Consumer Evaluation of New, Antique, and Little Known Apple Varieties
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Consumer Evaluation of New, Antique, and Little Known Apple Varieties Duane W. Greene and Jon M. Clements Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts Introduction for them. Honeycrisp is an example of an apple that not only has become extremely popular, but Massachusetts has had a long history of apple Massachusetts appears to be a favorable place to grow production. Due to its favorable climate, it has been a this apple. leading producer in the United State of the variety In the past, private breeders, University breeding McIntosh, along with Maine, Vermont, and New York. programs, and nurseries received compensation for Over the past few years, the dynamics of apple patented varieties by receiving royalties from the sale production has changed dramatically due in large part of trees. Because apple breeding programs are very to the rapid expansion of apple production overseas, expensive to operate, the royalties received were especially in the southern hemisphere and a logarithmic insufficient to cover the cost to maintain a breeding increase in production in China. While Massachusetts program. Undoubtedly, new varieties will be released has a climate that favors the production of high quality in the future in an entirely different way. Tree sales, apples, return to growers has declined steadily over production, and marketing of the best and most the past 20 years. Other geographic locations can promising varieties will be under the strict control of produce nearly twice as many apples per acre because patent holders. Trees will be sold only to large growers of high light conditions, a long growing season, and willing to sign agreements, and they will probably be abundant water. Others areas, most notably China, restricted to growers in large apple-producing states. Brazil, and Chile can produce high yields at much Most likely, growers in Massachusetts will not be able reduced cost because of low wages paid to workers. to plant these new varieties, because they are generally For these reasons, wholesale production of apples in not large apple producers and they are located far away Massachusetts has declined rapidly, and the number of from sales and packaging facilities. Under this scenario, farms growing apples has been significantly reduced. it appears that apple growers in Massachusetts may The most profitable growers of apples today are those be restricted to planting old established varieties or who sell directly to the public through roadside stands. newer but available varieties. Examples of the Apple production in the United States has been restricted varieties are Ambrosia, Pinata, MN 1914, and dominated by cultivars such as Delicious, Golden NY 674, varieties from Canada, Germany, Minnesota, Delicious, and McIntosh for many years. During the and New York, respectively. Consequently, past 25 years, there has been a gradual metamorphosis, Massachusetts growers will not be able to grow and where new, novel, and different cultivars types are sell the best varieties that will be introduced. These being planted. This change first started first with the are typically the varieties most in demand and also the successful introduction of Granny Smith from Australia ones for which growers receive the highest prices. in the early 1980’s. The popularity of the apple showed The majority of apples sold in Massachusetts are that nontraditional apples could become commercially in grocery stores and similar outlets. The variety successful. Significant plantings of Gala, Fuji, and selection includes many old standard varieties plus a Braeburn soon followed. In the 1980s and early 1990s, few new varieties such as Jazz, Honeycrisp, Cameo, many new apple varieties became available. Consumers and the previously mentioned Ambrosia and Pinata. enjoyed having new and better tasting varieties Rarely are locally produced apples sold in such stores, available, and growers were attracted to these because because there are few wholesale growers now, of the higher price that consumers were willing to pay supermarkets are looking for one-source suppliers, and Fruit Notes, Volume 72, Winter, 2007 1 because of the low profit margins, growers look for should have a variety of apples to choose from. As other sales outlets. Shelf space is limited, thus there varieties are sold out, they should have other new and are just a few varieties available. The quality of apples different varieties from which to choose. Production found in large grocery stores is frequently fair at best, of any one variety may be as low as the 50 to 250 due to a number of factors, including long storage, bushel range. Apples would be harvested at peak quality improper handling, the long period of time in transit, and sold over a 3 to 4 week period. Table 1 lists selected and preharvest and postharvest treatments that may time slots and the rational for having new varieties in suppress ripening and taste development. It is little each one of these time slots. We suggest having two wonder that the per-capita consumption of apples in new varieties in each slot. the U.S. has remained flat for many years (Desmond O’Rourk, Belrose Inc., Pullman, WA). Basis and Rational for this Study Initially, it seemed most unfortunate that Massachusetts growers would be excluded from We have been growing and evaluating new apple purchasing trees of the newest and best apple varieties. varieties at the UMass Cold Spring Orchard Research However, only a very few varieties will possess the and Education Center (CSOREC) for 25 years. characteristics that will make them significant national Recently, we have started to sell fruit at the Cold Spring varieties. Those that are not selected and may be Orchard through a newly-opened farm stand. As part available to growers have flaws, but if recognized, they of our fruit-evaluation process, we make new varieties may not be a serious detriment or even be a serious available to customers who frequent our stand. The problem at all. The most notable flaw that many of suggestions made in this report are the result of direct these varieties have, regardless of season of harvest, feedback from customers and results from taste is that the postharvest life may be too short to be evaluations. considered a viable variety to be sold through normal marketing channels. Others may be cosmetically Materials & Methods challenged, even though taste is excellent. Some may be small, but otherwise excellent. We suggest that this Many new varieties are grown at the UMass Cold group of second-tier varieties may provide a unique Spring Orchard. Prior to the start of the harvest season opportunity for growers, especially those who sell we selected 20 varieties that we felt were different, primarily through roadside stands. We believe that had exceptional quality, fit into one of our marketing customers who shop at roadside stands may be more periods, and would be available in sufficient quantity quality conscious, are interested in purchasing for taste evaluation by customers. A fruit evaluation something that is different and good, and are willing to form was developed to quantify respondents opinions pay a premium for apples that are available only at about quality, appearance, and organoleptic (taste) roadside stands. properties of each of the selected apples and the importance of such varieties available to the consuming Proposed Strategy for Growers Who Want to public (page 4). Questions also were developed to Take Advantage of the Marketing Potential determine the importance to the respondent of having Offered by Planting New Varieties new and different apple varieties available at roadside stands. We suggest that growers select several new, Throughout the harvest season, the selected different, or antique varieties and plant them. These varieties were monitored for maturity so that they could should be planted on precocious and dwarfing be harvested at the appropriate time. The date of rootstocks so that trees can come into production rapidly. harvest of each variety is listed in Table 2. On each We suggest that the number of trees planted and the harvest date, a 1- to 3-bushel sample was harvested total volume produced for each variety should be and placed in regular air storage at 32oF. Samples for conservative for two reasons. First, this is the safest evaluation by customers were removed from storage approach if customers do not like a particular variety. each day for evaluation that day. At the time of harvest, Second, a basic tenet of our proposal is that customers a 10 apple subsample was taken to document fruit 2 Fruit Notes, Volume 72, Winter, 2007 characteristics, quality, and maturity. During this Evaluation Form. After variety evlauation was evaluation, the diameter and weight of fruit were first complete, all data were entered into a spreadsheet where determined, and then, the percent red color of the they were analyzed and summarized. surface of each apple was estimated to the nearest 10% . Fruit flesh firmness was determined using an Brief Description of Apples Included in the Efegi penetrometer. The percent soluble solids was Consumer Taste Evaluations measured in the juice collected while measuring flesh firmness using a hand-held refractometer. Fruit were Akane is a very attractive, medium-sized apple then cut in half at the equator, dipped in iodine solution, that ripens in early September. It has white flesh, and and the starch distribution and intensity were then when ripe, it is one of the most aromatic apples available. estimated using the Cornell Generic Starch Chart on a It has nearly 100% red color that develops early. scale of 1 to 8 where 1 was considered immature and Consequently, it is frequently harvested prematurely, 8 was over-mature. before the volatiles and taste components can fully When the retail stand at the CSOREC opened in develop.