Geologiis Institutis Shromata K

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Geologiis Institutis Shromata K t.qdyt,f xtvb vfcofdkt,kbc frfltvbrjc gtnht ufv'htkb.bc [cjdyfc . . To the Memory of my Teacher Academician Petre Gamkrelidze (1903 - 1979) C F M F H S D T K J C V T W Y B T H T , F S F F R F L T V B F FK. }FYTKB"BC CF[. U T J K J U B E H B B Y C N B N E N B ihjvt,b, f[fkb cthbf, yfrd. 111 ფ ძ CFMFHSDTKJC GFKTJUTJUHFABF LF UTJKJUBEHB UFYDBSFHT,F GFKTJUTYEH LHJIB . 1999 , , , - . - . - , , . - , , - - . - - - . - . - . - “ ”. . - .. : .-. , .. .-. , .. . .. , . я, . 111 .. . 1 9 9 9 The present book deals with detail reconstruction of paleogeography and history of geological evolution of Georgia in the Paleogene time on the base of new factual material and deep drilling data, the description being accompanied by a series of paleogeographic and lithological-facial maps compiled for different epochs of the Paleogene. In the light of the concept of new global tectonics pre-folding dimen- tions of the Paleogene flysch and epicontinental basins were reconstruct- ed that allowed to evaluate the degree of their contraction as a result of fold-and thrust formation. The work considers the general regularities of manifestation of the Pyrenean tectogenesis in the Caucasus on the whole including timing, duration and character of display of the Late Pyrenean phases on the study area. In the new light there has been presented the structure of the Sadzeguri syncline of the Jhinvali-Gombori subzone. For the first time the presence of the faunistically dated Paleocene and Lower Eocene sediments in the Kvaisa ore-bearing district has been es- tablished. There has been underlined the main role of the Racha-Vandam cordillera zone as a source of clastic material for the flysch basin of the Southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Paleogeographic and tec- tonic conditions of deposition of the Upper Eocene olistostromes of the Southern slope have been defined and the idea of their attributing to the “eventual sediments” has been put forward. The book is intended for broad sections of geologists. Editior - Academician I.Gamkrelidze Reviewers: Dr. of geol.-miner. sciences, Prof. N.Mrevlishvili Dr. of geol.-miner. sciences, Prof. R. Gambashidze A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S O F G E O R G I A N A.DJANELIDZE G E O L O G I C A L I N S T I T U T E Proceedings, New series, Vol. 111 FERANDO D. MAISADZE PALEOGEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA IN THE PALEOGENE TIME . T B I L I S I . 1 9 9 9 C O N T E N T S . 9 1 . 11 2 . 22 . 72 - - . 84 3 - . 88 . 96 . 99 . 111 . .. 133 4 . 139 5 . .. 180 . 186 PRINCIPAL STAGES IN THE GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF GEORGIA IN THE PALEOGENE . 188 . 201 REFERENCES - , - - . , ( - ), , . , . - - . - - - , , ( ). - - ( ), (- ). , - - . - - - . , - , . -. - - -- . - ( -- , ) . , , - , , - . - - . , - (, - ), . - , . - (- 1:600 000), . - - , - , . , (, , ), - . .. , .. .., , .. - . 1 C , - , (. 1.). , - - . , , - - . , - .. (1924), (1932,1941). .. (1930,1932, 19401, 19402,1941), - . - , (, - ,1946; ,1950; ,1950; ,1958; ., 1959; ,1960 .). 60- , .. .. (1967) . .. (1970) - - , ..- (1970), .. (1970), .. (1975), .. (1975) . , , .. .. (1977), - . , , - -- . . - , - , . - , - - - , , - , . (., .,1977). .. .. (1967), -- : , . (. , , 1991), () . - , . - , , (., . , 1977). , .. , - - - - . - - . - , - . , - , .1. ( ., 1975, ) 1 - ; 2 - ; I - , II - , III - , IV - - , V - - , VI - - . , , , , . (. . ). ., , - - (- -). .. (1933) . . - - (. - I .). - , , . - - . (., ., .) , , .. (1975), . , -- . -- , - . . .. .. (1967) - , . , - (), () - () (., .. 1977). - , - , . - , - , - . - - . , ( - ) - (., ., 1977). - , - , . , (.- , ., .). - -- (,1975; ., ., 1977 .). , , - - - ( ). - - , , - - . - , , , . - , - . . , - . .. (1961) . .. .. (1963) , . .. (1966) .. (1966) , .. (1977) - . - , . : - . - , . . . - (- ) ( -). , ., - . - , - . (- ). - , , , . - . , , , . - - , - (- ). , - (., 1969). , . , , . . , , . , - - . , , . , . - . , - , , , - . . - . , - , . - - , , , . - - , - , - , . , - - , , . , , (., 1988). - , , ( , ). . (, .) . , “ ” (, 1991). - , , (., 1975) , . .
Recommended publications
  • Georgia/Abkhazia
    HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ARMS PROJECT HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH/HELSINKI March 1995 Vol. 7, No. 7 GEORGIA/ABKHAZIA: VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR AND RUSSIA'S ROLE IN THE CONFLICT CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................5 EVOLUTION OF THE WAR.......................................................................................................................................6 The Role of the Russian Federation in the Conflict.........................................................................................7 RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Republic of Georgia ..............................................................................................8 To the Commanders of the Abkhaz Forces .....................................................................................................8 To the Government of the Russian Federation................................................................................................8 To the Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus...........................................................................9 To the United Nations .....................................................................................................................................9 To the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe..........................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas De Waal the Caucasus
    THE CAUCASUS This page intentionally left blank THE CAUCASUS AN INTRODUCTION Thomas de Waal 1 2010 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data de Waal, Thomas. The Caucasus : an introduction / Thomas de Waal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-539976-9; 978-0-19-539977-6 (pbk.) 1. Caucasus Region—Politics and government. 2. Caucasus Region—History. 3. Caucasus Region—Relations—Russia. 4. Russia—Relations—Caucasus Region. 5. Caucasus Region—Relations—Soviet Union. 6. Soviet Union—Relations—Caucasus Region. I. Title. DK509.D33 2010 947.5—dc22 2009052376 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To Zoe This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction 1 1.
    [Show full text]
  • In and out of the Unit: Social Ties and Insurgent Cohesion in Civil War
    H i C N Households in Conflict Network The Institute of Development Studies - at the University of Sussex - Falmer - Brighton - BN1 9RE www.hicn.org In and Out of the Unit: Social Ties and Insurgent Cohesion in Civil War Anastasia Shesterinina* HiCN Working Paper 311 August 2019 Abstract: Studies of cohesion focus on pre-war networks of insurgency organizers and war-time socialization processes, but do not account for cohesion in civil wars involving spontaneous mobilization, where leaders lack sufficient integration in communities for mobilization and socialization of fighters. This paper shifts attention from insurgency organizers to fighters and disaggregates the concept into horizontal cohesion, or the risks taken by fighters for one another, and vertical cohesion linking fighters to local and central commanders, or the risks taken as part of the unit. While quotidian and local ties bond fighters to one another and local commanders in the small group context, units might fight to protect their own members rather than contribute to the broader struggle. This commitment to the insurgency depends on how fighters understand the benefits of victory and costs of loss in the war. The argument is supported by fieldwork-based analysis of the Georgian-Abkhaz war of 1992-1993 and has implications for cases of spontaneous mobilization characterizing the post-Soviet space and, more recently, the Arab Uprisings. It suggests that most mobilization takes place in a social setting, but insurgent organizations are not the only setting for collective decisions to join the fighting and develop cohesion among fighter groups. Keywords: Civil war; cohesion; mobilization; social ties Acknowledgements: Support for research and writing is acknowledged from Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Liu Institute of Global Issues, the University of British Columbia, and the MacMillan Center at Yale University.
    [Show full text]
  • CPY Document
    Interviews with Tengiz Sigua and Jaba Ioseliani Dodge Billingsley Following are interviews with Tengiz Sigua, former Georgian Prime Minister, and Jaba Ioseliani, the colorful leader of the controversial Mkhedrioni armed formation. Both were intimately involved in Georgia’s state-building process in the early 1990s. They were two-thirds of the Military Council (the remaining member, Tengiz Kitovani, now resides in Moscow), an interim government that replaced first president of Georgia, Zviad Gamsakhurdia’s, government. They were also jointly responsible for Eduard Shevardnadze’s rise to power in Georgia as well as the initiation of the conflict in the separatist region of Abkhazia. Both interviews were conducted during summer 2001. At times their answers and comments are at odds with each other and challenge the “facts” behind the issues. However, both provide insight as to the workings of the Military Council, armed formations, war with Abkhazia and relations with Russia. INTERVIEW WITH TENGIZ SIGUA Q: Please tell us about the Military Council, who was members increased from 40 to 60. Shevardnadze was involved in it and how did it operate elected head of the Council. The Military Council was formed 2 January 1992, after the transfer of power from President Gamsakhurdia. It Q: How was the decision made to send Georgian consisted of three persons: Tengiz Kitovani, Jaba Ioseliani military forces into Abkhazia? and me. It existed until 7 March 1992, when Eduard In the spring of 1992, a very unpleasant series of Shevardnadze returned to Georgia. On 10 March 1992, events took place in Abkhazia, namely, the systematic the Military Council announced its self-dissolution and the robbery of railway and motor transport.
    [Show full text]
  • Armed Conflict in Georgia: a Case Study in Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping
    Occasional Paper #21 ARMED CONFLICT IN GEORGIA: A CASE STUDY IN HUMANITARIAN ACTION AND PEACEKEEPING S. Neil MacFarlane, Larry Minear, and Stephen D. Shenfield i Occasional Papers is a series published by The Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies Brown University, Box 1970 2 Stimson Avenue Providence, RI 02912 Telephone: (401) 863-2809 Fax: (401) 863-1270 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Watson_Institute/ Publications/acrobat_pub.shtml Thomas J. Biersteker, Ph.D., Director Thomas G. Weiss, Ph.D., Associate Director Frederick F. Fullerton, Assistant Editor Amy M. Langlais, Staff Assistant Statements of fact or opinion are solely those of the authors; their publication does not imply endorsement by the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies. Copyright © 1996 by the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for Interna- tional Studies. All rights reserved under International and Pan American Convention. No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic or me- chanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information stor- age and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Occasional Papers, Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies. ii CONTENTS Preface ......................................................................................... v Executive Summary ................................................................. ix Acronyms.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The North Caucasus Factor in the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict Context
    THE NORTH CAUCASUS FActOR IN THE GEORGIAN-ABKHAZ CONFLIct CONTEXT July 2012 Understanding conflict. Building peace. About International Alert International Alert is a 26-year old independent peacebuilding organisation. We work with people who are directly affected by violent conflict to improve their prospects of peace. And we seek to influence the policies and ways of working of governments, international organisations like the UN and multinational companies, to reduce conflict risk and increase the prospects of peace. We work in Africa, several parts of Asia, the South Caucasus, the Middle East and Latin America and have recently started work in the UK. Our policy work focuses on several key themes that influence prospects for peace and security – the economy, climate change, gender, the role of international institutions, the impact of development aid, and the effect of good and bad governance. We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding NGOs with more than 159 staff based in London and 14 field offices. To learn more about how and where we work, visit www.international-alert.org. The publication has been made possible with the help of the UK Conflict Pool. Its contents are the sole responsibility of International Alert and can in no way be regarded as reflecting the point of view of the UK government. © International Alert 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
    [Show full text]
  • Political Situation
    The Country of Return Information Project functions as a network of NGO’s for the collection and transfer of specific information on reintegration possibilities for potential returnees and their counsellors. All questions you may have on reintegration possibilities and on which you don’t find the answer in this country sheet, can be directed to the helpdesk “Country of Return Information”. E-mail: [email protected] COUNTRY SHEET GEORGIA The Country of Return Information Project runs until the August end of 2007 and is funded by the European Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use 2007 that may be made of the information provided. Sole responsibility for its content lies with the author. 1 DISCLAIMER This Country Sheet is for informational purposes only and no rights can be derived from its contents. The CRI-partners will do their utmost to include accurate, corroborated, transparent and up-to-date information, but make no warrants as to its accuracy or completeness. Consequently, the CRI- partners do not accept responsibility in any way for the information in this Country Sheet and accept no liability for damages of any kind arising from using the information in this Country Sheet. The information in this Country Sheet has been retrieved in collaboration with local partners. This Country Sheet contains links to websites that are created and maintained by other organizations. The CRI-project does not take any responsibility for the content of these websites. The CRI-partners are the partners who participate fully in the CRI- project: Vluchtelingenwerk Vlaanderen, Caritas International Belgium, Consiglio Italiano Per I Rifugiati, Coordination et Initiatives pour les Réfugiés et Étrangers and Hungarian Helsinki Committee.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of Internal Displacement : Georgia
    PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : GEORGIA Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 18 March, 2004) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 7 GEORGIA: NO IMPROVEMENT IN RETURN CONDITIONS DESPITE DECADE-LONG CEASEFIRE 7 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 10 BACKGROUND 10 BASIC FACTS ON GEORGIA (1995) 10 ETHNIC DIVISIONS IN ABKHAZIA DURING THE SOVIET ERA (1920-1989) 10 THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION: A MAJOR ACTOR IN THE ABKHAZ CONFLICT (2001) 12 ARMENIA EXPRESSES CONCERN OVER THREAT AGAINST ARMENIAN MINORITY IN ABKHAZIA (2001) 13 THE SEVERE ECONOMIC BREAKDOWN SERIOUSLY AFFECTS THE STATE'S CAPACITY TO CARE FOR THE MOST VULNERABLE (2002) 13 ABKHAZIA 15 SIX YEARS OF ON-AND-OFF WAR (1992-1998) 15 DISPLACEMENT AND "ETHNIC CLEANSING" (1992-1999) 16 TENSIONS ALONG THE CEASEFIRE LINE BETWEEN ABKHAZ AND GEORGIAN SIDE (2001-2003) 19 THE PEACE EFFORTS: THE CHALLENGE OF IDP RETURN (1994-2002) 20 DEVELOPMENTS IN 2003: INTERNATIONAL ATTEMPTS TO SUPPORT THE ABKHAZ-GEORGIAN DIALOGUE 22 NEW GEORGIAN LEADERSHIP MAINTAINS FOCUS ON THE ABKHAZ ISSUE (2004) 24 SOUTH OSSETIA 26
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Prey of Georgia
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264898130 Birds of Prey of Georgia Book · January 2013 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1904.3208 CITATIONS READS 4 1,029 1 author: Alexander Abuladze Ilia State University 99 PUBLICATIONS 159 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Birds of Georgia View project Birds of Prey of the Caucasus View project All content following this page was uploaded by Alexander Abuladze on 20 August 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Materials towards a Fauna of Georgia Issue VI Alexander Abuladze Birds of Prey of Georgia Tbilisi 2013 1 2 ილიას სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის ზოოლოგიის ინსტიტუტი Institute of Zoology Ilia State University Alexander Abuladze ალექსანდრე აბულაძე Birds of Prey of Georgia საქართველოს მტაცებელი ფრინველები Materials towards a Fauna of Georgia Issue VI ნაშრომი დაფინანსებულია შოთა რუსთაველის ეროვნული სამეცნიერო ფონდის მიერ. გრანტი № 1-201 Tbilisi 2013 3 UDC 598.2|9 ა -206 © A.Abuladze ა.აბულაძე Printing House “Lasha Khvichia”, 2013 გამომცემლობა „ლაშა ხვიჩია“, 2013 Tbilisi, 0102, Tsinamdzgvrishvili Str. 24/11, : 295 31 60, e-mail: [email protected] თბილისი, 0102, მ. წინამძღვრიშვილის ქ. 24/11 ISBN 978-9941-0-5397-9 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENS The beginning of the research of Birds of Prey in Georgia and Caucasus was initiated in 1972 by my Mentor Professor Vladimir Flint (1924-2004), an outstanding Russian ornithologist, zoologist and conservationist, Member of the International Ornithological Committee, Honorary Life Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union, and First Honorary President of the Russian Bird Conservation Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of the De Facto State in Public International Law
    Status of the De Facto State in Public International Law A Legal Appraisal of the Principle of Effectiveness by Sergo Turmanidze LL.M. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of Law of the University of Hamburg In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) Hamburg, 2010 Titel der Dissertation: Status of the De Facto State in Public International Law – A Legal Appraisal of the Principle of Effectiveness – Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft (Dr. iur.) des Fachbereichs Rechtswissenschaft der Universität Hamburg vorgelegt von Sergo Turmanidze LL.M. aus Tbilissi, Georgien Hamburg, 2010 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Luchterhandt Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Bruha Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.06.2010 ii To my mom iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dissertation supervisor, Prof. Dr. iur. Otto Luchterhandt, for tirelessly offering support and advice throughout the period I worked on my doctoral dissertation. He shared his experience with regard to the very essence of the scientific study and offered cogent suggestions in respect of this doctoral thesis. Those suggestions guided me through the realm of public international law, bettered my project and gave me the necessary push. I owe many debts to Prof. Dr. iur. LL.M. Rainer Lagoni and Prof. Dr. Stefan Oeter at the University of Hamburg for supporting me throughout the process, professionally as well as morally. They wrote, together with my dissertation supervisor, in recommendation of my project and helped me to obtain the necessary means for dissertation research and writing. In this regard, I am grateful to the two institutions that financed my project.
    [Show full text]
  • International Engagement in the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict Resolution Process May 2010
    INTERNATIONAL ENGAGEMENT IN THE GEORGIAN-ABKHAZ CONFLICT RESOLUTION PROCESS May 2010 Understanding conflict. Building peace. About International Alert International Alert is an independent peacebuilding organisation that has worked for over 20 years to lay the foundations for lasting peace and security in communities affected by violent conflict. Our multifaceted approach focuses both in and across various regions; aiming to shape policies and practices that affect peacebuilding; and helping build skills and capacity through training. Our field work is based in Africa, South Asia, the South Caucasus, Latin America, Lebanon and the Philippines. Our thematic projects work at local, regional and international levels, focusing on cross- cutting issues critical to building sustainable peace. These include business and economy, gender, governance, aid, security and justice. We are one of the world’s leading peacebuilding NGOs with more than 125 staff based in London and our 13 field offices. To learn more, visit www.international-alert.org. This publication has been made possible with the help of the UK Conflict Prevention Pool and the European Union Instrument for Stability. Its contents are the sole responsibility of International Alert and can in no way be regarded as reflecting the point of view of the European Union or the UK Government. © International Alert 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
    [Show full text]
  • Mobilization in Civil War: Latent Norms, Social Relations, and Inter-Group Violence in Abkhazia
    MOBILIZATION IN CIVIL WAR: LATENT NORMS, SOCIAL RELATIONS, AND INTER-GROUP VIOLENCE IN ABKHAZIA by ANASTASIA SHESTERININA B.A., Summa Cum Laude, York University, 2008 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Political Science) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) November 2014 © Anastasia Shesterinina, 2014 Abstract What explains individual and small group mobilization for inter-group violence? How does participation in inter-group violence inform high-risk action in subsequent cycles of mobilization? This dissertation poses four puzzles of violent mobilization across the pre-, civil war, and post-war stages in the conflict cycle to analyze mobilization in civil war. These puzzles place the question of civil war mobilization in a historical trajectory of conflict and include pre-war violent mobilization despite the risks of state repression and inter-group opposition; immediate mass mobilization on a weaker side in the war at the stage of civil war onset; retention of fighters in the course of civil war; and protracted violent mobilization in the post-war period. Analysis is based on over 150 in-depth interviews with participants and non-participants in mobilization and extensive archival and secondary material gathered through fieldwork over 2010- 2013 in Abkhazia—a case of civil war and Georgia’s breakaway territory,—Georgia, and Russia. The wide scope of Abkhaz mobilization in the pre- (1921-1992), civil war (1992-1993), and post- war (1993-2008) periods allows examining within-case temporal and spatial variation, tracing the process of mobilization across the conflict cycle, and drawing generalizable conclusions.
    [Show full text]