J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2016; 5(2): 54-60.

Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology

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Collection and assessment of traditional medicinal used by the indigenous people of Dastena in Habib-allah Mohammadi1*, Seyed-Ebrahim Sajjadi1, Mostafa Noroozi2, Mahmoud Mirhosseini3

1Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran 2Isfahan Center for Research of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources, Isfahan, Iran 3Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article Type: Introduction: Nowadays, traditional and herbal have attracted the attention of Original Article researchers all around the world and despite the development of synthetic drugs, demand for - based medicines is growing. The main reason for this growing trend is increasing public concerns Article History: about the adverse effects of synthetic medicines. Traditional and ethnobotany are two Received: 7 November 2015 important issues that should be noted to achieve effective herbal medicines with considerable Accepted: 2 January 2016 therapeutic effects. is based on experience of people over centuries and ethno-botany is based on recognition of the native plants. Iran has very high plant diversity because of its different climate, ecosystems and soil conditions. Regarding increasing demand for Keywords: medicinal plants, this study aimed to collect some native plant varieties growing in Dastena and to Herbs review some of local and folk application of these plants. Traditional uses Methods: In the present study, the plant species were collected during two consecutive years Ethnobotany (2013-2014) and systematically identified. The traditional and local uses of collected plants were Iran questioned through interviews with local people. Results: In this study, 90 plant species belonging to 30 families were collected and identified. They had various therapeutic effects. Lamiaceae and Asteraceae families had the highest use among the collected plants. Conclusion: Results of this study showed that herbal medicines in this area are mostly used to treat digestive and respiratory system disorders. They have economical values and should be studied and explored more detailed.

Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education: Dastena medicinal plants are mostly used to treat digestive and respiratory system disorders. They have economical values and should be studied and explored more detailed. Please cite this paper as: Mohammadi H, Sajjadi SE, Noroozi M, Mirhosseini M. Collection and assessment of traditional medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of Dastena in Iran. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2016;5(2):54-60.

Introduction of human diseases to the person to dystemperament (3). Iran has an excellent history of traditional medicine, dat- Iranian traditional medicine has a direct link with tradi- ing back to the Old Babylonian and Assyrian periods. tional nutrition. It designed a nutritional scheme for Ira- Throughout the centuries, Iranian traditional medicine nian people based on climate, agricultural resources and has played a prominent role in the health of Iranian peo- experiences gained during the long period (4). ple and also entire population of the world (1). The origin Ethno-botanical study is documentation of non-written of Iranian traditional medicine dates back to the age of traditional information in order to ensure a more rational and his book of Canon. Latin translation of the use of resources and effective protection of biodiversity canon has been taught at European colleges for centuries and cultural information (5). During the first half of the and played an invaluable contribution to world medicine 20th century, ethno-botany was merely descriptive and (2). Traditional medicine is taking inspiration from nature most of researches in this field have only provided long to solve human problems. Ancient Iranian medicine uses lists of plants and their uses. However, during the past temperament diagnosis in order to indicate the health 50 years, ethno-botany has become less purely descrip- status of people. Physiologically, it attributes the number tive and more analytical. Therefore, researchers are con-

*Corresponding author: Habib-allah Mohammadi; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Tell:+989381853470; Email: [email protected] Collection and assessment of Dastena medicinal plant fronted with other theoretical questions. For example, the and after the sampling through an interviews. 37 individ- study of ways in which different cultures classify plant can uals including 15 farmers, 2 medicinal plants sellers and be useful in cognitive processes such as categorization and 20 native who had knowledge about medicinal plants were classification (2). interviewed. They were asked for local names and tradi- Before past two decades, all drugs had natural and mainly tional applications of plants. plant origin but rapid advances in scientific medicine and technology reduced their use in comparison to the past. Results Therefore medicinal plants were replaced by synthetic A total of 90 species were collected from Dastena city, drugs. Today, due to increased concerns about synthetic which belonged to 30 families. Lamiaceae (20 species), As- drugs and their unwanted side effect, researcher’s atten- teraceae (12 species) and Fabaceae (7 species) were domi- tion has been shifted toward medicinal plant (2). nant families. The aerial parts of the plants are most com- Adverse side effects associated with consumption of syn- monly used by the indigenous people of Dastena region. thetic drug such as “thalidomide incident” in Europe was In Dastena city, traditional medicines are mostly used to one of the most important reason for public approach to treat digestive and respiratory system disorders, although the medicinal plant (6(. they are also used to treat variety of diseases. Since Chaha- Iran has a wide range of medical experiences because of rmahal-va-Bakhtiari and Kohghiluyeh-va-Boyer Ahmad long historical precedent and diversity of race, ethnicity, are placed in close aproximity and on the other hand two language, and climate. The herbal medicines are consid- of them are located along the central Zagross mountains, ered to be of great importance especially, for tribes and there are some similarities in respect with traditional ap- residents settled in the impassable part of the Iran. Gain- plication of plants. So, according to what is said, we used ing experiences and transferring them from one genera- of one ethnobotanical study in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ah- tion to the next is the important issue (7). On the other mad to complete some cells of result table. Scientific and hand, climatic and environmental variability between re- Persian names (19) of collected plants as well as used parts gions leads to growth of different types of plant species. of plants, native name and their applications are shown in Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has such Table 1. a rather large diversity. Regarding large diversity and dis- The most parts of the plants that were frequently used tribution of medicinal plants in Iran, botanical research by native people include aerial parts (38%), leaf (14.2%), and collection of data obtained from other researches can flowers (13.3%), seeds (8.8%) and roots (7%) (Figure 1). provides a good recognition of this great treasure for us Medicinal plants in Dastena are mostly used to treat diges- and future generation (8). tive system disorders (23%), respiratory system Dastena is one of cities of the province of Chahar-Mahal- (13.5%), nervous system disorders (11%) and infections va-Bakhtiyari in Iran, located 47 kilometers (29 miles) (1%) (Figure 2). west of the center of the Chahar-Mahal-va-Bakhtiyari. The city’s altitude is approximately 2000 meters above Discussion and Conclusion sea level. This city supports great diversity because of its This study led to the introduction of 90 plant species used mountainous weather and soil type. This study aimed by local people. It should be noted that a few of these ap- to collect some native plant varieties growing in this city plications are now common among local people but most and to review some of local and folk application of these of them were already common. Traditional medicine has plants. At first, medicinal plants species were collected become forgotten over time and today’s generation pays and identified, then their local names and traditional and little attention to it. Therefore there is a need to protect local application in medicine were studied (9). this precious treasure and transfer it to the next genera- tion. In Dastena, Asteraceae and Lamiaceae were the most Materials and methods frequently used families. These families also had the high- Plant specimens were collected from plains and moun- est frequency of use in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tains from May 2013 to September 2014. In some cases, (20). Medicinal plants have been used by local people of local people experiences were used to find the right place Dastena for various purposes. The parts of plant that were of plants. We tried to use standard methods in order to most frequently used by native peoples were aerial parts. collect medicinal plants. Plants with traditional applica- Aerial parts especially leaves are photo synthetically ac- tion in medicine were harvested through consulting with tive and produce large amounts of secondary metabolites. local people and experts (10,11(. After collection, plant Moreover access to these parts is much easier than oth- specimens were identified and approved by Mr. Mustafa er parts. Previous study also showed that aerial parts of Noroozi based on morphological and anatomical char- plants are more active than other parts. These can explain acters listed in textbook of plant (12-18). The same results observed by different researchers in different herbarium specimens of plant were recorded at the Her- parts of the world (20-22). barium of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Use of medicinal herbs to overcome digestive system Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, problems are also reported in several studies conducted in Iran. It should be noted that information about local and different parts of Iran (20-22). They are commonly used traditional applications of plants were collected during to treat digestive system disorders because they are edible http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, Volume 5, Number 2, April 2016 55 Mohammadi H et al

Table 1. Scientific, native and Persian names of collected plants as well as used parts of plants and their applications Parts used for Row Scientific name Family Persian name Local name Some local use medicinal purposes Achillea wilhelmsii 1 Asteraceae Bumadaran Golberenjas Flowering branches Carminative, anti-nausea C.Koch Cheshm khrus Laxative, treatment of kidney 2 Adonis aestivalis L. Ranunculaceae Cheshm khrus Aerial parts tabestani stones Ajuga chamaecistus 3 Lamiaceae Labdisi butei Samsak Aerial parts Antipyretic Ging. Subsp. Ajuga chamaecistus 4 Lamiaceae Labdisi butei Samsak Aerial parts Antipyretic Ging. Subsp. Khatmiye 5 Alcea koelzi l. Riedl. Malvaceae Gol khatmi Flowers, roots Soothing a sore throat, laxative lorestani Allium ampeloprasum Intestinal and urinary antiseptic, 6 Amaryllidaceae Tare kuhi Tara koei Leaves and bulbs L. anti-rheumatism, Spice Allium austroiranicum Cooling tempers, seasoning of 7 Amaryllidaceae Lepu Lopu Stem R.M.Fritsch. dairy products Allium hirtifolium Seasoning of dairy products, 8 Amaryllidaceae Musir Musir Leaves and bulbs Boiss. reducing blood fat and sugar Allium Seasoning of food and salad, 9 Amaryllidaceae Piyaz kuhi Sirdeng Leaves and bulbs schoenoprasum L. disinfectants digestive helper, Allyssum dasycarpum Ghodume mive 10 Brassicaceae Ghoduma Seed Anti-cough Steph.ex Willd. korki Allyssum inflatum Ghodume bad 11 Brassicaceae Ghoduma Seed Anti-cough Nyarady. karde Boraginaceae Sedation, treatment of respiratory 12 Anchusa italica Retz. Gavzaban Gol gov zoun Aerial parts tract inflammation, laxative Anthemis Babune taj 13 odountostephana Asteraceae Babuna Flower Anti-hair loss dandani Boiss. Artemisia aucheri 14 Asteraceae Dermane kuhi Derma Flower Stomach ache reliever Boiss. Arum conophalloides Elimination of seasonal allergies, 15 Araceae Sheypuri Kardim Leaves Ky.ex schott. used in a soup Asperugo procumbens 16 Boraginaceae Alaf chasbak Chasbaki Aerial parts Sedation L. Astragalus adscendens Treatment of diarrhea, treatment 17 Fabaceae Gaz khansar Gina Gazi Resin Boiss. & Hausskn. of burns Astragalus gossypinus Laxative, anti-cough and 18 Fabaceae katira Gina katira Resin Fisch. treatment of hoarseness Nourishing the body, relieving 19 Avena sativa L. Poaceae Jo do sar Jo do sar Seed fatigue Biebersteinia multifida Superficial wounds, stomach 20 Graniaceae Adamak Bahman pich Bulb DC. disorders (20) 21 Bromus tectorum L. Poaceae Alaf bam Alaf bum Aerial parts Healing of painful wound Capsella bursa- 22 Brassicaceae Kise Keshish Chalchalak Leaves Carminative, stomachache (20) pastoris (L.)Medicus. Cardaria draba (L.) 23 Brassicaceae Ozmak Moche Seed, leaves Seasoning of food, diuretic Desv. Centaurea depressa Diuretic, treatment of kidney 24 Astraceae Gole gandom Gole gandom Flower M.B. stones Centaurea persica Gole gandome Diuretic, treatment of kidney 25 Astraceae Gole gandom Flower Boiss. farsi stones Cerasus brachypetala Albaloye 26 Albalo koei Fruit Controlling of blood pressure Boiss. kuhestani 27 Cichorium intybus L. Astraceae Kasni Kashni Root and flower Stomach tonic, appetizer Treatment of kidney stones and 28 Cnicus benedictus L. Astraceae Kharmoghadas Kharshotor Leaves bladder 29 azarolus L. Rosaceae Zalzalake zard Sista Aerial parts Cardiovascular tonic Descurainia sophia Appetizer, anti-heat , anti- 30 Brassicaceae Khakshir irani Khakiji Seed (L.)Schur. cough Dracocephalum 31 Lamiaceae Zarin giyah Zarovi Aerial parts Anti-arthritic and rheumatic kotschyi Boiss. Echinophora platyloba 32 Apiaceae Khosharize Khoshoruza Leaves Seasoning of dairy product DC. Equisetum arvensis L. Dom asbe 33 Equisetaceae Dom asbi Aerial parts treatment of kidney stones sahraei

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Table 1. Continued Eremostachys Sonbol Insect repellent, lowering livestock 34 Lamiaceae Gandal Aerial parts laevigata Bunge. biyabaniye rafie fever Eremostachys Wounds healing, creation love Sonbole 35 macrophylla Montbr Lamiaceae Mer giyah Seed, aerial parts and affection between husband biyabani & Auch. and wife Eryngium billardieri F. 36 Apiaceae Zool KharZool Root, stem Treatment of constipation (20) Delaroche. Fibigia macrocarpa Treatment of migraine headaches 37 Brassicaceae Pulak Aerial parts Medicus. and sinus infections 38 Ficus carica L. Moraceae Anjir kuhi Anchichak Fruit Laxative, abdominal strengthening 39 Fritillaria imperialis L. Liliaceae Lale vajegun Ashke maryam Bulbs Treatment of abscess Treatment of digestive disorders 40 Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Shirin bayan Mejoo Root and stomach ulcers Grammosciadium Sedation, treatment of stomach 41 Apiaceae Shevid kuhi Koru Aerial parts scabridum Boiss. disorders and Gundelia tournefortii Treatment of mouth ulcers and 42 Astraceae Kangar khoraki Kangar Flower, stem L. rheumatism, seasoning of dairy Gole raei 43 Hypericum scabrum L. Hypericaceae Davasimi Aerial parts Woman , analgesic dayhami Leontica 44 Podophyllaceae Trob shir Alaf shakhi Aerial parts Treatment of leontopetalum L. Linum album K.ex 45 Linaceae Katan sefid Chakamdari Aerial parts Salves for bone fracture Boiss. 46 Lotus corniculatus L. Fabaceae Yonje zard Yonja Aerial parts Laxative, increasing blood Treatment of nervous disorders 47 Lycopus europaeus L. Lamiaceae Paye gorg Pa gorg Aerial parts and anxiety Noon 48 Malva sylvestris L. Malvaceae Panirak Flower Anti-cough, soothing sore throat bengeshti Marrubium Ferasione Relieving stomach pain, joint pain 49 Lamiaceae Orishom mori Aerial parts astracanicum Jacq. banafsh (20) Marrubium cuneatum Relieving stomach pain, joint pain 50 Lamiaceae Ferasion tebi Orishom mori Aerial parts Russell. (20) Carminative, treatment of Mentha longifolia (L.) 51 Lamiaceae Poone Pina Aerial parts menstrual disorders, flavoring of Hudson. dairy 52 Morina persica L. Morinacea Khar aroos Berenjak Seed General tonic Laxative, dry instead of sugar for 53 Morus alba L. Moraceae Tute sefid Tit Fruit diabetics Nasturtium officinale Brassicaceae Ghegi, Mama Antiparasitic, warm and wet 54 Bolagh oti Aerial parts (L.) R. Br. cham. cham nature 55 Ononis spinosa L. Fabaceae Khar khar Khar khar Root Diuretic Khashkhashe 56 Papaver dubium L. Papaveraceae Khashkashe harz Flower Anti-inflammation and abscess harz Gush mush 57 Parietaria judaica L. Urticaceae Marzanjush Aerial parts Menstruation disorder 20( ) afshan Disinfecting the environment, 58 L. Zygophyllaceae Esfand Dinisht Seed removing the evil eye 59 Phlomis olivieri Benth. Lamiaceae Gush bare Bale gush Aerial parts Seasoning of food and dairy Barhange sar Treatment of sinusitis and 60 Plantago lanceolata L. Plantaginaceae Bartang Seed nayzei bronchitis Anti-inflammation, treatment of 61 Plantago major L. Plantaginaceae Barhang Bartang Aerial parts, seed sinusitis and bronchitis Prangos acaulis (DC.) Seasoning of yogurt and 62 Apiaceae Jashire kutule Feala Aerial parts Bornm. buttermilk Prangos ferulacea (L.) 63 Apiaceae Jashir Kharkul Aerial parts Analgesic, antiseptic Lindl. 64 Prangos uloptera DC. Apiaceae Jashire sakhrei Kharkul Aerial parts Carminative, invigorating Plant skin for strengthening the 65 Quercus brantii Lindl. Fagaceae Balut Balit Fruit, bark stomach, plant fruit for treatment of diarrhea Rhamnus cornifolia 66 Ramnaceae Gerduye kuhi Gerdu koei Bark Skin problems Boiss.&Hohen. Strong laxative, anti-parasitic, 67 Rheum ribes L. Polygonaceae Rivas Rivas Stem appetizer 68 Rosa damascena Mill. Rosaceae Gol mohammadi Gol sor Flower Constipation, seasoning of yogurt

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Table 1. Continued

69 Rumex crispus L. Polygonaceae Torshak mavaj Torshak Aerial parts As vegetable broth

70 Salix alba L. Salicaceae Bid Bi Bark, leaves Jaundice treatment with leaves Maryam goliye 71 Salvia hydrangea DC. Lamiaceae Gol ovrune Aerial parts Treatment of colds, anti-stress tamashaei Salvia reuterana Maryam goliye 72 Lamiaceae Shayna Aerial parts Treatment of colds Boiss. esfahani Maryam goliye Maryam goliye 73 Salvia virgata Jacq. Lamiaceae Aerial parts Sedative, carminative tarkei harz Sanguisobra minor Oral infections and wounds, 74 Rosaceae Toot rubahi Gheytarun Root, leaves Scop. aiarrhea (20) Satureja bachtiarica Marze 75 Lamiaceae Marza koei Aerial parts Seasoning of food and salad Bunge. bakhtiyari Scorzonera mucida Useful for sensitive skin, seasoning 76 Astraceae Shange nal asbi Shang Aerial parts Rech. f. Aell. & Esfand. of dairy products Gole Scrophularia striata 77 Scrophulariaceae maymuniye Narmouk Leaves Joint pains, bone pains (20) Boiss. shiyar dar Silene mazrae Treatment of infections and sore 78 Silene conoidea L. Caryophyllaceae Kashkul Flower ruy eyes Sonboleye General tonic in weakness, fever 79 Stachys inflata Benth. Lamiaceae Gol murashk Aerial parts arghavani reducing Stachys lavandulifolia 80 Lamiaceae Chai kuhi Ovlile pashmi Aerial parts Sedatives, anti-cough Vahl. Sonboleye mu Treatment of colds and 81 Stachys pilifera Benth. Lamiaceae Marze kuhi Aerial parts dar constipation (20) Tanacetum Anti-inflammatory, anti-flatulence, 82 parthenium ( L.) Asteraceae Babune gavi Mokhalesa Aerial parts hot nature Schultz-Bip. Tanacetum 83 polycephalum Schult- Asteraceae Minaye sakhrezi Daramey-e pus Aerial parts Gastroenteritis (20) Bip. Maryam 84 Teucrium polium L. Lamiaceae Chez Aerial parts Hypoglycemic, wound antiseptic nokhodi Thymus daenensis Treatment of cold and sinusitis, 85 Lamiaceae Avishane denaei Ovshum Aerial parts Celak. treatment of women infections Shabdare 86 Trifolium pratens L. Fabaceae Shovare sor Flower branch Anti sputum, anti-cough chamanzari 87 Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae Shabdare sefid Shovar Flower branch Treatment of dermatitis, itching Tripleurospermum Strengthen of stomach, antiseptic, 88 disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Astraceae Babune kazeb Mamasur suri Aerial parts seasoning of yogurt Schults-Bip. Valeriana sisymbryfola Sonbolotibe 89 Valerianaceae Sonbolotib Aerial parts Sedative Vahl. kuhestani 90 Ziziphora capitata L. Lamiaceae Kakuti sarsan Pina koei Aerial parts Tonic for the digestive system and pass through the gastrointestinal tract and have most about Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr & Auch with na- contact with it (20). tive name of Mehrgiyah. Local people said that, in the Among 90 collected species, In addition to medical and past, Mehrgiyah was used to create and develop love and culinary purposes, 11 species have also used to flavor affection between husband and wife. Plant powder or seed dishes. These species include Allium ampeloprasum L, was poured into food and given to one of them. They said Allium austroiranicum R.M. Fritsch, Allium hirtifolium that Mehrgiyah consumer should avoid dairy products. Boiss, Allium schoenoprasum L, Arum conophalloides In order to prevent consumer from dairy and fluids con- Ky.ex schott, Cardaria draba (L.) Des, Gundelia tournefor- sumption, someone was asked to take care of them. Inter- tii L, Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson, Rosa damascene Mill, viewees said that Mehrgiyah consumption make person Scorzonera mucida Rech.f.Aell. & Esfand, Tripleurosper- thirsty and he starts to drink a lot of water and sore liquid mum disciforme (C.A.Mey.) Schults-Bip. 5 species include and if he drink too much he will die after a month. Echinophora platyloba DC, Phlomis olivieri Benth, Prangos A story about its abuse which had been lead to someone acaulis (DC.) Bornm, Rumex crispus L, Satureja bachtiar- death was also mentioned by one interviewee. Another ica Bunge were only edible and no therapeutic properties non therapeutic application of this plant was insect repel- was mentioned for them. lent use. A number of interviewees expressed incredibly weird facts Some of native plants in this region are become endan-

58 Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, Volume 5, Number 2, April 2016 http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com Collection and assessment of Dastena medicinal plant

40 Conflict of interests 35 The authors declared no competing interests. 30 25 Ethical considerations 20 Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data 15 fabrication, falsification, double publication or submis- 10 of plant part plantof uses sion, redundancy) have been completely observed by the % 5 authors. 0 Arial Leaf Flower Seed Root Fruit Stem Bulb Bark Other part part Funding/Support plant parts This research was financially supported by Isfahan Uni- versity of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. Figure 1. Different parts of plants used by local people of Dastena References 1. Amiri M, Joharchi M. Ethnobotanical investigation of traditional medicinal plants commercialized in the markets of Mashhad, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013;3(3):254-271. 2. Sewell RD, Rafieian-Kopaei M. The history and ups and downs of usage. J HerbMed Pharmacol. 2014;3(1):1-3. 3. Mojahedi M, Naseri M, Majdzadeh R, et al. 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Iranian mountains and mountainletter. work. SES contributed in the conception and design of the 1st ed. Tehran, Iran: Ecological and Gitalogical work, revising the draft, approval of the final version of Administration; 1989. the manuscript. MN contributed in the conception and 12. Ghahreman A. Flora of Iran. Tehran: Research design of the work. HM contributed in the translation and Institute of Forests and Pastures Press; 1975-2002. [In edition of article. http://www.herbmedpharmacol.com Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, Volume 5, Number 2, April 2016 59 Mohammadi H et al Persian]. Minstry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform; 1966- 13. Mobin S. Botanical of Iran, Vascular Plant Flora (in 1985. Persian). Vol 1-4. Tehran: Tehran University Press; 19. Mozaffarian V. Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. 1975-1979. 6th ed. Tehran, Iran: Farhang Moaser: 2010. 14. Assadi M, Maassoumi AA, Khatamsaz M, Mozaffarian 20. Mosadegh M, Naghibi F, Moazzeni H, Pirani A, V. Flora of Iran. 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