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Blackmoor Fruit Growers Handbook

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Blackmoor Fruit Growers Handbook © Blackmoor Estate Limited Issue BLAC08/09 1 Fruit trees and soft fruit bushes are a very sound investment. Blackmoor Introduction Properly cared for they respond by producing attractive blossom, in turn followed by a crop of fresh luscious fruit. The trees add a new dimension to your garden and the soft fruit gives added interest. Handbook Planting Position Staking and Planting Fruit For most fruits choose a warm sheltered position, avoiding wet or shaded spots, Select a fine day for planting when the soil is not sticky. When planting a tree it is although soft fruit will tolerate some shade. Avoid north walls except when planning necessary to drive a 5-8 cm diameter stake 45-60 cm into the soil. The length above blackberries which will crop successfully, albeit, a little later in the season. Crops the soil should leave the top 10 cm clear of the tree head. Upright “Minarettes” also are likely to be spares in frosty situations. If birds are troublesome a fruit cage require an individual stake but this needs to be 1.8 metres above the soil level. can be erected. Espalier and fan-trained trees are planted against a wall or free standing fence for Soil Preparation training as illustrated (Figs 5 & 6). Individual stakes are not required. Prior to planting eliminate all perennial weeds. If the soil is acid mix in lime. Add Blackberries, loganberries, tayberries and raspberries, collectively known as cane-fruit, organic matter such as compost or manure to light sandy soils. On heavier soils, which require the support of wire work. It is desirable to erect this before planning. are poorly drained, planting on raised beds is beneficial. The incorporation of sand is Sometimes existing fences and walls can be utilised by attaching parallel wires with also helpful. Before planting dig in a handful of fertiliser such as ‘Growmore’ and a “Vine eyes” or equivalent. Fencing details are shown under “Soft Fruit Culture”. light sprinkling of Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts) to each planting position. Having inserted the stake or erected the fence-work dig a hole around the stake or selected position at the base of the fence. For trees the hole needs to be 30 cm deep and 60 cm across, (see Fig 1) but in the case of soft fruit it can be smaller. Loosen the soil at the bottom of the hole with a fork. Before removing the plant from its FIG.1 Fruit and Nut Tree container ensure that the compost is thoroughly moist by soaking the pot in a bucket of water. Now the plant can be removed. Note: In the case of raspberries there can be 10 canes in the pot. If so, carefully separate them and plant individually. Having removed the plan, tease out the outer root region which has been restrained by the pot. When planting trees, position these in the hole so that the trunk (stem) is 8 cm from the stake, or in the case of trained trees, position in the desired spot below the fence or against the wall. Keep the stem 8 cm from the wall. The union must be at least 10 cm above the surrounding soil level and the eventual height of the union can easily be adjusted by adding sufficient soil to the bottom of the hole. When you are satisfied that the tree is in position, start returning the broken up soil to the hole. 3 2a MAIN LEADER MULCH 10” SURFACE 2 - 3” SIDE-BRANCH BELOW FINAL LEADER SOIL LEVEL POT SIDE TEASED OUT CRUMBY SOIL LOOSENED / POINT OF CUT WITH A FORK 2b MULCH LATERAL BRANCH LEADER 4 STEM (LEG) SURFACE 1” BELOW FINAL SOIL CRUMBY SOIL LEVEL POT SIDE LOOSENED TEASED WITH A FORK SUB LATERALS OUT Cut to one leaf (1) Cut to three leaves (3) WIRES BAMBOO CANE 3 MAIN LEADER SURFACE MULCH TIES MAIN LEADER 2c 1” BELOW 2a 3” DIA FINAL SOIL CRUMBY SOIL POST MULCH SIDE BRANCH LEADER 5 LEVEL 10” LATERALS POT SIDE LOOSENED SURFACE 2 - 3” TEASED WITH A FORK 3 SIDE-BRANCH OUT BELOW FINAL SHOOTS ON LEADER SOIL LEVEL Blackmoor CENTRAL STEM Shaking the tree occasionallyPOT helps SIDE the soil to trickle in. Firm planting Planting guide TEASED OUT CRUMBY SOILSTRUT is essential and this can be achieved with ‘foot’ pressure. Finally, level INTERMEDIATE off the surface ensuring that the original pot compost is covered.LOOSENED POST / POINT OF CUT ENDWITH A FORK POST Handbook NOTE: THE WIRES MAY BE ATTACHED TO AN EXISTING WALL OR FENCE 2d 2b MULCH FIG.2A Blackcurrant Soft- fruit plants are planted in the same manner as trees with very slight modification LATERAL BRANCH LEADER CRUMBY SOIL 4 3 STEM (LEG) and of course, there is no graftSURFACE union or stake to consider) see Figs3 2A, 2B, 2C & 2D). MAIN LEADER 3 2a The important variations areMAINMAIN 1”that LEADERBELOWLOOSENED LEADER blackcurrants require planting rather deeper so 2a2a FINALWITH SOIL A FORK CRUMBY SOIL MULCH the plant crown is 8 cm belowLEVEL the surface, whereas raspberry canes require shallow MULCHMULCH 10” planting, with10” 10”the original levelNOTE: onlyPOT NOT 2.5SIDE PLANTEDcm below the surface. PlantsLOOSENED may or may SURFACE 2 - 3” TOOTEASED DEEPLY WITH A FORK BRANCH LEADERS SURFACE 2 - 3” SIDE-BRANCH SUB LATERALS SURFACEBELOW 2FINAL - 3” not have leaf according with the SIDE-BRANCHtimeOUTSIDE-BRANCH of year when planted. BELOW FINAL LEADER Cut to one leaf (1) BELOWSOIL LEVELFINAL LEADERLEADER POT SIDE SOIL LEVEL Cut to three leaves (3) POT SIDE SOIL LEVEL 6 POTTEASED SIDE OUT CRUMBY SOIL FIG.3 Fig (Pit) BRANCH LEADERS TEASEDTEASED OUT OUT CRUMBYCRUMBY SOIL SOIL LOOSENED LOOSENED / POINT OF CUT LOOSENEDWITH A FORK / POINT/ POINT OF OF CUT CUT WITHWITH A AFORK FORK BAMBOO CANES TIED TO WIRES BRANCH LEADERS TIED TO CANES FIG.2B Redcurrant or Gooseberry WIRES BAMBOO CANE MAIN LEADER 3 SURFACE MULCH TIES 2b 2c 1” BELOW 3” DIA 2b MULCH FINAL SOIL POST 2b LINING OF CRUMBY SOIL MULCHMULCH LATERAL BRANCH LEADER SUMMER PRUNING SIDE BRANCH LEADER 5 PAVING SLABS LEVEL CENTRAL LEADER LATERALLATERAL BRANCHBRANCH LEADER LEADER 4 LATERALS AND 1 FOOT LAYER OF SOIL (ONLY WINTER PRUNE) LATERALS STEM (LEG) POT SIDE 44LOOSENED SUB-LATERALS SURFACE MIXED WITH A LITTLE STEMSTEM (LEG) (LEG) POT SIDE TEASED WITH A FORK SURFACESURFACE1” BELOW TEASED OUT RUBBLE AND BONEMEAL OUT 7 SHOOTS ON 1”1” FINALBELOW BELOW SOIL CRUMBY SOIL CENTRAL STEM FINALFINALLEVEL SOIL SOIL CRUMBYCRUMBY SOIL SOIL LEVELLEVEL LATERAL STRUT POT SIDE LOOSENED INTERMEDIATE POTPOTTEASED SIDE SIDE LOOSENEDLOOSENEDWITH A FORK SUB LATERALS POST TEASED SUB-LATERALS TEASEDOUT WITHWITH A AFORK FORK Cut to one leaf (1) SUBSUB LATERALS LATERALS END OUT OUT CutCutCut to to oneto one three leaf leaf leaves(1) (1) (3) POST NOTE: THE WIRES MAY BE ATTACHED CutCut to to three three leaves leaves (3) (3) LATERAL TO AN EXISTING WALL OR FENCE PIT 2FT X 2FT X 2FT FIG.2C Loganberry, Blackberry and Tayberry SUB-LATERALS FIG.2D Rasber2dry and Grape WIRES BAMBOO CANE MULCH WIRESWIRES BAMBOOBAMBOO CANE CANE MULCH MAIN LEADER SURFACE MAIN LEADER CRUMBY SOIL 2c SURFACE MULCHMULCH TIESMAIN LEADER SURFACE1” BELOW 3” DIA 2c2c 3” DIA TIESTIES 1”1” FINALBELOW BELOW SOIL CRUMBY SOIL 3” POSTDIA FINALFINALLEVEL SOIL SOIL CRUMBYCRUMBY SOIL SOIL POSTPOST SIDE BRANCH LEADER LOOSENED 5 SIDESIDE BRANCH BRANCH LEADER LEADER WITH A FORK 5 LEVELLEVEL LATERALS 5 TIP CANES 5’ 6’ POT SIDE LOOSENED LATERALSLATERALS IN FEBRUARY POT SIDE LOOSENED 8 POTTEASED SIDE LOOSENEDWITH A FORK NOTE: NOT PLANTED TEASEDTEASED WITH A FORK SHOOTS ON 3” POSTS OUT WITH A FORK SHOOTS ON TOO DEEPLY BRANCH LEADERS OUTOUT SHOOTSCENTRAL ON STEM CENTRALCENTRAL STEM STEM STRUT HORIZONTAL STRUT STRUT INTERMEDIATE 3” POSTS WIRES 6 INTERMEDIATEINTERMEDIATEPOST BRANCH LEADERS END POST POST CROSS POSTS ENDENDPOST NOTE: THE WIRES MAY BE ATTACHED POSTPOST NOTE:NOTE: THE THE WIRES WIRES MAY MAY BE BE ATTACHED ATTACHED CROSS 2” SQUARE TO AN EXISTING WALL OR FENCE BAMBOO CANES TIED TO WIRES TOTO AN AN EXISTING EXISTING WALL WALL OR OR FENCE FENCE POST 2” SQUARE BRANCH LEADERS TIED TO CANES 14” LONG 2d2d 2d YOUNG CANES TIED TO WIRES 3 DOUBLE FENCE SYSTEM AFTER FRUIT CANES REMOVED MULCH (8 CANES ALLOWED PER PLANT) MULCHMULCH CRUMBY SOIL LINING OF PAVING SLABS SUMMER PRUNING CRUMBYCRUMBY SOIL SOIL CENTRAL LEADER LATERALS AND 1 FOOT LAYER OF SOIL (ONLY WINTER PRUNE) SUB-LATERALS LOOSENED POT SIDE MIXED WITH A LITTLE LOOSENED LOOSENEDWITH A FORK TEASED OUT RUBBLE AND BONEMEAL 7 WITHWITH A AFORK FORK NOTE: NOT PLANTED FIRST YEAR PRUNING LATERAL NOTE:NOTE:TOO NOTDEEPLY NOT PLANTED PLANTED BRANCH LEADERS IN OCTOBER THE YOUNG CANES WHICH HAVE TOOTOO DEEPLY DEEPLY BRANCHBRANCH LEADERS LEADERS BEEN TRAINED UP TO TOP WIRE ARE THEN 9 6 LOWERED ANDSUB-LATERALS TO LOWER 3 WIRES BRANCH LEADERS 6 BRANCH LEADERS 6 LATERAL BRANCH LEADERSPIT 2FT X 2FT X 2FT 15” SUB-LATERALS BAMBOO CANES TIED TO WIRES BAMBOOBAMBOOBRANCH CANES CANESLEADERS TIED TIED TIED TO TO WIRES TOWIRES CANES BRANCHBRANCH LEADERS LEADERS TIED TIED TO TO CANES CANES 15” 3” POSTS 333 15” LINING OF SUMMER PRUNING LININGLININGPAVING OF OF SLABS CENTRAL LEADER 2ft 6” PAVING SLABS SUMMERSUMMERLATERALS PRUNING PRUNING AND PAVING SLABS 1 FOOT LAYER OF SOIL CENTRALCENTRAL(ONLY WINTER LEADER LEADER PRUNE) LATERALS AND 1 FOOT LAYER OF SOIL (ONLY WINTER PRUNE) LATERALSSUB-LATERALS AND 1 FOOTMIXED LAYER WITH OFA LITTLE SOIL (ONLY WINTER PRUNE) SUB-LATERALS TIP CANES 5’ 6’ POT SIDE MIXED WITH A LITTLE SUB-LATERALS POTPOTTEASED SIDE SIDE OUT MIXEDRUBBLE WITH AND A LITTLE BONEMEAL IN FEBRUARY RUBBLERUBBLE AND AND BONEMEAL BONEMEAL 7 TEASEDTEASED OUT OUT 77 SECOND YEAR PRUNING 8 2ft CANES TIED IN DURING PREVIOUS OCTOBER NOW 3” POSTS LATERAL CROP, YOUNG CANES PRODUCED ARE TRAINED UP LATERALLATERAL THROUGH CENTRE TO TOP WIRE.
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    No. 4028 January I I. 1947 NATURE 65 inhibits the reaction, but does so apparently by a lie within the wide range 7 ·5-39 mgm. These values different mechanism, since it markedly depresses are considerably higher than those generally assumed cellulose production even at a concentration (m/100) for English apples. Moreover, a number of seedling in which it does not affect the respiration-rate. It varieties raised at this Station gave values com­ should be noted that the reaction of cellulose pro­ parable with those in the table, for of sixteen varieties duction is independent of the specific addition of tested nine came within the range 15-27 mgm./100 phosphate to the medium of the cells ; but this does gm. not, of course, exclude the possibility that the syn­ Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid Dessert varieties (mgm./ Culinary varieties fmgm./ thesis is dependent on intracellular presence of 100 gm.) 100 gm.) phosphate. Miller's Seedling 7·9 Golden Noble 6·9 It is intended to discuss implications of these find­ Laxton's Superb 13·9 Edward VII 8·5 Cox's Orange Pippin 14·4 Early Victoria 10 ·8 ings for the mechanism of cellulose biosynthesis at a Allington 15·0 Crawley Beauty 11 ·8 future opportunity. Because cellulose production is Ellison's Orange 15·5 Newton Wonder 14·6 Worcester Pearmaln 16·0 Arthur Turner 16·3 linked with respiration, the possibility is being further Lord Lambourne 17·2 Lane's Prince Albert 15 ·4 examined whether similar energy transfer systems Blenheim Orange 18·4 Bramley's Seedling 22 ·3 are involved in production of cellulose, as in pro­ Rival 22·5 duction of starch or glycogen from plain glucose.
  • Winter Gardening Newsletter October 30, 2011 Mulching, Bracing And

    Winter Gardening Newsletter October 30, 2011 Mulching, Bracing And

    Winter Gardening Newsletter by Linda Gilkeson October 30, 2011 Mulching, Bracing and Apple Trees The fall weather is finally with us so thoughts of winter are not far behind.... Mulching: Finally, the leaves are dropping, so you can get out there and rake up a free supply of the best thing you can get for your garden and compost bin. Remember: "Mulching is not optional". If you have bare soil, mulch it to prevent soil erosion and control weeds. If you have crops in the garden, it is even more important to mulch to keep the soil surface from freezing in cold snaps and to avoid frost damage to the 'shoulders' of root crops. If carrots, beets and other roots are damaged by frost, that's where the rot starts and spreads to the rest of the roots. At this time of year, we want fluffy insulating mulches, rather than denser materials, such as crop waste, that pack down into a soggy layer. Leaves are ideal, but you can use bracken fern, straw, reed canary grass or anything else that you can get easily. Any kind of leaves are fine, including big leaf maple, oak and arbutus. The only exception is black walnut leaves, as some plants (e.g., tomatoes) are sensitive to the compounds in the leaves. Straw is usually cheaper at this time of year. You might find a grower locally who is selling baled reed canary grass, which, on Salt Spring at least, cost about half the price of baled straw. But nothing beats leaves for being a free and weed-free, balanced fertilizer.