+XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15 UDK 323.285:94](497.15)“1914“ &200(025$7,212)7+(),567:25/':$5 ,1%261,$$1'+(5=(*29,1$ +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLü ,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRU\8QLYHUVLW\RI6DUDMHYR%RVQLDDQG+HUFHJRYLQD Abstract: 7KLV SDSHU GLVFXVVHV DERXW GLIIHUHQW HYHQWV RUJDQLVHG LQ %RV- nia and Herzegovina during 2014 concerning the commemoration of the )LUVW:RUOG:DUDFDGHPLFFRQIHUHQFHVµPHJDVSHFWDFOHV¶$&HQWXU\RI 3HDFH$IWHUWKH&HQWXU\RI:DUV7KH5HEHO$QJHOVWKHFRQFHUWRIWKH9L- HQQD3KLOKDUPRQLFWKHUROHRIWKHWKH(PEDVV\RI)UDQFHLQ6DUDMHYRDQGD )RXQGDWLRQFDOOHG³6DUDMHYR+HDUWRI(XURSH´DQGGLIIHUHQWH[KLELWVLQPX- seums in Sarajevo. 2QHKXQGUHG\HDUVDIWHUWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUWKHPRVWSURP- LQHQWHYHQWLQSRSXODUPHPRU\RIWKHZDUZDVWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQRIWKH+DEVEXUJ $UFKGXNH)UDQ])HUGLQDQGDQGKLVZLIH6RSKLHLQ6DUDMHYRRQ-XQH0RVW public manifestations commemorated that single event. Amid an atmosphere of po- OLWLFDOWHQVLRQVDQGGHHSGLYLVLRQVWKHIRFXVRIZDUPHPRULHVRQWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQ HQKDQFHGWHQVLRQVDQGGHHSHQHGGLIIHUHQFHVLQVRFLHW\GHI\LQJRUJDQL]HUV¶KRSHVRI sending messages of peace and integration. During 2013 and in the first half of 2014, conflicts over the manner of commemoration intensified as different groups, driv- en by political and financial motives, sought to impose their concepts on the plan- QLQJRIHYHQWV,QWKHHQGVHYHUDOVHSDUDWHFRPPHPRUDWLRQVZHUHKHOG6RPHZHUH VXSSRUWHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ8QLRQRWKHUVZHUHVXSSRUWHGE\WKHQHLJKERULQJ5HSXE- OLFRI6HUELDDQGWKHDXWKRULWLHVRIHQWLW\RI5HSXEOLND6USVNDDQGVWLOORWKHUVZHUH RUJDQL]HGLQGHSHQGHQWO\RIRXWVLGHVSRQVRUVKLSRUZLWKPLQLPXPVXSSRUWIURPWKH )HGHUDWLRQRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD7KHIUDJPHQWHGFKDUDFWHURIWKHFRPPHPR- 7 +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15 UDWLYHHYHQWVDWWHVWVWRVRFLDOGLYLVLRQVLQ%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDDQGLWVZHDNFHQ- tral state more than to the anniversary itself. The fragmentation of memorial events LVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHZHDNHQLQJRIWKHVWDWHRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQDLQUHFHQW\HDUV DVZHOODVVRPHSURFHVVHVWKDWKDYHWDNHQSODFHRYHUDPXFKORQJHUSHULRG8QGHU- standing this fragmentation requires a brief history of commemorations since the as- sassination of 1914. 1RVLJQLILFDQWFRPPHPRUDWLRQVZHUHRUJDQL]HGLQWKHLPPHGLDWHDIWHUPDWKRI WKH)LUVW:RUOG:DUVLQFHWKH6DUDMHYRDVVDVVLQDWLRQZDVSHUFHLYHGDVWKHWULJJHU RIWKDWZDU+RZHYHUDIWHU*DYULOR3ULQFLS¶VPRUWDOUHPDLQVZHUHUHORFDWHGIURP Czechoslovakia to Sarajevo in 1920, conditions gradually developed for public HYHQWVPHPRULDOL]LQJWKHZDU1RFRPPHPRUDWLRQVRUSXEOLFIDQIDUHDWWHQGHGWKH UHEXULDORI3ULQFLS¶VUHPDLQVLQWKH2OG2UWKRGR[&HPHWHU\LQ6DUDMHYRLQ 1RWXQWLOHDUO\ZDVDEURQ]HFRPPHPRUDWLYHSODTXHLQVWDOOHGDWWKHDVVDVVLQD- WLRQVLWHDJDLQZLWKRXWSXEOLFIDQIDUH7KHLQVFULSWLRQRQWKHSODTXHZULWWHQLQWKH Cyrillic alphabet, read, “On this historic site Gavrilo Princip proclaimed freedom on St. Vitus Day 15/28 1914´/LNHZLVHZKHQDFKDSHOZDVEXLOWLQDQGWKHUH- PDLQVRIWKH0DUW\UVRI6W9LWXV'D\ZHUHUHEXULHGLQDFRPPRQJUDYHZLWKLQLW QRSXEOLFFRPPHPRUDWLRQZDVKHOGVLQFHWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVWREUHDNRXW shortly thereafter. When the German Army marched into Sarajevo in 1941, its soldiers remo- ved the plaque that had been placed there in 1930 and sent it to Hitler as a gift on KLVELUWKGD\,QUHDFWLRQ7LWR¶V3DUWLVDQVFRPPHPRUDWHG3ULQFLSZKHQWKH\HQWH- UHG6DUDMHYRLQ7KH3DUWLVDQVLGHQWLILHGWKHLURZQVWUXJJOHDJDLQVW+LWOHUZLWK 3ULQFLS¶VUHVLVWDQFHWRWKH+DEVEXUJ0RQDUFK\ZKLFKWKH\FRQVLGHUHGD*HUPDQHQ- WLW\DQGDQRFFXS\LQJIRUFH,Q0D\WKHµWKH\RXWKRI6DUDMHYR¶UHSODFHGWKH SODTXHWKDWKDGEHHQVHQWWR+LWOHUZLWKDQHZRQHH[SUHVVLQJJUDWLWXGHWR3ULQFLSDQG KLVFRPUDGHVIRUWKHLUVWUXJJOH©DJDLQVW*HUPDQFRQTXHURUVª2QWKHQHZSODTXH 3ULQFLSZDVSURFODLPHGµWKHJUHDWQDWLRQDOKHURPDUW\UDQGWKHILJKWHUIRUWKHIUHH- GRPDQGEURWKHUKRRGRIDOOWKHSHRSOHVRI<XJRVODYLD¶ 7KXVEHJDQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHP\WKRI3ULQFLSDVD<XJRVODYKHUR,Q on the 40thDQQLYHUVDU\RIERWKWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQDQGEHJLQQLQJRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG :DUVXUYLYLQJPHPEHUVRI<RXQJ%RVQLDH[SUHVVHGWKHLULQWHQWWRGHSLFW3ULQFLS DQGWKHLURZQRUJDQLVDWLRQDVH[SUHVVO\<XJRVODYLQRULHQWDWLRQ7KHLUSODQVZHUH JUHHWHGZLWKFULWLFLVPIURPRIILFLDOTXDUWHUV,QWKH([HFXWLYH%RDUGRI&HQWUDO&RP- PLWWHHRIWKH/HDJXHRI&RPPXQLVWVRI%RVQLDDQG+HU]HJRYLQD&YLMHWLQ0LMDWR- YLüVWDWHGWKDWVRPHVXUYLYLQJPHPEHUVRI<RXQJ%RVQLDZLVKHGWRSXEOLFL]HWKHth DQQLYHUVDU\E\µH[DJJHUDWLQJVRPHRILWVHOHPHQWVDQGPLVLQWHUSUHWLQJHYHQWV¶0L- MDWRYLüVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQEHRUJDQLVHGLQDµPRUHPRGHVWPDQQHU¶ 8 +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15 +HQRWHGWKDW%RULYRMH-HIWLüKDGDOUHDG\ZULWWHQDVFULSWIRUDILOPDERXW<RXQJ%R- VQLDDQGWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQEXW0LMDWRYLüXUJHGWKDWLWEHUHMHFWHG+HIXUWKHUXUJHG UHMHFWLRQRIWKHSURSRVHGSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKHOHWWHUVRI9ODGLPLU*DüLQRYLüVLQFHµWKR- VHOHWWHUVZHUHSUHSDUHGRQO\IURPFRSLHVDQGIURPVHOHFWHGVHJPHQWVLQFRQWUDVWWR WKHRULJLQDOOHWWHUVZKLFKPLJKWOHDGWRLQDFFXUDWHSRUWUD\DOVRI*DüLQRYLüDQGKLV UROH)LQDOO\0LMDWRYLüXUJHGUHMHFWLRQRIDSODQQHGELEOLRJUDSK\RIZRUNVDERXW<R- XQJ%RVQLDDQGWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQ$YGR+XPRDQRWKHUPHPEHURI([HFXWLYH%RDUG VXSSRUWHG0LMDWRYLüDQGDVVHUWHGÄWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQVKRXOGEHGRQHYHU\PR- GHVWO\EHFDXVHWKHSODFHDQGUROHRI<RXQJ%RVQLDKDYHQRWEHHQDGHTXDWHO\UHVH- arched nor yet presented in the correct light. We should not permit a commemorati- RQEDVHGRQFLWL]HQV¶PLVFRQFHSWLRQVRIWKHUROHRIVXUYLYLQJSDUWLFLSDQWVEDVHGRQ H[DJJHUDWLRQVDQGPLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQV,IZHDWWDFKJUHDWVLJQLILFDQFHWRWKLVFRPPH- PRUDWLRQLWZLOOWXUQLQWRDJORULILFDWLRQRIWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQVRPHWKLQJXQGHVLUD- EOHIRURXUVWUXJJOHDQGIRUWKHRXWVLGHZRUOGEDVHGRQWKHUHYLYDORIROGTXHVWLRQV and disagreements. We should publish a collection of relevant articles and mark the DQQLYHUVDU\E\DQDSSURSULDWHHYHQWDQGDOHFWXUHJLYHQDWWKH1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\¶ ,QGHHGWKHFRPPHPRUDWLRQZDVPRGHVWEXWWHQ\HDUVODWHUWKLQJVZHUH GRQHLQDPXFKPRUHVSHFWDFXODUZD\,QWKHPHDQWLPHWKHUHKDGEHHQDFKDQJHRI YLHZVLQWKHKLJKHVWSROLWLFDOFLUFOHVLQZD\VWKDWIDFLOLWDWHGWKHEHJLQQLQJRI<RXQJ %RVQLD¶VJORULILFDWLRQ7KHELEOLRJUDSK\WKDWFRXOGQRWEHSXEOLVKHGLQZDVSX- EOLVKHGLQDQGPRUHLPSRUWDQWO\9DGLPLU'HGLMHU¶VERRNSarajevo, 1914ZDV SXEOLVKHG'HGLMHU¶VZRUNSUHVHQWHGWKHRIILFLDOO\VDQFWLRQHGPHPRU\RI<RXQJ%R- VQLD3ULQFLSWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQLQ6DUDMHYRDQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU In 1974, attendees at a round table organized by the Institute for History in Sara- MHYREHJDQFDXWLRXVO\GHEXQNLQJWKHP\WKVRI3ULQFLSDQG<RXQJ%RVQLDDVILJKWHUV IRU<XJRVODYXQLILFDWLRQ0XVWDID,PDPRYLüDUJXHGWKDWPHPEHUVRI<RXQJ%RVQLD acted under the influence of Greater Serbian propaganda spread by the nationalist organizations Unification or Death (Ujedinjenje ili smrt) and National Defence (Na- URGQDRGEUDQD 7KRVHRUJDQL]DWLRQVKHQRWHGSURSDJDWHGWKHYLHZWKDW%RVQLDDQG +HU]HJRYLQDZDV6HUEODQGHYHQWKRXJK³VRPHLQGLYLGXDOVRUJURXSVZLWKLQLWHP- EUDFHG<XJRVODYLVPDQGVRXJKWWRRYHUFRPHHWKQLFDQGUHOLJLRXVFRQIOLFW´LQWKHLU ODQG$OWKRXJKLWZDVRQO\WKHILUVWVDOYRLQTXHVWLRQLQJ<RXQJ%RVQLD¶V<XJRVODYL- VPDQGLQLWLDOO\UHPDLQHGDQXQGHYHORSHGWKHVLV,PDPRYLü¶VSUHVHQWDWLRQRSHQHGD QHZFKDSWHULQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI<RXQJ%RVQLD¶VUROH Things changed during the Sarajevo siege of the 1990s. Sarajevo residents rea- GLO\DVVRFLDWHGWKH$UP\RI5HSXEOLND6USVNDZKLFKZDVEHVLHJLQJDVVDXOWLQJDQG GHVWUR\LQJWKHLUFLW\ZLWK3ULQFLSDQG<RXQJ%RVQLD2QHVKHOOLQJDWWDFNGXULQJWKH VLHJHGHVWUR\HGWKHIRRWSULQWVRI3ULQFLSLQODLGLQWKHSDYHPHQWZKHUHKHKDGFDUUL- 9 +XVQLMD.DPEHURYLüCommemoration of the First World War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Prilozi • Contributions, 43, Sarajevo, 2014, 7-15 HGRXWWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQ'HVSLWHUXPRXUVWKDWVROGLHUVRIWKH$UP\RI%RVQLDDQG Herzegovina destroyed both the footprints and the commemorative plaque, in truth WKHSODTXHDQGWKHIRRWSULQWVZHUHFDVXDOWLHVRIVKUDSQHOIURPVKHOOVILUHGDW6DUDMH- YRE\WKH$UP\RI5HSXEOLF6USVND0RVDLFVDQGSDLQWLQJVLQWKH0XVHXPRI<RXQJ %RVQLD DWWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQVLWH ZHUHDOVRGHVWUR\HGLQWKHVKHOOLQJ8QGDPDJHG H[KLELWVZHUHWKHQUHORFDWHGWRWKHVDIHW\RIWKHQHDUE\-HZLVK0XVHXP:LWKWKHVH HYHQWV3ULQFLSXQGHUZHQW³6HUELDQL]DWLRQ´&RPPDQGHUVRIWKHEHVLHJLQJ6HUEIRU- ces valorized his deed to raise the morale of their troops. The Army of the Republika 6USVNDIDVKLRQHGDQHZPHGDODQGQDPHGDIWHU3ULQFLSWKHUHE\WUDQVIRUPLQJ3ULQ- FLSLQWRDQH[SUHVVO\6HUEILJXUH7KHPHGDOV\PEROLFDOO\DEROLVKHG3ULQFLS¶VDVVR- FLDWLRQZLWK<XJRVODYLVPZKHWKHUUHDORULPDJLQHGDWWKHWLPHWKDW<XJRVODYLDLWVH- OIZDVFROODSVLQJ (YHQWKRXJK<RXQJ%RVQLDDQG3ULQFLSZHUHUDUHO\WKRXJKWWREH%RVQLDQ+HU- ]HJRYLQLDQKHURHVDIWHUWKHUHZDVQRHXSKRULDDJDLQVWHQKDQFLQJPHPRULHVRI Princip. In the beginning of 2003, the debate about Princip and the memory of the DVVDVVLQDWLRQZDVUHQHZHGZLWKVSHFLDOIRFXVRQWKHLVVXHRIZKHWKHUWRUHLPSODQW ¶*DYULOR3ULQFLS¶VIRRWSULQWV¶DZRUNRIDUWE\9RMR'LPLWULMHYLüWKDWKDGEHHQHP- bedded in pavement at the assassination site from 1954 to 1992. Media coverage a WHQVHDWPRVSKHUHVLQFHWKHFLW\DXWKRULWLHVLQWHQGHGWRUHLQVHUWWKHIRRWSULQWVZKH- UHWKH\KDGSUHYLRXVO\EHHQZKLOHYHWHUDQVRIWKHZDURSSRVHGVXFKD PRYH$WWKHVDPHWLPHDQHZFRPPHPRUDWLYHSODTXHZDVLQVWDOOHGEHDULQJWKH UDWKHUQHXWUDOLQVFULSWLRQµ,WZDVIURPWKLVSODFHWKDWRQ-XQH*DYULOR3ULQ- FLSFRPPLWWHGWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQRIWKHKHLUWR$XVWUR+XQJDULDQWKURQH)UDQ])HU- GLQDQGDQGKLVZLIH6RSKLH³ 7KHIRRWSULQWVZKLFKZHUHDJDLQFDVWLQFRQFUHWHSDYHPHQWIRUZKLFKWKH&LW\ $GPLQLVWUDWLRQDOORFDWHG.0 DERXW(XURV ZHUHQRWSODFHEDFN*L- YHQWKDWWKHUHZDVQRRIILFLDOGHFLVLRQWRSODFHWKHFRPPHPRUDWLYHSODTXHLWGL- VDSSHDUHGLQWKHVDPHZD\DVLWKDGEHHQSODFHG UDWKHUP\VWHULRXVO\ ZKLOHWKHth DQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHDVVDVVLQDWLRQZHQWZLWKRXWDQ\PDMRUGHEDWH7KH,QVWLWXWHIRU+L- VWRU\RUJDQLVHGDURXQGWDEOHDWWKH$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVDQG$UWVRI%RVQLDDQG +HU]HJRYLQD\HWLWGLGQRWUHFHLYHDQ\ILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURPDXWKRULWLHVDQGZLW- hout any significant media attention. What has remained of the round table are a do- zen of scientific papers published in the periodical Prilozi issued by the Institute.