FUSION IN EUROPE NEWS & VIEWS ON THE PROGRESS OF FUSION RESEARCH

Hijacking a Jet: how Culham was chosen Page 26

WHAT DO FUSION AND FOOD- PACKAGING HAVE IN COMMON? ALONG COMES A SPIDER

4 2017 FUSION IN EUROPE 4 2017 The cover shows a painting from the artist Sarah Mon- Contents crieff. The painter has joined the Research Units Culham Centre for Fusion Energy 4 Six postdocs connect tokamak and stellarator (CCFE) during an Open Day and has 6 Win-win: real-time collaboration between pictured the Joint ITER and JET European Torus in a very colourful 8 A lot of good neutron science way. 10 What do fusion and food-packaging have in Picture: private/Ray Francis common? Johannes Schwemmer ITERsection became the Director of Fusion for Energy (F4E) in 2016. The organisation 13 We need to act as one! manages the European 16 Along comes a SPIDER industrial involvement in ITER and has just celebra- Young Faces ted its 10th anniversary. In an interview Johannes 19 Fusion en Marche! Schwemmer discussess synergies between Alternative Fusion Concepts 13 EUROfusion and F4E. 22 Helion Energy Picture: Fusion for Energy Impressions

24 Impressions Community

26 Hijacking a jet: how Culham was chosen 26 28 JET as a pictorial record The Boeing ‘Landshut’ has been hijacked by terrorists in 1977. It is said that the attack has had an impact on the Outlook 2018 final location of the Joint European Torus. Due to the 40th anniversary Fusion in Europe has dived into the archives in 30 ITER on track/Upgrade for Compass/EURO­ order to find out the truth of it. fusion in China Picture: DPA Bildarchiv

EUROfusion © Petra Nieckchen Imprint Programme Management Unit – Garching FUSION IN EUROPE Boltzmannstr. 2 This newsletter or parts of it may not be reproduced ISSN 1818-5355 85748 Garching / Munich, Germany without permission. Text, pictures and layout, except phone: +49-89-3299-4128 where noted, courtesy of the EUROfusion ­members. The EUROfusion members are the Research Units email: [email protected] of the European Fusion Programme. ­Responsibility editors: Petra Nieckchen, Anne Purschwitz for the information and views expressed in this newsletter lies entirely with the authors. Neither Subscribe at [email protected] the Research Units or anyone acting on their behalf For more information see the /fusion2050 @PetraonAir is responsible for any damage resulting from the website: www.euro-fusion.org @FusionInCloseUp @APurschwitz use of information contained in this publication. FUSION IN EUROPE | Moving Forward | EUROfusion |

I am increasingly convinced that we, in Europe, benefit Tony Donné, from the most coherent and best coordinated research EUROfusion programme in the world. As Programme Manager, I have Programme Manager the unique ability to compare fusion research worldwide. I have heard many scientists from other countries say that they envy us for being able to follow a competitive outline which focuses on very clear priorities. Our plan ­enables scientists and engineers, from 30 national re- search laboratories­ and well over 150 universities, to work to­gether towards the same common goal.

The basis for this is the European Fusion Roadmap which defines the main challenges that will need to be tackled in the coming years. It also describes a detailed research plan. Since its publication in 2013, we have made very good progress on many topics. The change from carbon to ­metal walls has led to a considerable reduction in hydrogen­ ­retention and dust production – very good news for ITER because this implies fewer openings for cleaning.

Moreover, our scientists have developed new operational­ Apart from the above alignment of the TBM and BB recipes in order to reach high performance with metal ­programmes, we are also collaborating closely with F4E, walls, and they have discovered that fast ions have a stabi- for instance, in the Broader Approach (Japanese Torus ­ lising effect on turbulence – again good news. 60 Super Advanced, DEMO, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility and various ITER-related The initial campaigns of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator topics). Additionally, in 2017, F4E has joined EUROfusion exceeded expectations. The new systems enginee­ring in EIROforum. F4E is now a member of the consortium approach adopted in the predesign phase for the first which comprises the eight largest European research demonstrational fusion power plant DEMO is a major step ­institutes. Indeed, I am pleased to announce that this forward and has given the fusion community many new edition features an interview with F4E Director Johannes insights. All of these efforts and successes would not have Schwemmer on the occasion of the celebration of the 10th been possible without the dedicated staff of EUROfusion anniversary of the organisation. and its beneficiaries. Realising fusion electricity is by far one of the biggest We are now in the process of updating the fusion roadmap. ­challenges on the path of mankind. We will best be able to The revision will be an evolution of the old one but with reach the final goal if we all cooperate. My wish for 2018 is even more coherence between the missions. Important that we continue the good work and achieve many positive­ is the enhanced consistency between ITER and DEMO results. activities: In 2017, EUROfusion, Fusion for Energy (F4E) and several research institutes undertook a major effort to align the European ITER Test Blanket Module (TBM) and the DEMO Breeder Blanket (BB) programmes. This has led to much stronger synergies between F4E and the EU- ROfusion activities, a direct outcome of our well ­organised Tony Donné fusion programme. EUROfusion Programme Manager

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he Max Planck Institute for Plasma TPhysics (IPP) in Germany offers unique possibilities. It features not one, but two of the most advanced fusion experiments available. The Greifswald branch hosts the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X and the Garching institute operates the tokamak ASDEX Upgrade. Why not make use of the best of both worlds? For the first time in history, the institute has offered six post- doc positions with the intention to create synergies between tokamak and stellara- tor research.

SIX POSTDOCS CONNECT TOKAMAK AND STELLARATOR

The announcement from the Scientific Board TWO TEAMS, ONE GOAL of IPP arrived­ just in time for tokamak ex- “We were kicking around ideas regarding pert Rachael McDermott and her stel- how to develop the systems to better meet larator colleague Oliver Ford. Rachael the goals of our spectroscopy groups”, in Garching and Oliver in Greifswald says ­Rachael. “If we had the dedicated were about to purchase­ new cameras to manpower we would be able to create observe the plasma inside both exper- something specific in a more efficient iments. Those cameras came with soft- way and would not have to rely on com- ware which was not ideal for the needs of R mercial products that are designed for a ac ha te the two research teams. el iva more general audience.” Mc : pr Dermott. Picture 4 FUSION IN EUROPE | Research Units | EUROfusion |

D e a at rre riv n M e: p cDonald. Pictur

EUROfusion’s roadmap brings together tokamaks and stellarators. Sharing of ideas and people between the two areas benefits both. A good example of this is the work being done on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator in support of ITER. The new postdoc programme is a great way to encourage even more collaboration.

Darren McDonald from EUROfusion’s ITER Physics Department

Rachael and Oliver used the newly created re- JOINING THE PATHS search opportunity­ to launch a call for a post- Developing proper software is not the only doc. He or she would become one of the six thing that researcher Rachael is interested in. ambassadors who, from next spring onwards, “What will be really exciting to see, is how the will travel and work in both the toka­mak and two different groups of researchers tackle the stellarator worlds. The person will receive same problem”, she says. “We usually have the equal training at ASDEX Upgrade as well as same objectives, but we reach them via differ- Wendelstein 7-X between 2018 and 2020 and ent paths. Exchanging and interacting here will help to create resources that benefit both might create the best solution.” groups. It is not only the creational aspect that looks CREATING EXTRA SPACE promising: “The new postdoc will be in an “By allocating postdoc resources to such col- ­optimum position to benefit from ASDEX laborative projects, we have created space for expertise, and transfer this knowledge to the special projects to flourish. We were very im- Wendelstein 7-X team. We in Garching have pressed by the quality of the proposals that years of practice in running, for example, we received in response to this call”, says ­visible spectroscopy diagnostics and in inter- Thomas Sunn Pedersen, Director of the Stel- preting the measurements. This will be very larator Edge and Divertor Physics Division in useful when the stellarator systems come on- Greifswald. line”, says Rachael. n

4 5 FUSION IN EUROPE WIN-WIN: REAL-TIME COLLABORATION BETWEEN ITER AND JET

Adam is part of the team which delivers CODAS. This “I would say one of the nicest part of our ITER soft- COntrol and Data Acquisition System uses a real-time ware is the real-time communication, a combination of network which interconnects more than 100 systems re- ­networks and software”, says Anders Wallander, Head ceiving data from and feeding data into the Joint European of ITER’s Control System Division. Imagine you need to Torus (JET). The device’s communication system was due run a unique fusion machine which needs to manage the for an upgrade so that it would accept current state of the input of 170 different plant systems and, moreover, make art communication. this data available to the world’s scientific community as quickly as possible. You don’t start developing it just two REAL-TIME VISUALISATION weeks before going online. The question was: is there already a facility that has the proper software toolkit to enhance world’s largest oper- INCREASING ITER’S USER COMMUNITY ational tokamak? The answer came as a surprise: ITER, SINCE 2011 the tokamak of the future. An important part of the mod- On the contrary, the ITER CODAC software development ernisation comprised improved visualisation tools for the was launched in 2011 and made available to the whole scientists in JET’s control room. In practice, JET data are fusion community. Over 65 organisations such as plant piped into a new real-time visualisation system integrated system suppliers, fusion labs, domestic agencies and con- by Derek Sandiford and colleagues. As a result, the team in tractors are currently using the software in order to devel- the control room now benefits from an improved view of op plant control systems, test and evaluate them and give the tokamak processes displayed on their screens. feedback. Just like any other software, on your smartphone

6 FUSION IN EUROPE | Research Units | EUROfusion |

ur motivation was to set up a better infrastructure in order to focus on turning “Ofusion energy into reality”, says Adam Stephen from the Culham Centre for ­Fusion Energy (CCFE). He teamed up with partners from ITER and Fusion for Energy to modernise parts of JET’s central nervous system with the help of ITER’s software.

Bertrand Bauvir from ITER (on the left) and his F4E counterpart Andre Neto focussing on the implementation.

Some of the CODAS+IT team involved in the work: (Back row, from left to right) Derek Sandiford (Visualisation Expert), Alex Goodyear (real-time Expert), John Waterhouse (Head of Control and Data Acquisitions Group). In the front (left to right) Danny Sortino (Student), David Grist (Visualisation team), Adam Stephen (ITER systems I&C coordinator for JET). Pictures: A. Stephen

for instance, the software is updated every so often. “It is COMMUNICATION MATTERS stable now. This year, we switched from two updates per “This only works if you have the right people, the right year to only one”, says Anders. timing and the right solution for the problem”, says Anders Wallander. He and his CCFE colleague Adam ONLY THREE DAYS TO GO agree on defining the most important thing for a fruit- For this, ITER provides digital customer support along with ful collaboration: communication. “Usually, you have the infrastructure. As the ITER plant systems are currently technical experts but they are not so good in communi- in the manufacturing phase it is difficult to comprehend how cation. Or you have good communicators but they lack well they will work in an integrated machine. The situation at technical expertise. You hardly ever get both”, says JET, which has been up and running since 1983, was different. Anders. “We were able to test in reality to see the ITER software was mature enough and we could focus on the real challenge”, says In this case, the project team obviously managed to obtain­ Adam Stephen. Adam and his counterparts Bertrand Bauvir all the necessary skills. The group is eagerly looking for- (ITER) and Andre Neto( Fusion for Energy) were literally able ward to continuing with the successful integration of to go into a closed meeting for three days and integrate the ITER’s software on JET’s system. This co-operative work entire system until the late evening: “We had all preparations is a win-win for both the experienced tokamak in Eng- done and then went into a workshop where we fixed every tiny land and the one to come in France. By choosing to work issue. The goal was to get the system going within three days together, it also makes it possible for future ITER proto- and we succeeded in a fairly short time!” types to be seamlessly tested on JET. n

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Participants in the ­Annual General Monitoring Meeting in Culham December 2017. Picture: © Copyright protected by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority A LOT OF GOOD NEUTRON SCIENCE

cientists at the Joint European Torus (JET) have been working feverishly to pre- Spare experiments which allow the improved measurements of neutrons for the planned tritium (T) and deuterium-tritium (DT) campaigns. Those experiments are scheduled in 2019 – 2020 but the preparations have been ongoing for years now. The fusion experts have developed new detectors which are already in place to study the neutron streaming through penetrations in the biological shield and to investi- gate the activation and damage they induce in the material. Such observations are of extraordinary importance for ITER because they can prove that the tools used in the ITER design are valid and appropriate.

8 FUSION IN EUROPE | Research Units | EUROfusion |

“WE WILL BE READY!” “I was excited to see the results achieved I myself was even more this year, we produced a lot of good neutron ­science. Also, after a considerable prepara­ excited when I looked at the tory effort, we will be ready for the T and DT campaign” says Project Leader Paola Batisto- group picture of the meeting. ni. One of the most important achievement is I suddenly realised the the calibration of JET neutron yield monitors at 14 MeV neutron energy. She admits that it ­growing number of young has been quite challenging to insert a neutron generator inside the JET tokamak with the scientist in our team. help of the remote handling system, to cali- To gain experience brate the neutron detectors. This came with the complex equipment of active detectors, on JET today is a unique power supply units, and electronics. However, the measurement accuracy in the calibration opportunity for them. is better than the target value of ten percent. It will turn out GAINING EXPERIENCE FOR ITER to be essential at ITER Additionally, neutron detectors have been installed around the tokamak. They have tomorrow. already provided time dependent measure- Paola Batistoni

ments of dose rates during operation and in the following shutdown. The preliminary ­results of the first simu­lations show that the calculated shutdown dose rate is in remar­ kable agreement with measurements.

More than sixty scientists have discussed those notable results during the Annual General Meeting of the JET DT Technology Project at the end of this year. Among those experts were representatives of ­fusion orga­ni­- sations worldwide such as Mike Loughlin (Nuclear Integration coordinator in ITER) Dieter Leichtle and Marco Fabbri (Nuc­ lear Integration coordinators in F4E) as ­ well ­as Robert Grove and Scott Mosher from Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Tim Bohm the University of Wisconsin Mad- dison.

TEAM EXCITEMENT WAS PALPABLE At times during the meeting the team excite- ment was palpable because we finally see that the initial effort is producing a good harvest”, Paola Batistoni is the Project Leader for the concludes Paola. n next deuterium-tritium campaign at JET.

8 9 FUSION IN EUROPE WHAT DO FUSION AND FOOD-PACKAGING HAVE IN COMMON?

Philippe Guittienne in front of his helicon plasma source. He has founded a company as a spin off from the Swiss Plasma Center which might not only enhance fusion research but also the packaging industry. Picture: private

10 FUSION IN EUROPE | Research Units | EUROfusion |

ou know, you have this good idea on paper, but it needs prac­ “Ytical proof”, says Philippe Guittienne. The physicist has found- ed his own company “Helyssen” as a spin-off from the Swiss Plas- ma Center in 2003. A medical application inspired him to re-think plasma sources. Today, his antenna might not only revolutionise food-packaging but also fusion plasmas.

Philippe says it was a matter of luck. By the time his ‘birdcage’ antenna for producing helicon he was about to finish his PhD thesis in 2002 ­plasmas; plasmas that are highly desired in he met someone, by chance, who was looking various fields. It is not only the food-­packaging­ for entrepreneurial ideas. “While searching in- industry that is interested (see information formation on different plasma sources I found box) fusion research was also eager to inves­ a theoretical study about helicon waves. The tigate Philippe’s new plasma source. ­pattern reminded me of the field generated by the ‘birdcage’ antenna which is commonly NEW WAY TO NEUTRALIZE PARTICLES used in Nuclear Resonance Imaging.” One of the most common ways to heat ­plasma is via Neutral Beam Injection (NBI). ALL ABOUT PLASMA The ­trouble with this is the small wall-plug Philippe signed a research project with the ­efficiency of this method, which will have to French company Alcatel. Since he, back then, be maximised in a future fusion reactor. had no experience with plasma research he collaborated with the Swiss Plasma Center NBI involves four stages (see illustration (SPC, at the time called Center for Research ­below). Stage three of the process is the neu- in Plasma Physics). The lab enabled him to test tralisation of the charged ions. The usual way

e e e e e e e e e e

1. Formation 2. Accelaration 3. Neutralization 4. Injection of negative ions of negative ions (electrons are split off) of neutral atoms

10 11 FUSION IN EUROPE

is to accelerate positive ions. Recombining the devices. His example further shows how ions with electrons neutralizes them in stage scien­tific requirements can be converted into­ three. This neutralisation may cause the loss indus­trial reality. “Industry is able to supply of ions. research with practical know-how, tools and man­power”, says Ivo. But it is considerably hard For ITER, the neutral beam injection will use for small and middle-sized enterprises partici­ negative ions. One of the proposed solutions in pate in such complicated research areas and order to avoid ion loss is photo-neutralization, ­also, get their foot into the door of multina- in which photo-detachment is used to strip tional and complex projects such as ITER or the electrons from the ions, thus neutralising DEMO. “I think, first of all, you really need the them. But, this method requires a very special know­ledge to understand what the researcher type of plasma in the ion source, in the shape needs from you”, says Philippe. “Once you of a long and thin column. have you get it done in practice you have a great ­selling point. Your application has been In fact, the required precise plasma shape is ­included in a Big Science Project which is a huge difficult to realise. And this is where Philippe’s mar­keting boost when engaging with future­ birdcage antenna comes in. Its induced waves clients”, says Philippe. n generate the required negative ion-rich plasma column. “The helicon source proved very effi- cient for high-density plasmas with moderate injection power”, says Ivo Furno from SPC who Helyssen and Tetra Pak: How to has worked with Philippe for some years now. un-spill the milk Helyssen is also collaborating with the NEW DIMENSIONS IN FRANCE Both now aim to take this approach to new ­Tetra Pak Processing GmbH. This is the ­dimensions. In conjunction with EURO­ company that puts milk into small card- fusion’s French Research Unit CEA in Cada­ board boxes. The packaging material is rache, they are currently developing a 10 kW made of paper but must also be water-­ helicon plasma generator for neutral beams (NB) for the next generation of fusion de­vices. proof and a barrier for oxygen. Hence, it The larger helicon source will be installed in needs to be coated with a special layer. the Cybele device at CEA which tests the The aluminium foil currently applied onto ­photo-neutralisation of negative ion beams. the surface of the packages means that A MARKETING BOOST the package is non-disposable. Therefore, It remains to be seen if Philippe’s idea will Tetra Pak is looking at environmentally fri- ­improve heating scenarios for future fusion endly solutions which need different ap- plication techniques. Here is where Philip- pe’s plasma application comes in. It is able Industry is able to to precisely­ deposit the very thin, about­ supply research with 10 nm, barrier coatings on the plastic ­foils. This technique could finally help to practical know-how, tools improve the environmental disposal of and manpower such boxes. Ivo Furno, SPC

12 FUSION IN EUROPE | ITERsection | EUROfusion |

Johannes Schwemmer gave a speech during the celebrations of F4E‘s anniversary in Barcelona. Picture: Fusion for Energy

WE NEED TO ACT AS ONE!

usion for Energy’s (F4E) Director Johannes Schwemmer settles down at the end Fof a busy week. Just a few days ago he was attending the ITER Industry Day at the ­European Commission’s headquarters, the Berlaymont building, in Brussels. The event held by the European Commission was just one of two major events to celebrate­ the 10th anniversary of F4E. The organisation manages the European industrial involvement­ in the world’s largest tokamak to come. Ten years of ups and downs in the history of ITER have resulted in numerous lessons learned.

Dear Mr Schwemmer, F4E is celebrating its You became F4E Director in 2016. How 10th anni­versary this year. To what extend have you improved efficiency and business has the industrial ­engagement for ITER ­optimisation since then? changed throughout that period? Of course, the public tendering processes are We have been collaborating with at least still considered ‘an adventure’ for some of the 400 Euro­pean companies and 60 research smaller indus­trial partners, as one speaker at entities in more than 20 countries at a cost the ITER Industry Day has put it. F4E began in excess of four billion Euros. It surely­ as a start-up dealing with contracts worth is a successful development for the European billions. We clearly needed to improve the industry, although­ we also need to restore our speed and efficiency­ of processes, for example,­ reputation due to ITER’s management crisis recruitment and ­procurement. You cannot in 2013. At the ITER Industry Day, we heard ­define projects by only following the rules with- many industrial partners saying that they are out even tracking the time it takes ­until you de- proud to undertake this endeavour with us. liver the result. We applied a new ­methodology They feel they are a part of delivering this new thanks to which we have managed­ to become energy. faster and more efficient.

12 13 FUSION IN EUROPE | ITERsection | EUROfusion |

Many critics argue that it is hard for a small ITER is a nuclear facility. Design, assembly, or mid-sized company to overcome the commissioning, construction, operation and ­barriers in order to bid on a complex inter- decommissioning must comply with French national project like ITER. What does F4E do laws and regulations for licensing. Every part, to support applications? every design and any change must be author- We are indeed relying on small and highly ised by France’s Nuclear Safety Authority. specialised companies to contribute to ITER’s components. It is therefore important to cut How would you define EUROfusion’s future down the large subsystems into­ smaller con- role in realising fusion projects? tracts to encourage the participation of all European fusion science is very attractive to business partners. partners outside Europe, be it China or Japan. They would like to cooperate. But with whom To what extend are you taking advantage could they possibly talk when they want to talk of experiences made in other multinational to Europe? ­projects, such as the European Space Agency? We have staff members from the Joint Europe- It is crucial that F4E, EUROfusion and the an Torus (JET), CERN or the European Space respective departments in the European Agency and we are, without a doubt, making Commission act as one ­towards those future good use if their expertise. This year, in fact, partners, otherwise we won’t be able to take we have also held an international enginee­ring full advantage of our rich expertise. We are best practice workshop in which we focused on taking steps, with EUROfusion, to develop a benchmarking of processes and the results of closer cooperation. We have played a vital part those projects. in developing the European Fusion Roadm- ap and we have also succeeded in discussing What separates ITER from those projects? diagnostic aspects. I am really looking for- There is one very important and very special ward to realising the joint project on the Test condition for ITER and that is the fact that Blanket Modules.

Miguel Arias Cañete, European Commis­sioner for Climate Action & Energy during the celebrations of F4E’s 10th anniversary in Barcelona. Picture: Fusion for Energy

14 15 FUSION IN EUROPE | ITERsection | EUROfusion |

How would you define the special tasks for EUROfusion and F4E? To me, this is relatively clear. F4E is building the machines, we are neither responsible for operation nor research. EUROfusion is carry- ing out the research and engaging in the pre- liminary design studies; subsequently it joins the commissioning of the machines in order to take the lead in running them to conduct research. As a result, we need a close collabo- ration between both organisations.

You say that EUROfusion does research and inital design­ studies in order to develop ma- Johannes Schwemmer, Director of Fusion for Energy, chines. What is it that science can learn from since 2016. Picture: F4E industry? I believe it is important that a professional Johannes Schwemmer has been working engineering process should be also respected in the fields of information, telecommuni- throughout the period of design. We are devel­ cations and business technology for more­ oping a complete and highly complex machine and the manufacturing process needs to be than 25 years. He has a proven track taken into account from the outset. In the end, ­record­ in international collaboration, pro- this will save time and money. ject management and business strategy. In 2016, he took duties as Director of ­Fusion How do you sell the ITER project to a com- pany? for Energy, the EU organisation managing Innovation, reputation and motivation: first of Europe’s contribution to ITER. Prior to his all, the company has the opportunity to learn appointment, he was a partner at Ante­ new techniques in new dimensions and to ­apply those skills to upcoming projects. The vorte, a German consultancy specialising reputation gained from working on a project in performance management. Previously like ITER and the motivation for the staff he worked for eight years at Unify GmbH members are also benefits. Project manage- & Co. KG, a global market leader in unified ment has been one of the main challenges of the project. Due to constant changes in design, communication solutions present in 100 we had difficulties in launching the necessary countries, where he held different posi- calls for tender. Since Bernard Bigot took office tions as Vice-President for Global Project and remar­kably changed the project manage- ment culture at ITER, we are much better at re- Management and Service Optimisation, alising the contracts and we can continuously and Vice-President for Global Training. Ear- report on our progress in a positive way. lier in his career he worked at Siemens Business Services, as Vice-President for ITER is not the only project F4E is building­ with the help of European companies. Risk Management and Strategic Alliances What is a project that you are really looking Management. He holds a European Joint ­forward to in terms of realisation? Degree in Electrical Engineering from the We are really happy that the Japan Torus 60 Super Advanced (JT-60SA) is scheduled to deliver University of Karlsruhe (KIT), Germany, in its first plasma in 2020. It is the most modern collaboration with the University of Essex, JET-sized tokamak. It is located in Japan and UK and ESIEE Paris, France. we are eagerly looking forward to hand it over to Japanese and EUROfusion scientists. n

14 15 FUSION IN EUROPE ALONG COMES A SPIDER

They got the power: the testing team at the High Voltage Laboratory at the company HSP. Picture: Siemens AG id you actually think that all ITER parts are located­ Dat Cadarache, France? Well, no. PRIMA (Padova Research on ITER Megavolt Accelerator) is located in Italy. It will test the neutral beam heating for the world’s largest tokamak to come. All of PRIMA’s components, one of which goes by the name SPIDER, belong to the ITER Organization. Why does it need another complex multinational experiment to finally turn the big tokamak into a success? It is a matter of dimensions.

16 FUSION IN EUROPE | ITERsection | EUROfusion |

“The heating injectors need a performance which is mag- Concept and Advancement), a first full-size and full per- nitudes above current applications”, says Tullio Bonicelli, formance ITER injector, accelerates these ions up to 1 MeV. responsible Project Manager at Fusion for Energy (F4E). Hence, it seems quite appropriate to test them before they TEAMING UP IN EUROPE, INDIA AND JAPAN will be finalised in the world’s largest fusion experiment. Of course, such efforts can’t be done by one country alone. Tullio Bonicelli describes the team work: “F4E provides NEGATIVE ION BEAMS important funds to activities under the Neutral Beam Test Powerful beams of neutral particles heat the fusion Facility Agreement.” EUROfusion member Con­sorzio ­plasma. Usually, positive ions are accelerated and then RFX and Italy have provided the buildings and some neutralised before injection. ­infrastructure as well as contributing, in a substantial way, to the technical and scientific manpower. The Indian and­ ­Japanese agencies from F4E, responsible for ITER, are see also the model of Neutral Beam also making their contributions by delivering important Injection on page 11 ­components.

ELISE PIONEERED FOR ITER The ITER Neutral Beam system will use negative ion Research carried out at third parties has also played beams, because the efficiency of neutralising positive ions a major role: the German Max Planck Institute for Plasma­ declines heavily as the beam power increases. Such beams Physics has been investigating negative ion sources for have unprecedented energies of one mega-electron volt years. In fact, their heating source in the ELISE (Extrac- (MeV) and they are on for a much longer time (up to one tion from a Large Ion Source Experiment) test rig became hour) than today’s systems. Each of the two injectors that the prototype for the ITER system. The device in Garching are currently planned for ITER will transmit 16.5 Mega- was half the size of the the one planned for ITER. ELISE watt of power to the plasma. produces a particle beam with a cross-sectional area of about one square metre. To tackle the challenge of unknown heating dimensions, PRIMA comprises two independent test rigs: The negative SPIDER will start spinning during the first half of next ion source SPIDER (Source for Production of Ion of Deu- year. MITICA is scheduled to follow in 2022. The experi- terium Extracted from radio frequency plasma) produces ments that will be carried out after the successful launch hydrogen and deuterium ions and accelerates them up to are needed to fine-tune the present injector design for 100 kilo-electron volt. MITICA (Megavolt ITER Injector ITER. n

Representatives of F4E, Thales and RFX standing in front of the SPIDER beam source. Picture: F4E

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INTERVIEW WITH TULLIO BONICELLI, PROJECT MANAGER FOR NEUTRAL BEAM AND ELECTRON CYCLOTRON POWER SUPPLIES AND SOURCES AT FUSION FOR ENERGY (F4E).

What is the economic impact on the PRIMA additional delays and costs. The successful facility for European companies? execution therefore needs collaboration, a Many companies have been involved in our certain degree of flexibility, a lot of prag­ contribution to the PRIMA facility, such matism, and, crucially, the common drive as OCEM ET, COELME, Thales, Zanon, of all partners towards the final objective. ­CECOM, Galvano-T, Siemens, DILO, De Pret- to, NIDEC, Angelantoni, Delta-T and many Is there anything F4E has learned for the important sub-contractors such as Himmel- project management at ITER? werk, HSP or Andreas Karl. The cumu­lative There is one main conclusion to be drawn value of the contracts that we have signed is and that applies to all parties – the principle in the range of 120 million Euros. of collaboration. It pays off in spite the addi- tional interfaces that unfold in the process. What does it mean to build this large device We learn to listen to one another, manage the while cooperating with Consorzio RFX and project together because we are responsible Domestic Agencies in India and Japan? for its different components, and last but not In a nutshell, the Neutral Beam Test Facility­ least, we get to capitalise on a wide set of skills. in Padova is very similar to ITER, from an ­organisational point of view. Some root issues Will ITER, in the end, be flexible enough are therefore also common, like the separa- to adjust to the results found at PRIMA? tion between design authority and financial Yes. There is full confidence that the present or contractual responsibilities. The deci- lay-out of ITER’s heating source, will be able sion-making process may become cumber- to accommodate the modifications coming some and long, introducing in itself risks of from the PRIMA test beds. n

PRIMA is immense and features many mysterious names. ITER‘s Neutral Beam Test Facility in Padova will switch on the light in the first half of 2018. Take a tour through MITICA and SPIDER before they get busy.

http://youtu.be/DKOHJYxK15o The entry points of the ITER Neutral Beam Injectors at the second floor of the Bioshield, Tokamak Complex. The picture was taken in December 2016. Picture: F4E

18 FUSION IN EUROPE | Young Faces | EUROfusion |

Farah Hariri in front of her current working place, the Large Hadron Collider. The physicist is highly engaged in the new French government. Her agenda also features ITER and fusion energy as one of the leading options for the sustainable energy mix. FUSION Picture: private EN MARCHE!

rench-Lebanese physicist Farah Hariri and French President Emmanuel F ­Macron have something in common: they are young, enthusiastic and ­willing to change the world. Just one year ago, Farah joined Macron’s movement En Marche! Now, while candidate Joachim Son-Forget has become the deputy representative for French residents in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, his team member Farah has been nominated coordinator for developing the energy ­agenda in Switzerland and ITER is part of the plan.

18 19 FUSION IN EUROPE

“Being interested in our collective future is simply in my genes, in my family”, Farah The idea of predicting what admits. Macron’s revolutionary approach to gathering experts from different political happens in the world’s largest parties and professions seemed just made for particle accelerator was simply her. “With Emmanuel Macron, we will make a difference, we will make our planet great thrilling, a noble opportunity again!”, she states with a smile. which I could not let go. IMPLEMENTING ENERGY THEORY One of her top priorities is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while providing In her spare time, she has actively partici­ a reliable and safe energy supply. Born in pated in the campaign of Emmanuel Macron. ­Lebanon, energy issues used to be part of her Today, she is coordinating the energy transi­ daily life. “Daily power outages were a norm”, tion agenda for En Marche in Switzerland she explains. Being also very keen on maths, where multi-national projects all have diffe­ she decided to study plasma physics at the rent milestones, including future energy sce- American University of Beirut. After gradu- narios. “The timescale to fight climate change ating, she went to do a doctoral scholarship to is short. We should zero out greenhouse gas CEA (Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et emissions by 2050 so that the two-degree aux énergies alternatives). Her fusion ­career threshold is not crossed. At the moment, we seemed unstoppable. She authored a thesis are in a transi­tional ­phase which does not yet on the Flux-Coordinate Independent (FCI) have a sus­tainable solution. We need to use all approach, which opened the way for the nu- available combinations to move away from a merical simulation of plasma turbulence in a carbon-based energy economy”, Farah says. tokamak geometry encompassing both closed and open magnetic field line regions. A neces- FUSION IS THE LEADING OPTION IN sary feature of codes to address the transition THE FUTURE ENERGY MIX from the low (L) to the high (H) mode of ener- She is aware that commercial fusion energy gy confinement, a still unexplained phenom- will not be part of combating climate change enon. ITER, as it happens, needs to operate during the first half of the century: “But when in the H mode to achieve the expected fusion it comes to long term sustainability, fusion performance. energy is one of the leading, most interes­ting options to fully phase out fossil fuels”, she In 2013, her thesis work won the 9th Itoh says. According to her, the question is not IF prize in Plasma Turbulence and the PhD prize but WHEN fusion will be rolled out. “On a of Aix-Marseille University. Farah continued global-scale, replacing fossil fuel while guaran­ on her career path with a post doc position at teeing a constant baseload for our electri­ the Swiss Research Unit SPC (Swiss Plasma city supply means we need to incorporate all Center), but then CERN called. ­advanced nuclear solutions, including fusion.”

ALL AVAILABLE COMBINATIONS TO ITER – A MATTER OF URGENCY AVOID FOSSILS For Farah it is a matter of urgency that fusion She joined the famous lab in 2016 and was appears on the energy transition agenda. To her, assigned to focus on theoretical modelling: a successful demonstration of ITER’s burning “The idea of predicting what happens in the fusion plasma is needed as soon as possible: world’s largest particle accelerator was simply “We’d like to see the successful operation of thrilling, a noble opportunity which I could ITER as soon as possible, this is an emergency. not let go”, she says. So much for the theory … Any further delays to this are very damaging.

20 FUSION IN EUROPE | Young Faces | EUROfusion |

Farah during the Climate Finance Day in Paris where she attended round table discussions with French Energy Minister Nicolas Hulot. Picture: private

Frédérique Vidal, French Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation. Picture: French Government

Frédérique Vidal, French Minister of Hig- her Education, Research and Innovation in a speech­ on 4th December 2017 within the The turning point will be the demonstration of ­framework of the ITER Industry Days a significant energy amplification in ITER. After this phase, private companies will undoubtedly “The desire to end the Cold War led to the consider developing what we need: smaller and launch of ITER. ITER being the largest inter- cheaper fusion power plants”, Farah states. national project worldwide that enables invol- She also believes that the success of a numeri­ ved workers, whether originating from science cal virtual tokamak is essential during this or industry, to better understand the cultural phase. “The successful operation of the ITER diversity of the participating countries. […] machine is important. But I believe that the success of a Numerical Virtual Tokamak is France thanks the Commission for its resolute equally important. Being able to model and action in support of the ITER project and also simulate the full machine is as important as hopes that {…} the European Parliament will the operation of the machine itself . continue supporting the project. In conclusion, IN THE WAKE OF MACRON AND HULOT I would like to emphasise how ITER, to me, During the One Planet Summit organised is a unique human, scientific, technological by the French President on December 12 in and industrial adventure requiring a perfect ­Paris, two years after the historic Paris Agree- ment was concluded, Farah had the chance to ­cooperation on all these plans. You can count ­discuss ITER’s future impacts with Emmanuel on the support of France.” Macron and Nicolas Hulot, French Minister of Ecology. n

20 21 FUSION IN EUROPE

Introducing ALTERNATIVE FUSION CONCEPTS: HELION ENERGY

1 FACTS 2 IDEA

Helion Inc. is a spin-off of MSNW LLC, a company Helion Energy Inc. Name that is developing space propulsion­ technologies,

The future of energy including fusion plasma thrusters based on the Tagline ­Helion concepts. Their Dr. David Kirtley, CEO “Fusion ­Engine” is simi-

Dr. John Slough lar to a diesel engine with electromagnets replacing­ Management Chief Science Officer the pistons. It is based Chris Pihl on Field Reversed Con- Chief Technology Officer figuration (FRC), created­ Dr. George Votroubek by an mag­netic field rapidly Principal Scientist reversed by a purely toroidal­ Theta Pinch current, dia- Mithril, Y combinator, magnetically balan­cing the Capricon investment plasma pressure gra­dient. group Funding Twin plasma guns fire op- posing FRCs to coalesce Redmond, WA, US: The in a central burn chamber. Headquarters University of Washington Here the plasma is rapidly­ hosts the basic scientific magnetically compressed. research It fuses and the expanding particle ener­ gy­ is directly­ 2013 converted to electri­city by reacting on the magne­tic Established field.

22 FUSION IN EUROPE | Alternative Fusion Concepts | EUROfusion |

usion research benefits from its variety of labs and Fapproaches. Not all of the ideas and concepts belong to EUROfusion or publicly funded research. Private compa- nies, even far beyond European borders, are also trying to HELION ENERGY bring fusion energy to life. In this series, Fusion in Europe introduces different approaches and provides an outline indicating what is hidden behind catchyclaims designed to attract the attention of investors.

3 OPINION

Field Reverse Configurations have been investigated since the 1960 but they did not achieve high per- formance plasmas. They have some asymmetric instabilities and the full effects of the fusion products are unknown. The confi- nement time is about 50 percent of the 1 millisecond pulse length. Reactor efficiency thus requires Tom Todd joined the Culham Science an unusually high plasma density Center in 1975 prior to a one-year secondment to the DIII-D tokamak at and temperature. General Atomics. He has also served Directly converting the energy of on many design reviews for European all the fast ions is problematical, devices, including ITER, and beyond. In 2004, he became Chief Engineer especially since electromagnetic at Culham and was appointed Chief radiation and fast ion losses will Technologist in 2011. After retiring in decrease the useful power output. 2014 he became a fusion consultant and an MSc course lecturer for several The fuel is also a challenge: a universities. Picture: private 70 Megawatt thermal reactor burns approximately three kilo­ also cover developing the Direct grams of 3He per year. Helion Energy ­Conversion and plasma would need about 25 kilogram of science, plus remote handling tritium stock (equal to the world‘s­ ­ and a ­tri­tium plant. civil stock today) to create just But fusion research has many half its 3He fuel by decay. Helion‘s­ surprises in wait for us, and I plans to demonstrate a 50 Me- truly hope that one day cheap, Source: Helion Energy gawatt electronic power plant in fast-track fusion power can be about three years from now must achieved!

22 23 FUSION IN EUROPE

And here they are: A perfectly arranged group photo, Picture: EUROfusion

IMPRESSIONS ImpressionsIMPRESSIONS Impressions Impressions IMPRESSIONS

6 5 4 7

3

2 1

24 FUSION IN EUROPE | Impressions | EUROfusion |

1 Young hands operating a tokamak with the help of EUROfusion‘s 7 Ion Optical System of the ion source of the TCV neutral beam. free game „Operation Tokamak“. Picture: EUROfusion ­Picture: Swiss Plasma Center 2 Fusion writers in the house: Davide Silvagni, Sara Riccio and ­Bianca 8 Big in Japan: Curt Gliss and Fabio Cismondi (left to right) from EURO­ Giacomelli have authored articles in Fusion in Europe. They all fusion‘s Power Plant Physics and Technology Department (3 PT) posing ­helped­ out at the EUROfusion booth in Garching during Open Door with a Geisha. The engineers participated in this year‘s International Day. Picture: EUROfusion Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology in Kyoto. Picture: private 3 Gianfranco Federici (3PT) and Kenji Tobita (from the fusion departe- 9 Optical fibres of the Thomson scattering system at the Swiss „Toka- ment of the Rokkasho Fusion Institute) are coordinating the design mak à configuration variable“. Picture: Swiss Plasma Center and R&D activities for a demonstrational fusion power plant (DEMO) 10 En marche: Sabina Griffith, from ITER‘s communication team, and in Europe and Japan. Both point towards a reserveration sign for a French President Emmanuel Macron pose for a picture during COP23. booked table in a traditional Japanese restaurant. Picture: private Picture: ITER 4 Parts of ITER‘s vacuum vessel before assembly. Picture: Fusion For 11 An apple a day keeps turbulence away: EUROfusion serving fresh Energy fruits. Picture: EUROfusion 5 Culham‘s David Homfray at a careers fair for the Institute of Phy- 12 Pascal Conti (L) handing the TCV key to Stefano Barberis (R). Picture: sics in Belfast, Northern Ireland. David has been appointed a Fellow Swiss Plasma Center of the Institute of Physics and, during the event, gave an inspira­ 13 How to master challenging environments? One way is by training tional talk about his life in science. Picture: © Copyright protected staff with the help of virtual reality. The RACE facility on the CCFE by ­United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority site is further developing this method. Picture: © Copyright protec- 6 ITER workers smashing a coconut. They did not go nuts but start the ted by United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority welding of the steel cylinder that will contain the ITER machine. As 14 Literally holding the banner: Tonći Tadić, Head of the Croatian Re- the facility is officially Indian territory on French soil, the staff used search Unit, and Xavier Litaudon preparing the EUROfusion banner a traditional „coconut ceremony“ supposed to remove the hurdels during the 25th European Fusion Workshop in Dubrovnik. Picture: from the challenging path. Picture: Fusion for Energy EUROfusion

14 12 13

11 8 9 10

24 25 FUSION IN EUROPE

xactly 40 years ago, the German Eplane ‘Landshut’ was hijacked by terrorists.­ With the help of many international partners, the West-­­­ German Government managed to free all 86 passengers at ­Mogadishu airport. Since then, rumour has it that the final decision regarding the location of the Joint European Torus (JET) was directly linked to these events. In fact, the incident in Soma- lia had strengthened the consensus but did, after all, not actually tip the scale towards Culham.

Another plane named Stuttgart landed at Cologne Bonn Airport, on 18 October 1977, with the German special forces GSG 9 team (seen) and hostages from the hijacked ‘Landshut’ plane. Picture: DPA Bildarchiv HIJACKING A JET: HOW CULHAM WAS CHOSEN

On 25th October, France, Denmark, Ireland, was used successfully­ by the German Special ­­ Netherlands and the UK had spoken out in Forces team when they stormed the plane. ­favour of the UK site. Germany and Luxem- But was that the price to pay for hosting the burg had supported Garching as the host and ­future most developed fusion ­experiment in ­Belgium and Italy had abstained. Coming the world? to this agreement had been a major debate ­between the UK and Germany for years. A SUCCESSFUL JOINT RESCUE If you study the official, publicly available, THE HIJACKING OF THE ‘LANDSHUT’ German documents (Akten zur auswaertigen To this date, rumours abound that Ger­many Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1977 gave up their ambitions to host JET in order­ to (1. Januar bis 30. Juni), S.1410ff) carefully, you thank the British government for their support start to doubt it. In fact, British Prime Minis- during a terrorist attack. On 13th October 1977, ter James Callaghan and German Chancellor four members of the “Popular Front for the ­Helmut Schmidt had met on 18th October 1977, ­Liberation of Palestine” hijacked the Lufthansa a previously­ ­arranged meeting, when the news Boeing ‘Landshut’. The British government did, broke that the ‘Landshut’ passengers had been in fact, supply a spe­cific type of grenade which freed ­safely. Both country leaders now came

26 FUSION IN EUROPE | Community | EUROfusion |

together with revived spirits in the light of the successful joint rescue operation. On the agenda­ were highly sensitive topics, most of them discus­sing European-related topics or ­issues in the Middle-East.­ Interes­tingly enough, the location­ of the Joint Euro­pean Torus was on that list too. The whole project was already ­facing the dawn of a closing-down phase. Since the beginning of the year, discussions about its location had remained in deadlock with the Council of Ministers­ in Brussels. The con- tracts of international scientists already on the ­existing JET Management Committee were about to end. A picture of the ‘Landshut’ aircraft in Brazil. The plane UK TO HOST JET FOR THE COMMON was hijacked in Mogadishu in 1977. Later the machine was stormed and all passengers freed. Due to the 40th EUROPEAN IDEA anniversary of the hijacking, Fusion in Europe took a look According to the German minutes of the at the story which had led to JET’s final destination, in a way. After the terrorist attack the Boeing continued flight meeting, the atmosphere between Schmidt service and ended up in a Brazilian fleet. In 2017, the and Callaghan seemed friendly and respect- German ­govern­ment bought the remains of the aricraft, ful. Schmidt expressed his gratitude for the and a complex logistic operation was set in motion to transport it back to its home country. ­British support during the ‘Landshut’ attack; Picture: DPA Bildarchiv Callaghan responded that Germany was ­actually fighting against terrorists attacking­ the democratic­ freedom worldwide. The talks then continued and arrived at the topic of the JET site. In fact, the British Prime Minister­ stated ­that one should not overrate the ­dividing The Joint European Torus in Cul- ­elements in their relationship. Anyhow,­ the ­British government­ eagerly wanted to host a ham, England, is still the most developed joint ­European device in order to demonstrate ­fusion experiment in the world. It is the their strong commitment to the common idea only ­fusion device able to operate with of ­Europe. Either way, should the Council in Brussels ­decide on Garching, England will not Deuterium-Tritium. In 2016, the United veto it. Kingdom decided to leave the Europe- an Union and with it to exit the Euratom CONSENSUS ACHIEVED treaty. The ­British Government has just The German chancellor also acted in an ­accommodating manner towards this friendly signalled major­ support for the Culham opening. He admitted that the JET site had facilities. It will invest 86 million pounds in become much too prestigious and should the nuclear fusion research programme. rather be discussed on a professional than a political level. Schmidt would therefore With this major­ backing, CCFE’s CEO Ian ­also agree on a consensus. What had been a Chapman is willing to take up JET’s histo- matter­ of debate for over two years was then rical heritage and to continue it into the ­resolved by the final decision of the Council future: “Fusion is entering the delivery era. of Research Ministers, just a few days after the Callaghan-Schmidt meeting in Bonn. The In the longer term, it means the UK will be Management Committee at JET was relieved at the forefront of developing fusion and and started to implement the urgent tasks bringing cleaner energy to the world.” which then finally lead to JET’s first plasma in 1983. n

26 27 FUSION IN EUROPE

This is a portrait of the world’s most developed tokamak as we know it – or not as the case may be. Pictures: Ray Francis

ainter Sarah Moncrieff Phas painted a portrait of the world’s largest ­toka­mak. In this interview, she shares her thoughts on “fusing line, colour, mark and texture” with ­Fusion in Europe.

JET AS A PICTORIAL RECORD

28 FUSION IN EUROPE | Community | EUROfusion |

Why did you choose to paint JET? The act of painting is I am primarily interested in two things: firstly, what constitutes a person’s daily visual expe­ the creation of something, rience. We often become immune to our work environment. We no longer see it with fresh but instead of fusing ­­ eyes. This feels particularly pertinent in Culham­ nuclei to create energy, where the structures and colours are extra­ ordinary. My paintings remind us of our every- I am fusing line, colour, day surroundings. They also capture a­specific mark and texture to ­ moment in the history of our working lives as these environments will undergo change. create my final piece.

­Secondly, bold shapes, colours and lines appeal Sarah Moncrieff to me and I like to derive a sense of order from a visually complex scene.

The choice of colours appears to differ from EUROfusion buys experimental time on an your usual industry related work. overall of six different fusion machines in The bold colours within the work environment Europe. Would you be interested in ­painting of Culham were so strong that I simply could any more? not ignore them. They are a fabulous riot of I am very interested. Presenting a series of cadmium yellows, cobalt blues and vermillion paintings of machines and environments reds. It was the combination of the colours and at the forefront of technology would be an structures that really appealed to me. Had I con- ­exci­ting and stimulating challenge. Scientists fined myself to a limited colour palette, I would will record the progress and results of this have lost something fundamental. Instead, journey, but as an artist I can make a pictorial, the challenge­ was one of taking the scene and historical record. n ­extracting the significant structures and shapes from it in order to achieve a sense of the whole without needing to paint in every element.

What was painting the machine like? I started the process by drawing the machine over and over again to make sure I understood the structure. There is nothing more frustrating than realising half way through that you have got a crucial element all wrong. Whilst ­drawing it, I really engaged with the powerful curves, the intricate details of the structures and the ­different parts all of which connect to create one amazing machine. Picture: private UK based Sarah Moncrieff is a painter I then had to think about what parts of the machine itself I should paint and what parts and concentrates on depicting modern I should leave out. This is a constant struggle urban life through her Urban Landscape for me as an artist. I need to retain enough to paintings. For more info check out her convey the essence of the machine itself, but I don’t want to paint every tiny detail, other- homepage: wise I might just as well take a photograph. www.sarahmoncrieffpaintings.co.uk Painting is a process of saying as much as you can but as concisely as possible.

28 29 FUSION IN EUROPE outlook 2018 | ITER: HALFWAY

ITER in December, looking like a giant workshop of Santa Claus. TO FIRST PLASMA Picture: ITER Organisation

We are expecting to hear more good news from ITER next year. In December 2017, the largest fusion experiment to come had announced the completion of an important milestone: 50 percent of the total construction work through First Plasma is done! The passing of this milestone ­reflects “the collective contribution and commitment of ITER’s seven Members,” writes Director-Gen- eral Bernard Bigot in a letter to all participating nations.

You know these days that small tweets can contain big news: EUROfusion’s Czech Research Unit will receive 31.5 million Euros from their Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports in order to upgrade their tokamak Compass. Once the work is completed, the European fusion consortium is considering to test a new way of plasma exhaust, namely the concept of a liquid divertor, in Prague.

CHINESE-EUROPEAN The cooperation between European fusion research and its counterparts in China is COOPERATION DEVELOPING developing further. In August, represen­ tatives from China visited the EURO­ fusion offices in Garching. They were eager to learn about the setup of EURO­fusion’s programme. Some days earlier they had ­already visited Fusion for ­Energy’s head- quarter in Barcelona. Those meetings in Europe are a direct result from the Tech- nology Manage­ment Plan which has been signed at the ­Fusion Energy Conference 2016 in Kyoto, Japan. The European team is eagerly looking forward to ­returning the visit. In January, a 24 person large (from left to right): ZHANG Bingqing, WANG Min, Darren McDonald (in the ­delegation from EUROfusion will be back), LUO Delong, Pietro Barabaschi, (in the back), Tony Donné (in the ­welcomed at the he Chinese Center for front), Johannes Schwemmer (front), Gianfranco Federici (in the back), ­Fusion Science of the Southwestern Insti- QIAN Xiaoyong, CUI Chunyu and ZHU Yalan. Picture: EUROfusion tute of Physics (SWIP) in Chengdu.

30 FUSION IN EUROPE

EUROPEAN CONSORTIUMEUROPEAN CONSORTIUM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUSION ENERGYOF FUSION ENERGY REALISINGREALISING FUSION FUSION ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY

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Our partners: Our partners:

FRANCE FRSPANCAINE SPAIN

30 This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014 – 2018 under grant agreement No 633053.

Many more facilities are involved in the European fusion research. The map shows only those for which EUROfusion contributes to the operation costs.

ISSN 1818-5355