Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 1 1/21/14 10:03 AM Publication of the Encyclopedia of Ancient Christianity has been made possible in part by the generous support of the Green Scholars Initiative. EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 2 1/21/14 10:03 AM ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANCIENT CHRISTIANITY Produced by the Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum VOLUME ONE A–E general editor Angelo Di Berardino consulting editors Thomas C. Oden Joel C. Elowsky project editor James Hoover principal translators Joseph T. Papa Erik A. Koenke Eric E. Hewett EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 3 1/21/14 10:03 AM InterVarsity Press P.O. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1426 Internet: www.ivpress.com Email: [email protected] English Translation ©2014 InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA Translated from the Italian Nuovo dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiane, 3 volumes, ©2006–2008 Casa Editrice Marietti, S.p.A., Genova-Milano. Published in the United States of America by InterVarsity Press, Downers Grove, Illinois, with permission from Casa Editrice Marietti. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from InterVarsity Press. InterVarsity Press® is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA®, a movement of students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities, colleges and schools of nursing in the United States of America, and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students. For information about local and regional activities, write Public Relations Dept., InterVarsity Christian Fellowship/USA, 6400 Schroeder Rd., P.O. Box 7895, Madison, WI 53707-7895, or visit the IVCF website at www. intervarsity.org. BWHEBB, BWHEBL, BWTRANSH [Hebrew]; BWGRKL, BWGRKN, and BWGRKI [Greek] PostScript® Type 1 and TrueType fonts Copyright ©1994-2013 BibleWorks, LLC. All rights reserved. These Biblical Greek and Hebrew fonts are used with permission and are from BibleWorks (www.bibleworks.com). Design: Cindy Kiple Cover image: Christ and the Apostles (I am the life), Icon at De Agostini Library. G. Dagli Orti, The Bridgeman Art Library ISBN 978-0-8308-2940-8 (Vol. 1) ISBN 978-0-8308-2941-5 (Vol. 2) ISBN 978-0-8308-2942-2 (Vol. 3) ISBN 978-0-8308-2943-9 (set of 3 vols.) Printed in the United States of America ∞ InterVarsity Press is committed to protecting the environment and to the responsible use of natural resources. As a member of Green Press Initiative we use recycled paper whenever possible. To learn more about the Green Press Initiative, visit www. greenpressinitiative.org. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nuovo dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiane. English Encyclopedia of ancient Christianity / [compiled by] Angelo Di Berardino. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8308-2943-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Christian literature, Early—Dictionaries. 2. Church history—Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600—Dictionaries. I. Di Berardino, Angelo, editor of compilation. II. Title. BR66.5.D5813 2014 270.103—dc23 2013050987 P 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Y 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 4 1/21/14 10:03 AM InterVarsity Press PROJECT STAFF Senior Editor/Project Editor James Hoover Managing Editor Benjamin M. McCoy Copyeditors Jeffrey A. Reimer Susan Carlson Wood Additional Translators Lewis Berry, C.O. Jeffrey Paul Orrell Peter Knuffke Joshua Furnal Brother Richard A. Bailey John Taylor Carr and Lydia Brooke Carr Editorial & Administrative Assistants Rebecca Carhart Allison Rieck Rachel Neftzer Snavely Claire VanderVelde Design Cindy Kiple Content Production Kirsten Pott Maureen G. Tobey Jeanna L. Wiggins Proofreaders Jeffrey A. Reimer Michael D. Gibson EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 5 1/21/14 10:03 AM InterVarsity Press Publisher Robert A. Fryling Associate Publisher for Editorial Andrew T. Le Peau Associate Editorial Director James Hoover Production Manager Anne Gerth Print Coordinator Jim Erhart EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 6 1/21/14 10:03 AM Contents Preface to the Second English Edition . ix Preface to the Second Italian Edition (2006). x Preface to the First Italian Edition (1983) . xi A Note on Using the Encyclopedia . xiii Contributors . xiv Biblical Abbreviations . xix Bibliographical Abbreviations . xx Entries A–E . 1 Complete List of Articles . 913 EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 7 1/21/14 10:03 AM Preface to the Second English Edition A scholarly encyclopedia of Christian antiquity faces the daunting task of drawing together the results of re- search on a vast field of study. The Dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiane (DPAC) was first published from 1983 to 1988 by Casa Editrice Marietti. Soon it became a prevailing resource for patristic scholars. It was evident that it needed to be translated into English. So in 1992 the two-volume Encyclopedia of the Early Church (EEC) was published by James Clarke & Co. in Great Britain and Oxford University Press in the United States, trans- lated by Adrian Walford with a foreword and bibliographic amendments by W.H.C. Frend. The field of patristic studies has grown exponentially in the years since 1992, yet no comparable encyclo- pedia has appeared in English since that time. For more than twenty years the 1992 English edition from James Clarke/Oxford remained the standard of the world of patristic studies. An ongoing process of revision by the original collaborators called forth the Italian publication of the second edition of the Dizionario in Italian during the years 2006 to 2010—the Nuovo dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiane (NDPAC); see the preface to the second Italian edition, which follows, for indications of the additions and changes that were made. This is the English translation of that expanded second edition of the Dizionario under the title Encyclo- pedia of Ancient Christianity (EAC), published by InterVarsity Press. Both the Oxford and IVP editions have been produced by the indefatigable Professor Di Berardino and his colleagues at the Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum in Rome. To them a great debt is owed by all who engage in patristic studies now and in the future. A new baseline of competence and information has been set. This new standard is characterized by concise argument, breadth of international scholarship and richness of bibliography. This new edition has been expanded by more than 35 percent, to 3,220 articles, written by 266 contributors from 26 countries. Thirty new articles have been added since the Italian publication at the behest of Professor Di Berardino— apostolic see, Capua, Carmen de synodo Ticinensi, China, cosmopolitanism, death, diakonia / diaconate, Dialogi de sancta Trinitate IV-V, doorkeeper (porter), dynamis/energeia, eternity, forgiveness, freedom/free will, good, Hierotheus, incubatio, infinity/infinitude, libelli miraculorum, love, Mara bar Serapion (letter of), oikeiōsis, old age, presanctified, Serapeion (Serapeum), subdeacon, Theosebia, Triumphus Christi heroicus, Tychon, unity and Virgo Parens—and the article on matristics has been updated. Nothing like it exists in English. It covers key topics in early Christian studies with special attention to authors, texts and contexts of the first through eighth centuries. Many articles are offered on figures and subjects not found in previous patristic encyclopedias. This edition incorporates a far wider range of entries than its antecedents, more fully embracing archaeological, philosophical, historical, geographic and theological arenas. Art historians, linguistic experts, epigraphers and papyrologists are playing an increasing role in these findings. New insights into Eastern European (Polish, Czech, Bulgarian and Hungarian) and Syriac traditions of patristic studies are better represented than before. New entries have been added from Arabic, Coptic, Armenian and Gothic experts. The expanded bibliographies alone are priceless for all who might venture into the study of the persons, events and ideas of early Christian thought. Primary sources, texts and commentaries open up a vast theater of reading on any of its subjects. W.H.C. Frend was right to say of the Encyclopedia of the Early Church in 1992: “There is no work that can properly be compared with it.” This is a more extensive continuation of that work. The time frame of theEncyclopedia encompasses the period from Clement of Rome to Bede and John of Damascus—roughly AD 90 to 750, but with allowance for special cases such as Syria, Ethiopia, Mauretania and Arabia. The sheer mass of scholarly work on early Christianity is astounding. New studies with new methods have been included. These contributors, along with our English translation editorial team of Joel Elowsky and James Hoover, are offering an unrivaled resource in English for scholars around the world. The purpose of an encyclopedia is to condense massive information about locations, figures, interpreta- tions and subjects into a suitably concise format commensurable with the importance of the subject. Its goal is succinct summaries of complex data, offering an impartial, fact-based summation of diverse scholarship along with sufficient bibliographies to guide readers further into this vast literature. —Thomas C. Oden EAC Vol.1 A-E.indb 9 1/21/14 10:03 AM Preface to the Second Italian Edition (2006) The first edition of the Dizionario patristico e di antichità cristiane (DPAC) met with notable success, address- ing a felt need for an informed and complete resource on Christian antiquity in general and on the church fathers in particular. Besides the reprint in Italian in 1999, it was translated into various other languages (Spanish, English, French and Portuguese); in recent years publishing houses in Eastern Europe have asked for translations. Twenty-two years after the first edition, therefore, the editors felt the need, not for a simple reprint—of limited value in this field—but for something new and different.