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69-11663 LINDSAY, John Francis, 1941 I This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-11,663 LINDSAY, John Francis, 1941- STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF TOE LOWER BEACON ROCKS OF TOE QUEEN ALEXANDRA, QUEEN ELIZABETH, AND HOLLAND RANGES, ANTARCTICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON PALEOZOIC GLACIATION. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1968 Geology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTATION OF THE LOWER BEACON ROCKS OF THE QUEEN ALEXANDRA, QUEEN ELIZABETH, AND HOLLAND RANGES, ANTARCTICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON PALEOZOIC GLACIATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By John Francis Lindsay, B.Sc.(Hons.), M.Sc, ******* The Ohio State University 1958 Approved by a Adviser Department of Geology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to acknowledge R. J. Baillie, P. J. Barrett, D. H. Elliot, J. D. Gunner and D. H. Johnston for their assistance and companionship in the field. Particular thanks are due to D. K. King whose patient assistance in the field made much of the fabric study in Chapter II possible. Field support was provided by U. S. Navy Task Force 43. The study was funded through National Science Foundation grant numbers GA-534 and GA-1159. Research on the Casement Glacier, Alaska was supported by the U. 5. Atomic Energy Commission, Contract No. AT(11-1)-1473. Dr. C. H. Summerson supervised the dissertation. The manuscript was critically read by C. B. B. Bull, C. H. Corbatt, A. G. Everett and J. F. Splettstoesser. Extensive and invaluable assistance with regards to the fabric studies was given by J. F. Bridge and C. H. Corbatti. The writer is also grateful to the many members of the Institute of Polar Studies who willingly gave advice and assistance. ii VITA January 22, 1941 Born - Gosford, New South Wales, A ustralia. 1961 ......................... 8 .Sc., University of New England, Armidale, Australia. 1962 ......................... B.Sc. Honours, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. 1964 ......................... M.Sc,, University of New England, Armidale, Australia. 1964 ......................... Research Officer, Commonwealth Scientif­ ic and Industrial Research Organization, Melbourne, Australia. 1964-65 ................. Teaching Assistant, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1965-66 ................. Graduate Student, Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1966-68 ................. Graduate Research Associate, Institute of Polar Studies, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. PUBLICATIONS "Magnetic Anisotropy and Fabric of some Foliated Rocks from S. E. Australia." Geofisica Pura e Applies ta. Vol. 47 (1960/lll), pp. 30-40, (with, F. D. Stacey and Germain Joplin). "The Stratigraphy, Sedimentation and Palaeontology of a Permian and Carboniferous Sequence at Willi Willi near Kempsey, N. S. W." Unpublished honors thesis, Univ. of New England, Australia, 1961. iii "Permian and Carboniferous Sedimentation of the (Klacleav D istrict, W. S. W." Unpublished Masters thesis, Univ. of New England, Australia, 1964, "Observations on the Level of a Self-draining Lake on the Casement Glacier, Alaska." J. of Glaciology, Vol. 6, p p . 443-445, 1966, "Carboniferous Subaqueous Mass-movement in the lïlanning- lïlacleay Basin, Kempsey, Mem South Wales." J. Sed. Petrol., Vol. 36, pp. 719-732, 1965. "A Blastoid from the Lower Permian of the IKlanning-Macleay Basin, New South Wales." Austr. J. Sci., Vol. 29, pp. 223, 1967. "The Development of Clast Fabric in Mudflows.; J. Sed. Petrol., in press, December, 1958. IV CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................... vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS..................................................................... vii FIELD WORK....................................................................................................... 1 Treatment of Orientation D a t a , . , . , ........................... 2 CHAPTER I. STRATIGRAPHY OF LOWER BEACON ROCKS IN THE QUEEN ALEXANDRA, QUEEN ELIZABETH AND HOLLAND RANGES...................................................................................... 5 Previous Investigations ............................................ 5 Stratigraphy ........................................................................... 11 Devonian( ? ) . ................................................... 11 Alexandra Formation. ........................................................ 11 Distribution .............................................................. 12 Lithology ........................................................................... 14 Thickness............... ............................. IS Relation to Older Formations. ............................ 19 Current Structures............................................ 24 Age and Correlation ................................................... 34 Environment of Deposition. ................................... 38 Permian .............................................................. 40 Pagoda Formation ................................................................ 40 Distribution ............................................................ 42 Lithology. ........................................................... 43 Thickness I................................................. 45 Relation to Older Formations..,.. ................... 45 Paleocurrent and Paleoslope Indicators. 47 Paleoice Direction ...................................................... 48 Age and Correlation .................................................... 49 Environment of Deposition ..................................... 54 lYlackellar Formation....................... 55 Distribution and Thickness ................................... 55 Lithology....................................................................... 57 Relation to Older Formations.... 69 Paleocurrent and Paleoslope Indicators. 70 Age and Correlation .................................................. T4 Environment of Deposition ..................................... 29 Page CHAPTER II. CLAST FABRIC OF TILL AND ITS DEVELOPMENT................................................................................ 82 Alignment of Clasts in Glacier Ic e ........ .................. 82 • Optic Axis Fabrics of Glacier Ice ................................ 84 Orientation of Clasts in Poly crystalline Glacier Ice.................................................. 87 Observed Englacial Clast Fabrics................ 89 Effects of Deposition on Clast Fabric .......................... 94 Clast Fabric Field Observations ................................. 103 Sample Size and F a b r ic ..... .............................................. 103 Description of Fabric, .......................................................... 106 Variations of Clast Fabric within a Till Sheet.................................................................................. 119 Horizontal Variation of Fabric ............... 119 Vertical Variation of Fabric .................................... 123 Summary and Discussion .................................................. 132 CHAPTER III. DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PERMIAN PAGODA FORMATION, ANTARCTICA............................... 136 Geologic Setting and Previous Work ................ 136 Description of the Pagoda Formation .................................. 137 Thickness.. ............................................ 137 Lithology .......................'........................................................... 138 Shale........................................................................................... 138 Limestone ................................................................ 141 Sandstone .............................................................. 141 Conglomerate. ..................................................... 189 Glacial Lithologies ... ............................... 164 Sedimentary Structures and Directional Features.................................................... 191 Paleocurrent Structures ................................................ 191 Paleoslope Indicators ............................................ 200 Paleoice Directional Structures. .......................... 200 Clast Fabric.................................................................................. 217 Tillite Clast Fabrics................................................... 217 Conglomerate Clast F a b r ic s ...... ........................ 232 The Regional Distribution of Permian Glacial and Postglacial Sediments in Antarctica ................... 235 A Model for Permian Glacial and Postglacial Sedimentation in Antarctica ........................................... 241 SUMMARY............................................................................................................ 253 APPENDIX I ..................................................................................................... 257 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................................... 292 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Location and Fisher’s (1953) Statistics for Clast Fabrics Figured in Chapter I I ............... 109 2. Modal Analyses of T illite from the Pagoda Formation ....................... 167 3. Lithology of Clasts from T illite Units in the A Section of the Pagoda Formation., 172 4. Lithology of Clast Samples from T illite Units in the K Section of the Pagoda Formation.. 173 5. Lithology of Clasts from T illite Units in the U Section
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