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История Изучения, Видовой Состав, Морфология И Распространение Гольянов Рода Rhynchocypris (Cyprinidae) Сахалина В

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История Изучения, Видовой Состав, Морфология И Распространение Гольянов Рода Rhynchocypris (Cyprinidae) Сахалина В Серия «Биология. Экология» И З В Е С Т И Я 2009. Т. 2, № 2. С. 41–44 Иркутского Онлайн-доступ к журналу: государственного http://isu.ru/izvestia университета УДК 597.554.3 История изучения, видовой состав, морфология и распространение гольянов рода Rhynchocypris (Cyprinidae) Сахалина В. Д. Никитин, С. Н. Сафронов Сахалинский научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографии (ФГУП «СахНИРО»), Южно-Сахалинск E-mail: [email protected] Аннотация. Впервые для острова Сахалин описаны три новых и приводится полный список, включающий 6 видов гольянов: Rhynchocypris oxycephalus, Rh. perenurus, Rh. czekanowski, Rh. lagowskii, Rh. mantschuricus, Rh. sachalinensis и Phoxinus phoxinus. Установлена видовая принадлежность двух подвидов озерных голья- нов, получены новые данные по их морфологии, половой, эколого-географической изменчивости и распре- делению. Ключевые слова: внутренние водоемы, гольяны, диагноз, морфология, распространение. В отечественной литературе классификация Ph. lagowskii гольянов. В своей последней работе гольянов традиционно основана на научных по пресноводным рыбам Сахалина С. Н. Саф- трудах Л. С. Берга [2], где автор объединил ронов и С. Н. Никифоров [11] называют 2 вида описанные к тому времени евразийские роды в и 4 подвида. В то же время Е. А. Цепкиным один – Phoxinus. Сюда же он отнёс и один из [13] для вод Сахалина в составе р. Phoxinus северо-американских родов – Pfrille Jordan, указаны три вида – обыкновенный (речной), 1924. В настоящее время взгляды на объем ро- озерный и амурский гольяны, при этом приве- да существенно меняются: большинство зару- денные автором морфологические описания бежных ученых считают евразийских гольянов таксонов сделаны в основном по литературным неоднородной группой, морфологически и ге- данным и недостаточно полны. Следует также нетически обособленной от Phoxinus, в связи с отметить крайне неудачные рисунки границ чем их причисляют обычно к Rhynchocypris ареалов двух последних видов на Сахалине. или Eupallasella [14; 15; 16; 18]. К типичным Слабая изученность, даже в пределах ареа- Phoxinus отнесен только речной гольян [20]. ла, и большое биологическое значение озерных Генетическая идентификация дальневосточных гольянов в экосистемах острова определили видов подтверждает мнение о политипичности наш интерес к исследованиям их морфологии, гольянов [16; 17; 19]. распределения и экологических особенностей в Считалось, что в водоёмах Сахалина оби- водоемах о. Сахалин. тают два подвида: сахалинский озерный гольян – Материал и методы Ph. perсnurus sachalinensis, описанный Л. С. Бер- гом в 1907 г. по 14 экз. из сборов П. Ю. Шмид- Материал в количестве 15 тыс. экз. с 500 та в р. Аракуль (система Вавайских озер) и станций собран авторами в водоемах Сахалина маньчжурский озерный гольян – Ph. perсnurus и правобережных водоемах нижнего Амура в mantschuricus Berg, 1907. На присутствие по- 1993–2007 гг. Отлов проводили с помощью за- следнего в водоемах, примыкающих к Амур- кидного малькового невода, мелкоячейных скому лиману, указал А. Я. Таранец [12]. Позд- морд, вентерей, ставных сетей и установки нее ряд авторов [5; 7] без проведения морфоло- электрошока «Mark-10». Морфологический гической ревизии рассматривают в своих анализ выполнен для 700 особей по схеме, фаунистических описаниях сахалинских озер- принятой для карповых рыб. Кроме того, были ных гольянов в составе монотипического вида просмотрены типовые и коллекционные экзем- Phoxinus percnurus. Для северо-западной части пляры озерных гольянов из разных районов острова С. Н. Никифоров с соавторами [6] при- Дальнего Востока, хранящиеся в Зоологиче- водят речного – Ph. phoxinus и амурского – ском институте РАН (г. С.-Петербург), Зооло- 42 В. Д. НИКИТИН, С. Н. САФРОНОВ гическом музее МГУ (г. Москва) и музее Ры- пектровентральное расстояние меньше у пер- бохозяйственного факультета Хоккайдского вого. По отношению к длине хвостового стеб- университета (г. Хаккодате, Япония). ля сахалинский гольян значительно превос- ходит маньчжурского по наибольшей и наи- Результаты и обсуждение меньшей высоте тела и т.д. По меристическим Исследования авторов, анализ коллекций признакам первый достоверно отличается от гольянов и литературных данных позволили маньчжурского гольяна большим числом мяг- установить в составе ихтиофауны Сахалина ких лучей в брюшном плавнике, позвонков, следующие виды: тычинок на первой жаберной дуге и чешуй Rhynchocypris mantschuricus – маньчжур- над боковой линией. В то же время у саха- ский озерный гольян. Низовья р. Амур (по: [1]). линского значительно меньше мягких лучей в D III 7; A III 7–8; l.l. 75–84. Грудные (не менее анальном и брюшном плавниках, а также по- 65 % расстояния между P и V) и другие плав- перечных рядов чешуй. ники длиннее, чем у типичных. Глоточные зу- Rhynchocypris lagowskii – амурский гольян. бы: 2.5–4.2. Боковая линия полная. Длина рыб Северо-западный Сахалин, р. Безымянная (на- до 235 мм. ши данные, 25 самок и 25 самцов длиной 86,5– Пойменные озера р. Псю Хабаровского 101 мм): D III 7–8 (в среднем – 7,1); А III 7 края (наши данные, 25 самок и 25 самцов дли- (7,0); Р – 14–15 (14,6); позвонков 41–43 (42,3); ной 99,5–120 мм,). D III (6) 7–8; A III–IV 7–8; тычинок на первой жаберной дуге 7,9–10,1 P I 13–15; V I 6–7. Боковая линия неполная, (8,8); поперечных рядов чешуй 82–87 (85); про- очень редко полная, поперечных рядов чешуй боденных чешуй 79–83 (81,2), брюхо сплошь 71–80, из них всего 10–76 прободенных. Чешуй покрыто чешуей до самого межжаберного про- над боковой линией 20–22, под боковой линией межутка; чешуй над боковой линией 21–22 10–15. Жаберных тычинок 9–12. Позвонков (21,6); чешуй под боковой линией 15–17 39–41. Длина рыб до 178 мм, масса – 145 г. (16,4). При сравнении амурских гольянов Rhynchocypris sachalinensis – сахалинский о. Сахалин с выборками из водоемов бассей- озерный гольян (по: [1]): D III 7; A III 7; l.l. 75–80. нов Лены и Амура [3; 4] отличий практически Отличается коротким и высоким хвостовым не обнаружено. стеблем: его высота у начала хвостового плав- Rhynchocypris czekanowskii – гольян Чека- ника составляет 58–60 % его длины. Боковая новского впервые отмечен нами в водоемах се- линия полная или почти полная, мало изогну- веро-западного Сахалина в июне 2001 г. (дан- тая. Длина до 150 мм. ные из оз. Ураган, 29 самок и 11 самцов длиной Система Вавайских озер, р. Аракуль (terra 40–140 мм): D III 5–8 (чаще 7); А III 6–8 (7); Р I typica), Южный Сахалин (наши данные, 25 са- 12–16 (14); V I 6–9 (7). Поперечных рядов че- мок и 25 самцов длиной 90,5–118): D III (6) 7–8; шуй 57–80, в среднем 64–68. Боковая линия A (II) III–IV (6) 7–8; P I 12–15; V I 6–7. Боковая неполная, доходит до области заднего конца линия неполная, поперечных рядов чешуй 79–87, грудных плавников, реже до области брюш- чешуй над боковой линией 22–24, под боковой ных; у фиксированных экземпляров боковая линией 12–13. Позвонков 40–41, зубная фор- линия в виде белой полоски; чешуя очень мел- мула 5(4).2(1)–2.4(5). Жаберных лучей 6–10. кая, заметно не налегающая друг на друга; ты- Длина рыб до 192 мм, масса – до 199 г. чинок на I жаберной дуге 7–14, чаще 11–12. R. mantschuricus достоверно (Р>0,99) отлича- Позвонков 33–39, чаще 37; чешуй по боку хво- ется от R. sachalinensis, по ряду морфологиче- стового стебля 16–24, чаще 19–22. Новый для ских признаков превышая подвидовой уро- фауны Сахалина вид обитает в реках, озерах и вень CD Майра. В % длины тела ширина лба, соединяющих их протоках на участке между наименьшая высота тела, высота хвостового рек Вагис и Черная (северо-запад острова), а стебля у начала основания хвостового плав- также в бассейнах р. Тымь и верхнего течения ника и у начала основания анального плавни- р. Поронай. ка, высота анального плавника у сахалинско- Rhynchocypris oxycephalus – китайский го гольяна больше, чем у маньчжурского, и гольян. Изолированная популяция с невысокой наоборот, длина тушки, длина верхней челю- численностью недавно обнаружена в водах Са- сти, высота головы у затылка, антедорсальное халина [8]. Рыбы населяют специфические по и антеанальное расстояния, длина хвостового гидрологическому характеру водоемы на ог- стебля, высота спинного и анального плавни- раниченном участке в бассейне рр. Поронай ков, длина грудного и брюшного плавников и (Красная, Гола, Сергеевка) и Тымь. В ру- Известия Иркутского государственного университета ГОЛЬЯНЫ РОДА RHYNCHOCYPRIS (CYPRINIDAE) САХАЛИНА 43 словой части р. Тымь отмечен в среднем те- пользовать их для построения системы рыб се- чении не ниже пос. Кировское [9] (наши дан- мейства карповые. ные, 27 самок и 3 самца длиной 84–112 мм): D III 7 (в среднем – 7,00); А III 7–8 (7,17); Литература Р 112–14 (12,87); позвонков (16–17) + (20–22) = 1. Берг Л. С. Заметки о некоторых палеаркти- = 36–38 (39), в среднем – 37,23; в боковой ли- ческих видах рода Phoxinus / Л. С. Берг // Ежегодн. нии (63) 69–79 (74,67) чешуй; тычинок на пер- Зоол. Муз. Имп. акад. наук. – 1907. – Т. 11. – вой жаберной дуге (8) 9 (12), в среднем – 8,90. С. 196–213. Обычно встречается небольшими стайками 2. Берг Л. С. Рыбы пресных вод СССР и сопре- на перекатах и плесах, среди зарослей водной дельных стран / Л. С. Берг. – Л. : Изд-во Всесоюз. растительности, в нижней части русел прито- ин-та озерн. и речн. рыбн. хоз., 1932. – Ч. 1, 3-е изд. – ков полугорного типа с замедленным течени- С. 1–544. ем, прозрачной водой, чаще в местах выхода 3. Кириллов Ф. Н. Рыбы Якутии / Ф. Н. Кирил- лов. – М. : Наука, 1972. – 360 с. грунтовых вод, где живет вместе с молодью 4. Карасёв Г. Л. Рыбы Забайкалья / Г. Л. Кара- миноги, симы, кижуча, сахалинского тайменя, сëв. – Новосибирск : Наука, 1987. – 294 с. ручьевой мальмы и др. 5. Ключарева О. А. Материалы по ихтиофауне Phoxinus phoxinus – речной гольян. Северо- и рыбному хозяйству озер южного Сахалина / западный Сахалин, р. Лангры (наши данные, О. А. Ключарева // Озера южного Сахалина и их 50 самок и самцов длиной 64,0–89,0 в сред- ихтиофауна. – М. : Изд-во МГУ, 1964.
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