DOCSLIB.ORG

Geochemical Indicators of Source Lithologies and Weathering

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Geochemical Indicators of Source Lithologies and Weathering have been summarized in Krissek and Homer (1986, 1987, Geochemical indicators 1988, in press) and contributions to Antarctic Journal (Collinson of source lithologies and and Isbell 1986, 1987, 1988; Isbell and Collinson 1988; Miller and Waugh 1986, 1987; Miller and Frisch 1986, 1987). Our weathering intensities ultimate objective is to extract provenance and paleoclimatic in fine-grained Permian clastics, information from the mineral and chemical compositions of central Transantarctic Mountains the fine-grained sediments in the Permian section, which rec- ords the transition from a glacial regime (Pagoda Formation), through a subaqueous fan/delta setting (Mackellar Formation, LAWRENCE A. KmSSEK and TIM0rilY C. HoINEI to fluvial environments (Fairchild Formation) with coals (Buck- ley Formation). Byrd Polar Research Center In the past year, our efforts have concentrated on using the and geochemistry of approximately 100 samples of fine-grained Department of Geology and Mineralogy sediments to evaluate lithologies and weathering regimes of Ohio State University their source regions during the Permian. The aluminum oxide/ Columbus, Ohio 43210 titanium oxide (Al203/TiO2) ratio has been used as a prelimi- nary indicator of source rock composition (Nesbitt 1979), while During austral summer 1985-1986, we collected approxi- the chemical index of alteration (CIA) of Nesbitt and Young mately 310 samples of fine-grained clastics from 24 measured (1982; CIA = [Al203 ± (Al203 + CaO + Na2O + K20)] X sections in the Permian sequence of the central Transantarctic 100) has been used to estimate the intensity of weathering. Mountains (figure 1, table). Our fieldwork and preliminary The aluminum oxide/titanium oxide ratio increases from ap- results, as well as collaborative efforts by other sedimentolo- proximately 10 for basalts and gabbros to approximately 47 for gists from Ohio State University and Vanderbilt University, rhyolites and granites (Le Maitre 1976), while the chemical index of alteration increases from approximately 50 for unal- tered feldspar to approximately 75 for illite and 100 for kaolin- I tOE ite. Neither of these geochemical parameters covary with vitrinite reflectance values for this data set, confirming the relative sta- bility of the major element geochemistry of fine-grained sed- iments during diagenesis. Stratigraphic sections have been grouped geographically (ta- ble), and the geochemical parameters have been examined for 83,S geographic and stratigraphic variations within these groups. Average aluminum oxide/titanium oxide ratios range from 17 to 27 for all stratigraphic intervals in all areas (figure 2) indi- cating intermediate average compositions (equivalent to diorite MM to granodiorite) for the sediment sources. The ratios remain relatively uniform within each region through the Pagoda and MM MM Mackellar formations, with lowest values in the southeastern MM zf, and southern portions of the study area. In all regions except the southernmost, ratios decrease above the Mackellar. The geographic distribution of values suggests that the southern parts of the study area consistently received a larger contri- bution of basic material, supporting the conclusion of Collin- MP,MPU son (in press) that a volcanic influence migrated from the R southeast into the Beardmore Glacier region through this time. 84S W 84S The general stratigraphic pattern is consistent with the obser- vation that a significant volcaniclastic contribution to the entire M A 4, M A 5 Beardmore Glacier region began during Buckley deposition M A 6 (Barrett, Elliot, and Lindsay 1986; Collinson, Kemp, and Eggert 1 1987; Collinson in press). The southern portion of the study eo ^4 area does not follow the general stratigraphic trend, and con- km 50 - tains anomalous Mackellar paleocurrents and mineralogic in- dicators of weathering conditions, suggesting that it records a transition from the Beardmore portion of the Permian depo- sitional basin to the remainder of the basin to the south and southeast. Chemical index of alteration values (figure 3) increase up- qMB section in most geographic regions, recording the transition 9 165E Figure 1. Geographic distribution of measured sections, Beard- more Glacier area, central Transantarctic Mountains. (See table for CaO denotes calcium oxide; Na20 denotes sodium oxide; K20 de- definitions of the section designations.) notes potassium oxide. 1989 REVIEW 13 Guide to measured sections in the Beardmore Glacier area, units at each section, and their geographic regions. Section Locality Units Region MK Mount Korsch Mackellar, Fairchild N MMC Mount Weeks Pagoda, Mackellar NW MMQ Moore Mountains Mackellar NW MMP Moore Mountains Pagoda NW MMA Moore Mountains Mackellar, Fairchild NW MMD Helm Glacier Mackellar, Fairchild, Buckley NE TR Turnabout Ridge Pagoda, Mackellar, Fairchild NE CP Clarkson Peak Pagoda, Mackellar NE MMZ Mount Miller Pagoda, Mackellar NE WG Wahl Glacier Buckley Central TGA Tillite Glacier Pagoda, Mackellar Central TGF Tillite Glacier Mackellar, Fairchild Central MP Mount Picciotto Buckley Central MA4 Mount Archernar Upper Buckley SW MA5 Mount Archernar Middle Buckley SW MA6 Mount Archernar Lower Buckley SW LP Lamping Peak Buckley SW MR Mount Ropar Buckley SW MD Mount Deakin Mackellar, Fairchild SE Cl Cherry Icefall Pagoda, Mackellar SE MB Mount Bowers Mackellar, Fairchild, Buckley S AVERAGE Al203 /Ti 02 RATIOS N NW NE CENTRAL SW SE S 15 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 15 25 I I 1 I I I I I I II L lit I I t I I Upper Buckley Lower Buckley Fairchild Upper Mackellar Middle Mackellar Lower Mackellar Upper I Pagoda Lower Pagoda Figure 2. Stratigraphic profiles of aluminum oxide/titanium oxide ratio by geographic region in the Beardmore Glacier area. Geographic groupings are outlined in the table. Lower ratios reflect the increasing importance of basic source rocks. 14 ANTARCTIC JOURNAL AVERAGE CIA VALUES N NW NE CENTRAL SW SE S 70 8070 8070 8070 8070 8070 8070 80 _....Jt 1 It I II I II I II I II I _I Upper Buckley _] Lower / Buckley Fairchild Upper Mackellar I Middle Mackellar Lower Mackellar Upper Pagoda Lower Pagoda Figure 3. Stratigraphic profiles of the chemical index of alteration (Nesbitt and Young 1982) by geographic region in the Beardmore Glacier area. Geographic groupings are outlined in the table. Increasing chemical index of alteration values record the increasing importance of chemical weathering. from glacially dominated weathering in the pagoda sources to References chemically dominated weathering during Buckley deposition. Variations in the style and stratigraphic position of the increase Barrett, P.J., D.H. Elliot, and J.F. Lindsay. 1986. The Beacon Super- between regions are interpreted to reflect local variability in group (Devonian-Triassic) and Ferrar Group (Triassic) in the Beard- weathering regime, and have been recognized previously in more Glacier area, Antarctica. In M.D. Turner and J. F. Splettstoesser the clay mineralogy of these samples (Krissek and Homer 1987). (Eds.), Geology of the Central Transantarctic Mountains. (Antarctic Re- The upsection decrease in chemical index of alteration values search Series, Vol. 36.) Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical in the northern and northwestern portions of the study area Union. probably reflects the general coarsening of Mackellar and Fair- Collinson, J.W. In press. The paleo-Pacific margin as seen from East child lithologies in that direction (Barrett, Elliot, and Lindsay Antarctica. In M.R.A. Thomson, J.A. Crame, and J.W. Thomson Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- 1986; Homer and Krissek 1987), so that the chemical index of (Eds.), Geologic evolution of Antarctica. versity Press. Collinson, J. W., and J. L. Isbell. 1986. Permian-Triassic alteration is controlled more by grain size-dependent changes sedimentology of the Beardmore Glacier region. Antarctic Journal of in mineralogy than by weathering influence on equivalent the U.S., 21(5), 29-30. grainsizes. Collinson, J.W., and J.L. Isbell. 1987. Evidence from the Beardmore These preliminary results indicate that the mineral and Glacier region for a late Paleozoic/early Mesozoic foreland basin. chemical compositions of fine-grained sediments can provide Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 22(5), 17-19. valuable provenance information in the study of a depositional Collinson, J.W., and J.L. Isbell. 1988. Sedimentologic comparison of basin. More detailed examinations of the geochemical data are Permian post-glacial black shale sequences in the Ellsworth Moun- presently underway (Homer in preparation). This project was tains and Beardmore Glacier region. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., funded by National Science Foundation grant DPP 84-18354. 23(5), 5-7. 1989 REVIEW 15 Collinson, J.W., N.R. Kemp, and J.T. Eggert. 1987. Comparison of the Geological evolution of Antarctica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Triassic Gondwana Sequences in the Transantarctic Mountains and Press. Tasmania. In G.D. McKenzie (Ed.), Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Se- Krissek, L.A., and T.C. Homer. 1988. Geochemical record of prove- dimentology, and Paleontology. (Geophysical Monograph Series, Vol. nance in fine-grained Permian clastics, central Transantarctic Moun- 41.) Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. tains. Antarctic Journal of the U.S., 23(5), 19-21. Homer, T.C. In preparation. Mineralogy, diagenesis and provenance of Le Maitre, R.W. 1976. The chemical variability of some common ig- fine-grained Perintan clastics from the Beardmore Glacier area, Antarctica. neous rocks. Journal of Petrology, 17, 589-637.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GLACIER MASS-BALANCE MEASUREMENTS a Manual for Field and Office Work O^ O^C
    '' f1 ^^| Geographisches |^ Institut | "| Universitat NHRI Science Report No. 4 VJ Zurich GLACIER MASS-BALANCE MEASUREMENTS A manual for field and office work o^ O^c G. 0strem and M. Brugman NVE NORWEGIAN WATER RESOURCES AND • <j<L • EnvironmenEnvironi t Environnemant ENERGY ADMINISTRATION •^rB Canada Canada PREFACE During the International Hydrological Decade (1965-1975) it was proposed that the hydrology of selected glaciers should be included in National IHD programs, in addition to various other aspects of hydrology. In Scandinavia it was agreed that Denmark should concentrate on low-land hydrology, including ground water; Sweden should emphasize forested basins, including bogs; and Norwegian hydrologists should study alpine hydrology, including glaciers. Representative, basins were then selected in each country, according to this inter-Scandinavian agreement. In Norway, the selected alpine basins did not comprise glaciers, so some of the already observed glaciers were included in the IHD program. In Canada, the Geographical Branch, within the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, initiated mass-balance studies on selected glaciers along an east-west profile from the National Hydrology Research Institute Rockies to the Coast Mountains. Inland Waters Directorate Canada, and later Norway, felt that glacier field crews and office technicians Conservation and Protection needed written instructions for their work. This would save time at the start of the Environment Canada EHD program, because new activities were planned at several glaciers almost simultaneously. 11 Innovation Boulevard Therefore, a "cookbook" was prepared in Ottawa by Gunnar 0strem and Alan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Stanley. This first "Manual for Field Work" was printed in the spring of 1966 for Canada S7N 3H5 use during the following field season.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacier Fluctuations in Garibaldi Provincial Park, Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada Johannes Koch,1* Gerald D
    The Holocene 17,8 (2007) pp. 1069–1078 Pre-‘Little Ice Age’ glacier fluctuations in Garibaldi Provincial Park, Coast Mountains, British Columbia, Canada Johannes Koch,1* Gerald D. Osborn2 and John J. Clague1 ( 1Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada) Received 21 July 2006; revised manuscript accepted 10 June 2007 Abstract: Holocene glacier fluctuations prior to the ‘Little Ice Age’ in Garibaldi Provincial Park in the British Columbia Coast Mountains were reconstructed from geomorphic mapping and radiocarbon ages on 37 samples of growth-position and detrital wood from glacier forefields. Glaciers in Garibaldi Park were smaller than at present in the early Holocene, although some evidence exists for minor, short-lived advances at this time. The first well-documented advance dates to 7700–7300 14C yr BP. Subsequent advances date to 6400–5100, 4300, 4100–2900 and 1600–1100 14C yr BP. Some glaciers approached their maximum Holocene limits several times during the past 10 000 years. Periods of advance in Garibaldi Park are broadly synchronous with advances else- where in the Canadian Cordillera, suggesting a common climatic cause. The Garibaldi Park glacier record is also broadly synchronous with the record of Holocene sunspot numbers, supporting previous research that sug- gests solar activity may be an important climate forcing mechanism. Key words: Glacier advances, dendroglaciology, Holocene, solar forcing, Garibaldi Park, Coast Mountains, British Columbia. Introduction The most direct evidence of pre-‘Little Ice Age’ glacier activ- ity is found in glacier forefields and includes in situ tree stumps Recent studies point to significant and rapid fluctuations of climate (Ryder and Thomson, 1986; Luckman et al., 1993; Wiles et al., throughout the Holocene (Bond et al., 2001; Mayewski et al., 1999; Wood and Smith, 2004), detrital logs and branches (Ryder 2004).
    [Show full text]
  • Simulating Past and Future Mass Balance of Place Glacier Using a Physically-Based, Distributed Glacier Mass Balance Model
    Simulating Past and Future Mass Balance of Place Glacier Using a Physically-Based, Distributed Glacier Mass Balance Model by RaJU Aryal B Sc . Tribhuvan Umvers1ty, Nepal. 1995 M.Sc. Tnbhuvan Unt\ersity. Nepal, 1999 M Sc, Nagoya Unt\ersity. Japan, 2002 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (Prince George) April2015 © Raju Aryal2015 Abstract The objective of this study is to develop a physically-based distributed glacier mass balance (GMB) model for Place Glacier, Brittsh Columbia, Canada, and apply the model to develop the historic and the future mass balance The model Is forced with climate data from Regional Atmospheric Modelmg System (RAMS) mesoscale atmospheric model output from 1979-2008 for developmg htstonc mass balance on Place Glacter The model IS also run in the future (2009-2040) to develop a proJeCtiOn of mass balance. The model simulated the histone glacter-wtde summer and wmter balance on Place Glacier satisfactorily. For all years, root mean squared error (RMSE) m simulated summer and winter balance are 0.43 m water equivalent (we) and 0.27 m w.e., respectively. Over the period of 29 years, the model simulated a cumulative net mass balance of -33.72 m w.e. The model outperformed both empirical temperature index (TI) and enhanced TI models in simulating summer balance on Place Glacier when forced with the same RAMS variables. A linear regression model based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique is used for downscaling future climate projections from a suite of Global Climate Models (GCMs).
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Ninth Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference
    NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Proceedings of the Ninth Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference For the publisher’s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l’éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher’s version / Version de l'éditeur: https://doi.org/10.4224/40001155 Technical Memorandum (National Research Council of Canada. Associate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics), 1955-12-15 NRC Publications Archive Record / Notice des Archives des publications du CNRC : https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=3f5d3f14-363f-4bca-b1b1-0fd747199ee0 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=3f5d3f14-363f-4bca-b1b1-0fd747199ee0 Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/copyright READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L’accès à ce site Web et l’utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D’UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at [email protected]. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n’arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Th* Varsity Outdoor Qub \ Journal
    Th* Varsity Outdoor Qub \ Journal i VOLUME XXIV 1981 ISSN 0524-5613 Vancouver, Canada 7Ae Umveuibj of IkitUh Columbia PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE March, 1982 Another school year has passed and so have many memorable moments in the V.O.C. This year was a good one for the V.O.C. We have seen our membership grow to a recent high of over 250. For many, the club has opened up a whole new world of adventure and challenge. For others, the club has continued to be a central part of their lives adding new memories and aspirations. The success of our club has always been in the strength of our active members. This year, again, active members gave their time unselfishly to such things as leading trips, cabin committee meetings and social functions, not to mention many others. It is these people I would like to thank most for making my job, as President, that much more enjoyable. For those of you who have participated in club activities for the first time, I urge you to take an active part in helping to run the club. I am sure you will find that the rewards far exceed the time and effort involved. As a club whose major interests lie in the outdoors, I feel we as a membership have helped people become more aware of what is beyond the campus of U.B.C. British Columbia offers a wealth of wilderness which is accessible to everyone. It is important that as a club we continue to pass on our knowledge about outdoor activities and wilderness areas.
    [Show full text]
  • HOLOCENE GLACIER FI-UCTUATIONS in GARIBALDI PROVINCIAL PARK, Sotjthern COAST MOUNTAINS, BRITISH COLUMBIA
    HOLOCENE GLACIER FI-UCTUATIONS IN GARIBALDI PROVINCIAL PARK, SOtJTHERN COAST MOUNTAINS, BRITISH COLUMBIA Johannes Koch M.Sc. (Geography, Geology, Mineralogy), University Freiburg, 2001 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Earth Sciences 0Joharmes Koch 2006 SIMON FkISER UNIVERSITY Spring 2006 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in wh'ole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Johannes Koch Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis: Holocene glacier fluctuations in Garibaldi Provincial Park, southern Coast Mountains, British Columbia Examining Committee: Dr. Peter Mustard Chair Dr. John Clague Senior Supervisor Dr. Gerald Osborn Comrriittee Member Dr. Dan Smith Comrriittee Member Dr. Rolf Mathewes Committee Member Dr. Lionel Jackson Internal Examiner Dr. Brian Luckman External Examiner University of Western Ontario Date Approved: .fl,gIICNL+IC z JO~ SIMON FRASER &8Cl? "N~~mlibrary DECLARATION OF PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENCE The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. The author has further granted permission to Simon Fraser University to keep or make a digital copy for use in its circulating collection, and, without changing the content, to translate the thesislproject or extended essays, if technically possible, to any medium or format for the purpose of preservation of the digital work.
    [Show full text]
  • Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS of CANADA
    Glaciers of North America— GLACIERS OF CANADA HISTORY OF GLACIER INVESTIGATIONS IN CANADA By C. SIMON L. OMMANNEY SATELLITE IMAGE ATLAS OF GLACIERS OF THE WORLD Edited by RICHARD S. WILLIAMS, Jr., and JANE G. FERRIGNO U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1386–J–1 The earliest recorded description of a Canadian glacier was in 1861. Since that time, various glaciological investigations have been conducted in the several glacierized regions of Canada (for example, Coast Mountains, Interior Ranges, Rocky Mountains, and Arctic Islands), including mass balance, modeling, dendrochronology, climatology, ice chemistry and physics, ice-core analyses, glacier-surge mechanics, and airborne and satellite remote sensing CONTENTS Page Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ J27 Occurrence of Glaciers----------------------------------------------------------- 27 FIGURE 1. Index map of the glaciers of western Canada -------------------- 29 2. Index map of the glaciers of arctic and eastern Canada---------- 34 TABLE 1. Summary of historical information on glaciers of western Canada --------------------------------------------------------- 30 2. Summary of historical information on glaciers of arctic and eastern Canada ------------------------------------------------- 32 3. The glacierized areas of Canada --------------------------------- 35 Observation of Glaciers ---------------------------------------------------------- 35 Historic (Prior to World War II) ------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Varsity Outdoor Club Journal
    Varsity Outdoor Club Journal 2011-2012 Fifty-Fourth Edition Copyright © 2012 by the Varsity Outdoor Club Texts © 2012 by the individual contributors Photographs © 2012 by the photographers credited All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher. !e Varsity Outdoor Club Journal (est. 1958) is published annually by !e Varsity Outdoor Club Box 98, Student Union Building 6138 Student Union Mall University of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C. V6T 2B9 www.ubc-voc.com ISSN 0524–5613 Text design and typesetting by Kelly Paton Cover design and photo by Lee Wasilenko Photo conversion by Ignacio Rozada Colour photo selection by Lee Wasilenko and Kelly Paton Advertising sales and production management by Kelly Paton Proofreaders and text editors: Eliza Boyce, Roland Burton, Sarah Davidson, Skyler Des Roches, Murray Down, Fisal Elstone, Piotr Forysinski, Leonard Go", Maya Goldstein, Conrad Koziol, Alfred Larson, Erica Lay, Jessica Litman, Kelly Paton, Gili Rosenberg, Ignacio Rozada, Julia Sta"ord, Je" Taylor, Christian Veenstra, Phoebe Wong, Josh Zukewich Printed and bound in Canada by Hemlock Printers Ltd Printed on paper that comes from sustainable forests managed by the Forest Stewardship Council 3 SEASON F11 Outdoor ISSUE 2012 LANGUAGE English PUBLICATION UBC Varsity Outdoor Club SIZE (W X H) 5.375” (w) x 8.375” (h) DATE Jan 30. 2012 REGION Vancouver, BC COLOURS CMYK DESIGNER SB REP PAGE full FILE NAME
    [Show full text]
  • Regional-Scale Distributed Modelling of Glacier Meteorology and Melt, Southern Coast Mountains, Canada
    Regional-Scale Distributed Modelling of Glacier Meteorology and Melt, southern Coast Mountains, Canada by Joseph Michael Shea B.Sc., McMaster University, 2001 M.Sc., University of Calgary, 2004 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Geography) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2010 c Joseph Michael Shea 2010 Abstract Spatially distributed regional scale models of glacier melt are required to as- sess the potential impacts of climate change on glacier response and proglacial streamflow. The objective of this study was to address the challenges as- sociated with regional scale modelling of glacier melt, specifically by (1) developing methods for estimating regional fields of the meteorological vari- ables required to run melt models, and (2) testing models with a range of complexity against observed snow and ice melt at four glaciers in the south- ern Coast Mountains, ranging in size from a small cirque glacier to a large valley glacier. Near-surface air temperature and humidity measured over four glaciers in the southern Coast Mountains of British Columbia were compared to ambi- ent values estimated from a regional network of off-glacier weather stations. Systematic differences between measured and ambient conditions represent the effects of katabatic flow, and were modelled as a function of flow path length calculated from glacier digital elevation models. Near-surface wind speeds (ug) were classified as either katabatic or channelled, and were mod- elled based on Prandtl flow (for katabatic winds) or gradient wind speeds. Models for atmospheric transmissivity, snow and ice albedo, and incoming longwave radiation were tested and developed from observations of incident and reflected shortwave radiation (K# and K") and incoming longwave (L#) radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiic Varsity (Outdoorqub Journal
    Tiic Varsity (Outdoor Qub Journal VOLUME XII. 1969 The Zfoiveuitij of Ihittth CoiumHa Vancouver, Canada PRESIDENT *S-MESSAGE Within the past year, members of the Varsity Outdoor Club have completed several outstanding climbing and ski-mountaineering expeditions. Garibaldi Park, The Cascades, The Coast Range, The Bugaboos, The Kokanee Glacier have all seen their footprints. I shall leave them to tell of their own ad­ ventures, but mention that these groups set their goals and followed through on them with the limited time and on the limited budgets of students. To share the outdoors has been a goal in itself for them. The camaraderie and elan of these mountaineers is at the heart of the VC\C. The present size of the club has fost­ ered small groups with special interests: rock climbers, mountaineers, ski-touring types , snowshoers, and a survival training group, to name a few. More important, however, is that a large segment of the club has become act­ ively involved in the growing war against pollution. It is through their urging that the TOC has joined the Society for Pollution and Environmental Control. Thanks, too, to this group for their campaign to make members aware of what they can do personally to pre­ vent ecological ruin. A large increase in club equipment this year has made it possible to schedule regular overnight winter skitouring trips and to in­ crease the number, variety, and safety of our mountaineering schools. An emphasis has been placed.on smaller groups on all trips, while the Whistler Cabin has served as the focal point for club activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Achievements and Future Challenges – Summary Report on the IUGG General Assembly and the WGMS General Assembly of National Correspondents 2019
    125 years of internationally coordinated glacier monitoring: achievements and future challenges – Summary report on the IUGG General Assembly and the WGMS General Assembly of National Correspondents 2019 9–16 July 2019: IUGG General Assembly, Montreal, Canada 14–17 August 2019: WGMS General Assembly Europe and North America, Zurich, Switzerland 10–14 September 2019: WGMS General Assembly Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan 22–26 October 2019: WGMS General Assembly Latin America, El Calafate, Argentina The present report is recommended to be cited as: WGMS (2020): 125 years of internationally coordinated glacier monitoring: achievements and future challenges – Summary report on the IUGG General Assembly and the WGMS General Assembly of National Correspondents 2019. World Glacier Monitoring Service, Zurich, Switzerland, 63 pp. Abstracts Summary report on the IUGG General Assembly and the WGMS General Assembly of National Correspondents 2019 Worldwide collection of information about ongoing glacier changes was initiated in August 1894 with the foundation of the International Glacier Commission at the 6th International Geological Congress in Zurich, Switzerland (Forel, 1895; Allison et al. 2019). Today, grown to a worldwide collaboration network in more than 40 countries, glacier monitoring is coordinated within the framework of the Global Terrestrial Network for Glaciers (GTN-G), under the coordination and support of the GTN-G Advisory Board, which is chaired by the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS). In 2019, the WGMS celebrated the 125-year jubilee of internationally coordinated glacier monitoring jointly with IACS during the 27th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and later with its National Correspondents during the WGMS General Assembly.
    [Show full text]
  • Permian-Triassic Sedimentology of the Beardmore Glacier Region - Y1 C ..•/ + L J.W
    Permian-Triassic sedimentology of the Beardmore Glacier region - y1 c ..•/ + l J.W. COLLINSON and J.L. ISBELL Institute of Polar Studies Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 Sedimentology studies of Permian-Triassic fluvial rocks in the Fairchild F. Beardmore Glacier region were conducted from 12 November to 25 January by a five-person field party from Ohio State University: the two authors, Timothy C. Homer, Lawrence A. Krissek, and Brenda K. Lord. Stratigraphic units investigated were the Permian Fairchild and Buckley formations and the Triassic Fremouw Formation. The oldest Permian fluvial unit, the Fairchild Formation, is a 130- to 230-meter thick sandstone (Barrett 1969). It overlies deltaic fine-grained sandstones of the Mackellar Formation and is composed mostly of trough cross-bedded, medium-grained, feldspathic sandstones. Locally, lenticular bodies of dark gray carbonaceous mudstone represent abandoned channel fills. The Fairchild Formation is interpreted as an extensive sandy braided stream system that flowed southward (figure) into the Mackellar sea (see Miller and Frisch, Antarctic Journal, this issue). Paleocurrent directions at various localities for the Fairchild, upper The Permian Buckley Formation, as defined by Barrett (1969), and lower Buckley, and Fremouw formations in the Beardmore is as much as 750 meters thick and conformably overlies the Glacier region. Some of the Fremouw data is from Barrett (1969) and Fairchild. The contact is recognized by the lowest quartz-pebble Vavra (1984). Arrows indicate mean direction and standard deviation conglomerate. The lower part of the formation is similar to the for readings at each of the following localities: 1, Moore Mountains; Fairchild in lithology and paleocurrent orientation, except that 2, Helm Glacier; 3, north Clarkson Peak; 4, south Clarkson Peak; 5, Mount Miller; 6, Painted Cliffs; 7, Tillite Glacier; 8, Mount Ropar; 9, thin coal-bearing mudstones are also present.
    [Show full text]