Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015 Pages: 43-50 Type: Systematic Review

Dr. Ahmadieh’s Views and Experiences on Melancholy Treatment; a Comprehensive Narrative Review

Mohammadzadeh-Moghadam H.1 MD, PhD, Kamalinejad M.* MSc, Nazari S.M.1 MD, PhD, Khajavi A.2 MD, PhD, Akbari A.3 MD, Mohammadpour A.4 PhD

*Pharmacognosy Department, Pharmacy School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1Persian Traditional Department, Persian School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran 2Community Medicine Department, Medicine School, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran 3Psychiatry Department, Medicine School, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran 4“Social Determinants of Health Research Center" and "Internal Surgery Nursing Department, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty”, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran

Abstract Aims: 10 millennium history of Iranian traditional medicine has been ignored in the recent 150 years. Nevertheless, the tradition has been noticed by some physicians such as Dr. Ahmadieh who used it to heal different diseases including . The aim of the comprehensive review was to investigate the viewpoints and experiences of Dr. Ahmadieh about melancholia and their matching with the Iranian traditional medicine texts. Documents & Methods: The books written by Dr. Ahmadieh and the Iranian traditional medicine text books were studied through comprehensive searching strategy. Then, searching was done on 8 English and Persian data-bases including Google Scholar, Scopus, Medline, IRANDOC, Magiran, Medlib, and ISC, without any limitations. Related studies were identified and recovered after screening, and then a list of resources were searched. Finally, data having been extracted, all the results were narratively composed in line with the targets. Findings: As a very ancient word used in the psychology history, melancholia had been used instead of depression. Based on the Iranian traditional medicine, its cause was, according to the viewpoints of Dr. Ahmadieh, either the excess of soda in the body or unnatural soda. General treatment of melancholia was based on six health strategies (especially, nasal irritation and loss and constipation elimination). In addition, its specific treatments were based on the groups and were with different causes. Conclusion: The experiences of Dr. Ahmadieh about melancholia treatment are based on the Iranian traditional medicine, classical medicine, folklore medicine, and his personal innovations. Then, his experiences can be noticed by the researchers, clinical experts, and health-care policy-makers as either complementary or alternative care.

Keywords: Melancholia; Depressive Disorder; Ahmadieh; Medicine, Traditional; Review

*Corresponding Author Tel: +982188200118 Fax: +982188200118 Address: Pharmacy School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Vali Asr Street, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1991953381 [email protected] Received: December 21, 2015 Accepted: April 19, 2016 ePublished: June 7, 2016 # <*8 ;$ '9:'9 :

// :/$# #) : // : #) * [email protected] :; ; MD, PhD * MSc () *+,& ! "# $% & %' & ' (!# %!"#$ ) /'/ 0 /1 (2 / ! "-,. MD, PhD 2 % 0 34 5%6 ! ! <0!"& =0 .[] 70"8& ( 90 : "-0 ;2 ! ?/"9 @)& ("-; ;6 %& MD, PhD A " . !"B %A" ! ! $" /! & & *+ ! 5 (C %' ("&0 708& MD /?/"9 % E'& ! /! (/0"# " ) /D% & & ,# F0 <0 0 GH =0 IJ ! 7+ Ph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`% ((a ) FN (!0) *'L ( @" + C;: M1< . ,9 B+J &K (0 / )"& ! %4%4 /Y" ! () "b ( @" !B- . ,9 2 B-6 *$9>0 + ( " $: X3Y K =0 . D ;K,& + 4 * O &: + #: ! N. E =N! (=8N0/ E % .B67 M$3 A+ P: MI<3 :& ( $. : ,. KH. (9 D ! D % KH. ; $>& ! # .B 6 # 7>6 *0 # B %J ! D- L & "/ ! S " 1;L *$ $ *( ) B/K ! (%R E .[] L ; ! S ! !" + SJ: ?+) I 'Q : $. /# . & cVN 2 5TY L , ) 3 * + $ (B$; 26 + ! MJ: T ! %% & X3Y d/ ! % O L %) ! .B M+ ) ; + +7 > ! -/ (L "4 " P& Q $.  # 89: : Y "0 KH. D% =0 "O .[] *+ . M + $/$6 !SI# ! " %I/ 4 `% =KN ( D 0$: $ '0 E& $K # B6 + ( " ( " ( .7 BI , 7B + . !'Q+?" : ! " #$% & r " Hf &%6 L ;6Y " ! " ( " L ! +L 23 h! + L ! D" "f& oH & % .[] D- D C =0 "4 N%+N D 34 =I/ .[ (] 0 D"& ! F0& "W "0 N "4Y % " ! L ! s^ % % ( %& (%, ;L " 2 "'/ N% (% O "68 d/ (76! =0 .[] % ;0)& ( D"/ "-0 01 ;WVNb9 %3N ! . " E'& ! D40 " t !" =0 6 KH. 2" K0 % L _. ! ! "0 ")8 % L l)i& ! N%+N % " ! " & %3N DSM DSM- :) =0"OL) =0% KH.! L 20: ;- ! 8) e0& % .% (5 " .[] %f, F& ! A": (S2&! E ! %O ) N E'& /E =0 ! .% ", 1+& 0! "& t !" F0 "BY 8Ni 0 /D%L ! "0 gH '4 +L . $' $4 t %!2 u&" %4%4 &K ! . D "R 4%O O / " H"& " 2+ % ! =0 " ! 20"- :3& ! K& D40 ) % D 9"8 =I/ ! N%+N ! ! ! EW ! .[] S0R ! 0 F) 0 FH. .9"4 "R " ! D" 0 %O Y h" & %O (%R ; ")8 % ;6Y <0 ($! $4 5R $& ( / " =I/ .! i (S0 ! E) h" (WN; (/,%O D"O1 0 j% '0 0 %) S D %O (=% SKY 3V& (0!TH+ (=8N0 / (") (0 H / k%WO ! /PH4 ." (oVN f ()iN j"^ (VN6 =0"R (0!Tl0 :Y = ! / , !" ! 0 ()R 0 .90 l)i& iN 9 H%N ! I%R =0 K0 . D% l9% %& ;R H / t %!2 u&" ! $% $4 N%+N (D" L 8 5H4 / ! A%.%K ("NK ;4%4 ; D D-0. %!2 .[ (] (“Melancholia” /Da! D3 =0T KH.! e0& 5Yi6 =0"&0R K0 N%+N "& ! “Depressive Disorder” 0 “Melancholy” Em"8 N%+N .[] ! 4"29 “Alternative (“Medicine, Traditional” v/Da! ! D 8 Melanos " ! Melancholia &T “Iranian Traditional (“Ahmadiyeh” (Medicine” N%+N H +/ fN .[] nO 8 Chole “Persian Traditional Medicine” 0 Medicine” 34 ! NY ! (%) D nO 8 D /D-0. %!2 $J $4 .9"4 5%6 0\/ ! S/%& ()!H (4"29 J "9 L % v D-0. ! N ("- (w"0 9 K!"KN D D%O S =0 ( !% j" =0 'L ! D% 0 /Da! "& N%+N Da! $ $ 0N%+N oH !2 !% oH Y .[] C0H9 %# .90 =0H-0 0 ;K ( ! %4,0". 4" 0KY 8 24 .[] D" (n)&" 58Ni 0 Y C0H9 ! %!2 2Y 8 *+, ! D D N%O H "".O 2- ! 9 S D /D-0. & %!2 N%O ! (Hf) ^ L ! N%O = @)& ;0R h" ! 0!V 0!V %-I/ ! .[] b K,O ! -O% %8 _M ! "-N"^ D 0 58Ni . $' 8Ni (%! (N%+N (!% A%! =0! "0 J "/ 8 %# =I/ "-,/!u. . 0 t) %& -%0 ! % (;: @O (8) A%! (A%! $% $4 D0 t /_"9 R (%!2 ", (N%+N 70"8& l) .[] =0 " NT . "R %& % H ] % D)& ;: ! D 8) "' " K9 ! %q A " "\Nx%9 /$4 %!2 <0 (0 $4 KY D% /! ! "& ! C0 ,/ .[ 3 %V ;V& l0" 0! "& % !" d/ =O% 8)"^ % 0 % 0 L .9"4 "R + 0 D"& nO =0 2 % ;6Y @O "0

Q Horizon Med Sci Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015 y" D3 "-0 /! ! // `% ; 0/%'8 ! 3R g :& $0 0 \4 P%4 ,. %N ( %!2 <0 (t %!2 u&" 1+& S^" :& _. ( y9"4 %O (F0) l 0 (FN3) 2- ! 9 K!"KN /D-0. ,/!u. 5T: "4 ,. ( y %9 " H D0" " (; !V ( n)&" 0Y " D% ! L " H" 4)2J NY ! ,^L D",Y S K0J.) |01 t, ! "0 5' -/ % [] N: 0 D dK !& ;V _M ! !& & \4 ([] ;V& <0 (C+ =0 .90 , "R %+ (b 0 !& ;V ! D% b ;V K0 0 (34 C. D 0 5T: S (t %!2 %V Hf $% & " 0'& D _. %+ ! ! % C+ %\ t "0 ! [] " .[] 0 3 ! D oO Y =0 &80 (0Y " ) ; %B% NR (/P! ! Hf) ^ / 9 x3& / H `% ("0 ! / %6 3W& _. ,. % % (! ! EW (DSM-5 L :)i& 20: ! "0 N%+N x ;: " %'8 ($% t9 ! $T /! oH 9"8 ! N%+N ! D!"4 6WO (N%+N %-0 % i0" =0 ! $% / `% ! . D 0 ! .[] % D, =0!" P! / : =0 " " :

% &'( )& "#" $ S^" \N (2 %4%4 t0) %! ;0R !" KH. :9% n%& N%+N =N! :DSM-5 rY 2% 5 D. D"24 /9",. kO % ! KH.! !"9 (=0"0 KH. A " NY 0 "&" -\4 " ( D 0 -%0 FH. ! C&Y 0N%+N H ! ! =0" ! D% 5!3 /8) " H ! _. S2:& =0 ! [] S2:& D!"4 .[ ] "0\. $' "/ 8) l9% 6WO 0 .[ (] D D!L % "-0 =0 " ! "0 9"4 $N " ) ( N%2 " H $& (%) D nO ! D!"4 (D DL $% "/ !" % li ! % W Hf % @O =0 5+ _. ! S '0 %O % %9 ". ! ;)& /D! ? ! "^T L 5 ! % r 0 ! F oV ! 78B (8)) D"m ! 9 D%R L ) 2Y " L 0H 5 ! L / ;0 & 8) F 0 8) $O ) .% $! D!"4 . 4LC. L =0" 5!3 0 ! F =0" =0 .% `9 R %O $& % S0 R9 ! b %O ) ! b"3 ! x" H ! D $% t9 9" ) N%+N $% D!"4 . S,J ! D"J ? 4"& ! R q3Y 0 " D! ! ! D! D $% t9 9" 0 :0 0 D8 !% nO L R" 0 HJ "/ !" ! .[] L 5+ ! H" (x36 D". O 0T) x" 0 V %& 2+ .O". D-L ! 9"4 "# %& .% !" % ! b ! D W ! )W 8B! %& ($! y oH N ! P%4 D- H " n%& N%+N 4 S2:& =0 L ! `% %& ($% y 23 5TY $& ! D!"4 ) .[] D "4 0 =I/ " . 0K `% =0"&"iOS ! % ! D% *+, % S0 ( /F&% L D3 0 E!"K %! S0 R9 ( b ) $! D!"4 y L ! ! =0" oH z% ) "4 N! O". L /, ! S,J ! D"J ? 4"& ! $& % .[] "0 /P! " ) ! Y! i: D"O (S0 A%! (0 O ! "K9 L ! N%+N $% D!"4 y L `% =0"& ! D% D"J 4K& 6O ;R O C %6 =0 : 0 V (:0 (D8 !% nO L R" O 0"4 ! D! ! S^ 5TY ( : 2&) ! b ! D W L 5+ ! H" x" $% t9 r % F0"V& 5V"& PH0 ! $ (0 P"& /b!L L 5 ! % % ! ! O d"V C0 %& ( y% ! E1 -"4 ( ! = ! SK e3 (\^ ; Ss/ % " %O ")6 ( yO $"4" "-0 . D8 ! 5+ W& A2Y ! @"3 ! % ;2 !

Q Horizon Med Sci Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015 (:3& D3 ! 0Y " D% ! 50"# %O ! D% "36 ! % t9 $" H0%'& 0! 0 t D3 ! KH. 4H "K0! " l)i ")6 " N%2M ! =0 ." /. " e0& % ,0 /% =I/ .[ (] ! ! S% $"4 =0" P% ! $"4 C ! D"24 /4L ! L 0% (%3N KH. . 0. Y %) ! =0 D3 .%+ %2M "0 ")8 % ! e0& " : % (%2M " D! =0 ." 8" D! (! 8 !" ! 9"4 K L ! ,0 ( =)'"& ( %9 " D% 20% 589 ! ! =0 .[ (] D% 5% !". .$ E ! "9% ( D40 ,0 0L .[ (] " 8) $O )" C0 h" $"M . 0" ", %) % %& "/ ! oH "/ k%W+ /% ! H : "0 h" ! R6 % 6O .! S0" ! 20% % %\ 4D 5" D (7+ n0" " 0 $ D =0 KJ% =qz% ( 0 = (_ (%K ;V " (L ) ( 5 (oH) "0 )K0 :R J "/ ! S "R F0 ( D" %OHJ 0 ("9 /5 ! !" (€ (;W9 (= = 5! ! (("36 )^ ) $ K "f& " D3 =I/ .% 9"4 "# 0" "/ &! tR% 6+ .% 2" O /C+"4 D3 ! $"4 @O " /C+ .(%O )^ ) $% D" . L ; S B %R 9"4" (" @O ) " 78B) 0L $ L S Y % (S2/ H0"4 K =0 S /5!3& K0 ! "0 KH. (=2, 0& = ! ! ((% s D4 ! \^ %I/ ;K "-0 /P! E%O ! +2 .(% )^ ) % ""K9 ! ) _. N%+N ;0 .[] *+, L EL 5 = ! /S,J .!H9 D & = / )0":& c^ x!" 0"# " l)i _0! ((% ! %) F ! oO " $% ! % $ =0) ( D" D%R 0 8) L ! J /=00" K0 & (% D \4 "&_Y 4%O" =0 "Q S L & ;: . Hf %J S %s D l "4 L . tR! "Q% $" D3 +2 =! (\^ 3 5"Q , .[ (] /K L "B 0 t9 N! " . 73+& ($" _Y %O D8 O ! ! (%/ (o3 (/ (" %J 0/D% ! H) . oO $ %O S/ R y 4%O" !4 ;4 ,+"Q /% ! "O 58Ni 4"29 ", 5V"& =/ Y %) % !L0 D0}& -/ ) %! 5TO ! 4"29 ." "0 % 0. " " D% ! %6 D" H0%'& 0/! .L $H "-0 & ! =0 .[] ;4 ( ,0 ; %9 D% % 5) $% ! ;2 % ")6 D3 " 6%& J"4 CNY /! =/ .")6 %2M H ! P%'" (!4 ")8 % l)i& ;R "36 ! Sf (% @O Dt9 C%R ! ! /8 . %f, ! E%O D *+, L " `% t =0 =KN ! Y %) / L 'N8 " $H ! 0/ L D3 ! D 9"8 "%: ")6 L =0" / 4 ! 0B " 70"8& S0" 2 ;: ! KiW (" ;4 g" (" %J &VW .[] (=0 " D! .[] D 6%& ( 5!3 0" "/ " %\ /4 )"& /! O" ")8 t "0 %9 %'8 / "#$ 0 .J 5/) TY GH /5!3& " E'& ! L " (t !" =0 6 d/ D3 5%6 "/ .[ (] %\ ,0"0! ")8 % L l)i& ! N%+N k%WO /4 L /4 )"& /! Du0% (0! /4 ( " ) 0 NR L <0 % "0 C0. Y ! % D3 J ! 5 `% ("0 ! / %6 _. ! S ! %Y 58Ni oV (! 5)"& =0 N%+N ! DSM-5 L :)i& 20: ! N%+N 20: N 0L 7+ ;Y" $' L ) "2 !" =0 6 /90 . j% " =I/ ! <0 /! ! ! L ,+"Q . 9"4 "R "4' ! rV % "0

: ! " #$% & 7- Avicena H. The canon. Masudi A, translator. Kashan: & $' . K& ;R 58Ni L ) Morsal; 1991. p. 283. [Persian] 8- Avicena H. The canon (Volume 1). Sharafkandy A, C0L &% 0 H () "b ! (W9) g %I/ translator. Tehran: Soroush; 1991. [Persian] KH. $% &::V& H" WW+ 9- Chaqmini M. Ghanonche Fi Al'-Teb. 4th edition. Mir MT, translator. Tehran: University of Iran; 2008. [Persian] _M ! D% /% " ) =0 " & "4 "R 10- Naseri M, Eghbalian F, Ghaffari F, Asghari M, Haydari R. Professor Abdullah Khan Ahmadieh revivalist of "# !"B (Y = .% 9"4 Iranian clinical traditional medicine. Iran J Med Hist. /! 0/ Du0! (/ =0 ,+"Q 2013;5(15):53-73. [Persian] 11- Zohalinezhad ME, Keshavarz M. Method of Dr. ;Y" ()"& /! ! J ! 5 /4 Ahmadieh in history taking from patients. Iran J Med L " ! 9"4 "R ")8 /" % 0L 7+ Hist. 2013;5(14):177-89. [Persian] 12- Abedinirad M, Nimrouzi M, Babaei A. Studying the .% /% " ) opinions and experiences of dr Ahmadieh about therapeutic effects of the traditional prouduct descurainsophia. Iran J Med Hist. 2013;4(12):105-23. [Persian] &% 13- Yousofpoor M, Esfahani MM, Kamalinejad M, Shams J, Bahrami M, Latify AH. An analytical study of the Du0! / 2 " E'& historical path called melancholy Iranian medicine. J (F ("0 ,0 4"29 0 N%+N Islamic Iran Tradit Med. 2015;5(4):275-81. [Persian] 14- Dehkhoda AA. Dehkhoda dictionary. Tehran: Tehran 9"q =0 ! ! W+ 5K ! %KN%9 University; 2006. [Persian] / =0H-0 0 ;K / % 15- Najmabady M. in Iran. 5th edition. Tehran: Tehran University; 2014. [Persian] ! N WW+ ("-,/!u. %& % <0 16- Komaily M. Infirmary of Sadi (medical categories in ."4 "R $# \4 Sadi’s works). J Fac Lett Humanit Univ Isfahan. 2012;3(4):71-92. [Persian] 17- Arzani MA. Mizan Al'-Teb. 1st edition. Qom: Ehya- Teb; 2010. [Persian] $T %O " 420% :0 12( 18- Kermani N. Sharho Al'-Asbab. 1st edition. Qom: Ehya- Teb; 2008. pp. 113-38. [Persian] D!"4 , ( " RL E /0/ 19- Arzani MA. Tebe Akbari. 1st edition. Qom: Jalal Al- H-M ! "K,& "& KH. $% D-, ;K ! deen; 2008. [Persian] 20- Ahvazi Arjani AA. Kamel Al-Sanaah al-Tibbiyah. Qom: .0 Jalal Al-deen; 2008. pp. 356-60. 21- Heravi M. Bahroljavaher. 1st edition. Qom: Jalal Al- "BY !" (!" 58Ni 51 " :03- ( deen; 2008. p. 338. . D, xO 22- Avicena H. The canon (Volume 3). Sharafkandy A, translator. Tehran: Soroush; 1991. [Persian] j8& %-I/ q 420% :4. 5/( 23- Abolhasani Z. A review of the prevention and treatment of mental diseases from point of Iranian . N: =0 , ! 420% (8Ni =0 D 89 traditional medicine. Iran J Med Hist. 2013;5(14):135-52. , ! 420% (8Ni =0 $' 420% :" 4 [Persian] 24- Jorjani SI. Zakhireh Kharazmshahi. Tehran: Iranian .D"K 90 N 0Y %-I/ N: Culture Fundation; 1976. [Persian] 25- Gorgani SE. Al-Aghraz Al-Tabiyeh va Al-Mabahes Al- Alaeie (Volume 1). 1st edition. Tajbakhsh H, editor. Tehran: Tehran University; 2010. [Persian] $' 26- Ahmadiyeh Ab. Raze-e-Darman (Volume 3). 4th 1- Rezaeizadeh H, Taheripanah T. WHO traditional edition. Tehran: Eqbal; 2010. [Persian] medicine strategy 2014-2023. Tehran: Almaei; 2014. 27- Ahmadiyeh Ab. Raze-e-Darman (Volume 2). 5th [Persian] edition. Tehran: Eqbal; 2010. [Persian] 2- Azkaei P. Medicine in the ancient Iran. Tehran: Almaei; 28- Ahmadiyeh Ab. Raze-e-Darman (Volume 1). 9th 2014. [Persian] edition. Tehran: Eqbal; 2010. [Persian] 3- Naseri M, Rezaeizadeh H, Choopani R, Anushiravani M. 29- Nafis E. Almoojez Fe Al-Teb. Emami A, translator. 1 st General overview of the Iranian traditional medicine. 8th edition. Tehran: Abej; 2011. [Persian] edition. Tehran: TIM; 2013. [Persian] 30- Antaki D. Boghyato Al'-Mohtaj. 1st edition. Beirut: Dar 4- Akhawayni A. Hidayat Al-motaallemin. Mashhad: EL Fikr; 2011. pp. 34-7. University; 1992. [Persian] 31- Azam Khan M. Aksir Azam. Tehran: Tehran 5- Dalfardi B, Yarmohammadi H, Ghanizadeh A. University of Medical Sciences; 2004. [Persian] Melancolia in medieval Persian literature: The view of 32- Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan & Sadock’s pocket Hidayat of Al- akhawayni. World J Psychiatry. hand book of clinical psychiatery. 5th edition. 2014;4(2):37-41. [Persian] Philadelphia: Lippincot Williams and Wilkins; 2010. 6- Yarmohammadi H, Daneshfard B, Bahmani Kazerouni 33- Healy D. Melancholia past and present. Can J MH. Akhawayni, one of the pioneers ofs medicine in Iran. Psychiatry. 2013;58(4):190-4. Iran J Med Hist. 2013;15(16):11-27. [Persian]

Q Horizon Med Sci Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015 strategies for depression management from Iranian 34- Parker G, McClure G, Paterson A. Melancholia and Traditional Medicine Resources. Iran Red Crescent Med J. catatonia disorders or specifiers. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16(2):1-5. 2015;17(1):536-40. 44- Tavakkoli M, Motavasselian M, Mosaddegh M, 35- Juruena M, Calil H, Fleck M, Del porto J. Melancholia Esfahani MM, Kamalinejad M, Nematy M, Eslami S. in Latin American Studies a distinct mood disorder for Omega-3 and omega-6 content of medicinal foods for the ICD-11. Rev Bras de Psiquiatr. 2011;33(1):548-58. depressed patients: implications from the Iranian 36- Nazem E. Nature in medical Persian. 1st edition. Traditional Medicine Avicena. J Med. 2013;4(4):225-30. Tehran: Abej; 2010. [Persian] 45- Saiiah M, Saiiah M, Kamalinejad M. A preliminiary 37- Joneydi F. Human rights in the New world and the randomized double blind clinical trial on the efficacy of World Rights in the Ancient Iran. Tehran: Balkh; 1999. aqueous extract of Echium amoenum in the treatment of pp. 191-6. [Persian] mild to moderate major depression. Biol Psychiatry J. 38- Nodehi K, Kasiri M. The health effects of the 2006;30:166-9. teachings of Zoroaster in ancient Iranian medicine, feed. J 46- Saiiah Bargard M, Boostani H, Saiiah M, Fazileh F, Islamic Iran Tradit Med. 2014;4(4):382-9. [Persian] Kamalinejad M, Akhondzadeh S. Efficacy of aqueous 39- Chaqmini M. Ghanonche Fi Al'-Teb. 1st edition. extract of Echium amoenum L. in the treatment of mild Nazem E, translator. Tehran: Abej; 2010. [Persian] to moderate obsessive – compulsive disorder. JMP. 40- Ghods R, Gharuni M, Amin Gh, Nazem E, 2005;3(15):43-50. [Persian] Mokaberinejad R, Nikbakht Nasrabadi A. A rapid 47- Nejatbakhsh F. Principles of nutrition in disease overview on the causes of hypertension and relationship based on the principles of Iranian Traditional Medicine. between Imtila and hypertension in Iranian Traditional 1st edition. Tehran: Choogan; 2014. pp. 120-31. [Persian] Medicine. Iran J Med Hist. 2012;12:11-36. [Persian] 48- Tonekaboni SM. Tohfato Al'-Momenin. 1st edition. 41- Heravi MS. Gharabadin Salehi. 1st edition. Tehran: Tehran: Nashr-e-Shahr; 2007. [Persian] Choogan; 2013. p. 428. [Persian] 49- Aghili Khorasani MH. Makhzan- Al' Advieh. 4th 42- Bahrami M, Nazam E, Mastari Farahani R, edition. Tehran: Sabzarang; 2012. [Persian] Kamalinejad M, Keshavarz M. Intestine vessels. J Islamic 50- Heravi MA. Abniyeh An Haghayegh Al' Advieh. 2nd Iran Tradit Med. 2012;3(2):143-7. [Persian] edition. Tehran: Tehran University; 2010. p. 210-2. 43- Tavakkoli M, Motavasselian M, Mosaddegh M, [Persian] Esfahani MM, Kamalinejad M, Nematy M. Food- based