A 13.66/2: F 57/2x V HISTORIC FIRE LOOKOUTS

ON THE

SISKIYOU NATIONAL FOREST

Cultural Property Inventory

And

Request For a Determination of' Eligibility

to the

National Register of Historic Places

USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Region Siskiyou National Forest

Josephine, Curry and Coos Counties, Oregon

Katherine C. Atwood

August 26, 1994 V FORWARD

The history of fire detection and suppression on the Siskiyou National Forest begins with the creation of the Forest in 1906. Since that date administrative boundaries, district names and locations have undergone changes. In this document all references to Forest and ranger district names reflect their current application. Information regarding location, construction and removal dates of specific lookouts on the Siskiyou National Forest is drawn from materials prepared by Gerald Williams and Ron Johnson. Williams, a Forest Service historian, has researched lookouts in western Oregon for many years. His work is documented in "An Inventory of the Known Lookout Locations In Western Oregon," last updated in July 1991. Ron Johnson is a retired Forest Service employee who has studied lookouts extensively, conducted field visits, and collected historic photographs of the resources. Mark Swift, Archaeologist on the Malheur National Forest, Burns Ranger District, has prepared "L-4 Style Lookout Inventories for Oregon and Washington," last revised in July, 1993. Swift's work "USFS Historic Fire Detection and Suppression Properties, 1910-1945, Region 6," provides additional information. The statistics used in this document are also compiled from data supplied by Williams and Johnson. The statistics are based on the most reliable information available and are intended to indicate general trends. Much information remains to be gathered regarding lookouts, particularly dates of removal or destruction. In many cases dates given are approximate and when a construction date is cited as "c. 1933" for example, the construction date was considered as of that year.

Appendix A contains inventory forms for the eight extant lookouts on the Siskiyou National Forest. A list of known lookout sites on the Siskiyou National Forest is included in Appendix B. Information for the list is taken from "An Inventory of the Known Lookout Locations in Western Oregon," by Gerald W. Williams.

2

SOUTHERN OREGON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 5138 00641104 2 DESCRIPTION The eight fire lookouts that comprise this study for a Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places are administered by the USDA Forest Service and located on the Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The lookouts, constructed between 1947 and 1963 as part of the Forest's fire detection and suppression system, stand within five separate ranger districts. Snow Camp, Quail Prairie, Wildhorse and Lake of the Woods Lookouts are in Curry County; Bolan Mountain, Pearsoll Peak and Onion Mountain Lookouts are in Josephine County and Bald Knob Lookout is located in Coos County. Bolan Mountain, Pearsoll Peak and Snow Camp Mountain Lookouts are ground houses; Bald Knob, Lake of the Woods, Quail Prairie, Onion Mountain and Wildhorse Lookout houses are situated atop towers ranging in height from ten feet to forty-one feet. The individual lookouts are described in a later portion of this report, and an evaluation is given within the pertinent context. Inventory forms detailing physical characteristics, significance and management recommendations for each station are appended. The eight fire lookouts are: Lookout District County Built Style Status

Bald Knob Powers Coos 1962 R-6 flat In Use Bolan Illinois Valley Josephine 1953 L-4 In Use Lake of the Woods Gold Beach Curry 1958* R-6 flat In Use Onion Galice Josephine 1952 L-4 In Use Pearsoll Illinois Valley Josephine 1954 L-4 Quail Prairie Chetco Curry 1963 R-6 flat In Use Snow Camp Chetco Curry 1958 R-6 flat Guest* Wildhorse Gold Beach Curry 1947 L-4 In Use *Lake of the Woods Lookout was originally constructed in 1958 on Barklow Mountain. It was relocated to Lake of the Woods Mountain in 1974. Initial Construction Period: 1947-1954 Four of the inventoried stations, Bolan Mountain, Onion Mountain, Pearsoll Peak and Wildhorse Lookouts were constructed between 1947 to 1954 and are representative of the "Standard '36" L-4 model. The style was characterized by a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9" ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond

3 the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir.1

Second Construction Period: 1958-1963 Between 1958 and 1963 the Siskiyou National Forest constructed the last lookouts to be placed on the Forest. These four stations, Bald Knob, Lake of the Woods Mountain, Quail Prairie Mountain, and Snow Camp Mountain Lookouts reflected a new style which had first been introduced in 1953. The R-6 flat roof model was developed as modern building technology evolved and convenient materials became available. The style was characterized by 15' x 15' cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The R-6 design had no shutters and window coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits.,

STATEMENT OF CONTEXT Geographic Context: Siskiyou National Forest The Siskiyou National Forest, which constitutes the geographic context for the eight lookouts, and by which each is managed, is located in the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range of the southwestern corner of Oregon. A small section of the Forest extends into Del Norte County in California. The Forest contains 1,162,030 acres within its boundaries, of which 69,728 acres are privately owned or managed by other government agencies. The Siskiyou National Forest includes 5.4 % of Coos County, 53.4 % of Curry County, and 28.5% of Josephine County.3

The topography of the Forest is extremely mountainous, with elevations rising to over 7,000 feet. It is characterized by a variety of landforms ranging from sharp ridges and deep canyons to flat ridges and rounded slopes. The Forest is drained by many fast-flowing rivers including the South Fork of the Coquille, the Sixes and Elk Rivers, the Rogue and Illinois watershed , and the drainages of the Pistol, Chetco, and Winchuck Rivers. 4

The Siskiyou National Forest has long been known as an isolated area. Until well into the twentieth century, few trails or roads penetrated the region. Stephen Dow Beckham has described the region comprising Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties as "one of limited population [that] has remained so since the earliest years of white settlement ... the area was very limited in comparison to other regions of western Oregon." In 1970 a demographic study of the Siskiyou National Forest indicated that it had less than one person per square kilometer.5

4 Historic Context: Fire Detection and Suppression on the Siskiyou National Forest: 1941-1965 Four of the extant Siskiyou National Forest lookouts were constructed between 1947 and 1954: Bolan Mountain (1953); Onion Mountain, (1952); Pearsoll Peak (1954) and Wildhorse (1947). These Standard '36 L-4 style lookouts were built during the immediate post-war era as integral components of a continuing fire detection and suppression system in the isolated, rugged topography of the Siskiyou National Forest. Although the Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed. the post-World War II rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, dramatic population growth and economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression requirements demanded that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Siskiyou National Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire.

By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, recreationists and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance.6

Four of the lookouts, Bald Knob (1962), Lake of the Woods Mountain (1958), Quail Prairie Mountain (1963), and Snow Camp Mountain (1958), were constructed in the R-6 flat roof style, during the second period of lookout construction. Representative of a different model and materials, the four later structures provided the same protection and continued use of the earlier lookouts. Although the later four were housed differently than those preceding them, their use remained the same during the period of post-war economic development in which southwestern Oregon's population rapidly expanded and a stable timber supply remained critically important.

The eight extant Siskiyou National Forest lookouts alone survive after nearly a century of Forest history. A study of expanded temporal boundaries to recognize all lookout construction on the Siskiyou National Forest between 1906 and the present, indicates that approximately seventy known lookout structures have been placed on forty-six mountain locations on the Forest.7 Estimates place the number of the Siskiyou National Forest lookouts in 1940 at approximately thirty stations. 8 Approximately twenty-one lookouts were constructed on the Forest

5 between 1940 and 1955, and eight were built between 1956 and 1963, the last year a lookout was introduced.9 By the mid 1960s the Siskiyou National Forest saw a reduction in the number of lookout stations maintained for detection. In 1942 approximately forty lookouts were standing; by 1963 approximately fifteen structures remained. The number suggests the relative rarity of the eight remaining lookout structures.

HISTORY/LOOKOUT STYLES History Fire Detection on the Siskiyou National Forest 1906-1945 The Siskiyou National Forest was created on October 5, 1906. Prior to this date the General Land Office had done little more than carry out surveys of the southwestern Oregon lands under its jurisdiction. In many areas of western Josephine and eastern Curry Counties entire townships remained unsurveyed. The Forest's creation was a result of President Roosevelt's massive assignments of land to reserves by executive orders during the years 1904 to 1908.10

Interest in land protection increased in the late 19th century as timber speculators, land fraud experts and dishonest politicians assaulted the public domain. Hundreds of thousands of acres were stolen under illegal or suspect dealings through entries on public lands under the Timber and Stone Act, the Swamp Lands Act and the Desert Land Act, and through direct grants to railroad and road companies. By the turn of the century, timber frauds in Oregon were well known. At the same time the formal discipline of forest management was developing vigorously."1

The administration of the Siskiyou began in November 1906, when Acting Supervisor M.J. Anderson arrived in Grants Pass to open an office. By the spring of 1909 the Siskiyou National Forest was divided into six ranger districts, Port Orford, Agness, Galice, Page Creek, Chetco and Gasquet. During the early years practices and administration on the Siskiyou National Forest involved surveying the boundaries, making field examinations of several of the suspect Timber and Stone Act entries, checking on the validity of Homestead entries, carrying out minor timber sales to mining companies, constructing trails, fighting fires, and laying telephone lines. By 1914 district ranger records indicated that each district "had at least two lookout stations connected with telephone lines.,,12

Ranger Loren Cooper described particularly serious fire years in 1915 and 1917 -- the latter was the "worst fire season yet encountered." A total of 247 fires were counted that year, burning 60,401 acres of national forest land.13 In the decade

6 between 1915 and 1925 approximately twelve lookout structures were placed on the Forest.1 4 In 1929 another critical fire season devastated the Forest and the season did not end until rains fell on December 7, 1929. Seventy-one fires burned 23,000 acres that year, destroying thirty-one million board feet of timber. 15 The Siskiyou National Forest work pace quickened during the New Deal. Programs in conservation, recreation, and employment made notable changes. The Civilian Conservation Corps provided new labor to build lookouts and trails, bridges, and guard stations and the decade of the 1930s saw the construction of many new lookout structures on the Siskiyou National Forest. Timber sales, however, were slow. Only a few small sales on isolated tracts were conducted in 1934 and 1935. In 1937 ranger district records indicate that 493,000 board feet of sugar pine, 31,000 board feet of Ponderosa pine, and 38,000 board feet of Douglas fir were cut at the head of Soldier Creek. In 1940 approximately 1.5 million board feet of sugar pine, with a small amount of Douglas fir and Port Orford white cedar, was made at the head of Onion Creek.16 During World War II Siskiyou National Forest timber sales were unable to keep pace with the general increase in lumber production and the rapid move of the industry into southwestern Oregon. Inaccessibility and labor shortages made harvest on the Forest difficult. Demand was light for Douglas fir and sugar pine and most operators were able to fill their needs from privately owned timber companies.17

Fire Detection on the Siskiyou National Forest 1945-1965

Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. The following table indicates population increase within the three counties most directly associated with the Siskiyou National Forest. Population Year Curry Coos Josephine

1900 1868 10,324 7515 1910 2044 17,959 9567 1920 3025 22,257 7655 1930 3257 28,373 11,498 1940 4301 32,466 16,301 1950 6048 42,265 26,542 1960 13,869 54,388 29,65018

7 The immediate post-World War II timber cut on the Siskiyou National Forest mounted slowly however, while heavy cutting continued on private timber holdings in Oregon's southwestern corner. The rugged mountains of Coos County, eastern Curry County and western Josephine County held vast acreages of valuable timber which promised to provide a steady supply for post-war requirements. Sales from Forest lands gradually increased as large lumber companies such as Georgia Pacific and Roseburg Lumber replaced small pre-war logging operations and gained control of lumber production. These companies' modern milling facilities encouraged the opening of the Forest as demand for lumber products intensified.'9 The following table indicates the growth pattern of timber cut on the Siskiyou in the years following World War II:

Log Production in Thousand Board Feet: Siskiyou National Forest

Coos Co. Curry Co. Josephine Co.

1949 28,863 609 7,964 1950 36,814 5,431 18,708 1951 37,417 20,640 43,331 1952 35,969 21,123 35,727 1953 42,728 18,588 14,122 1954 26,433 29,692 32,951 1955 19,934 37,305 31,727 1956 29,451 46,107 24,623 1957 38,624 33,555 22,209 1958 52,273 46,331 54,594 1959 78,065 113,062 81,270 1960 30,124 116,958 64,565 1961 28,602 110,314 45,892 1962 40,676 121,545 73,386 1963 66,144 129,511 102,836 1964 87,387 134,580 82,43820

The delayed opening of the rugged Siskiyou National Forest to post-war timber harvest required the continued use of fire- lookouts as a critical part of the fire detection system on the Forest. Although the use of modern detection methods including airplanes and helicopters had become increasingly effective by the late 1950s, fire lookouts continued to provide vital Forest fire protection.

Lookout Styles on the Siskiyou National Forest

As on forests throughout the western states, the Siskiyou National Forest employed a wide variety of types and styles of lookout buildings between 1906 and 1963, the last known date of lookout construction on the Forest. Between 1906 and 1920

8 mountain locations housed pup tents and alidades, lookout trees, and cabins of various configuration. By the 1920s plans for most lookouts on the forests were standardized. The earliest standard lookout in Region 6 was the D-6, (District 6 was the name for the Pacific Northwest Region at that time). Designed by Lige Coalman, the cupola style lookout consisted of a twelve by twelve foot frame building with a six by six glassed-in second story. The D-6 was the first standardized lookout model on the region to combine fire detection and living facilities in one building. In addition, the roof slope was especially planned for the snowy northwest. Approximately ten may have existed on the Siskiyou National Forest. None remain standing.21

In 1929 the Forest Service introduced the L-4 model lookout. With increased funds available through the New Deal Works Progress Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps, over 1000 are estimated to have been built in Region Six. Designed to be both living and work space, the gable-roofed L-4 measured fourteen by fourteen feet in size. The L-4, which evolved through many revisions, was re-designed in 1931 with a hipped roof and nine-light windows. In 1936 the L-4 was again updated. Characteristics of the Standard '36 L-4 plan include a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9" ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir.2 2 The "Standard '36" model was in general use from 1936 to 1957 and approximately twenty are estimated to have been built on the Siskiyou National Forest. Bolan Mountain, Onion Mountain, Pearsoll Peak, and Wildhorse Lookouts exemplify the type on the Forest. The model continued to be used after World War II for its efficient function. Made in kit form and stored during the war years many Standard '36 L-4 models replaced deteriorating houses on locations still critically involved in fire detection use. 23

The R-6 flat roof lookout, which was introduced in 1953, represents the final lookout style developed in Region Six. Employing new building techniques and materials, its flat roof was designed to alleviate the costs of re-shingling the L-4 lookout buildings. The R-6 lookout had 15' x 15' cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The model typically had no shutters and the windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T- lll plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below, and closed soffits. R-6 model lookouts were not placed on the Siskiyou National Forest in large numbers because by the mid 1960's modern fire detection and suppression methods increasingly supplanted lookout

9 structures. 2 4 Approximately eight R-6 style lookouts are estimated to have existed on the Forest. Bald Knob, Lake of the Woods Mountain, Quail Prairie Mountain and Snow Camp Mountain Lookouts remain. Standard on the interior of all lookouts was the Osborne Firefinder. Similar in principle to the engineers transit, the Osborne Firefinder was a particularly critical piece of fire detection equipment which aided in plotting a fire's exact location on the map. Developed by William B. Osborne in 1911, the firefinder was mounted in the center of the cabin in an approximate two x two foot space. Osborne's 1934 model is widely used today and is present in each of the Siskiyou National Forest's fire lookouts. 25

LOOKOUT STATIONS Chetco Ranger District

Snow Camp Mountain Lookout T37S, R12W, Section 30 Curry County Elevation 4115 The present ground Snow Camp Mountain Lookout Station is an R-6 flat roofed lookout house built in 1958. Located approximately fifteen miles southeast of Gold Beach, Oregon, Snow Camp Mountain is composed of rock schists of the Colebrooke Formation.2 6 The station overlooks the Pistol River drainage to the southeast and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness area to the east. Major peaks within view of Snow Camp Mountain Lookout include Collier Butte, Saddle Mountain and Fairview Mountain. A gated access road, about one mile in length, leads from Forest Service Road 3376 to the lookout station. Earlier fire detection equipment on Snow Camp Mountain has included an alidade located on the site about 1918 and used during World War I. Records indicate that a fourteen by fourteen foot square "Hall Special" Lookout was constructed on the site in 1924 and remained in place until the present structure was built. An Aircraft Warning Station cabin was situated near the lookout during World War II, but no longer stands 27 Snow Camp Mountain Lookout has been used intermittently during lightening emergencies since the early 1970's. Now rented seasonally to the public for overnight accommodations, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout is a popular destination.

10 Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout T38S, RllW, Section 30 Curry County Elevation 3033 Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout Station was constructed in 1963 and is comprised of an R-6 flat roof cabin mounted on a forty-one foot sawn timber tower with a catwalk.2 8 The station is located approximately twenty miles northeast of Brookings, Oregon and is accessible from nearby Forest Service Road 1917. Quail Prairie Mountain is composed of rock of the Dothan and Otter Point Rock Formations and overlooks the Chetco River drainage to the west and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness area to the east.2 ! Peaks within ready view of the Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout include Vulcan Peak, Johnson Butte, Chetco Peak, and Mineral Hill. The first lookout for this area was located at Long Ridge in T38 South, Range 12 West, Section 23. The fourteen by fourteen foot R-1 style ground cabin was built in 1930 and was demolished in 1962. Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout was built the following season. The lookout has been manned on a continuous basis and is used for weather observation and radio relay as well as fire detection.3 0

Galice Ranger District Onion Mountain Lookout T36S R8W, Section 11 Josephine County - Elevation 4438 The present lookout was situated on the site in 1952 when a ten foot wooden tower with a "Standard '36" L-4 cabin was constructed. 31 The station lies approximately fourteen miles west of Grants Pass, Oregon. Onion Mountain is composed of metavolcanic rock of the Rogue and Galice Formations and overlooks the Taylor and Slate Creek sub-drainages.3 2 These creeks are tributaries to the Rogue River which is located approximately seven miles to the east. Onion Mountain Lookout is accessible by gated access road from Forest Service Road 2509 near its intersection with Shan Creek Road. Other improvements on the site include two modern concrete buildings which stand north of the lookout station. One is leased by a paging company, and the other is owned by Josephine County. A flagpole and a privy are also located on the site. The lookout is staffed. An alidade was first placed on Onion Mountain in 1915. In 1923 a seven foot log cribbing tower with a twelve by twelve foot D-6 cupola cabin was constructed on the site. 33 An early Siskiyou

11 National Forest inventory lists the elevation of this structure as 4054 feet, suggesting a different location than that of the present lookout.34

Gold Beach Ranger District Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout T34S, R12W, Section 33 Curry County Elevation 3419 The Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout was placed on this site in 1974. First located on Barklow Mountain, the R-6 flat-roofed cabin, originally a ground house, was flown by helicopter to the present location and placed on an eight foot tower with catwalk. 35 The station is approximately twenty-one miles northeast of Gold Beach, Oregon and is situated on rock composed of schists of the Colebrooke Formation. 36 Reached by a short access road from Forest Service Road 3340, the lookout station overlooks much of the lower Rogue River Drainage and peaks readily visible include Bobs Garden Mountain, Brushy Mountain, Soldier Camp Mountain and Ophir Mountain. A shake shelter was built on the site in the 1920s and in 1933 a fourteen by fourteen foot Plan L-4 ground cabin was erected at the location. At 3484 feet elevation, the 1933 lookout was situated further west on the point than the present lookout.3 7 Wildhorse Lookout T36S, R12W, Section 7 Curry County Elevation 3778 The Wildhorse Lookout was constructed in 1947 as a Standard L-4 cabin on a forty foot sawn lumber tower with a catwalk. The station is located approximately thirteen miles northeast of Gold Beach, Oregon. Wildhorse Lookout is situated on a ridge crest with rock composed of the soft, highly sheared schists of the Colebrooke Formation.38 Accessible from Forest Service Road 3318 200, the lookout is sited on a ridge dividing the watersheds of several sub-drainages which contribute to the Rogue and Illinois Rivers. Among other visible peaks are Saddle Mountain, Skookumhouse Butte, Sevenmile Peak and Quosatana Butte. Wil'dhorse Lookout has been consistently staffed. Early indications of fire detection practice at Wildhorse are indicated on 1922 and 1924 Siskiyou National Forest maps which indicate a telephone line in the lookout area. 39

12 A fireman's cabin was constructed on Wildhorse Ridge during the season of 1929, and in 1931 a fourteen by fourteen foot R-i style cabin was placed on the site. In 1936 the Civilian Conservation Corps built a tower with round wooden poles and an R-1 cabin at Wildhorse. An Aircraft Warning Station house was constructed at Wildhorse in 1942, but is no longer standing. 4 0 Illinois Valley Ranger District

Bolan Mountain Lookout SK 956 T41S, R6W, Section 7 Josephine County Elevation 6269

Bolan Mountain Lookout Station was built on the site in 1953. The "Standard '36" L-4 structure lies approximately fourteen miles southeast of Cave Junction, Oregon. Situated on bedrock of the Applegate Group, the station overlooks much of the Illinois River Drainage. 4 1 Visible mountain peaks include Little Grayback, Johnson Point, Tannen Mountain, and Page Mountain. Sited on the summit of a rocky peak, access to the lookout is by trail from Bolan Lake, or by a Forest Service Road 041. Rock stairs composed of mortared natural rock lead from a small parking area to the lookout. Bolan Mountain Lookout has been continually staffed.

Siskiyou National Forest inventory records indicate that a custom built twelve by twelve foot house on a six foot high log crib was constructed in 1917. The compiler noted in 1941 that the "house needed replacement." An Aircraft Warning Station house was constructed on Bolan Mountain for use in World War II, but is no longer standing. 42

Pearsoll Peak Lookout

T38, R10W, Section 2 Josephine County Elevation 5098 feet

The Pearsoll Peak Lookout station, a "Standard '36" L-4 ground house, was located on the site in 1954. The station is situated approximately thirteen miles Northwest of Cave Junction on bedrock composed primarily of Serpentinite and Periodotite. The lookout station, which is accessible only by trail, overlooks portions of the Rogue and Illinois River drainages and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness area. Access to the trail can be gained from Forest Service Road 1124.1 Peaks visible from the lookout include Tincup Peak, Nome Peak and Cedar Mountain. Pearsoll Peak Lookout serves as guest accommodations. Recently rehabilitated, all changes have been made carefully with historic integrity as a standard.

13 In 1919 a ready-made twelve by twelve foot cupola cabin was placed on Pearsoll Peak. During World War II an Aircraft Warning Station house was constructed below the lookout near the access road. The house is no longer standing.44 Powers Ranger District

Bald Knob Lookout T33S, R11W, Section 30 Coos County Elevation 3630' The Bald Knob lookout, a twenty foot high sawn lumber tower with an R-6 flat roof cabin, was constructed in l962.45 The lookout is situated twenty-six miles southeast of Myrtle Point on bedrock composed of tertiary sediments. The station is accessible by Forest Service Road 3348 and overlooks the Rogue River Drainage. The lookout is maintained regularly and is seasonally staffed. A shake shelter was built on Bald Knob in 1914. In 1918 a new cabin with a shake exterior was constructed on the site. A fourteen by fourteen foot L-4 model ground house was completed on the point at Bald Knob in 1931, and was accompanied by a twenty-one foot pole tower for observation. The house was removed in 1963 upon construction of the present structure which was located a short distance east of the 1931 station.4 6

SIGNIFICANCE/INTEGRITY/MXNAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Significance:

The National Register Criteria for Evaluation define significance: "The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, engineering and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, association and: a. that are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or: b. that are associated with the lives of persons significant in out past; or: c. that embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; or

14 d. that have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history."

In general, "properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register." Criterion A The extant lookouts on the Siskiyou National Forest are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. They are consistently used representatives of the critical role fire lookouts had in the development of fire detection on the Siskiyou National Forest. These lookouts helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the intense post-war economic growth of southern Oregon region, notably Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. The stations were a major part of the detection system for forest fires in a particularly isolated and rugged geographic area of southwestern Oregon and is linked to one of the most important early mandates of the United States Forest Service: "Forest reserves are for the purpose of preserving a perpetual supply of timber for home industries [and] preventing destruction of the forest cover which regulates the flow of streams ... They are patrolled and protected, at Government expense for the benefit of the community and home builder. "41 The extant Siskiyou National Forest fire lookouts continued to offer the same critical protection that the structures had provided in the years before World War II. As rare and relatively short-lived structures, lookouts are vulnerable to the environment. They have been destroyed regularly by snow loads, moisture and high winds, and their isolation has occasionally invited vandalism. The last lookout structures on the Forest were constructed in 1963 and structures of their type and function are no longer produced. An evaluation of the integrity of each lookout structure determines that one, Pearsoll Peak Lookout, retains sufficient integrity for National Register eligibility under Criterion A.

Criterion B In order to be eligible under Criterion B, a property must be demonstrated as possessing strong associations with the productive life of an individual of extraordinary significance. Research has not indicated that the lookouts on the Siskiyou National Forest are associated with such individuals. The lookouts would not be eligible for inclusion in the National Register under Criterion B.

15 Criterion C

Under Criterion C, a property is significant if it "embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, a method of construction, or represents the work of a master, possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction." A lookout structure which constitutes a good representative or last remaining example of a type or style would be eligible under Criterion C. Individual assessments of each lookout compares its present architectural integrity with the distinct characteristics defined earlier in this document under Lookout Styles. At this time Pearsoll Peak Lookout retains sufficient integrity to be eligible under Criterion C. Criterion D

Properties generally considered for Criterion D are significant in the area of archaeology and demand that research be accomplished through excavation and analysis of physical remains. While additional general information could be gained from such a study, it is not likely to contribute importantly toward a greater understanding of individual lookout purpose and function. Siskiyou National Forest fire lookouts are not considered eligible under Criterion D. Criterion G

Given strong historic associations and architectural integrity, Pearsoll Peak Lookout is particularly significant within the local context it served, as required under Criteria Consideration "G" pertaining to .properties less than fifty years old. National Register Bulletin No. 22 states concerning evaluation of resources not yet fifty years old, "Exceptional importance does not necessarily mean national significance, rather, it is a measure of a property's importance, within the appropriate historic context, whether the geographic scale of that context is local, state, or national." Additionally the bulletin states: "A case can more readily be presented and accepted for a property that has achieved significance within the last 50 years if the type of architecture or the historic circumstances with which the property is associated have been the object of scholarly evaluation". 48

Integrity

Assessment of integrity is necessary in order to determine both potential National Register eligibility and future management plans for these rare and vulnerable Siskiyou National Forest lookouts. Site visits to each of the eight lookout stations on the Siskiyou National Forest were conducted during the summer of 16 1993. The architectural integrity and physical condition of each lookout was noted and information was gained from plans for the Standard '36 L-4 model in Siskiyou National Forest files. Illustrations and descriptions in supplementary sources provided additional detail. Collection of historic photographs of the eight lookouts was not within the scope of this study. They would contribute toward an understanding of architectural integrity and aid future conservation work. The following aspects of integrity are examined for each lookout and discussed within individual summaries: location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and association. The National Register defines location as "the place where the historic resource was constructed or the place where the historic event took place." Design evolves from the planning of a properties construction -- "organization of space, proportion, scale, technology and ornament." "Setting is the physical environment of a property ... it illustrates the character of the place in which the resource played its historical role." Materials *are the physical elements that were combined or deposited in a particular pattern or configuration to form a district, site, building, structure, or object in a particular period in the past." Workmanship is "the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people ... the evidence of a craftsman's labor and skill in constructing ... or embellishing a site. Workmanship may be expressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing ... " "Feeling is the quality a historic resource has in evoking the aesthetic or historic sense of a past period of time. Although it is itself intangible, feeling depends upon the presence of physical characteristics to convey the historic qualities that evoke feeling. It may also require that an appropriate setting for the property be present. Because it is dependent upon the perception or imagination of each individual, integrity of feeling alone will never be sufficient to support listing in the National Register." Association is the direct link between a property and an event, or person, for which the property is significant. If a property has integrity of association then the property is the place where the event or activity occurred." As stated earlier, generally "properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered for the National Register." All eight of the extant Siskiyou National Forest lookouts are less than fifty years old. Four structures, Bald Knob, Lake of the Woods Mountain, Quail Prairie Mountain and Snow Camp Mountain, constructed between 1958 and 1963, are designed in the R-6 style and range in age between thirty-one and thirty-six years. Adequate perspective has not yet been gained to objectively evaluate the range and quality of the R-6 flat top structures and they are determined to be 17 ineligible at this time. These structures, with the possible exception of Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout, may be reviewed in approximately twenty years to determine their potential National Register eligibility. Alterations occurring at the time of relocation of Lake of the Woods Lookout from Barklow Mountain to its present site have substantially affected its integrity and make it unlikely that a later re-evaluation will enhance its suitability for Register listing. Four of the structures, Bolan Mountain, Onion Mountain, Pearsoll Peak and Wildhorse Lookouts range between forty and forty-seven years of age. They are examples of the Standard '36 L-4 lookout style, a type for which study has determined approximate numbers and locations and for which specific defining characteristics have been established. These lookouts are locally significant as the sole examples of their type developed for fire detection within the boundaries of the Siskiyou National Forest. A recent inventory of fire lookouts in Region 6 list a total of 74 remaining Standard '36 L-4 style structures. Among these extant lookouts are four on the Mt. Hood National Forest, four on the Rogue River National Forest, six on the Umpqua National Forest and two on the Willamette National Forest. While Region 6 developed with certain common historical themes, the individual Forests retain their distinct histories and fire lookouts express important aspects of those associations. While the four extant Standard '36 L-4 style lookouts reviewed here are among a number remaining within all of Region 6, they alone remain of those which once stood on the Siskiyou National Forest. (Swift 1993). Individual assessment of the integrity of each of these four lookout structures is included below. Management Recommendations: The eight extant lookouts are individual resources located at non-contiguous sites with a common context and theme. They are distributed among five ranger districts of the Siskiyou National Forest and are significant for their direct link to the development of fire detection and suppression on the Siskiyou National Forest during the post-war years. Three lookouts lie in Josephine County, one is in Coos County, and four are situated in Curry County. Access to individual lookouts can be gained variously from Grants Pass, Cave Junction, Brookings, Gold Beach, Selma, and Powers, and Happy Camp California. All but Pearsoll Peak Lookout are accessible by passable access roads and short walks or hikes. Pearsoll Peak can be reached by trail. Bolan Mountain Lookout is accessible by road or trail from Bolan Lake. Six of the eight lookouts continue in the use for which they were constructed. Their practical and efficient service continues to be important for the agencies for which they function. Snow Camp Mountain Lookout has been adapted to rental use in a successful program of seasonal guest accommodation. Pearsoll Peak Lookout 18 has been proposed for similar use. In both cases, funds raised from lookout rental can contribute substantially to the lookouts' continued maintenance and care.

General management recommendations assume that the best possible treatment for all Siskiyou National Forest lookouts is their maintenance and continued use for fire detection. Various interpretative or adaptive uses may enhance that use, or replace the original function, if circumstances alter the existing pattern. Such uses might include providing informative brochures for self-guided public visitation of lookouts or providing volunteer staff at lookouts for specific periods. In addition to the historical interest of these lookouts, their sites provide other opportunities to study geology, botany and weather.

An adaptive use has already been implemented successfully at Snow Camp Mountain Lookout and promises potential use for other structures, should original use change. Public guest reservations of Snow Camp Mountain Lookout during the season provide a distinct experience for individuals interested in seclusion and quiet. Booked for occupancy on almost every available day during the 1993 season, fees acquired in the rental process of Snow Camp Lookout substantially increased funds set aside for lookout preservation. Unaccompanied public use is perhaps best suited to ground houses for safety reasons, but special circumstances might allow the use of towers as well. Specific management recommendations for each fire lookout are included in the following individual reports. Chetco Ranger District

Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout Evaluation:

Basic character defining features of the R-6 style lookout cabin include 15' x 15' cabin dimensions, flat, tarred roofs. Windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits. With standard dimensions and with a typical roof,

Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1963, is an R-6 flat roof, 15 x 15 foot cabin with a catwalk, mounted on a forty- one foot sawn lumber tower. The tower, with a base measurement) of eighteen by eighteen feet, remains stable with bolted crossbracing. The stair leading to the catwalk is constructed of dimensional lumber with wood steps and handrail. The cabin exterior consists of T-111 siding, with plywood eaves and window covers. The roof is sheathed in rolled out composition material. Soffits are open. Single pane, wood framed casement windows with

19 two fixed lights in each surround the cabin in banks of seven. The wood door, located on the east elevation, has two glass lights. The interior is comprised of a linoleum-covered plywood subfloor on wood joists, wood interior cabinets and a firefinder. Wood siding sheaths the ceiling and walls. The lookout remains in use and the cabin and tower are in good condition. Forest Service files indicate that regular repairs to critical features have been during the past decade. The lookout retains some important design elements and materials including size, configuration, roof form, wood siding, and seven bay wood framed casement windows typical of the later style R-6 cabin. Additionally the lookout retains integrity of location, setting, feeling, and associations. Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout, thirty-one years of age, is not determined eligible at this time. Further evaluation in approximately twenty years is recommended. Management Recommendations:

One of two remaining fire lookouts on the Chetco Ranger District, Quail Prairie Lookout continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. It should remain in use and caretaking should include continued maintenance of the resource. Features which will contribute to its eligibility later should be retained or replaced with like or appropriate materials as needed. Quail Prairie Lookout retains sufficient integrity to warrant a review of its eligibility status in approximately twenty years. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change.

Snow Camp Mountain Lookout Evaluation:

Basic character defining features of the R-6 style lookout cabin include 15' x 15' cabin dimensions, flat, tarred roofs. Windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-l1l plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits.

Snow Camp Mountain Lookout was constructed in 1958 and designed as an R-6 flat-roof ground house mounted on concrete piers. The 15' x 15' foot square cabin has wood single pane, four light windows in seven banks in the style of the earliest R-6 cabins. A wo6d door has three lights. A wood dimensional lumber railing surrounds the structure. Exterior T-l1l wood siding is weathered but sound. Tapered rafters support the eaves in open soffits and removable plywood window covers are in place. The interior has wood walls, plywood sub-floor and ceiling and built-in furniture. 20 Constructed in 1958 and thirty-six years of age, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. With standard dimensions, a typical roof configuration and standard windows, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout's basic design features and materials are intact. One of the earliest R-6 flat-roof houses placed on the Forest, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout retains sufficient integrity of location, setting, feeling and associations. Further evaluation in approximately twenty years is recommended. Management Recommendations:

Snow Camp Mountain Lookout, one of two lookouts the Chetco Ranger District, is accessible by Forest Service Road and is presently in adaptive use as a seasonal public rental facility. The program is viewed as a model by other districts on the Siskiyou National Forest and by other Forests. Funds collected are applied to the lookout preservation. Snow Camp Mountain Lookout warrants a review in approximately twenty years to determine its eligibility status. Additional recommendations are that Snow Camp Look remain in its adaptive use. Caretaking should include continued maintenance of the resource and repair or replacement of damaged or deteriorated materials with like materials when necessary. Interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change. Galice Ranger District

Onion Mountain Lookout Evaluation: The Standard '36 L-4 lookout style is characterized by a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9" ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. Onion Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1952 is comprised of a Standard '36 L-4 cabin mounted on a twelve foot high lookout tower with a catwalk. The site is accessible by Forest Service road. Additional improvements on the site include two modern concrete buildings situated to the north of the lookout station. One is leased by a paging company, and the other is owned by Josephine County. A flagpole and a privy are also located on the site. The lookout cabin measures 14 x 14 feet square and has a hipped roof sheathed with wood shakes. T-111 siding has been introduced in areas of the exterior, replacing original tongue 21 and groove siding and particle board window shutters have replaced earlier ones. In 1990 multi-paned wood windows were removed and replaced with metal single light and one-over-one light, double hung windows. The replacement door is metal. Interior features include wood and plywood interior walls, tongue and groove ceiling and Osborne Firefinder. Some design features of Onion Mountain Lookout remain intact, however replacement materials have compromised the structures integrity. Wood windows have been replaced with metal windows and a metal door has been installed. T-111 siding has been employed as replacement of original tongue and groove wall sheathing. While Onion Mountain Lookout retains its integrity of location, non-contributing concrete structures on the site compromise the original setting. Not determined eligible for the National Register at this time, it is suggested that original wood windows be replaced (if available), and appropriate materials be used for repair and replacement. Onion Mountain Lookout should be reviewed for eligibility at such time as it's architectural integrity is enhanced or sufficient time has elapsed for re- evaluation. Management Recommendations: The sole remaining station on the Galice Ranger District, Onion Mountain Lookout continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. While not determined eligible at this time it is recommended that the important elements contributing to Onion Mountain Lookout's potential eligibility be retained or replaced in kind. If possible the original wood windows, which may be in storage should be re- installed and the siding should be replaced appropriately, The lookout's eligibility should be re-evaluated at a later date. Additional recommendations are that Onion Mountain Lookout remain in use and that caretaking include continued maintenance. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change. Gold Beach Ranger District Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout

Evaluation: Basic character defining features of the R-6 style lookout cabin include 15' x 15' cabin dimensions, flat, tarred roofs. Windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits.

22 Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout was originally constructed in 1958 on Barklow Mountain approximately twelve miles to the north. The R-6 flat roof ground cabin was flown by helicopter from Barklow Mountain to its present location in 1974 and placed on an eight foot steel tower with a catwalk. 49 Accessible by Forest Service Road, the lookout has experienced extensive remodeling. It has aluminum framed, single light, thermal glass windows in banks of six, which replaced earlier wood windows. The cabin is reached by a metal stair with channel metal stringers and a pipe railing. The tower is constructed of ten foot steel H-beams and steel angle iron legs, and the cabin superstructure is comprised of angle iron joists with one centered I beam. The slightly pitched roof is covered with corrugated metal and has a wide eave overhang. Plywood window covers are in place. Major features of the interior include particle board paneling, wood cupboards, plywood ceiling and floor and an Osborne Firefinder.

Although Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout was altered from a ground cabin to a lookout tower when it was moved from Barklow Mountain to the present site, its relocation was mitigated by similar siting a relatively short distance away, and by its continued use for fire detection. Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout has experienced replacement of its original windows, roof reconfiguration and installation of corrugated metal roof sheathing, metal catwalk, and siding. Alterations to the original design and materials and workmanship have compromised the resource's ability to convey its historic associations with continued use for fire detection on the Siskiyou National Forest. Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. The building's extensive physical alterations make it unlikely that future evaluation will result in eligibility. Management Recommendations: One of two remaining fire lookouts on the Gold Beach Ranger District, Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. The extent of exterior alterations suggests that further consideration of its historical values is not warranted. However it is recommended that the structure remain in use and that caretaking include continued maintenance. Repair of damaged or deteriorated materials should be accomplished as necessary for ordinary use. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use or replace it if circumstances warrant change.

23 Wildhorse Lookout Evaluation: The Standard '36 L-4 lookout style is characterized by a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9"1 ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. Wildhorse Lookout was constructed in 1947 as a Standard '36 L-4 house mounted on a forty foot sawn lumber tower with catwalk. A two foot wide wood stair leads to the catwalk. The fourteen by fourteen foot lookout cabin has double paned metal windows which have replaced earlier wood windows, and wood shutters. The wood door has four lights. The hipped roof is composed of wood shakes. Exterior siding is comprised of tongue and groove material with some T-111 panels. Major interior features include six inch tongue and groove siding and ceilings, wood built-in cabinets and an Osborne Firefinder. Vandalism occurred in 1990 when a fire was set on the interior and the door and windows broken. Repairs have been made and the lookout is in good condition. Although the tower is weathered, it is structurally stable. Wildhorse Lookout retains its integrity of location and setting, and important features of design. Use of inappropriate replacement materials has compromised the structure's physical integrity. Wood windows have been replaced with metal windows and T-111 siding has been employed as replacement wall material in some areas. The lookout is not determined eligible at this time. Management Recommendations:

One of two remaining fire lookouts on the Gold Beach Ranger District, Wildhorse Lookout, forty-seven years of age, continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. Due to replacement of original windows and some wall sheathing materials, Wildhorse Lookout is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. It is recommended that the important elements contributing to its potential eligibility be retained or replace in kind. If possible, the wall materials and windows be should be replaced appropriately. The lookout's National Register eligibility should be reviewed at a later date. Additional recommendations are that it remain in use and that caretaking include continued regular maintenance. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change.

24 Illinois Valley Ranger District

Bolan Mountain Lookout Evaluation: The Standard '36 L-4 lookout style is characterized by a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9" ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir.

Bolan Mountain Lookout was constructed in 1953 as a Standard '36 L-4 cabin situated on a poured concrete and natural rock foundation. The lookout is accessible by Forest Service road and by trail from Bolan Lake. The lookout's is a dramatic one -- on the rocky topmost peak of Bolan Mountain. The 14 x 14 foot cabin has a hipped roof with wood shake sheathing and wood siding. Approximately ten years ago, the wood windows were replaced with double pane, thermal glass, metal windows. Wood window shutters are in good condition. The interior is comprised of pine wainscot, a wood island, wood cabinets, table and bed platform, and Osborne Firefinder. A plywood ceiling has replaced the original tongue and groove material. The lookout appears in good condition although paint is worn on the weather side. Major design features of Bolan Lookout remain intact, although materials used in replacement have compromised the structure's integrity. In particular, wood windows have been replaced with thermal pane metal windows and original tongue and groove siding has been replaced with modern wall board. The lookout structure is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. Management Recommendations:

The sole remaining station on the Illinois Ranger District, Bolan Mountain Lookout continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. While not currently determined eligible Bolan Mountain Lookout retains its integrity of location and setting, as well as major features of design including size and roof configuration. Important elements contributing to Bolan Mountain Lookout's potential eligibility be retained. Windows and siding should be replaced appropriately when needed. The lookout's eligibility be re-evaluated at a later date. Additional recommendations are that it remain in use and that caretaking include continued maintenance. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change. 25 Pearsoll Peak Lookout Evaluation:

The Standard '36 L-4 lookout style is characterized by a 14' by 14' floor plan, 6' 9" ceilings, hipped roof, two-over-two light wooden windows around the upper two-thirds of the exterior walls, pre-cut framing members and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support large, shiplap shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir.

Pearsoll Peak Lookout is situated on the topmost point of the mountain and is accessible by trail leading from the termination of a rough Forest Service road. Pearsoll Peak Lookout was constructed in 1954 and was designed as a Standard '36 L-4 ground lookout house. The lookout rests on a concrete poured foundation. The exterior is sheathed in wood tongue and groove siding. Windows are wood two-over-two fixed light and casement windows with wood window covers. The hipped roof is covered with wood shingles. Major features of the interior include tongue and groove siding and ceiling and a wood plank floor.

Rehabilitation efforts were underway at Pearsoll Peak Lookout at the time of the field visit. The work has been accomplished with historic photographs, original plans and guidance from the Sand Mountain Society, which was responsible for the reconstruction of the Sand Mountain Lookout Station on the Willamette National Forest. The most severe damage to Pearsoll Peak Lookout was to west and south walls which had rotted from long exposure to fog and coastal winds. As much original material as possible was reused and great care taken to accurately restore the interior and exterior walls. These careful procedures have resulted in the retention of critical features including wood tongue and groove exterior siding, two-over-two light wood windows, with wood window covers and a wood shingle clad hipped roof. The lookout retains its integrity of location and dramatic setting. Exacting rehabilitation and extensive re-use of original materials has enabled the structure to retain its integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling and historic associations. It is determined to be eligible for the National Register. Management Recommendations:

One of two remaining fire lookouts on the Illinois Ranger District, Pearsoll Peak Lookout is accessible by trail from a rugged Forest Service road. The present careful rehabilitation of the structure be completed and its preservation should continue as a management objective. The Secretary of the 26 Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (1992) defines Preservation as a treatment focusing on the "maintenance and repair of historic materials and retention of a property's form as it has evolved over time." It "is defined as the act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials of an historic property." Possible adaptive use as a guest accommodations has been considered and provides a reasonable alternative for the structure's use. Interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the adaptive use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change.

Powers Ranger District Bald Knob Lookout Evaluation: Basic character defining features of the R-6 style lookout cabin include 15' x 15' cabin dimensions, flat, tarred roofs. Windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood. Early R-6 lookout cabins had seven windows per wall with four lights each and an open soffit. Later models had one light above and one larger light below and closed soffits. Bald Knob Lookout was constructed in 1963 as an R-6 flat roof house mounted on a twenty foot sawn lumber tower with a catwalk The 15 x 15 foot cabin has T-111 exterior siding, plywood shutters, plywood eaves with closed soffits, and a flat, tarred roof. The wood door, which is oriented to the east has a single glass light. Windows are wood, one-over-one light, fixed pane, with the exception of one metal sliding window on each of the four elevations. Major interior features include wood panel wainscoting, wood cabinets and table and an Osborne Firefinder. A facilities review in 1992 indicated that a few repairs were needed, but that the structure was in good condition. The tower was painted that year for the first time. Bald Knob Lookout, designed in the R-6 style, and thirty-one years of age, is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. It retains important character defining features including size, roof configuration, siding, and the majority of its wood windows. The structure retains its integrity of location, setting, and feeling. Management Recommendations: The sole remaining fire lookout on the Powers Ranger District, Bald Knob Lookout continues in use as a fire lookout and is accessible by a Forest Service road. Further evaluation of the 27 structure should occur in approximately twenty years to review its eligibility status. Bald Knob Lookout retains sufficient integrity of location, setting, design, materials, workmanship, feeling and association to warrant retention of the important physical elements that contribute to its eligibility. Repair of damaged or deteriorated materials should incorporate appropriate materials. Additional recommendations are that it remain in use and that caretaking include continued maintenance. Adaptive and interpretative uses should be considered to supplement the existing use, or replace it if circumstances warrant change. Endnotes l.Ray Kresek, Fire Lookouts of Oregon and Washington. Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1985, p. 11.; Donna Marie Hartmans, Historic Lookout Stations on the Willamette National Forest: Management Plans for Preservation. Thesis for the Degree of Master of Science, University of Oregon, 1991, p. 39; Swift, Mark. USFS Historic Fire Detection and Suppression Properties 1910-1945. USFS, Region 6, n.d. 2. Hartmans, p. 45; Elizabeth Sinclaire, Historic Fire Lookouts on the Deschutes National Forest: A Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Bend, Oregon: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Deschutes National forest, 1991, p. 23; Kresek, p. 12; Swift, Mark, USFS Historic Fire Detection and Suppression Properties, 1910-1945. USFS Region 6, n.d. 3. "Final Environmental Impact Statement,- Land and Resource Management Plan, Siskiyou National Forest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, 1989, p. 1-5; Stephen Dow Beckham, Cultural Resource Overview of the Siskiyou National Forest U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Siskiyou National Forest, 1978, p.l. 4. "Final Environmental Impact Statement," Siskiyou National Forest, p. 1-5; Beckham, p.1. 5. Beckham, p. 5. 6. Sinclaire, p. 15.

7. Many early lookout structures were preceded by tent camps with alidades or by lookout trees. Alidades and tent sites are not included in this estimate of lookout structure numbers.

8. .Beckham, p. 151-152. 9. Gerald W. Williams, An Inventory of the Known Lookout Locations in Western Oregon, Umpqua and Willamette National forest, July 16, 1991.

28 10. Beckham, pp. 147-149. 11. Ibid., p. 147. 12. Ibid., p. 150; Loren Cooper, Report, Historical Study. Siskiyou National Forest, January, 1939, pp. 7; 15-16. 13. Cooper, p. 17. 14. Williams, March 14, 1994. 15. Cooper, p. 52. 16. Ibid., pp. 70, 80, V-I.

17. Ibid, Addendum.

18. Beckham, p. 5. 19. Jeffrey M. LaLande, Medford Corporation: A History of an Oregon Logging and Lumber Company, Medford, Oregon: Medford Corporation, 1979, p. 92.

20. Beckham, p. 153. 21. Sinclaire, p. 18. 22. Ibid., p. 20. Swift, Mark, n.d. 23. Ron Johnson, Telephone communication, March 14, 1994 24. Hartmans, p. 45; James B. Cox, Historic Fire Lookouts on the Willamette National Forest: A Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Eugene, Oregon: U.S.D.A Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, 1991, p. 8; Swift, Mark, n.d. 25. Kresek, p. 29. 26. Soil Resources Inventory, Siskiyou National Forest, n.d.

27. Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994.

28. Kresek, p. 64; Williams. 29. Soil Resources Inventory. 30.Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994. 31. Johnson, March 14, 1994; Wayne Spencer, March 14, 1994. Both sources cite 1952 as a construction date for Onion Mountain. Johnson believes that Onion Mountain Lookout was removed in 1945 29 and the replacement not built until 1952. 32. Soil Resources Inventory. 33. Cooper; Williams. 34. "Siskiyou National Forest Facilities Inventory," c. 1941, Siskiyou National Forest files. 35. Williams; "Siskiyou National Forest Facilities Inventory."

36. Len Ramp, "Geologic Map of Josephine County, Oregon, State of Oregon, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, 1979; Soil Resources Inventory. 37. Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994.

38. Soil Resources Inventory. 39. G.W. Martinek, "Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for the Wildhorse Lookout Meadow and View Restoration Project," Gold Beach Ranger District, Siskiyou National Forest, 1993.

40. Kresek, p. 65; Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994. 41.Soil Resources Inventory. 42. Kresek, p. 61. Kresek states that this structure was replaced in 1953 with a fifteen foot wooden tower with Plan L-4 cabin. Williams, inventory concurs; "Siskiyou National Forest Facilities Inventory." 43. Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994.

44. Cooper; Johnson, March 14, 1994. 45. Williams; Johnson, March 14, 1994.

46. Cooper; Kresek, p. 61. Kresek lists a twenty-one foot pole tower and an L-4 ground house on the site in 1931. Williams describes the 1931 structure as a "two story cathedral style LOH with a fifteen foot tower." Williams gives 1962 as the construction date of the extant flat roof lookout house. Johnson also cites 1962 as the construction date for Bald Knob. 47. Harold K. Steen, The U.S. Forest Service: A History, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976. pp. 78-79. 48. National Park Service, 1989: National Register Bulletin No. 22. 49. Both Kresek and Williams describe the 1958 Barklow Mountain Lookout as an R-6 flat roof ground cabin. 30 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM COUNTY: Curry

HIST. NAME: Quail Prairie Lookmot DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: 1g w COMMON NAME- Quail Prairie Lookout ORIGINAL USE: Fire Topckniie- ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: Fire Lookout CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: N/A OWNER: U.S.D.A. Forest Service BUILDER: Siskiyou National Forest THEME: Government- Ppapral T/R/S: T38S, RllW, Section 30 STYLE: R-6 F1lat rnof MAP No.: N/A TAX LOT: N/A wood tower and a catwalk ADDITION: N7/" BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: LOT: QUAD: Quail Prairie Mountain 1: 24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE: R-6 Flat roof cabin/twr NO. OF STORIES: 41 foot tower FOUNDATION MATERIAL: Wood tower(8x8supports) BASEMENT (YIN): N ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Flat roof;composition roll roofing WALL CONSTRUCTION: Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Wood; casement;ifixed lights; 4'6" x 2'0" EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: T-lll siding; plywood window covers DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: plywood subfloor; door, 2 lights; tongue & groove ceiling CONDITION: GOOD X FAIR__ POOR__ MOVED__ (DATE)

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED):

NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES: Outhouse

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: None noted

SETTING: Quail Prairie Lookout overlooks the Chetco River drainage and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness. The lookout is situated on Quail Prairie Mountain at an elevation of 3033 feet.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events. persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Pleased see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO: RECORDED BY: Katherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO: DATE: April 1, 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-1 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Quail Prairie Mountain T/R/S: T38S. R11W. Section 30 ADDRESS: Lookout MAP NO.: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE: Ouail Prairie Mountai1 n 1:24 OOC

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Please See Accompanying Map

GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Kathprinp C. Atwaod Phn-nqgraphc And Slidc- September, 1 cgqg SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-2 Statement of Significance Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout Station, on the Chetco Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, was constructed in 1963 and is comprised of an R-6 flat roof cabin mounted on a tower. The R-6 flat roof model was developed as modern building technology evolved and convenient materials became available. The style is characterized by fifteen by fifteen foot cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The R-6 design standard had no shutters and the windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood. Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout has a fifteen by fifteen foot cabin with a catwalk, mounted on a forty-one foot sawn lumber tower. The tower, with a base measurement of eighteen by eighteen feet, remains stable with bolted crossbracing. The stair leading to the catwalk is constructed of dimensional lumber with wood steps and handrail. The cabin exterior consists of T-111 siding, with plywood eaves and window covers. The roof is sheathed in rolled out composition material. Single pane, wood framed casement windows with two fixed lights in each surround the cabin. The wood door, located on the east elevation, has two glass lights. The interior is comprised of a linoleum-covered plywood subfloor on wood joists, wood interior cabinets and a firefinder. Wood siding sheaths the ceiling and walls. The lookout remains in use and the cabin and tower are in good condition. Forest Service files indicate that regular repairs to critical features have been during the past decade. The lookout retains important design elements and materials including size, configuration, roof form, wood siding, and seven bay wood-framed casement windows typical of the later style R-6 cabin. Additionally the lookout retains integrity of location, setting, feeling, and associations. Quail Prairie Mountain Lookout, thirty-one years of age, is not determined eligible at this time. Further evaluation of National Register eligibilty status in approximately twenty years is recommended. Quail Prairie Lookout, constructed in 1963, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Quail Prairie Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public. Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that

A-3 lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

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l -- OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM COUNTY: Curry

HIST. NAME: Snow Camp Mtn. Lookout DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: R COMMON NAME: Snow Camp Mtn. LookoutORIGINAL USE: Fire Lookout ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: Guest Accommodation CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: U.S.D.A. Forest Service BUILDER: Siskiyou National Forest THEME: Government: Federal T/R/S: T37S, R12W, Section 30 STYLE: R-6 Flat roof lookout MAP NO.: N/A TAX LOT: ADDITION: N/A BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: N/A LOT: N/A QUAD: Collier Butte: 1:24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE: R-6 Flat roof ground cab NO. OF STORIES: one FOUNDATION MATERIAL: 30" concrete piers BASEMENT (Y/N): No ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Flat roof; composition roll roofing WALL CONSTRUCTION: Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Wood frame, single pane, casement,four light;4' 6"x2'0" EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: Wood, T-lll siding; plywood window covers DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Wood interior walls, plywood sub-floor and ceiling; wood furniture CONDITION: GOODX FAIR__ POOR__ MOVED__ (DATE)

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED):

NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:_

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: None noted SETTING: Snow Camp Mountain Lookout stands at 4115 feet elevation on Snow Camp Mountain. The station overlooks the Pistol River drainage and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness area.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events. persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO: RECORDED BY: Katherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO: DATE: April 1, 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-6 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Snow Camp Mtn. Lookout T/R/S: T37S, R12W, Section 10 ADDRESS: MAP NO.: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE: Collier Butte: 1:24 000

ANA aIVE NO I

NEGATIVE NO: A-00,0,1 SLIDE NO.: 21-23

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PLEASE PLACE HERE: PLEASE PLACE HERE:

SITE MAP SCHEMATIC DRAWING TOWN MAP WITH CROSS STREETS SHOWING INVENTORIES BUILDING(S) FOR URBAN AREAS OR SECTION AND INCLUDING OUTBUILDINGS, OF USGS MAP FOR RURAL AREAS STRUCTURES, ROADS, AND HISTORIC I LANDSCAPING, IF APPROPRIATE.

INDICATE NORTH BY AN ARROW INDICATE NORTH BY AN ARROW

GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood Photographs and Slides September, 1993

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-6a Statement of Significance:

Snow Camp Mountain Lookout, on the Chetco Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, is an R-6 flat roofed lookout house built in 1958. The R-6 flat roof model was developed as modern building technology evolved and convenient materials became available. The type is characterized by fifteen by fifteen foot cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The R-6 design standard had no shutters and the windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-ll1 plywood.

The Snow Camp Mountain Lookout is a ground house mounted on concrete piers. The fifteen by fifteen foot square cabin has wood single pane, four light windows in five banks and the wood door has three lights. A wood dimensional lumber railing surrounds the structure. Exterior T-lll wood siding is weathered but sound. Tapered rafters support the eaves and removable plywood window covers are in place. The interior is comprised of wood walls, plywood sub-floor and ceiling, wood built-in furniture and firefinder.

Constructed in 1958 and thirty-six years of age, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. With standard dimensions, a typical roof configuration and standard windows, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout's basic design features and materials are intact. One of the earliest R-6 flat-roof houses placed on the Forest, Snow Camp Mountain Lookout retains sufficient integrity of location, setting and feeling. Evaluation of National Register eligibility status in approximately twenty years is recommended. Snow Camp Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1958, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Snow Camp Mountain Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public.

Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire.

A-7 By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

A-8 A-9 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM COUNTY: Josephine

HIST. NAME: Onion Mountain LookoutDATE OF CONSTRUCTION: 1952 COMMON NAME: Onion Mountain LookoutORIGINAL USE: Fire Lookout ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: Fire Lookout CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: U.S.D.A Forest Service BUILDER:___ Siskiyou National Forest THEME: Government: Federal T/R/S:T36S, R8W, Section 11 STYLE: "Standard '36" L-4 cabin/ MAP NO.: TAX LOT: ten foot tower and catwalk ADDITION:N/A BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: N/A LOT: QUAD: Onion Mountain 1:24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE!Standard '36" L-4(14X14')NO. OF STORIES: 10 foot wood tower FOUNDATION MATERIAL: 25' concrete piers BASEMENT (Y/N): N ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Hipped roof: wooden shakes WALL CONSTRUCTION: Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Metal, single light, one-over-one light EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: T-ll1 siding: ply and particle board window cov DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Wood, plywood interior walls: tongue and groove ceiling CONDITION: GOOD_ FAIR__ POOR__ MOVED__ (DATE)

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED): c.1990. wood windows replaced with metal windows; wood door replaced with metal door NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES: Outhouse; two concrete buildingsq one leaed by private company, other owned by Josephine County KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES:

SETTING: Onion Mountain Lookout is situated at 4438 feet elevat-iom on Onion Mountain approximately fourteen miles west of Granntq Pass, Oreg' The fire station overlooks the Taylor Creek and 51late Crook sub-drainages. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events. persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO: RECORDED BY: Katherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO: DATE: April 1. 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-10 I OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Onion Mountain Lookout T/R/S: T36S. R8W, Section 11 ADDRESS: MAP NO.: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE: Onion Mountain 1-74 0oo

NEGATIVE NO: B 2-8 SLIDE NO.: 1-9 _ _

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Please See Accompanying Map

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GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood photographs and slides September, 1993

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-l1 Statement of Significance: Onion Mountain Lookout, on the Galice Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, was situated on the site in 1952 when a ten foot wooden tower with a "Standard '36" L-4 cabin and catwalk was constructed. The "Standard '36" model was characterized by a hipped roof, two-over-two light windows and door, and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support the shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove ceilings and interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. Onion Mountain Lookout cabin measures fourteen by fourteen foot square and has a hipped roof sheathed with wood shakes. It has a hipped roof sheathed with wood shakes, and a metal door with a glass light. T-111 siding has been introduced in areas of the exterior, replacing original tongue and groove siding and particle board window shutters have replaced earlier ones. In 1990 multi-paned wood windows were removed and replaced with metal single light and one-over-one light, double hung windows. Wood window frames remain in place and the original wood windows are in storage. Major interior features include wood and plywood interior walls, tongue and groove ceiling and Osborne Firefinder. Additional improvements on the site include two modern concrete buildings situated to the north of the lookout station. One is leased by a paging company, and the other is owned by Josephine County. A flagpole and a privy are also located on the site. Major design features of Onion Mountain Lookout remain intact, however replacement materials have compromised the structures integrity. Wood windows have been replaced with metal windows and a metal door has been installed. T-111 siding has been employed as replacement of original tongue and groove wall sheathing. While Onion Mountain Lookout retains its integrity of location, non-contributing concrete structures on the site compromise the original setting. Not determined eligible for the National Register at this time, it is suggested that original wood windows be replaced (if available), and appropriate materials be used for repair and replacement. Onion Mountain Lookout should be reviewed for eligibility at a date when it's architectural integrity is has been enhanced or sufficient time has elapsed for re-evaluation. Onion Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1952, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Onion Mountain Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public. Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war

A-12 4 related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

A-13 Onion Mountain Lookout

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HIST. NAME: Lake of the Woods Look-DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: 1958 COMMON NAMf out ORIGINAL USE: Fire Lookout ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: Fire Lookout CITY: N/A ARCHITECT:______OWNER: U. S.D.A. Forest Service *BUILDER:______Siskivc~u National Forest TEHEM: Goverrnment* Federal

T/R/S: T34 S, R12W, Section 33 STYLE: R-6 flat- roof. mf-~1-a . P-iht foot MAP NO.: N[/A TAX LOT: N/A tower, catwa ADDITION :- [/A ~~~~~BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE)

BLOCK:NA LLOT: _____QUAD: Sol ier Camp, 1:24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE: R-6 f lat roof No. OF STORIES: Onp FOUNDATION MATERIAL: steel H-beams: angle iroiBASEMENT (Y/N): N ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Flat roof. corrugated metal covering WALL CONSTRUCTION:- Wood STRUCTURAL F!RAME Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Aluminum framed. single light replacement' windows. EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: Plywood walls and window coverinag DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Particle board paneling, wood cupboards,. Plywoodi neiling an1d floor CONDITION: GOOD_2L FAIR_ POOR__ MOVED_2~ (DATE) 1 974 (from garkl ow-Mountain

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED): Rtpiacemenf- nf- L=_c-erior_ mat-'rials aind wind9ows was donp na- 1974 at reionnation NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:______

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES:

SETTING: T.akp o-f 1he Wandsc Mnintai n TLookoiil- i q c-jj -iiat-ici at 'A141 fe~et elevation, approximately 21 miles northeast of Colcd Rpanch, Oregon. The station overlooks the lower Rogue River cdrAina~p- 5iirrrmunding peaks include Bobs Garden Mountain. Brushy Monii-ain and9 Soldier Camp. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events, persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO:______RECORDED BY: Katherine C.- Atwoodi SLIDE NO:______DATE: April 1. 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:______

A- 15 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: TLakt- of t-hp Wondq Lookout- T/R/S: T34S. R2W. Section 13 ADDRESS: MAP NO.:_____ TAX LOT:______QUADRANGLE: So dier Camp 1:24 000

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NEGATIVE NO: A 8-12 SLIDE NO.: '29.-31

Please See Accompanying Map

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GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood Photoaravhs and Slides September, 1993

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:______

A- 16 Statement of Significance: The Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout, on the Gold Beach Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, was placed on this site in 1974. First located on Barklow Mountain, the R-6 flat-roofed cabin, originally a ground house, was flown by helicopter to the present location and placed on an eight foot tower with catwalk. The R-6 flat roof model was developed as modern building technology evolved and convenient materials became available. The style is characterized by fifteen by fifteen foot cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The R-6 design standard had no shutters and the windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood.

Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout's approximate fourteen by fourteen foot square cabin is reached by a metal stair with channel metal stringers and a pipe railing. The tower is constructed of ten foot steel H-beams and steel angle iron legs, and the cabin superstructure is comprised of angle iron joists with one centered I beam. The slightly pitched roof is covered with corrugated metal and has a wide eave overhang. Plywood window covers are in place. Major features of the interior include particle board paneling, wood cupboards, plywood ceiling and floor and an Osborne Firefinder.

Although Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout was altered from a ground cabin to a lookout tower when it was moved from Barklow Mountain to the present site, its relocation was mitigated by similar siting a relatively short distance away, and by its continued use for fire detection. Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout has experienced replacement of its original windows, and placement of corrugated metal over the roof.

Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout has experienced replacement of its original windows, roof reconfiguration and installation of corrugated metal roof sheathing, metal catwalk, and siding. Alterations to the original design and materials and workmanship have compromised the resource's ability to convey its historic associations with continued use for fire detection on the Siskiyou National Forest. Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. Due to substantial physical alteration it is unlikely that future evaluation will result in eligility status.

Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1958, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Lake of the Woods Mountain Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public.

A-17 Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

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1 4712 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM COUNTY: _ Curry

HIST. NAME: Wildhorse Lookout DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: 1947 COMMON NAME: Wildhorse Lookout ORIGINAL USE: Fire Lookout ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: Fire Lookout CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: U.S.D.A. Forest Service BUILDER: Siskiyou National Forest THEME: Government: Federal T/R/S: T36S, R12W, Section 7 STYLE:_ "Standard '36" L-4 with 40' MAP NO.: N/A TAX LOT: wood tower, catwalk ADDITION: N/A BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: N/A LOT: QUAD: Ouosc)tana 1:24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE:"Standard '36" L-4 NO. OF STORIES: 40A wood tower FOUNDATION MATERIAL: One foot concrete piers BASEMENT (Y/N): No ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Hipped roof; wooden shakes WALL CONSTRUCTION: Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Double paned, metal framed windows EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: Toncrue and groove and T-11l siding DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Wood door: four lights: 6' tonaue and groove interior siding; ceilii CONDITION: GOODX FAIR_ POOR MOVED__ (DATE)_

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED): Wood windows replaced with metal windows: NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: None noted

SETTING: Wildhorse Lookout stands at 377R feet elevation appronimately thirteen miles northeast of Gold Beach. Oregon. The tat-inn norverlooks Rogue and Illinois River drainages, from its location on 1-op of Wildhorse Ridge. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events. persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO: RECORDED BY: Katherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO: DATE: April 1. 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-20 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Wildhorse Lookout T/R/S: T36S, R12W, Section 7 ADDRESS: MAP NO.:_ TAX LOT:_____ QUADRANGLE: Quosotana 1:24 000

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24-28 A SLIDE NO.: - NEGATIVE NO: -

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Please See Accompanying Map

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GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood Photographs and Slides.

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-21 Statement of Significance: The Wildhorse Lookout on the Gold Beach Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest was constructed in 1947 as a Standard '36 L-4 cabin on a forty foot sawn lumber tower with a catwalk. The "Standard '36" model was characterized by a hipped roof, two- over-two light windows and door, and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support the shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove ceilings and interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. The Wildhorse Lookout, mounted on a tower, has a two foot wide wood stair leading to the catwalk. The fourteen by fourteen foot lookout cabin has double paned metal windows which have replaced earlier wood windows, and wood shutters. The wood door has four lights. The hipped roof is composed of wood shakes. Exterior siding is comprised of tongue and groove material with some T-111 panels. Major interior features include six inch tongue and groove siding and ceilings, wood built-in cabinets and an Osborne Firefinder. Vandalism occurred in 1990 when a fire was set on the interior and the door and windows broken. Repairs have been made and the lookout is in good condition. Although the tower is weathered, it is structurally stable. Wildhorse Lookout retains its integrity of location and setting, and major features of design. Use of inappropriate replacement materials has compromised the structure's physical integrity. Wood windows have been replaced with metal windows and T-111 siding has been employed as replacement wall material in some areas. The lookout is not determined eligible at this time. Further review of eligibility status is recommended for a later date. Wildhorse Lookout, constructed in 1947, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Wildhorse Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public. Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the

A-22 Forest remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

A-23 He tA<:'A~~~~tW 0 t;W ffy-MW~~~~~~~~~~ffgywrt?~~~o \Jd~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ql\-0'

YX: : X ~~~~~~i:?A'TD:; OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM coUNTY: Josephine

HIST. NAME: Bolan Mountain Lookout DATE OF CONSTRUCI 'ION: 1 9 53 COMMON NAME:Bolan Mountain Lookout ORIGINAL USE: F ire Lookout ADDRESS:- N/A PRESENT USE: F ire Lookout CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: U.S.D.A. Forest Service BUILDER: Siskiyou National Forest THEME: Government: Federal cabin T/R/S: T41S, R6W, Section 7 STYLE: "Sand rd "if;" TL-4 around MAP NO. N:ATAX LOT: N /A ADDITION: N/A BLDG. STRUC. DISI ISITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: N/A LOT:____ QUAD:O reagpi Caves 1:24 000

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE: "Standard '36" L-4 NO. OF STORIES: pn, FOUNDATION MATERIAL: Poured concrete and rock- BASEMENT (Y/M:No ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Hipped roof with wood shake covenringf mat-erial WALL CONSTRUCTION:- Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME:- Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Metal framed. double pane. thermal glass, single light EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: Wood plywood with bati-ens. wood trim DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Wood window shutters: interir od furniture-, wainsnof CONDITION: GOODX FAIR__ POOR__ MOVED__ (DATE)______

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED) : ra.- 1 9 R - wood w i nd awc reapl aced, deck, steps and shutters replaced- NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:______

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: Nnpe noted-c -

SETTING: Bolan Mountain Lookout is dramat-inally sit-iated3 atoap rugged Bolan Mountain anti has a 3Afl degree view- T.nnated af- 6269 elevation, t-he station overlooks 1Rolan T.Akie. Aan mviih o~f the Illinois River drainage arpea STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events, persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attachedt pages.

SOURCES:Please seeF- attached pages NEGATIVE NO:______RECORDED BY: Kathpri~np C_ At-wood SLIDE NO:______DATE: April 1 F l~qQ SHPO INVENTORY NO.:______

A-25 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Bolan Mountain Lookout T/R/S: T41S. R6W. Section 7 ADDRESS: MAP NO.: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE: Oregon Caves 1:24 000

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NEGATIVE NO: B 9-16 SLIDE NO.: 10-18

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GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: CrC' no At-wnri,-% Phne-^MnhQ Ana q1 i ih

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-26 Statement of Significance: Bolan Mountain Lookout Station on the Illinois Valley Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, was built on the site in 1953 and designed as a "Standard '36" L-4 model. The style was characterized by a hipped roof, two-over-two light windows and door, and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support the shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove ceilings and interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. Bolan Mountain Lookout, situated on a poured concrete and natural rock foundation, has a dramatic setting on the rocky peak of Bolan Mountain. The fourteen by fourteen foot cabin has a hipped roof with wood shake sheathing and wood siding. Approximately ten years ago, the wood windows were replaced with double pane, thermal glass, metal windows. Wood window frames remain. Wood window shutters are in good condition. The interior is comprised pine wainscot, a wood island, wood cabinets, table and bed platform, and Osborne Firefinder. A plywood ceiling has replaced the original tongue and groove material. The lookout appears in good condition although paint is worn on the weather side. Some original materials have been altered through replacement of the windows, deck, steps, and shutters.

Some design features of Bolan Lookout remain intact, although materials used in replacement have compromised the structure's integrity. In particular, wood windows have been replaced with thermal pane metal windows and original tongue and groove siding has been replaced with modern wall board. The lookout structure is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. Further evaluation of eligibility status is recommended for a later date. Bolan Mountain Lookout, constructed in 1953, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Bolan Mountain Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public.

Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and

A-27 suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

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HIST. NAME: Pearsoll Peak Lookout DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: I qc COMMON NAME: Pearsoll Peak Lookou-t ORIGINAL USE: Pi rt Lookoiut ADDRESS:- N/A PRES ENT USE: Plartadc~iisi-a(-!rMM CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: US.D.A. Forest Service- BUILDER: Si-skiyou National Forest THEME: Cnyprnmteni- li-ici-ral T/R/S: T-38q. R10W. Stction 2 STYLE: "t-andr1drr '%" T.-4, qrnrin cabin MAP NO. N/TA TX LOT: N-/ ADDITION:7 N /A BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK:NA LOT:____QUAD: Pea 3oll Peak: 1:24 000

PLAN TYE/SHAPE: " anad'3"T- NO. OF STORIES: (n FOUNDATION MATERIAL: Poured concrete BASEMENT (Y/N): No ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Hiopted. wood shingles WALL CONSTRUCTION: wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Wood. two-over-two f ixed light and -casement windows EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: Wodtnu ndgov iinnwo i~dow covei DECORATIVE MATERIALS: OTHER: Tnt-prior inclue tongue- and groove- siding and ceiling,-wood plank CONDITION: COODX FAIR_ POOR_ MOVED_ (DATE) floor

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED): Lookout has had In careful-r-ehabili- tal-ion. rg-hiijl1- westi and sonuth walls, original or inkindj materials use( NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES: foar wall s, wi ndows

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: Nonet noted

SETTING: Pear0olI Peak Lookout- is; dramatical ly si te atopPasl Ppak at S09R feet,. The stat-ion is sit-iatepd app~roximately thiir-te en milps n-w- nf rCave jiinc'tion. and is arc'P-cssible by t-rail onlteyU It overlonks 1-he Roque and Tilinoiss rive-r frainages. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events, persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please se-e attache-d pages--

SOURCES: Please, seep attac-hed pagesL-- NEGATIVE NO:______RECORDED BY: atherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO:______DATE: April 1. 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:______

A-30 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

NAME: Pearsoll Peak Lookout T/R/S: T38S. R1OW, Section 2 ADDRESS: MAP NO.: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE: Pearsoll Peak 1:24 000

NEGATIVE NO: A 13-21 SLIDE NO.: 32-38

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Please See Accompanying Map

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GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood Photographg alnd: S 1 ides qS!mit*mhber- 1993

SHPO INVENTORY NO.

A-31 Statement of Significance: The Pearsoll Peak Lookout station, on the Illinois Valley Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest, is a "Standard '361 L-4 ground house which was located on the site in 1954. The model was characterized by a hipped roof, two-over-two light windows and door, and ceiling joists which extended two feet beyond the cabin to support the shutters. Typical materials included a cedar shingled roof, tongue and groove ceilings and interior siding, and a floor of 1 x 4 tongue and groove crafted of clear grained fir. Pearsoll Peak Lookout is situated on the topmost point of Pearsoll Peak and is accessible by trail leading from the termination of a rough Forest Service road. The station rests on a concrete poured foundation. The exterior is sheathed in wood tongue and groove siding. Windows are wood two-over-two fixed light and casement windows with wood window covers. The hipped roof is covered with wood shingles. Major features of the interior include tongue and groove siding and ceiling and a wood plank floor. Rehabilitation efforts have been undertaken at Pearsoll Peak Lookout. The work has been accomplished with historic photographs, original plans and guidance from the Sand Mountain Society, which was responsible for the reconstruction of the Sand Mountain Lookout Station on the Willamette National Forest. The most severe damage to Pearsoll Peak Lookout was to west and south walls which had rotted from long exposure to fog and coastal winds. As much original material as possible was reused and great care taken to accurately restore the interior and exterior walls. The lookout retains its integrity of location and dramatic setting. Exacting rehabilitation and extensive re-use of original materials has enabled the structure to retain its integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling and historic associations. It is determined to be eligible for the National Register. Pearsoll Peak Lookout, constructed in 1954, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Pearsoll Peak Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public.

A-32 Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire. By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

A-33 : S 4 y An, . ; X~re

at~ ~ i arsNs \ I- - s ; v [ C t 8 at,, _ 1, A,\ \\ (b~Mie a A7,X -il'" OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM COUNTY: Coos

HIST. NAME: Bald Knob Lookout DATE OF CONSTRUCTION: 1q6q COMMON NAME: Bald Knob Lookout ORIGINAL USE: Pi rt T.nkrnii- ADDRESS: N/A PRESENT USE: i'; rn T.nnkoliv ,CITY: N/A ARCHITECT: OWNER: U.S.D.A. Forest Service BUILDER: Siskivou National Forest THEME: Government-, Fp-dprs T/R/S: T33S, RllW, Section 30 STYLE: R-6 flat ronf nah-, 9 foot woode MAP NO.: N/A TAX LOT: tower, catwalk. ADDITION: N/A BLDG. STRUC. DIST. SITE OBJ. (CIRCLE) BLOCK: N/A LOT: QUAD: I I a

PLAN TYPE/SHAPE:R-6 f lat roof. 20ft._ _ -wr NO. OF STORIES: TnwLr FOUNDATION MATERIAL: Concrete pier pads BASEMENT (Y/N): No ROOF FORM & MATERIALS: Flat roof, tarred composition WALL CONSTRUCTION: Wood STRUCTURAL FRAME: Wood PRIMARY WINDOW TYPE: Metal sliding, and wood, one-over-one light. Wood frame~ EXTERIOR SURFACING MATERIALS: T-lll exterior siding. plywood eaves and DECORATIVE MATERIALS: window covers OTHER: Interior has wood panel wainscoting, wood cabinets: Wood door CONDITION: GOOD X FAIR POOR MOVED (DATE)

EXTERIOR ALTERATIONS/ADDITIONS (DATED): Tower painted in 1992: metal windows replaced wood windows NOTEWORTHY LANDSCAPE FEATURES:

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES:

KNOWN ARCHEOLOGICAL FEATURES: None noted.

SETTING:Bald Knob Lookout is located at 3630' elevation, approximately 26 miles southeast of Myrtle Point. The station overlooks the Rogue River drainage.

STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (Historical and/or architectural importance, dates, events. persons, contexts). USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY: Please see attached pages

SOURCES: Please see attached pages NEGATIVE NO: RECORDED BY: Katherine C. Atwood SLIDE NO: DATE: April 1, 1994 SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-35 OREGON INVENTORY OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES HISTORIC RESOURCE SURVEY FORM - TWO

Bald Knob Lookout T/R/S: T3 3 S, RllW, Section 10

NAME: . . ADDRESS: MAP NO.:: TAX LOT: QUADRANGLE:=Illahe 1:24 000

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NEGATIVE NO: A 23, 24 SLIDE NO.: 39-44

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GRAPHIC*****OTO*S*URCES: Katherine *********C.twodPhtorah n S*i

GRAPHIC & PHOTO SOURCES: Katherine C. Atwood Photographs and Slides

SHPO INVENTORY NO.:

A-36 Statement of Significance: Bald Knob Lookout is situated on the Powers Ranger District of the Siskiyou National Forest. The twenty foot high sawn lumber tower with an R-6 flat roof cabin, was constructed in 1962. The R-6 flat roof model was developed as modern building technology evolved and convenient materials became available and was characterized by fifteen by fifteen foot cabin dimensions and flat, tarred roofs. The design standard had no shutters and the windows coverings and siding were typically constructed of T-111 plywood.

Bald Knob Lookout has a fifteen by fifteen foot cabin with T-111 exterior siding, plywood shutters and plywood eaves and a flat, tarred roof. The wood door, which is oriented to the east has a single glass light. Windows are wood, one-over-one light, fixed pane, with the exception of one metal sliding window on each of the four elevations. Major interior features include wood panel wainscoting, wood cabinets and table and an Osborne Firefinder. A facilities review in 1992 indicated that a few repairs were needed, but that the structure was in good condition. The tower was painted that year for the first time. Bald Knob Lookout, designed in the R-6 style, and thirty-one years of age, is not determined eligible for the National Register at this time. It retains important character defining features including size, roof configuration, siding, and the majority of its wood windows. The structure retains its integrity of location, setting, and feeling. Further evaluation of the structure's National Register eligibility should be made in approximately twenty years.

Bald Knob Lookout, constructed in 1962, is significant for its critical role in the development of a fire detection and suppression system on the rugged, isolated, Siskiyou National Forest in southwestern Oregon. The station helped assure that a reliable and abundant timber supply would support the area's intense post-World War II economic growth particularly in Curry, Coos and Josephine Counties. Bald Knob Lookout is linked by its service to the important early United States Forest Service mandate to protect the forest for the public. Following the end of World War II, population in Coos, Curry and Josephine Counties increased rapidly, spurred first by a war related economy and later by immigration into the area. Although the Siskiyou National Forest's lack of a developed road system

A-37 delayed the post-war rapid timber harvest that occurred on more accessible forests, the intense economic development meant that lumber was in high demand. Post-war fire detection and suppression required that lookout stations continue to function efficiently on the Forest. Difficult access meant delays in reaching fires and millions of acres of prime timber held on the Forest remained vulnerable to fire.

By the mid-1960's road construction had increased on the Forest and technological advances in fire detection and suppression brought substantial changes. Airplanes and helicopters supplanted lookouts as access improved. Aerial and road patrols and two-way radios replaced older methods of surveillance and telephone communication. In addition, Forest Service work crews, the public, and timber company employees were increasingly present on the Forest during the fire season and assisted with fire surveillance. As these changes in technology and forest use occurred, the historic role of fire lookout stations changed also, and fewer were required to fulfill their earlier function.

A-38 -

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I APPENDIX B

Known Lookout Locations on the Siskiyou National Forest

Name and Location County Built Removed Style/Type

Alidade Bald Knob Coos 1914 Cabin T33S, R11W, NE30 1918 c. 1931 1931 1962 L-4 LOH/ 15' twr

1963 Standing R-6 flat roof 20' twr

Bald Mountain Josephine 1916 c. 1929 Cabin Cathedral T36S, RIOW, SE18 1929 style LOH/25 ft. tower

Bark low Mountain Coos 1934 1958 L-5 roof T32, R12W, S31 1958 1954 R-6 flat ground cab

Bear Camp Curry / T34S, R10W, NW12 Josephine 1915 c. 1932 custom made 1932 1965 L-4

Bear Wallow Curry 1934 c. 1946 L-5 T40S, R11W, NWB 1946 c. 1965 L-4

Bob's Garden Mtn Curry 1940 LOT, 14x14 cab w/hip T34S, R10W, SE6 roof and catwalk

Bolan Mountain Josephine 1917 c. 1952 6 'twr ;cupola T41S, R6W, SW7 LOH 1953 Standing 15'Plan L-4 LOT

Bone. Mountain Coos c.1935 c.1960 T30S, R10W, S35

Brushy Bald Mtn. Curry 1937 1962 30' twr T35S, R14W, SE14

Canyon Peak Curry/

B-i 39S, RIOW, NW12 Josephine 1941 Aladdin Style LOH, 14x14 hip roof w/ catwalk

Chetco Peak Curry 1937 C. 1955 T39S, RIOW, SE31

Chrome Ridge Josephine 1941 T36S, R9W, 52 Curry 1941 1962 14x14 hip roof Cleopatra Mtn. cab/catwalk T41S, R1OW, SE7 L-5 Fish Hook Peak Curry 1934 T35, RiO, NW7 L-4 LOT Game Lake Peak Curry 1934 T36, R 12W., SE27 Grassy Knob Curry 1934 c. 1965 12' LOH T32S, R14W, SE32

Grizzly Mtn Curry/ 1936 c. 1952 T37S, R14W, SE4 CFPA 1952 Standing Plan FC-1 14x14 w/hip roof

Rock Curry-Coos 1939 L-4 40' wooden Hanging twr. 32S, R11W, 36

Hayward Peak Josephine / 1941 Fireman's5 station T37S, R10W, SW18 Curry

Hobson Horn Josephine 1935 c. 1940 R9W, SE5 1939-40 20 ft. twr T35S, Alad. Style ERA L-4

Iron Mountain Coos/Curry 1924/25 1943 D-5 LOHl T33, R12W, SW33 c.1943 1963 Plan L-4

Johnson Butte Curry 1933 c. 1941 20' LOT 20' LOT T38S, R11W, NW23 1941 1968 L-4

Johnson Mountain Coos 1927-28 T32S, R12W, SW3 1931 1936 1949 1949 1968 Plan L-4 LOH

Lake Mountain Josephine 1937 1953 L-5 LOH T40S, R6W, NW13

B-2 Lake of the Woods Curry c. 1920 Shake shelter T34S, R12W, NE33 1933 1974 L-4 1974 Standing Airlifted from Barklow Mtn.

Long Ridge Curry 1930 1962 R- 1 LOH T38S, R12W, SE23

McGibble Curry 1934 Fireman cabin T33S, R14W, NW20

Mt. Bolivar Coos 1928 c. 1957 Hall Special T32S, R10W, NE14 LOH 1957 1958

Mt. Butler Curry 1929 LOH T32S, R13W, NE29

Mt. Emily Curry 1922 1948 Cupola LOH T40S, R12W, SE7 1948 1973 Ring connector LOT

Mount Peavine Josephine 1915 Alidade T34S, R8W, NE2l 1933 C. 1961 Alad. R-I cab. 1961 Standing Flat top cab (once on SNF) onion Josephine 1915 Alidade T36S, R8W, SWil 1923 c. 1945 D-6 cupola; 1952 Standing 136 L-4

Packsaddle Mountain Curry c. 1914 Alidade T41S, R11,W, SW5 1915 c. 1930 Cabin 1930 c. 1942 Type R-l LOH 1942 c. 1960 Plan L-4 LOH

Panther Curry 1933 Alidade T34S, R14W, 4

Pearsoll Peak Curry 1919 c. 1954 Cupola LOH; T38S, 1OW, 2 1954 Standing L-4

Pebble Point Curry c. 1935 T35S, R12W 26

Pyramnid Rock Curry 1934 1951 12x12 T37Sj R13W, SE18 cab; 15 'twr

Quail Prairie Mtn. Curry 1930 14x14 cab T38S, R1W, 30 L-4 1963 Standing 41 f t. twr/ R-6 cab B-3 serpentine Pt. #1 Josephine 1934 Alad. R-1 cab; T37S, R8W, SW9 40 'LOT

Serpentine Pt. #2 Josephine 1962 Plan TT for R8W, T37S, R8W, 16 41' LOT;flat roof cab.

Silver Peak Josephine 1941 1968 14x14 LOH T36S, R11W, NE11

Snow Camp Mtn. curry 1918 Alidade T37S, R12W, SW30 1924 C. 1958 4-A "Hall Special" 1958 Standing R-6 flat roof

Squaw Mountain Josephine 1940 Alidade; fireman T39S, R6W, SE19 Station

Tennessee Mountain Josephine 1934 1965 Hip roof LOH; T39S, R9W, NEl R-1 cab

Three Trees Curry 1934 c. 1940 LOH T38S, R13W, NW24 c. 194 0 Plan L-5 LOT?

Wilidhorse Curry 1931 Aladdin T36S, R12W, SE7 1936 c. 1947 R-I cab w/catwalk w.40' twr 1947 Standing 14x14 cab w/catwalk; 401twr L-4

B- 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Beckham, Stephen Dow. Cultural Resource Overview of the Siskiyou National Forest. U.S.D.A Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Siskiyou National Forest, 1978. Cooper, Loren. Report. Historical Study. Siskiyou National Forest. January. 1939. Cox, James B. Historic Fire Lookouts on the Willamette National Forest: A Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places. Eugene, Oregon: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Willamette National Forest, 1991. "Final Environmental Impact Statement, Land and Resource Management Plan, Siskiyou National Forest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Siskiyou National Forest, 1989. Hartmans, Donna Marie. Historic Lookout Stations on the Willamette National Forest: Management Plans for Preservation. Master of Science Thesis, University of Oregon, 1991. Johnson, Ron. Telephone Communication March 14, 1994. Kresek, Ray. Fire Lookouts of Oreaon and Washington. Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1985. LaLande, Jeffrey M. Medford Corporation: A History of an Oregon Locgincr and Lumber Company, Medford, Oregon: Medford Corporation, 1979.

Martinek, G.W. "Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Report for the Wildhourse Lookout Meadow and View Restoration Project,"Gold Beach Ranger District, Siskiyou National Forest, 1993.

Sinclaire, Elizabeth Historic Fire Lookouts on the Deschutes National Forest: A Determination of Eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places (Bend, Oregon: U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest, 1991. "Siskiyou National Forest Facilities Inventory," c. 1941, Siskiyou National Forest Files. Steen, Harold K. The U.S. Forest Service: A History. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976. Williams, Gerald W. An Inventory of the Known Lookout Locations in Western Oregon. Umpqua and Willamette National Forest, July 16, 1991.