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Organized Crime Infiltration of Legitimate Businesses in Europe: a Pilot Project in Five European Countries

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Organized Crime Infiltration of Legitimate Businesses in Europe: a Pilot Project in Five European Countries Co-funded by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union Organized Crime Inltration of Legitimate Businesses in Europe: A Pilot Project in Five European Countries Methodological Annex of Project ARIEL Co-funded by the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme of the European Union Final Report of Project ARIEL - Assessing the Risk of the Infiltration of Organized Crime in EU MSs Legitimate Economies: a Pilot Project in 5 EU Countries (HOME/2012/ISEC/FP/C1/4000003801) Edited by Ernesto U. Savona and Giulia Berlusconi Principal Investigators for the 5 EU MS: Gerben Bruinsma, Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement ([email protected]) Lars Korsell, Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention ([email protected]) Gorazd Meško, University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security ([email protected]) Ernesto U. Savona, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore-Transcrime ([email protected]) David Wall, University of Durham (now University of Leeds, [email protected]) With the collaboration of (in alphabetical order): Sylvia Alberts; Branko Ažman; Stefano Bonino; Salvatore Cincimino; Jeltsje Cusveller; Adriaan Denkers; Lorena Di Bono; Fiammetta Di Stefano; Bojan Dobovšek; Katja Eman; Lorella Garofalo; Valentina Giampietri; Maurizio Lisciandra; Marina Marchiaro; Maja Modic; Michele Riccardi; Helena Rönnblom; Martina Rotondi; Federica Sarno; Giulia Schiavulli; Andrej Sotlar; Johanna Skinnari; Boštjan Slak; Cristina Soriani; Joanne van Hoek. Suggested citation: Savona Ernesto U. & Berlusconi Giulia (Eds.). 2015. Organized Crime Infiltration of Legitimate Businesses in Europe: A Pilot Project in Five European Countries. Final Report of Project ARIEL – Assessing the Risk of the Infiltration of Organized Crime in EU MSs Legitimate Economies: a Pilot Project in 5 EU Countries (www.ariel- project.eu). Trento: Transcrime – Università degli Studi di Trento. © 2015 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein 4 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7 PART I. Mapping organised crime infiltration in legitimate businesses ................................................................................. 11 2. Organised crime infiltration in 5 EU countries ............................................................................................................... 13 3. Italy ................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 4. The Netherlands .............................................................................................................................................................. 27 5. Slovenia ............................................................................................................................................................................ 34 6. Sweden ............................................................................................................................................................................. 36 7. United Kingdom ............................................................................................................................................................... 40 PART II. Assessing the risk of infiltration in legitimate businesses ........................................................................................ 47 8. Drivers of infiltration ........................................................................................................................................................ 58 9. The step-by-step process of infiltration .......................................................................................................................... 58 10. Control strategies of infiltrated businesses ................................................................................................................. 60 11. Management strategies of infiltrated businesses ....................................................................................................... 62 12. Key inputs for a common risk-assessment model ...................................................................................................... 66 References ........................................................................................................................................................................... 67 5 6 Operationalisation of organised crime infiltration Four elements need to be present to identify a reference to or a case study on criminal infiltration: 1. A criminal organisation; 2. A natural person belonging to a criminal organisation or acting on its behalf, or an already infiltrated legal person; 3. The investment of financial and/or human resources; 4. The participation in the decision-making process of a legitimate business. 1. A criminal organisation Building on Europol’s definition of serious and organised crime (Europol, 2013), ‘organised crime group’ refers to any criminal actor – from large organisations to loose networks of collaborating criminals – that falls under the definition provided by the EU Framework Decision on the Fight against Organised Crime (2008/841/JHA) and/or is involved in serious crimes as identified by art. 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Art. 1 of the EU Framework Decision on the Fight against Organised Crime defines a criminal organisation as: a structured association,1 established over a period of time, of more than two persons acting in concert with a view to committing offences which are punishable by deprivation of liberty or a detention order of a maximum of at least four years or a more serious penalty, to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit (Council of the European Union, 2008). Art. 83(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union identifies ‘serious crimes’ as: terrorism, trafficking in human beings and sexual exploitation of women and children, illicit drug trafficking, illicit arms trafficking, money laundering, corruption, counterfeiting of means of payment, computer crime and organised crime (European Union, 2012). Broad definitions of organised crime have been criticized by scholars for their vagueness (Calderoni, 2008; Finckenauer, 2005; Hagan, 2006; Maltz, 1996). However, they make it possible to include a broad range of criminal organisations in the analysis, and to take account of the differences among the five EU MS. 2. A natural person belonging to a criminal organisation or acting on its behalf, or an already infiltrated legal person The literature on organised crime usually considers criminal organisations as collective bodies, and the investments in the legal economy are attributed to the whole organisation. However, the criminal infiltration of legitimate businesses is carried out by a single person or a group of persons belonging to the criminal organisation or acting on its behalf. Furthermore, distinguishing between cases of infiltration driven by personal reasons and those dictated by the criminal organisation’s strategies is not always possible (Savona & Riccardi, 2015). The infiltration may also be perpetrated by a legal entity (e.g. cooperative, corporation, company) ultimately controlled by a person (or a group of persons) belonging to the criminal organisation or acting on its behalf. In this case, the legal person that carries out the infiltration has already been infiltrated by the criminal organisation and acquires the ownership of (a percentage of) another operating business. Accordingly, the criminal infiltration of a legitimate business may be carried out by: A natural person (or a group of persons) belonging to a criminal organisation (i.e. a member of the OCG); A natural person (or a group of persons) acting on behalf of the organisation (i.e. a person who is used as a cover by OCG members and acts as a straw man); A legal person already infiltrated by an OCG (i.e. a legal entity ultimately controlled by a criminal organisation through a member of the group or a straw man). 1 A structured association is defined as ‘an association that is not randomly formed for the immediate commission of an offence, nor does it need to have formally defined roles for its members, continuity of its membership, or a developed structure’ (Council of the European Union, 2008). 7 3. The investment of financial and/or human resources The investment of money is not an essential requirement for the criminal infiltration of a legitimate business. Human resources may also be adopted to acquire control over the management. In the case of investment of capital, it is not always possible to identify the origin of the money invested in the legal business. The members of a criminal organisation, as well as straw men and infiltrated legal persons, may invest the proceeds of crime directly, or carry out the infiltration by investing money which has already been laundered. In some cases, a member of a criminal organisation may also invest capital of legal origin (e.g. after the inheritance of property). Accordingly, the capital invested in a legitimate
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