+XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15

UDK 323.285:94](497.15)“1914“

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Abstract: 7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV DERXW GLIIHUHQW HYHQWV RUJDQLVHG LQ %RV- nia and Herzegovina during 2014 concerning the commemoration of the )LUVW:RUOG:DUDFDGHPLFFRQIHUHQFHVµPHJDVSHFWDFOHV¶$&HQWXU\RI 3HDFH$IWHUWKH&HQWXU\RI:DUV7KH5HEHO$QJHOVWKHFRQFHUWRIWKH9L- HQQD3KLOKDUPRQLFWKHUROHRIWKHWKH(PEDVV\RI)UDQFHLQ6DUDMHYRDQGD )RXQGDWLRQFDOOHG³6DUDMHYR+HDUWRI(XURSH´DQGGLIIHUHQWH[KLELWVLQPX- seums in Sarajevo.

2QHKXQGUHG\HDUVDIWHUWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUWKHPRVWSURP- LQHQWHYHQWLQSRSXODUPHPRU\RIWKHZDUZDVWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQRIWKH+DEVEXUJ $UFKGXNH)UDQ])HUGLQDQGDQGKLVZLIH6RSKLHLQ6DUDMHYRRQ-XQH0RVW public manifestations commemorated that single event. Amid an atmosphere of po- OLWLFDOWHQVLRQVDQGGHHSGLYLVLRQVWKHIRFXVRIZDUPHPRULHVRQWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQ HQKDQFHGWHQVLRQVDQGGHHSHQHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQVRFLHW\GHI\LQJRUJDQL]HUV¶KRSHVRI sending messages of peace and integration. During 2013 and in the first half of 2014, conflicts over the manner of commemoration intensified as different groups, driv- en by political and financial motives, sought to impose their concepts on the plan- QLQJRIHYHQWV,QWKHHQGVHYHUDOVHSDUDWHFRPPHPRUDWLRQVZHUHKHOG6RPHZHUH VXSSRUWHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQRWKHUVZHUHVXSSRUWHGE\WKHQHLJKERULQJ5HSXE- OLFRI6HUELDDQGWKHDXWKRULWLHVRIHQWLW\RI5HSXEOLND6USVNDDQGVWLOORWKHUVZHUH RUJDQL]HGLQGHSHQGHQWO\RIRXWVLGHVSRQVRUVKLSRUZLWKPLQLPXPVXSSRUWIURPWKH )HGHUDWLRQRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD7KHIUDJPHQWHGFKDUDFWHURIWKHFRPPHPR-

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UDWLYHHYHQWVDWWHVWVWRVRFLDOGLYLVLRQVLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGLWVZHDNFHQ- tral state more than to the anniversary itself. The fragmentation of memorial events LVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHZHDNHQLQJRIWKHVWDWHRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDLQUHFHQW\HDUV DVZHOODVVRPHSURFHVVHVWKDWKDYHWDNHQSODFHRYHUDPXFKORQJHUSHULRG8QGHU- standing this fragmentation requires a brief history of commemorations since the as- sassination of 1914. 1RVLJQLILFDQWFRPPHPRUDWLRQVZHUHRUJDQL]HGLQWKHLPPHGLDWHDIWHUPDWKRI WKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUVLQFHWKH6DUDMHYRDVVDVVLQDWLRQZDVSHUFHLYHGDVWKHWULJJHU RIWKDWZDU+RZHYHUDIWHU*DYULOR3ULQFLS¶VPRUWDOUHPDLQVZHUHUHORFDWHGIURP Czechoslovakia to Sarajevo in 1920, conditions gradually developed for public HYHQWVPHPRULDOL]LQJWKHZDU1RFRPPHPRUDWLRQVRUSXEOLFIDQIDUHDWWHQGHGWKH UHEXULDORI3ULQFLS¶VUHPDLQVLQWKH2OG2UWKRGR[&HPHWHU\LQ6DUDMHYRLQ 1RWXQWLOHDUO\ZDVDEURQ]HFRPPHPRUDWLYHSODTXHLQVWDOOHGDWWKHDVVDVVLQD- WLRQVLWHDJDLQZLWKRXWSXEOLFIDQIDUH7KHLQVFULSWLRQRQWKHSODTXHZULWWHQLQWKH Cyrillic alphabet, read, “On this historic site Gavrilo Princip proclaimed freedom on St. Vitus Day 15/28 1914´/LNHZLVHZKHQDFKDSHOZDVEXLOWLQDQGWKHUH- PDLQVRIWKH0DUW\UVRI6W9LWXV'D\ZHUHUHEXULHGLQDFRPPRQJUDYHZLWKLQLW QRSXEOLFFRPPHPRUDWLRQZDVKHOGVLQFHWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVWREUHDNRXW shortly thereafter. When the German Army marched into Sarajevo in 1941, its soldiers remo- ved the plaque that had been placed there in 1930 and sent it to Hitler as a gift on KLVELUWKGD\,QUHDFWLRQ7LWR¶V3DUWLVDQVFRPPHPRUDWHG3ULQFLSZKHQWKH\HQWH- UHG6DUDMHYRLQ7KH3DUWLVDQVLGHQWLILHGWKHLURZQVWUXJJOHDJDLQVW+LWOHUZLWK 3ULQFLS¶VUHVLVWDQFHWRWKH+DEVEXUJ0RQDUFK\ZKLFKWKH\FRQVLGHUHGD*HUPDQHQ- WLW\DQGDQRFFXS\LQJIRUFH,Q0D\WKHµWKH\RXWKRI6DUDMHYR¶UHSODFHGWKH SODTXHWKDWKDGEHHQVHQWWR+LWOHUZLWKDQHZRQHH[SUHVVLQJJUDWLWXGHWR3ULQFLSDQG KLVFRPUDGHVIRUWKHLUVWUXJJOH©DJDLQVW*HUPDQFRQTXHURUVª2QWKHQHZSODTXH 3ULQFLSZDVSURFODLPHGµWKHJUHDWQDWLRQDOKHURPDUW\UDQGWKHILJKWHUIRUWKHIUHH- GRPDQGEURWKHUKRRGRIDOOWKHSHRSOHVRI

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HGRXWWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQ'HVSLWHUXPRXUVWKDWVROGLHUVRIWKH$UP\RI%RVQLDDQG Herzegovina destroyed both the footprints and the commemorative plaque, in truth WKHSODTXHDQGWKHIRRWSULQWVZHUHFDVXDOWLHVRIVKUDSQHOIURPVKHOOVILUHGDW6DUDMH- YRE\WKH$UP\RI5HSXEOLF6USVND0RVDLFVDQGSDLQWLQJVLQWKH0XVHXPRIhas remained of the round table are a do- zen of scientific papers published in the periodical Prilozi issued by the Institute. It LVUHYHDOLQJIRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKH(PEDVV\RI$XVWULDWR%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD gave no financial support to this academic conference; neither did the administration of the City of Sarajevo. Thus, they demonstrated their determination not to support a scholarly approach to the research of these events.

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6RPHWKLQJVLPLODUKDSSHQHGWHQ\HDUVODWHUZKHQWKHth anniversary of the EHJLQQLQJRI)LUVW:RUOG:DULQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDJDYHULVHWRIXUWKHUGHEDWHV DERXWWKHFKDUDFWHURIEuropeZKLFKUHFHLYHGVLJQLILFDQWIXQGVWRRUJDQL]HYDULRXVHYHQWV)URPLWV inception, this good idea bore the seeds of failure, since it failed to take into account WKHVSHFLILFIHDWXUHVRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD,QVWHDGRIKDYLQJWKH6WDWHRI%R- VQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDVDSDUWQHUWKHRUJDQLVHUV¶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garia and Macedonia, organized a conference devoted not to the assassination, but WRWKHRULJLQVRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU2WKHURUJDQL]HUVSDUWLFXODUO\IURP)UDQFHDQG 6HUELDGLVSDUDJHGWKH,QVWLWXWHVSODQVDQGVDZLQWKHPDQHIIRUWWRVKLIWJXLOWIRUVWDU- WLQJWKHZDUDZD\IURP*HUPDQ\DQGWKH+DEVEXUJ0RQDUFK\:HWKH,QVWLWXWHRU- JDQL]HUVVRXJKWLQYDLQWRH[SODLQWKDWZHKDGQRLQWHQWLRQRIVHHNLQJWRDWWULEXWH WKHZDUWRDQ\JLYHQVLGHEXWUDWKHUZDQWHGWRLQLWLDWHDGLDORJXHDERXWDOODVSHFWV of the conflict. We hoped to identify unexplored or as yet insufficiently explored re- VHDUFKDUHDVVXFKDVHYHU\GD\OLIHWKHUROHRIZRPHQSUREOHPVZLWKIRRGVKRUWD- ges, the role of propaganda, and other topics. Despite our protests, the critics insisted WKHFRQIHUHQFHWKUHDWHQHGWRVKLIWJXLOWIRUVWDUWLQJWKHZDUIURP*HUPDQ\DQGWKH +DEVEXUJ0RQDUFK\WR6HUELD)UDQFHDQGLQGLUHFWO\WR5XVVLD

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7KH)UHQFKHQJDJHG3URIHVVRU5REHUW)UDQNIURPWKH6RUERQQHWRRUJDQL]HD ULYDOFRQIHUHQFHLQ6DUDMHYRZLWKWKHVXSSRUWRIWKHSarajevo - the Heart of Euro- pe)RXQGDWLRQ2UJDQL]HUVSURSRVHGDFRQIHUHQFHLQ6DUDMHYRWKDWZRXOGEULQJWR- JHWKHU6HUE&URDWDQG%RVQLDNKLVWRULDQVDVZHOODVRWKHUVIURP1HZ=HDODQG$IUL- FD&KLQDDQG-DSDQZLWKDPHVVDJHRISHDFHWRWKHZRUOG:HKLVWRULDQVIURP6D- UDMHYR,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRU\DJUHHGWKDWPHVVDJHVRISHDFHDUHGHVLUDEOHEXWZHIHOW that academic conferences served a different purpose in facilitating critical dialogue UDWKHUWKDQSROLWLFDOFRPSURPLVHV%HFDXVHZHLQVLVWHGRQDQDFDGHPLFFRQIHUHQFH WKDWHQFRXUDJHGFULWLFDOGLDORJXHZHKLVWRULDQVIURPWKH,QVWLWXWHZHUHGHQLHGILQDQ- FLDOVXSSRUWIURPRIILFLDOVRXUFHV+RZHYHUWKDQNVWRH[WHQVLYHFRRSHUDWLRQZLWK DFDGHPLFLQVWLWXWLRQVIURPVHYHQ(XURSHDQFRXQWULHVWKH\ZRQVXSSRUWWRRUJDQL- ze a conference entitled The Great War: Regional Approaches and Global Contexts. 3URIHVVRU0DUN0D]RZHUDGLVWLQJXLVKHGKLVWRULDQIURP&ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\ ZDVWKHNH\QRWHVSHDNHUDWWKHFRQIHUHQFHZKLFKZDVKHOGIURP-XQHWR7KH FORVLQJSDSHUZDVSUHVHQWHGE\3URIHVVRU0DULH-DQLQH&DOLFIURP/XGZLJ0D[LPL- OLDQ8QLYHUVLW\LQ0XQLFK6HHNLQJWRPDUJLQDOLVHWKHFRQIHUHQFHWKH)UHQFKKLVWR- ULDQ)UDQNDWWDFNHGWKHWKHSURSRVHGSURJUDPDVKDYLQJD³SUR+DEVEXUJRULHQWDWL- RQDQGODFNLQJSHUVSHFWLYHVIURP6HUELD5XVVLDDQGHOVHZKHUH´7KHVDPHFULWLFLVP ZDVHFKRHGLQODWHUFRYHUDJHRIWKHFRQIHUHQFHE\PHGLDIURP6HUELDDQGVRPHSROL- WLFDOFLUFOHVLQWKHHQWLW\RI5HSXEOLND6USVNDLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD :KLOHWKHFRQIHUHQFHZDVEHLQJRUJDQL]HGLWFDPHXQGHUDWWDFNIURP6ORERGDQ âRMDWKHµDFDGHPLFFRRUGLQDWRU¶IRUWKH)UHQFKZKRGLVSDUDJHGLWDVµDFRQIHUHQ- FHWKDWLQYLWHGRQO\SDUWLFLSDQWVIURPFRXQWULHVWKDWKDGORVWWKHZDU¶0LORUDG'R- dik, the President of Republika Srpska, offered much the same criticism, noting that the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Republika Srpska had determined that the con- IHUHQFHZRXOGEHSUR+DEVEXUJDQGDQWL6HUE,QIDFW)UDQNKDGILUVWYRLFHGWKRVH DFFXVDWLRQVDQGKHUHOLHGRQLQIRUPDWLRQIURPâRMD)UDQFH¶V$PEDVVDGRUWR%RVQLD DQG+HU]HJRYLQDDORQJZLWKRIILFLDOVIURPWKHSarajevo Heart of Europe )RXQGD- WLRQIUHTXHQWO\VSRNHRXWLQVXSSRUWRIVXFKFULWLFLVPV%XWLQWKHHQGWKH)RXQGD- WLRQDQG)UDQNJDYHXSWKHLUSODQVIRUDVHSDUDWHDFDGHPLFFRQIHUHQFHDIWHUIDLOLQJ WRDWWUDFWWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIDVLQJOHVHULRXVKLVWRULDQIURP%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYL- na. The Sarajevo – Heart of Europe )RXQGDWLRQVKLIWHGLWVVXSSRUWWRDQRWKHUFRQ- ference to be called The Long Shots of Sarajevo, 1914-2014ZKLFKZDVEDFNHGE\ WKH$XVWULDQ(PEDVV\DQGWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ¶V'HOHJDWLRQLQ6DUDMHYR7KH /RQJ6KRWVFRQIHUHQFHIDLOHGWRRIIHUPHDQLQJIXOKLVWRULFDOLQVLJKWVLQWRWKHZDU¶V EHJLQQLQJEXWLQVWHDGGZHOWXSRQFXOWXUDODVSHFWVRIWKHZDU,WQRQHWKHOHVVUHFHLYHG SURPLQHQWPHGLDFRYHUDJHSULPDULO\EHFDXVHLWZDVKHOGRQ-XQHVL- PXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKRWKHUHYHQWVRQWKHth anniversary of the assassination.

12 +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15

7ZR HYHQWV NQRZQ DV FDOOHG µPHJDVSHFWDFOHV¶UHFHLYHG PXFK JUHDWHU PHGLD attention than the academic conferences. The first, a spectacular outdoor display of PXVLFDQGGUDPDZDVGLUHFWHGE\+DULV3DãRYLüXQGHUWKHWLWOHA Century of Peace After the Century of Wars and included 300 participants from several different Euro- SHDQFRXQWULHV$OWKRXJKWKHHYHQWLWVHOIZDVODUJHO\GHYRLGRILGHRORJLFDOFRQWHQW LWVDHVWKHWLFVDQGORFDWLRQZHUHSUREOHPDWLF,WZDVVWDJHGRQWKH/DWLQ%ULGJHQHDU WKHVLWHRIWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQZKHUHREVHUYHUVFRXOGKHDUVRQJVVXQJE\6HUELDQ IRONVLQJHUâDEDQâDXOLüDQG%RVQLDQ+HU]HJRYLQLDQSRSURFNVLQJHU'LQR0HUOLQ $VHFRQGPHJDVSHFWDFOHZDVKHOGLQ9LãHJUDG'LUHFWHGE\ILOPPDNHU(PLU Kusturica and entitled The Rebel Angels,LWZDVDUUDQJHGLQWKUHHDFWVDVDUHFRQ- VWUXFWLRQRIWKH6DUDMHYRDVVDVVLQDWLRQ&KDUJHGZLWKQDWLRQDOLVPE\VXFKLGHROR- JXHVDV0DWLMD%HüNRYLüLWV\PEROLVHGH[LVWLQJGLYLVLRQVLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD and had little artistic merit. Strongly supported by Republika Srpska President Milo- UDG'RGLNDQG5HSXEOLFRI6HUELD3ULPH0LQLVWHU$OHNVDQGDU9XþLüERWKRIZKRP DWWHQGHGWKHHYHQW7KHPHJDFOHPDUNHGWKHRIILFLDOLQDXJXUDWLRQRI$QGULüJUDGWKH FRQVWUXFWLRQHQJLQHHULQJHQWHUSULVHXQGHUWDNHQE\.XVWXULFDZKRDOVRGLUHFWHGWKH GUDPD7KHYHU\SUHVHQFHRIWZRSURPLQHQW6HUESROLWLFLDQVEURDGFDVWDFOHDUSROL- WLFDOPHVVDJHIURPWKHHYHQW7KHWZRPHJDVSHFWDFOHVLQYROYHGPDVVLYHH[SHQGLWX- res; insofar as I could determine, the European Commission spent 250,000 Euros on the “Century of Peace After the Century of Wars”HYHQWZKLOHWKHDPRXQWVSHQWRQ WKHPHJDVSHFWDFOHGLUHFWHGE\.XVWXULFDZLOOOLNHO\UHPDLQXQNQRZQ ,QDGGLWLRQWKH9LHQQD3KLOKDUPRQLFSHUIRUPHGLQFRQFHUWRQ-XQHLQ WKHUHFHQWO\UHFRQVWUXFWHG6DUDMHYR9LMHüQLFD &LW\+DOO $XVWULDQ3UHVLGHQW+HLQ] )LVFKHUVHUYHGDVWKHRIILFLDOKRVWRIWKLVLPSRUWDQWFRQFHUW*XHVWVRIKRQRUDWWKH HYHQWLQFOXGHG&URDWLDQ3UHVLGHQW,YR-RVLSRYLü0RQWHQHJULQ3UHVLGHQW)LOLS9XMD- QRYLü0DFHGRQLDQ3UHVLGHQWĈRUJH,YDQRYDQGVRPHSROLWLFLDQVIURP%RVQLDDQG +HU]HJRYLQD%URDGFDVWOLYHE\WKH3XEOLF%URDGFDVWLQJVHUYLFHVRI*HUPDQ\$X- VWULDDQG)UDQFHWKHFRQFHUWRSHQHGZLWKWKHQDWLRQDODQWKHPRI%RVQLDQDQG+HU- ]HJRYLQDDQGFRQFOXGHGZLWKWKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQDQWKHP,QEHWZHHQWKHRUFKH- VWUDSHUIRUPHGVHOHFWHGZRUNVRIIDPRXV(XURSHDQFRPSRVHUV7KH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH 9LHQQD3KLOKDUPRQLF3URI'U&OHPHQV+HOOVEHUJVWDWHGWKDWWKLVZDVDORRNEDFN through history.

“We have decided to offer a look back, through history, but also a look to the future, after the catastrophes that happened in the 20th centu- U\VWDUWLQJZLWKWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU:HKRSHWKDWZHKDYHILQDOO\DFKLH- ved coexistence in Europe that holds the promise of a peaceful future. 7KLVFRQFHUWVHQGVWKHPHVVDJHWKDWIRUXV(XURSHLVQRWFRPSOHWHZLW-

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0DQ\RWKHUDFWLYLWLHVWRRNSODFHLQWKHVKDGRZRIWKHVHJUDQGHYHQWV7KH)UHQFK Ambassy sponsored the Sarajevo Grand Prix, a cycling event held under the auspi- ces of Tour de France6SHFLDOH[KLELWLRQVZHUHGLVSOD\HGLQWKHPXVHXPVDQGJDOOH- ries of Sarajevo. The Sarajevo City Museum of 1878 – 1918 (called the Museum of

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ZDVDSSDUHQWO\XQSUHSDUHGWRUHVSRQGWRWKHQDWLRQDOLVWLFUKHWRULFH[SUHVVHGDWWKDW PRQXPHQW¶VGHGLFDWLRQDQGRQO\UHLQIRUFHGWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWLWZDVXQFOHDUDERXW LWVRZQSHUFHSWLRQDQGYLVLRQRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD6HUEGRPLQDWHG(DVW6D- UDMHYRZDVWUHDWHGDVHTXDOWRWKHFLW\RI6DUDMHYRLQ(XURSHDQSROLWLFDOFLUFOHV5H- IHUHQFHVWR$QGULüJUDG.XVWXULFD¶VFRQVWUXFWLRQHQWHUSULVHW\SLFDOO\IDLOHGWRPHQ- WLRQ9LãHJUDGWKHWUXHQDPHRIWKHWRZQLQZKLFKWKHHGLILFHZDVORFDWHGUHVXOWLQJLQ IXUWKHUYDOLGDWLRQRIWKHGLYLVLRQVLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDUDWKHUWKDQPHVVDJHV of peace and a better future. 3DUDGR[LFDOO\ZKLOH(DVW6DUDMHYRZDVDFRVSRQVRURIWKH9LHQQD3KLOKDUPR- nic performance in Sarajevo, it separately organized a rival event labelled “The 21st Assembly of Gusle Players of Republika Srpska´7KDWPXQFLSDOLW\¶VGXDOUROHLQGL- FDWHVWKDWGHHSGLYLVLRQVUHPDLQLQWKHVRFLHW\DQGWKDWVRPH%RVQLDQVDUHVHHNLQJ WRGHHSHQWKHPIXUWKHU0HDQZKLOH(XURSHREVHUYHVDQGGRHVQRWKLQJ3HUKDSVWKH PRVWDSWFRPPHQWDU\PD\EHIRXQGLQWKHYHUVHVRI)ULHGULFK6FKLOOHU¶VSRHPThe Artistsµ7KHGLJQLW\RI0DQLQWR\RXUKDQGVLVJLYHQ3URWHFWRUEH,WVLQNVZLWK \RX:LWK\RXLWLVDULVHQ¶

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