128 | 1947 2017 1971 following partition. comprising EastandWestPakistan, Pakistan becomesanindependentnation, 1947 to boostcounterterrorismefforts. Government launchesNationalActionPlan 2015 Movement ofUzbekistan(IMU)kills37. airportattackbyTTPandIslamic 2014 Christians. than 80inoneofthedeadliestattackson Church bombinginPeshawarkillsmore 2013 (Prevention andProtection)Act. Parliament passestheDomesticViolence 2013 PPP winsgeneralelections. 2008 between SunniandShiamilitants. New waveofsectarianviolencebegins 2007 forms amilitarygovernment. General PervezMusharraftakespowerand 1999 people die. months; aquartermillionto3 Bangladesh LiberationWarlastsforeight Pakistan armyattacksEastPakistan.The office. family’s assetsdisqualifieshimfrom holding Sharif, rulingthathisfailuretodisclose his Supreme CourtoustsPrimeMinister Nawaz 2017 in violenceagainstwomen. Police statisticsreport34percentincrease 2015 agreement issigned. China-Pakistan EconomicCorridor 2015

Eighteenth Amendmenttotheconstitution 2010 assassinated. chair ofthePakistanPeople’sParty(PPP),is Benazir Bhutto,formerprimeminister,and 2007 remains ongoing. Fifth insurgencyeruptsinBalochistan.It 2004 between SunnisandShias. Islamization policies,raisingtensions from ZulfiqarAliBhuttoandimplements Muhammad Zia-ul-Haqseizespower 1977 first offive. Insurgency breaksoutinBalochistan,the 1948 anti-rape laws. Parliament passesanti-honor-killing and 2016 president. killing oftheBalochistanBarAssociation 93, mostlylawyersgatheredtomournthe Suicide bombingatQuettahospitalkills 2015 operations. government stepsupcounterterrorism killsalmost150,mostlychildren; TTP attackonanarmypublicschoolin 2014 leading tointernalpowerstruggles. leaders arekilledbyU.S.dronestrikes, Many keyTehreek-e-TalibanPakistan(TTP) 2013 wins generalelections. ’sPakistanMuslimLeague 2013 paves thewayforlocalelections.

* Rankingsarebasedonthelast15yearsandrelativetootherAsiancountries. Pakistan groups, asseeninQuetta andKhuzdar,thanfromBalochnationalistinsurgents. provincefacesalarger threatfromterroristandmilitant in Balochistanindicatethat the and 45 percent of deaths from terrorism. was the region most affected by terrorist attacks, accounting for 34 percent of all attacks country. the of parts many to region border the from spreading down on terrorist and militant groups in the tribal areas, however, terrorist activities are attributable to military-led operations throughout the country. Due to the heavy crack largely is fatalities and incidents violent in decrease The reported. incident violent of ties fell by 46 percent in the same period. 2016, from 2015to and fatali 32 percent by fell incidents violent of number overall The terrorist groups and armed insurgents, ethnopolitical tensions, and sectarian cleavages. operations against terrorist attacks, andelections,security to politics violence related of various forms by people 1,887 killed that incidents violent 749 In 2016, Pakistan saw country. the in groups militant and terrorist of web intricate the and tensions political to sectarianandethno due and complex remains volatile landscape Pakistan’s security At a glance a At Overview High Separatism andautonomy High Transnational terrorism High National politicalconflict Absent National civilwar 1 Terrorist attacks were themostcommon form 3 Changingdynamicsofunrest andinsecurity Urban crimeandviolence High Local resource conflict Low withpotentialtorise Local politicalandelectoralconflict High Communal/ideological conflict Medium 2 In2016, Balochistan - - -

129 | Pakistan 130 | Pakistan government and army, which were dominated by political elites from West Pakistan. In response the country. The Bengali population in East Pakistan had been underrepresented in the central majority intheNationalAssemblyanddemandedseparationofEastPakistanfromrest civilians, students,intellectuals,andarmedpersonnelaftertheBengali-ledAwamiLeaguewona and rallies, election candidates, and polling stations. Of the 148 attacks, 108 were perpetrated were 108 attacks, 148 the Of stations. polling and candidates, election rallies, and reported across Pakistan in that four-and-a-half-month period, targeting political leaders, offices, of 148terrorist attackswere by KPandBalochistan.Atotal violence,followed of political dents province of Sindh—primarily Karachi—was the most affected by both terrorist attacks and inci year. that of 15 May and 1 January between injuries 885 and deaths 298 to led elections backing frompoliticalparties. with acts violent in involved also were mafia, land local by supported some city, the in groups the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), a liberal, secular political party. A number of criminal Karachi werebetweentheSunniTehreek (ST), aSunniIslam religious politicalorganization, and in Karachi throughout 2008, resulting in 143 deaths and 333 injuries. 2008. 11, February on Agency ziristan ANP activistsinNorthWa Charsadda, KP,onFebruary9,2008, ten and anotherattackkilled Pashtun nationalistAwamiNationalParty (ANP)in rally forthe at apolitical many as31people rallies in the weeks preceding the 2008 general elections. For example, a killed as and political politicians leftist several attacksinKPandFATAtargeting were PPP, there of the minister andchair former prime Benazir Bhutto,the 2007 assassinationof December ing the Pakistan MuslimLeague(PML),ledbyNawazSharif,wonthelargestnumberofvotes. the when 2013, May in held was election democratic another and term, five-year its completed the left-oriented Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) won the general elections. The PPP government military governmentthattookin 1999, power democratic governancereturnedin2008 when authoritarian, military government since its independence in 1947. Following the Musharraf-led weak civilian governments. The country has had alternating periods of electoral democracy and political violence in the country. Tribal Areas(FATA), Administered are majordriversof Federally Pakhtunkhwa (KP),andthe of theeight-monthwar. researchershaveestimatedbetween300,000and500,000deathsasaresult other independent died, that269,000people in2002–2003estimates datacollected Surveys World Health authorities claim that as many as 3 million people died, but the total may be significantly lower. Bangladeshi civilians. Bengali against atrocities and genocide systematic committed militias, against the Pakistani army. During the war, the Pakistan army, together with religious extremist forming the independent, Bangladesh declared officers army and politicians Bengali operation, military Pakistani the to Pakistan Terrorist Terrorist attacks and violent clashes among differentpolitical parties during the 2013 general Follow elections. general 2013 and 2008 the of ahead unrest political of waves were There social, and economic exclusion of other provinces, particularly Balochistan, Khyber Balochistan,Khyber particularly provinces, ofother exclusion social, andeconomic political, the and Punjab of dominance The clashes. frequent involves parties ical among polit violence inwhichcompetition Pakistan has alonghistoryofpolitical National politicalconflict Bengali a military operationagainst Pakistani armylaunched the that yearwhen of ended in 1971 when East Pakistan became Bangladesh. The war broke out in March There hasbeennocivilwarinPakistansincetheBangladeshLiberationWar,which National civilwar 5 Mukti Bahini 6 ThePakistani military intervenesoften politics, in overthrowing 7 Political violence continued to negatively affect security affect negatively to continued violence Political (Liberation in Army), guerrilla warfare which engaged 8 Most political clashes in Mostpoliticalclashes National level 4 whereas whereas 9 The - - - -

him fromholdingoffice. disqualified and assets family’s his disclose to failed had he that ruled court The Sharif. Nawaz including leaders, political many for transactions offshore facilitated had that Panama in firm ed a panel to investigate his assets after the publication of the “Panama Papers”, files from a law Taliban inDecember,2014,PTIdecidedtocancelthe protesttorestorenationalunity. casualties. of hundreds and deaths three least at in resulting PTI’s protestsinIslamabadpromptedviolentclashes betweenprotestersandsecurityforces, The Sharif. Nawaz Minister Prime of resignation the demanding and elections 2013 the during public rallies,marches, fraud and sit-insacrossthecountry,accusingPML held of electoral preceding theMay2013elections,incidentswerealso reportedinotherprovinces. weeks the Karachi; however,during in insecurity of feature a prominent been long has violence Ulema-e-Islam-Fazl (JUI-F), Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), and the People’s Aman Committee. Political PPP, MQM, the the ST, the the PML, the MohajirQaumi Movement-Haqqiqi (MQM-H), Jamiat ANP, the including parties political and workersof leaders largely people, 97 of lives taking the injuries. 142 and deaths 128 in resulting parties, political different of workers and supporters between the country. During the same period in 2013 there were 97 reported incidents of political clashes such asthePPP,ANP,andMQM,whoformedlastgovernment. parties, secularist violence, targeting through outcomes political manipulate go to would groups militant which to lengths the demonstrated elections 2013 The Karachi. in attacked primarily 78. The ANP and the PPP were targeted in almost every region of Pakistan, while the MQM was injured and 14 killed which attacks, 40 for responsible were insurgents nationalist Baloch 665. injuring and people 156 killing affiliates, local its and (TTP) Pakistan Tehreek-e-Taliban the by In July 2017, the Supreme Court ousted Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. The court had appoint 2014, Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI), party, the to December an opposition From August Beyond terroristattacks,riotsandprotestsbetweenpoliticalpartiesarealsocommonacross 10 Seventy-three of these incidents took place in Sindh—70ofthemKarachialone— took place incidents of these Seventy-three 11 Following a deadly attack by the attack by a deadly Following -

131 | Pakistan 132 | Pakistan percent oftheterrorist attacks in 2016 were carried outbythePakistani Taliban, mainly the Karachi, ,andQuetta,tocarryoutlarge-scaleattacks. as Pakistan’s urbanareas,such moving into are regions tribal the of out pushed been have who killed 163 people and wounded 221. 355. another injuring and people 189 killing attacks before. day the dent many of themlawyersgatheringtomourn the killingofBalochistanBar Association presi injuries. Balochistan accounted for 34 percent ofall attacks in 2016, resulting in 412 deaths and 702 FATA. and KP by followed years, few last the in violence terrorist by affected most region the and Crime (UNODC), the program will first be piloted in KP, then expanded across the country. country. the in efforts counterterrorism of expertise capacityandtechnical the aimingtoenhance inApril2017, (PACT)program Terrorism National CounterTerrorismAuthority(NACTA), whichlaunchedthePakistanActiontoCounter which killed 136 schoolchildren and nine teachers. 2014, in December School Army Public Taliban onthe the an attackby January 2015, following operationsbylaunchingtheNationalActionPlanin counterterrorism government strengthened Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, which left 37 people dead, including 10 militants. to thejointterroristattackbyTTP and theIslamic Movement ofUzbekistan (IMU)onthe operations, such as Zarb-e-Azb in FATA. Zarb-e-Azb was implemented in June 2014 in response The recentreductioninterroristincidentscanbeattributed tomilitary-ledcounterterrorism has been declining, however, with the exception of 2013, which saw a jump in sectarian attacks. resulting in 16,526 deaths ( in 16,526 deaths resulting There are over 40 terrorist organizations operating in and from Pakistan. from and in operating organizations terrorist 40 over are There is Balochistan Afghanistan. bordering areas in common most is terrorism Transnational 16 This included the August 8 hospital suicide bombing in Quetta, which killed 93 people, ThisincludedtheAugust8hospitalsuicidebombinginQuetta, whichkilled93people, 1000 1500 2000 2500 000 500 Transnational terrorism terrorism. Global Terrorism Index, it is among the world’s top five countries most affected by 2016 the to According attacks. terrorist of number high a experiences Pakistan 500 0 Figure 1. Number ofkilled 2009 17 KP was also significantly affected by terrorism in 2016, with 127 reported 127 2016,with in terrorism by affected significantly also was KP 12 Thecountryhadover12,000 2009 and 2016, terrorist attacksbetween Terrorist attacks andrelated fatalitiesinPakistan(2009–2016) figure 1 figure 2010 ). The number of terrorist attacks and consequent fatalities consequent and attacks terrorist of number The ). 19 Number ofattacks 2011 Patterns of terrorist activity in 2016 suggest that militants that in 2016 terrorist activitysuggest of Patterns Source: 15 Supported by the United Nations Office on Drugs on Office Nations United the by Supported 2012 PIPS 14 The government also started to strengthen the The government also started tostrengthen the 18 22 201 Meanwhile, FATA had 99 attacks,which FATA had Meanwhile, 20 2014 2015 2016 21 Morethan60 13 The - erations inFATA,whilePakistan accusesIndiaofsupportingtheBalochinsurgent movement. op in ongoing as Jamaat-ud-Dawa(formerlyLashkar-e-Tayyaba), targeted such have not been Afghanistan. and India in objectives strategic its promote to are perceived which groups, jihadi and “good” forces, and security government the target which groups, jihadi “bad” between distinguishes military still the that out (ICG) pointed Crisis Group region complicates the country’s approach to different terrorist organizations. The International as al-Qaeda and IMU has also been largely eradicated. However, the geopolitical situation in such the groups transnational of presence The TTP. the particularly groups, militant of capability military-led counterterrorism operations against terrorist groups have significantly reduced the 2014, Since reorganizations. internal and splits, struggles, power of period a experienced have porters. sup and affiliates (IS) State Islamic including objectives, similar with groups other and TTP, 23 Since the key TTP leaders were killed by U.S. drone strikes in 2013, terrorist groups terrorist 2013, in strikes drone U.S. by killed were leaders TTP key the Since BALOCHISTAN Quetta Karachi Peshawar FATA PAKHTUNKHWA KHYBER 24 Islamabad For example, anti-India outfits, anti-India example, For Lahore - -

133 | Pakistan 134 | Pakistan meeting more than 40 percent of Pakistan’s energy needs throughitsgasandcoalreserves needs ofPakistan’senergy than40percent more meeting lochistan is the largest but least populous Balochistan. province of in Pakistan. 2015 and 2004 between attacks insurgent by killed were people 1,000 ongoing. still is 2004, in began which insurgency, fifth The army. attacks bytheTTPandother militantgroups. terrorist sectarian-related by exacerbated further is province the in Insecurity continued. has fighting and through, fallen have negotiations but conflict, the resolve to attempts some made established along the Balochistan border in Afghanistan and Iran. conflict by providing Baloch militants with training and financial support through its 26 consulates the in perpetuating involved been has India that claim officials Pakistani complexity. conflict’s the to added have interventions foreign Alleged government. federal the against Baloch the by and resistance resentment to further province, haveled in the forces Pakistani security of ence not theprovincialgovernment. government, federal by the collected be and airportswill from ports generated revenue because CPEC, through activities economic from benefit directly not may Balochistan that suspected is country. the of parts other with areas hard-to-reach connect and Balochistan of development the to contribute to aims CPEC 2016. November in begun partially had Xinjiang, Pakistan. with China, which agreedtoinvestUSD46 billion in a series ofenergyandtransportprojectsin the MiddleEast. a small fishing village into a major transportation hub for Afghanistan, China, Central Asia, and of theGwadarport,whichaimstotransform them fromthedevelopment government excluded and exploitation of the province’s economic resources reached new heights when the central control central over anger Baloch that notes ICG The little. benefit Baloch of majority the but ulation. Balochistan’s natural gas fields are a major revenueearner for thefederalgovernment, natural gasinBalochistananditsfailuretodistributeafairshareoftherevenue tothelocalpop government, thePakistanimilitary,andprovincialadministrationofBalochistan. central the dominate Punjabis as government, in represented significantly not are Balochs The further. Balochs the alienating force, by them suppressed government central the autonomy, between the federal government and multiethnic Balochistan. Each time the Balochs demanded of tension a source and nationalidentity.Thisbecame federation of the conception a top-down of centralcontroloveritsprovincesandimposing model, insistingonahighlevel itarized state oppression. After Pakistan became independent in 1947, it adopted a highly centralized and mil government andmilitary,economic in the Baloch representation autonomy, lackof lack of education. and indicators forhealth social rate, andlowest poverty economic growth,highest of rate lowest country’s the has It Pakistan. of provinces four the of developed economically least the is production. gas total country’s the of percent 36 for accounting and The politicalandeconomicmarginalization with theincreasedpres of theBaloch, coupled agreement (CPEC) Corridor Economic China-Pakistan the signed Pakistan 2015, In April of extraction government’s federal the is conflict current the of drivers primary the of One including inequities, and grievances of number a by driven is Balochistan in conflict The 32 Trade through thecorridor, whichconnects Gwadar port withChina’s largest province, 30 1962–63, and 1973–77. These insurgencies were suppressed by the Pakistani the by suppressed were insurgencies These 1973–77. and 1962–63, in1948,1958–59, government, federal againstthe fourinsurgencies viously led pre nationalists Baloch conflict. separatist of history a from suffers Balochistan Separatism andautonomy 31 34 27 It is rich innaturalresources, Itis 35 The Pakistani parliament has The Pakistani parliament has 25 It is estimated that nearly that estimated Itis Subnational level 29 However, Balochistan 33 However,it 26 Ba 28 - - - - -

percent), scheduledcastes(0.2andotherreligions(0.07percent). with much smaller minorities of Christians (1.6 percent), Hindus (1.6 percent), Ahmadiyyas (0.2 percent, and others 6.2 percent. 3.6 Baloch percent, 7.6 Muhajir percent, 8.4 Sariaki percent, 14.1 Sindhi percent, 15.4 Pashtun linguistic distribution of the population, at least among the largest groups: Punjabi 44.7 percent, differentethnic, linguistic, and sectariangroups. Ethnic composition roughly correspondsto the 2015, in million 190 over of population estimated an to Home extremists. 20 percent) is prevalent in the country. SunniIslam) andIran (Twelver Shiaescalation Islam) the igniteof sectarian helped has violence (Wahhabi Arabia Saudi between war proxy sectarian The Zakat. as known system, tax Islamic terpretation of Islamic jurisprudence. Shia leaders also strongly opposed Zia’s imposition of the their ownin Shia communitytofollow toademandfromthe leading Court wereestablished, Sharia law was incorporated into Pakistani law. A Sharia court and a Sharia bench of Sunni-based the denominations. Supreme two the between rift a causing Islam, of interpretation Sunni the favored policies Islamization His 1977. in Bhutto Ali Zulfiqar from power seized dictator, itary the Shah Noorani shrine in Khuzdar took 54 lives, most attacks in Karachi were targeted killings. in 2016 were in Khuzdar, in Balochistan, and Karachi, in Sindh. militant groups, which killed 104 people. by bannedSunniandShia mostly In 2016, were 34sectarianterroristattacks,perpetrated there decreasing since 2013, such fluctuations in sectarian violence are common in Pakistan ( been have violence sectarian of incidents though Even groups. militant by perpetrated attacks Tensions between Sunnis and Shias in Pakistan rose when Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, SunnisandShiasinPakistan mil rose when the Tensions between minorityShias(15– percent)andthe themajoritySunnis(70–85 between Sectarian violence 100 200 00 400 500 600 700 00 Large-scale communalandideologicalconflicts one-sided violence against religious and ethnic minorities by the state and Islamic and ethnicminoritiesbythestate violence againstreligious one-sided andethnicgroups, religious 1947, in theformof bothviolentconflictbetween Sectarian andethnicviolence hasbeenarecurrent feature ofPakistan’s history since 0 Number ofkilled 2010 Figure 2. 2011 37 The vast majority of the population (96.3 percent) is Muslim, SectarianviolenceinPakistan(2010–2016) Number ofattacks 2012 39 40 Since 2007, Pakistan has seen a new wave ofsectarian Since2007, a new Pakistan hasseen Source: Over 80 percent of people killed in sectarian violence 201 PIPS 42 2014 41 While a single suicide attack at suicide Whileasingle 2015 36 Pakistanhasmany 38 2016 figure 2 ). ). - -

135 | Pakistan 136 | Pakistan election-related violence in Sindh, as many as 23 took place in Karachi, resulting in 26 deaths. in Punjab, resulting in 11 deaths and 107 injuries. as many19reported and injured70others,whilesuchincidentswere the livesof25people elections in 2015. KP had 13 reported incidents of political or election-related violence, which took the polling stations. FrontierCorps, Balochistan Constabulary, Levies Force, wereand inandaround police deployed army, from the 54,000 personnel over as helped, government provincial the by measures curity groups. Over 30,000 police officers were also deployed inpolitical these provincesrival during thebetween elections. clashes by caused primarily was violence election-related The others. and injuring99 interior ofSindh,killing18people in the also reported Violent incidentswere manner, with just over 30 people receiving minor injuries in a few violent incidents. general elections, the first phase of the local elections, in December 2013, was held in a peaceful least 45peopledead. resistance. police despite Ahmadi mosque,injuringseveralpeople the of around2,000 attacked Sunni Muslims procession a 2016, December in birthday Mohammed’s Prophet On persecution. and attacks over 80. The Ahmadis, who are considered non-Muslim under Pakistani law, also face continued killed 2013 bombing, which Peshawar church the attack onChristianssince deadliest It wasthe children. including people, 70 than more killing 2016, March in Sunday Easter on Lahore in and violence. For example, Jamaat-ul-Ahrar, a group affiliated with the TTP, targeted Christians Christians, Ahmadis, and Ismailis, who belong to the Shia branch of Islam, suffer discrimination Lashkar-e-Jhangvi Al-Alami(LeJ-A,formerlyknownasLeJ),haveledtomoreviolence. as the such militant sectariangroups with ties mid-2000s,growing TTP andits in the rise ofthe in Pakistan. In addition to violence between Sunnis andShias,Pakistan’s minorities, suchas religious In addition toviolencebetween 43 Acts (LGAs) were passed by the provincial assemblies. Government Local the after elections government local hold to province first the was Balochistan Pakistan. in limited relatively been has violence electoral Local Local politicalconflictandelectoralviolence Sunni and Shia militant groups have each targeted members of the other sect. The 45 A massacre of Ismailis carried out by a TTP-associated group in 2015 left at in 2015left group a TTP-associated by Ismailis carriedout of Amassacre 49 46 Following Balochistan, KP, Punjab, and Sindh held their local government localgovernment their held Sindh and Punjab, KP, Balochistan, Following 50 Out of 30 reported incidents of political and 47 Compared to the May 2013 May2013 Comparedtothe Local level 48 Strict se Strict 44 52 51 -

to rapid and uncontrolled urbanization and ethnopolitical tensions. ethnopolitical and urbanization uncontrolled and rapid to attributed partially was increase This violence. lethal in rise steady a witnessed city the 2012, cal competition for control of land and resources. and land of control for competition cal and politi by economic strained have been Pashtuns Muhajirs andthe the between Relations Punjabi, 6 percent Sindhi, 5 percent Balochi, 3 percent Saraiki, and 2 percent Hazara or Gilgiti. India were just 6 percent. and Muhajirimmigrantsfromnorthern population ofthe when Sindhiswereabouttwo-thirds 1941, since transformed been has city the of composition ethnic Karachi. The in violence tarian changes have significantly contributed to a sharp resurgence in ethnopolitical tensions and sec Demographic Karachi. in violence driving factors key are groups extremist and hardline of 2013 bytheSindhRangers. in September launched and criminalgroups, terrorist against operations security to marily due terrorism. of incidents in decrease percent 72 a and cases, in extortion decrease killings, a93percent in targeted decrease a 91percent indicated statistics crime 2016, In incidents. violent and crimes of number the in trend downward a experienced TTP andLeJ. the as such groups, militant by violence sectarian of target major a also is Karachi community. Muhajir of the interests the represents MQM, which ANP, aPashtunnationalistparty,andthe suchasthe parties, bypolitical backed rivalcriminalgroups between wars turf has involved Underrepresentation of migrants, intensifying ethnopolitical conflict, and the migration the and conflict, ethnopolitical intensifying migrants, of Underrepresentation 1000 1500 2000 2500 Source: Local conflictover resources andcommunityrights in Pakistan, with 9.8 million inhabitants (1998 census). In the years leading up to up leading years the In census). (1998 inhabitants million 9.8 with Pakistan, in city most populous over 12,000 in Karachi,the recorded cases homicide police the 2016, and 2008 Between Pakistan. in widespread are violence and crime Urban Urban crimeandviolence in Balochistan. See the separatism and autonomy section on the local conflict over natural resources 500 0 200 Crimestatisticsprovided bytheSindhBureau ofStatistics andSindhPolice Figure 3. 55 2009 Karachi today is 43 percent Muhajir, Pashtun,11 percent 17 percent is 43percent Karachitoday NumberofhomicidecasesinKarachi (2008–2016) 2010 2011 2012 56 Much of the ethnic violence in recent years in recent violence ethnic the of Much 201 54 The recent crime reduction is pri crime reduction Therecent 2014 53 Since2012, the cityhas 2015 2016 57 - - -

137 | Pakistan 138 | Pakistan perpetrators ofhonorkillings. victims’ relatives from and prevented pardoning the sentences anti-rape bills,whichlengthened rape are significantly increasing. rights organization based in Islamabad, while rates of most crimes ebb and flow, rape and gang murder, and rape, are among the most common. According to the Aurat Foundation, a women’s recorded cases in 2015, followed by Sindh and KP. Crimes targeting women, such as abduction, indicated an increase of 34 percent in VAW cases between 2014 and 2015. Punjab had the most Balochistan. in seen as cities, some in conflict exacerbated also have groups ethnic some of neglect the and and jihadi networks continue to inflict violencegangs in the big cities. Lack of politicalCriminal representation life. in purpose a and work, services, providing by activities violent their into order to establish recruitment and patronage networks. patronage and recruitment establish to order poor governanceandfailinglaw and criminalgangsthatexploit various extremistgroups Beyond Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, and Quetta are also operational and financial bases for bases financial and operational also are Quetta and Peshawar, Lahore, Karachi, Beyond 12000 15000 9000 53,000 reportedVAWcasesbetween2011and2015( norms and values coupled with customary and religious practices. Pakistan had over Violence againstwomen(VAW) is prevalentinPakistan, due topatriarchalsocial Domestic andgender-based violence Figure 4. 2011 Casesofviolenceagainstwomen inPakistan(2011–2015) 61 60 In October 2016, the parliament passed anti-honor-killing and 2012 Source: Abbasi 201 62 58 These groups attempt to lure youth lure to attempt groups These 2014 figure 4 figure 2015 ). 59 Policestatistics their familiestoseektreatment. by not allowed were those of and 35percent treatment, medical injuries neversought received broken bones and teeth, bruises, sprains, and burns. including it, by injured been had violence physical experienced who women of percent Sixty-four abuse (81 percent), followed by physical violence (75 percent) and sexual violence (66 percent). by their spouse since marriage. a private matter. One study found that 85 percent of women had experienced domestic violence isconsidered violence domestic because thoroughly investigated not often and underreported are violence ofdomestic ActinMarch2013,cases andProtection) (Prevention Violence Domestic the their husbandorhisfamilydeemdowrytobeinsufficient. in death or disfigurement by acid attack or burning. Women are often attacked and murdered if from their spouse than women who had not. Dowry- and family-related disputes often resulted killing in their families were more likely to experience psychological, physical, and sexual violence family. extended their within killing honor an witnessed alone. 2015 in killings honor 1,100 almost 2014. and 2008 between burning—are also prevalent. The Aurat Foundation recorded nearly 4,000 cases of honor killings they arebelievedtohave broughtshametotheirfamily, dowry-relatedviolence,acidattacks,and Domestic violence is an endemic social problem in Pakistan. Even though Pakistan passed Pakistan though Even Pakistan. in problem social endemic an is violence Domestic Other forms of domestic violence—including honor killings, where women are killed because 66 A report by the independent Human Rights Commissionestimated Areportbytheindependent 63 The most common form of domestic violence was psychological psychological was violence domestic of commonform most The 67 In a Rutgers WPF study, 34 percent of women had women of 34 percent study, WPF InaRutgers 65 The majority of women (63 percent) who Themajorityofwomen(63percent) 68 Women who hadahistoryofhonor 64

139 | Pakistan 140 | Pakistan 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 24 23 22 4 3 2 1 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Notes International CrisisGroup(ICG), Ibid. PIPS, Pakistan/terroristoutfits/group_list.htm 23, 2017, Management website,forConflict accessedMarch “Terrorist andExtremistGroupsofPakistan,”Institute “Regional ViolenceinPakistan.” IEP, Ibid. PIPS, Batten-Carew, “RegionalViolenceinPakistan.” Ibid., 14. counter-terrorism-program-launched-in-the-country www.radio.gov.pk/25-Apr-2017/pakistan-action-to- launched,” Program Terrorism “Pakistan ActiontoCounter ary-2017_pdf.pdf ACLED_Asia_Conflict-Trends-Report-No.6-Febru www.acleddata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ Trends Conflict (ACLED) DataProject andEvent Location Conflict Armed Matt Batten-Carew,“RegionalViolenceinPakistan,” pakpips.com/downloads/282.pdf rity Report2014 (PIPS), Studies for Peace Pak Institute IEP, wr2015_web.pdf org/sites/default/files/world_report_download/ Watch, 2015), Human Rights418, Human RightsWatch, Ibid., 7. com/download.php?f=222.pdf Voters Violence against Political Parties, Candidates, and Pak InstituteforPeaceStudies(PIPS), Ibid., 9. http://pakpips.com/securityreport.php 2008 Report Security (PIPS), Studies for Peace Pakistan Institute cations-for-exclusion-and-fragility Publications/Pakistan-s-2013-elections-what-impli www.peacebuilding.no/Regions/Asia/Pakistan/ Resource Center,2013), wegian Peacebuilding for exclusionand fragility? implications Castillejo, Clare http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 history,”changed Mark Dummet, “Bangladesh War: The article that articles/PMC2440905/ 336 (June 2008), programme,” health survey Vietnam toBosnia: analysisofdatafromtheworld from years ofviolentwardeaths Gakidou, “Fifty nuela Ziad Obermeyer, Christopher J. L. Murray, and Emma PIPS, Global-Terrorism-Index-2016.2.pdf nomicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ rorism Index 2016 (IEP), for EconomicsandPeace Institute pakpips.com/securityreport.php 2016, Report rity (PIPS), Studies for Peace Pak Institute Global TerrorismIndex2016 Global TerrorismIndex2016 Pakistan SecurityReport2016 Pakistan SecurityReport2016 Pakistan SecurityReport2016 (Islamabad: PIPS,2013), 1, http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/ Radio Pakistan Radio . (Islamabad: PIPS, 2014), 20, . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ (Islamabad: PIPS, 2016), 16, Pakistan’s 2013Pakistan’selections: what (Sydney: IEP, 2016), 28, BBC News BBC World Report 2015 World . (Islamabad: PIPS,2008),6, , February 2017, 2017, , February , April 25, 2017, 2017, 25, , April British MedicalJournal . ,December16, 2011, . . Revisiting Counter-​ Revisiting . . https://www.hrw. . http://san-pips. ; Batten-Carew, , 14. . , 15. Elections 2013: Elections 2013: Pakistan Secu Pakistan Secu . . (New York: (New Global Ter (Oslo: Nor (Oslo: http://eco Pakistan http:// http:// http:// http:// http:// . - - - - - . ​ ​ ​ 29 28 27 26 25 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 Worsening Conflict in Balochistan, Balochistan, in Conflict Worsening International Crisis Group (ICG), and uraniumreserves. aluminum, platinum, silver, copper, gold, significant Along withgasandcoalresources, Balochistanalsohas just 5percentofthetotalpopulationPakistan. land areabut of the Balochistan hasnearly45percent 2017, March24, accessed website, (UCDP) Program Data deaths dataset is available through the Uppsala Conflict of Peace Research 1989–2015,” Violence, “Organized Themnér, php 2013–2016), Security Report, Pak InstituteforPeaceStudies(PIPS), org/military/world/war/pakistan1.htm March 24, 2017, accessed “Balochistan Insurgency,” GlobalSecurity.org website, tunities-and-pitfalls.pdf ing-counter-terrorism-strategies-in-pakistan-oppor https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/271-revisit Pitfalls, and Strategies inPakistan:Opportunities terrorism PIPS, after Iran. 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