers, risk selves: they are more mature, more experienced, and more lives, sacrifice lives, forego prospects of marriage and family representative of our population. But their behavior reflects (26,000 fewer husbands for today's coeds already) for what? changes not only in themselves but in our times. Foremost In the eyes of myriads of students, for evil, to use our massive here is man's new capacity to solve his problems if he wants might to try to dictate to our self-interest the outcome of a to. Ten years ago it came clearly to view that for the first civil war half way round the world. This is not the place to time in human history enough metabolic and mechanical en assess the grounds or validity of their perception. I simply ergy is available to provide high standards of living for every note the impossibility of understanding today's university with one in North America almost immediately and everyone in the out taking into account the moral outrage it houses at what world within forty years, even considering the population we are doing. To half the students at our more prestigious explosion. Students know this. They also know that several universities, the Washington administration has failed to make million Americans go to bed hungry each night and one-sixth its case for our nation's action. To these students it is Noam live, by sociological definition, in poverty. Viewed globally the Chomsky who is telling the truth, not Walt Rostow. situation is even worse. Nations that have achieved capitalistic take-off compound their affluence while those that have yet Ill to make the grade remain mired on dead center. The gulf Up to this point I have sought reasons that might explain the between have and have-not nations widens relentlessly. different feel that has crept over the campus in the last few

years. I want now to reflect on how students are in We expect youth to be idealistic, but never has its idealism behaving the midst of these new circumstances. had such grounds for impatience, for never has the gulf between possible and actual been so great. So what previously Let me lead into this question by way of an incident reported social order has come to full- passed for inability to improve the in the American press by Ralph McGill. It concerns a look like unwillingness, an unwillingness anchored, in last scale strike which a certain Professor Paratore precipitated at in the establishment's determination to hold onto privi resort, Rome University last spring by his Latin examination. lege and power. So we go to the moon because this pumps The issue wasn't that the examination was too difficult that public money into the industrial complex and scrap our pov would have been a complaint fully intelligible in terms of the erty program which doesn't; this, at least, is how many stu old order. The issue was more subtle and contemporary. dents see it. Whether the fault lies with individuals or institu tions seems secondary; one or the other badly needs changing. For a year Rome University like many others had been plagued by a band of student radicals. They carried placards 5. Vis-a-vis other institutions, higher education has become extolling Chairman Mao and Che Guevara. The Thoughts of more important. A larger proportion of our population is Chairman Mao in characteristic red binding was never far involved in it a new college now opens on average each from them, and in countless other ways they proclaimed them week more important is industrial society's but increasing selves as devoted to the Chinese leader. industry' aging dependence upon it. The products of our 'knowledge Observing all of this. Professor Paratore concluded that these have passed from gratifying personal possessions to public Maoist students might feel more at home with their Latin necessities, central to the economic and political life of our translation exam if the thoughts were those of their idol. So nation. While America was rural, pressure for chanee focused he translated several paragraphs from the little red book into on the farm, in populist and agrarian movements. When action Latin and asked his students to convert them back into Italian shifted to industrialization, such pressure moved to the fac for him. Here is a sample: tories, to unions and the labor movement generally. The ferment on today's campus is in part a simple reflection of All questions can only be resolved by methods of of the growing importance of the university in our national life. discussion, criticism, of persuasion, and of educa If it is too much to claim that the campus is now where the tion. They cannot be resolved by coercive or repres

action is, it is a simple fact that it is more here than it ever sive methods . . . Only idiots . . . promote systems was before. and discover ideas without thorough study. Youth,

WINTER, 1968-69 www.pbk.org with constructive goals but, caught in the mystique of con frontation politics, they are enamored of the absolute state ment, the broad claim, the all-or-nothing judgment: anything touched by wrong is completely wrong. Flexibility and com promise are not among their virtues. Representation not having achieved enough, they hold to the romantic fancy that total participation will achieve more even if the total numbers ten or twenty thousand. Across differences, they in sist, there can be no rational dialogue: Blacks can talk only to Blacks, those under thirty to those under thirty.

These are serious defects, but the list of student virtues is at least as long. Studies have shown student activists to be, on the whole, (a) at the better universities, (b) among the better students at these universities, (c) guided by self-accepted moral principles instead of conventional ones or none at all, and (d) in rebellion not against their parents or authority in general but against specific social failings. University of Chicago sociologist M. Brewster Smith summarizes the evi dence as follows: "Student protest is a manifestation of strong moral concern on the part of intelligent and sensitive young

people." To which some words of Kenneth Clark, trustee of Antioch are worth adding: "Oh. For Goodness Sake. Ignore Them College, They're Not Even Rioting Yel In the 1950's every college professor and the Amer ican Association of University Professors should considering himself intelligent and capable, looks at have been embarrassed to discover that not his elders with scorn, while the elders, proud of their they themselves but a small group of students first raised rich experience in life, can look at youth with scorn. the question of the morality of racial segregation in The students were the examination incensed. They denounced public places in college communities.

"long-winded" provocative." as and "deliberately It was then Every college professor in the 1960's should have that Professor Paratore informed them that the thoughts and been ashamed to know that a minority of students words had been those of their beloved Chairman Mao. That institutions' questioned the of academic en attitude," propriety did it! Enraged by the professor's "scornful five- gaging in secret military and espionage research. hundred students quit classes and launched a full-scale strike. Every college professor should have been humiliated I glean from this the importance of humor in the face story to know that it was a small and determined group of current Today's students are so happenings. doing many of students who raised the fundamental question of things in so styles that it is foolish to expect to under many a positive role and responsibility of an academic stand their full much less appraise it accurately. On display, institution in its immediate community (Antioch the lower rungs of usefulness stand the apostles of YIP Notes, November 1968). leader Abbie Hoffman's Revolution for the Hell of It. One step above are students who feel some responsibility for the IV university but, clearer about what they are against than what How should we faculty, and administrators, and trustees re are for, seem often to abreact. Above them are students they spond to the new currents on the campus and new student styles? Lists of ameliorative reforms only finesse the issue. For the basic issue in higher education today Michael Novak says there is no other has become: on which side do the universities stand, the side of revolution or reform- within-the-system? Do we believe that our capitalistic democ racy can secure freedom and justice for all, or must there be a serious rearrangement in the bases of power, wealth, and prestige?

If reform will do the job we should try to keep the university substantially as it is, doing so either baldly, by quashing the activists, or diplomatically by diverting their energies into meliorative reforms put them on committees. If revolution is indicated, we must work with them in ways that, being unprecedented, are less clear and are certain to require all the wisdom we can summon.

Whatever our decision, we should not mistake the issue. It is not educationally procedural, it is socially substantive. Our students are forcing us to face the fundamental issue of how we can get the America we want. For this we can endure many trials, saying to ourselves as an Englishman said to his countrymen soon after 1776: -SVIL ! I'm T.ileranL bill I S,ilil ihe See When M> Profeasor* Stiirleil I sin mother of the "" Strong lion line, Thai J-Leller Worrt -<>-R-k Be proud of these strong sons of thine m,lnbat.d b, ,ht feel's iJlBitt SYNDICATE Who wrenched their rights from thee.

1782" chapter William and Mary. Tennyson, "England and Cartoonist Hugh Haynie is a member ot the at America,

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Harper & Row. $5.95. are concerned with the development of a American subjects: James, Mark Twain, Elliott's first collection the Dangs Among rational science "capable of realistic Pound, Eliot, and the special quality of policy, was excellent, and this new volume is up American literature. and thoroughgoing application to the multi to expectations. crafted stories. science" Solidly farious activities of in this new Poetic Closure: A Study of How Poems a Form Limits of the Novel: Evolutions of age of planning. Chicago. End. Barbara Herrnstein Smith. from Chaucer to Robbe-Grillet. David I. In the second book, the Dean of Harvard's $9.75. Grossvogel. Cornell. $7.95. Division of and Applied Physics given to Engineering Curiously little attention has been The thesis of this book is that primitive presents a self-edited collection of several questions do with the structure of having to readers sophisticated readers appre "memoranda" believe, prepared for various U.S. Smith makes a sub literary works, but Mrs. ciate. The first response supposes commit Government committees, commissions, and the matter exam stantial beginning on by ment, the latter detachment. The novelist, bureaus, as well as papers prepared for the problem of poetic ining systematically refusing to accept detachment, attempts to university seminars and academic confer closure. Because her work is necessarily enforce a response beyond appreciation, to ences. They deal for the most part with eclectic, the reader sometimes has a feeling make his fiction the reader's truth. Mr. practical aspects of policy making with re of deja vu; on the other hand she marks Grossvogel's readings and analyses are gard to the support of scientific research, off brilliantly the boundaries of her great knowledgeable and wide-ranging. the allocation of national resources to spe right directions subject and points us in the Karl Shapiro. Random Selected Poems. cific technology areas, and the relations be convincing arguments and apt illustra by House. $7.95. tween the government and the universities. tions. long-established editor, and teacher A poet, In the third, the Director of the Oak Ridge Antiquity. The Idea of Progress in Classical twenty-five recent poems and more collects National Laboratory has re-shaped numer Edelstein. Johns Hopkins. $8. than two hundred older ones selected from Ludwig ous speeches and journal articles into "a This important strongly challenges the seven earlier volumes. There are changes in essays" study loosely coherent collection of dealing assumptions the but reason and wit are distinguishing Science." usual concerning modernity style, with much more than "Big There of the Idea of Progress. Its the late characteristics throughout. author, are observations worthy of careful consid attempts to show Schorer. historian and philosopher, The World We Imagine. Mark eration on the potentialities of scientific tech the ancients formulated most of the Giroux. $6.95. that Farrar, Straus & nology, the problems of scientific communi thoughts and sentiments that we associate Nineteen essays on the English and Ameri cation, "the coming age of biomedical with the idea. Left incomplete at the death science," can novel. Probably the best known and as well as on the choices and in of the work goes only through the Edelstein, most interesting is the much admired "Tech stitutions of the scientific enterprise today period. Discovery." 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As the Greek tragedy. most numerous cohabitor of the earth; says, this book is no Under the Volcano, sprinkled with bits of verse and saucy high reputa but in view of the deservedly KIRTLEY F. MATHER sketches, it should be useful for every teacher tion of that once almost underground suc of in high school or Public Knowledge: An Essay Concerning entomology college, cess, any work Lowry so ambitious and many of whom will want to assign it as by the Social Dimension of Science. John M. so coherent deserves attention. matter for their students. relatively Ziman. Cambridge. $3.95, p. $1.95. reading connections with Under The story has many "essay," In this piquant, lucidly written one Evolution and Environment. Edited by the Volcano; the movement is, however, into of Britain's most competent theoretical Ellen T. Drake. Yale. $15. an atmosphere of hope. physicists ponders sagely such important Sixteen important papers by specialists from The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. 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WINTER, 1968-69 www.pbk.org analysis are Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a The Promise of Space. Arthur C. Clarke. autobiography and scholarly includes po Cause. Edited by P. S. Martin and H. E. Harper & Row. $8.95. employed; the subject matter Jr. Yale. $12.50. litical organizational dynamics, cam Wright, Abundantly illustrated and lucidly written, history, paign and substantive policy. War this up-to-date as book al strategy One of the great unsolved problems of con is as closely any ren Moscow's account of the 1940 campaign in print can be. It not reports temporary science pertains to the apparently ready only contains new but it provides a use man's achievements in space travel and ex nothing sudden extinction of large numbers of mam ful for more recent developments ploration the last two decades but backdrop malian species at or near the end of "The during Age" in the Republican party. 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Edited Ithiel de Sola Of interest to those concerned with the Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, by Pool. McGraw-Hill. $7.50. evolution of landscapes, or geomorphology, including much information about the nat this is the first English language edition of ural resources and educational and recrea The discipline of political science has un an important treatise on the subject indicated tional facilities of the region. dergone massive change since World War by its title, presenting the refreshing and II. It is doubtful if a quarter century has stimulating views of a distinguished French produced comparable metamorphosis in any CHAMBERLAIN geomorphologist. LAWRENCE H. other field of learning. In this small volume nine of the most influential exponents of The Faces of Power. Seyom Brown. Co The Nature Physics. Robert Bruce Lind the new political science assess the results of lumbia. $8.95. say. Brown. $7.50. to date. 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What of human experiences reveals understanding which any administration, Democrat or Re ever one's political leanings he can the essential may be, both the fine scholarship and publican, must consider and evaluate in read Mr. Evans with profit. His projection, humaneness of the author. translating national security objectives into grounded on discerning correlation of demo policy decisions. graphic and electoral data, is more than the The Story of Jodrell Bank. Sir Bernard nostalgic yearning of a frustrated conserva Lovell. Harper & Row. $5.95. The Anatomy of Diplomacy: The Origin tive. Indeed, the results of the 1968 elections and Execution of American Foreign Policy. The dramatic of the building of on added truly story Ellis Briggs. McKay. $5.95. take meaning in the light of this the world's largest radio-telescope, frankly analysis. After thirty-seven years in the American and lucidly told by its builder, now inter diplomatic corps Mr. Briggs has some pretty nationally known, is a saga of accomplish Anatomy of the Law. Lon L. Fuller. definite opinions. His a personal, ment in spite of all kinds of adversity and book, Praeger. $4.50. critical, pungent is a useful com personal account of the years of document, a early A professor of law discusses his subject mat plement to Brown. radio-astronomy. ter in language that the layman can under

Roosevelt and Willkie. Warren Moscow. stand provided he does not permit his Soviet Space Exploration: The First Decade. Prentice-Hall. $6.95. mind to wander. His reward for concentra Shelton. Washington Square. $6.95. William tion will be an and ac Come to the Party. Hugh Scott. Prentice- engrossing revealing count of how and A journalistic account of Russian achieve Hall. $5.95. why our legal system objectives in space flight since functions: its special attributes, its strengths, ments and Republican Politics. Edited by Bernard the of the first Sputnik in October, its limitations. launching Cosman and Robert J. Huckshorn. Praeger. considerable information 1957; it includes $6.95. reader not previously available to the general Also Recommended: Republican Papers. Edited by Melvin R. in the United States and emphasizes the angle" Laird. Praeger. $7.95. The Origins American Politics. Bernard "human interest throughout. Provoca of provide a multi-dimen Bailyn. Knopf. $4.95. tive inferences are drawn concerning per These four books some sional picture of the political The sonal motivations and public policies, contemporary Warren Court. Archibald Cox. Har scene. The instrumentalities of vard. $4.95. of which are highly debatable. journalism,

THE KEY REPORTER www.pbk.org LOUIS C. HUNTER account of the programs and agencies set Concepts up under the New Deal to some meas Reformation to Industrial Revolution. The bring Changing ure of relief to the rural poor, that least Making of Modern English Society. Vol. 1 : Human Nature visible segment of all the poor within our of 1530-1780. Christopher Hill. Pantheon. society. The Farm Administration $6.95. Security special winter issue of truly represented an historic attempt "to ex and Empire. The Industry Making of Mod ploit the the and the promise, power, pos the merican Scholar ern English Society. Vol. II: 1750 to the A sibilities of politics in securing salvation from Present Day. E. J. Hobsbawn. Pantheon. the human suffering, social injustice and FREEwithatrial

$6.95. poverty." economic waste of chronic The subscription We have here no conventional history re story is here told, the lesson possibly in viewing the pomp and pride of a nation's some part learned. past but a examination into the searching The Struggle for Social Security is broader character and deep-seated causes of social in its scope, narrower in focus. It is pri change. Telescoped for our convenience into marily a study of attitudes and ideas and two modest volumes (242 and 319 pages, their crucial role as a force strongly to resist English through more respectively), history and eventually to compel adjustment to the than four centuries viewed is as a succes basic processes of change. The emphasis is sion of economic and social revolutions, upon the philosophy of liberalism and stimulated and accelerated by technological laissez-faire and upon the reluctance of its immense and innovation, having frequently beneficiaries, the comfortable if often dis human one dislocating consequences for comfited middle classes, to admit changes region, one class or another and at times to deeply entrenched attitudes and interests. engulfing the entire nation. Comprehensive Economic Failure, Alienation, and Extrem yet concise, these volumes seek to explain ism summarizes in its title the result of an and to interpret the vicissitudes of the human inquiry into the fate of several thousands condition, largely within the framework of of older workers, the bottom of whose world the changing structure of social classes, on dropped out the day in 1956 the plant of one small island of a people long shaping the Packard Motor Company in Detroit This special issue features articles both their own world and that of their far closed down. The authors explore methodi on currently influential thinkers flung trading and political adventures. More cally the social and psychological conse provocative thinkers who advocate recently both worlds and their relationships quences for the less fortunate among the a return to instinct and feeling, have altered, almost beyond recognition, discharged in one of the more striking among rebel against the repressive and ab and England finds itself as not so much the scores of plant shut-downs and mass stract. controlling as subject to the forces which layoffs occurring annually. They underscore Winter issue features her people had once done so much place to. some of the consequences of personal eco Minde" in motion. "The Makes the nomic failure in a society committed to Body Fourier : Prophet of Eupsychia social mobility for all. Charles Pioneers and Profits: Land Speculation on The Apocalypse of Norman O.Brown the Iowa Frontier. Robert P. Swierenga. EARL W. COUNT On Levi-Strauss and Existentialism Iowa State. $7.50. Heads and Seekers: Drugs on Anthropological Theory: A Of the influences which moulded Americans The Rise of Counter-Cultures and Culture. Marvin Campus, the as indeed the pre History of Theories of during nineteenth, American Harris. Crowell. $16.50. Society centuries, none was closer to the ceding On Frantz Fanon heart, hopes and calculations of settler, A masterfully informed treatise, always farmer and capitalist investor alike than the powerful, often abrasive; frankly intending Take advantage of this opportunity

reassert" land. Here was the source not only of "to (in the face of its present ne to receive a free copy of this special abundant crops, a hard-earned livelihood glect by anthropologists) "the methodological issue when you enter an introductory and pride of ownership for an agricultural priority of the search for the laws of history subscription to The American Scholar.

man." people but for those who looked sharply in the science of It spans two cen You'll continue to receive, each quar land ownership was a seat on the gravy train turies of Euroamerican sociocultural thought; ter, perceptive, informative articles on to success by way of the unearned increment its mordants fall principally upon the topics ranging from science to paint of rising land values. Pioneers and Profits English-speaking sector, most particularly on ing, from literature to politics. will conduct the general reader no less than the American. It will not always please; Plus reviews of important new books, the specialist through a cultivated it will not be ignored. diligently certainly poems, regular columns by Anthony and controversial field. Burgess and Brock Brower. The Japanese Imperial Institution in the Tokugawa Period. Herschel Webb. Co Just send the coupon below with your Poverty and Politics. The Rise and Decline lumbia. $8.50. instructions now and "Changing Con of the Farm Security Administration. Sid Nature" cepts of Human will be sent ney Baldwin. North Carolina. $10. A uniquely complex sociocultural feature to you immediately. treated from source-materials and The Struggle for Social Security: 1900-1935. primary with clean and sure economy. This perdur Roy Lubove. Harvard. $6.95. able religio-mythic symbol rode out the 250 THE AMERICAN SCHOLAR KR Economic and Extrem Failure, Alienation, 18 1 1 St.,N.W. years of a final shogunate and reassumed, Q .Washington, D.C. 20009 ism. Michael Aiken, Louis A. Ferman and a century ago, its pristine political capacity. Please send me Changing Concepts of Harold L. Sheppard. Michigan. $7.50. A sequel about this post-Tokugawa period Human Nature and enter my sub In their different ways, these studies explore is promised. scription for the term checked. the problems of economic insecurity in our ? Vi year $2.50 ? 2 years $9.00 country, economy and time: all are con Local-level Politics: Social and Cultural ? 1 year $5.00 ? 3 years $11.00 cerned with the adverse consequences of Perspectives. Edited by Marc I. Swartz. ? Payment enclosed ? Bill me economic and technological change and with Aldine. $9.75.

"Politics" the means for their prevention or relief. under a re-cast definition. It en Name compasses all the ways and means whereby Poverty and Politics is an illuminating communities get public things done, whether "structures" study of an unsuccessful effort to effect nec within formalized or something essary social change by political means much wider: social codes and values; pres through administrative agencies. It gives a tige; power-definitions and power-seats; fac concerned but reasonably dispassionate tions. A symposium by eighteen veteran stu-

WINTER, 1968-69 www.pbk.org dents of at least as many local but wide- too, almost, their lineages. For a latterday, 1968 BOOK AWARDS flung cultures, on the social metabolism of insertive white California declared them an page public life. intolerable liability . . . These faces from (continued from 1) your gaze back at you. Your heritage family voyages as well as a chronicle of Dialectic in Praetieal Religion. Edited by graphic manque. . . . You will lay down this album E. R. Leach. Papers in Social travel and adventure in tropical and polar Anthropology, beside the other, and so restore somehow no. 5. Cambridge. $7.50. waters. Although the expedition took a balance. place over years Sir Let not the title deflect you. Religious sys forty ago, Alister Also Recommended tems from their bookish repositories, and succeeds in recapturing the youthful zest how people effect them, are two different Urartian Art and Artifacts: A Chrono and spirit of adventure of the trip. He logical Study. Azarpay. California. things. Here, village Buddhism in Ceylon Guitty not only explains the great body of scien $7.50. and northern Thai, ritualisms in a south tific knowledge acquired then with primi African and a New Guinean community, One Hundred Years Anthropology. of tive equipment, but also brings the mate are discussed by seven symposiants, English Edited by I. O. Brew. Harvard. $5.95. rial up-to-date by reviewing advances and South-Asian, within the structural The Discovery and Conquest of Peru. made the years. Add frames of Le'vi-Straus Durkheim of during intervening and Agustin de Zarate. Books I-IV. Translated Max Weber. ing to the reader's understanding of the by J. M. Cohen. Penguin, p. $1.45. setting and the scientific data are water A History of Egyptian Archaeology. Fred Kinship and Social Organization. Edited by color paintings, line drawings, and photo Gladstone Bratton. Crowell. $6.95. Paul Bohannan and John Middleton. Ameri graphs Sir Alister which depict the can Museum Sourcebooks in Anthropology. by Since the Rosetta Stone was con found, the and the plant and ani Natural History. p. ship, scenery, templation of the cultural deed that was Doubleday $4.95, $1.95. mal specimens. Egypt has grown to knowledge, under the In the statement which was read for him hard, sensitive hands of a goodly company FREDERICK B. ARTZ of intellectual adventurers. One of those at the dinner. Sir Alister wrote: "It is who has shared tells of the world-view so to me that you The 12th Century Renaisance. Edited by particularly gratifying as its people lived it. should seen on recovered, C. W. Hollister. Wiley, p. $1.95. have in my books Antarc tic the spirit that I Excellent introduction to one of great oceanography have Apples of Immortality: Folktales of Ar the always tried to uphold: that art menia. Leon Surmelian. California. $7.95. chapters of the history of ideas. science, and literature are parts of a 'single enter Scholarly, varied, and exquisite selected The Mirror of Language. M. L. Colish. prise' and should not be divided from by the author from his contributions of Yale. $10. Armenian folktales to the UNESCO Col one another. I do not believe in C. P. A fundamental study of the use of symbolic lection of Representative Works from the Snow's Two Cultures if by these cul language in Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Literatures of the USSR. tures he means the worlds of science and and Dante. the arts. If by science he really means Almost Ancestors: The First Californians. The Medieval Town. Fritz Rorig. Cali there be in Theodora Kroeber and Robert F. Heizer. technology may something fornia. $6.95. Sierra Club, San Francisco. $15. what he says; science however is not Now widely regarded as the standard work it is a vision of possible dis Look at these a technology hundred faces from hundred on this subject. an an endeavor driven years. Necessarily contrived poses for covery, adventure, ancient cameras recorded ponderously, obey Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile. forward by enthusiasm. . .

owners' ing their limited sight. Bring out Gerhard Ritter. California. $7.50. Knighted for his creative research and your Steichen's The world- A classic treatment now available in English. Family of Man: teaching in 1957, Sir Alister was, until ranging, the mo momentaneity uncontrived, recently, head of the department of zool tile human mood-spectrum caught off-guard. Disraeli. Robert Blake. Doubleday-Anchor. ogy at Oxford University. His other For Almost Ancestors, such photic powers did p. $3.95. books include The Open Sea, Memoirs of not yet exist. But look. Patient and strongly Now the and best life, considered "one of Biological and The quiet Oceanography Living people, out of no wide world; reining time." the great political biographies of our which their moods for the unaccountable camera Stream in he outlined his theories on evolution in animal man's sake; their deep dignity given time to The History of Germany Since 1789. Golo the kingdom. The speak through, unwittingly, via an old me Mann. Praeger. $10. Living Stream has just been awarded the chanical eye. They are gone now; and so A useful survey of modern German history. 1968 Lecomte du Nouy medal.

THE KEY REPORTER Second class postage paid PHI BETA KAPPA at Washington, D. C. 1811 Q Street, N.W. the reporter Washington, D. C. 20009

Return Requested volume xxxiv number two winter 1968 1969

Editor: Evelyn Greenberg Consulting Editor: Carl Billman

Editorial Committee: Irving Dilliard, William F. Hahnert, Robert H. Irrmann, Raymer McQuis- lon, Mary F. Williams.

Published quarterly (Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer) by the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa at the Garamond/Pridemark Press, Ballimore. Maryland. Editorial and executive offices, 1811 Q St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20009. No responsibility is assumed for views expressed in articles published.

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