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Learning Outcomes

• Fungi Kingdom • Protista Kingdom Eukaryotes: Fungi and Algae – Algae - photoautotrophs – Protozoa - chemoheterotrophs • Animal Kingdom -Helminths Lecture 14 • Metabolism • Reproduction • Structure • Pathogens

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The Fungi Mycology: The Study of Fungi

• Eukaryotic • Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic • Chemoheterotrophic • Most are saprophytic decomposers – Feed on dead organic matter • Few pathogens • Myco = fungi

Table 12.2

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• Hypha = unicellular Vegetative strand Growth Vegetative Growth • Septate

– cross walls • A mass of hyphae is a • Coenocytic mycelium – No septae • Hyphae elongate at tips • Can extend 1 km in 24 • Aerial hyphae hours – Produce spores • Search for new organic • Sexual and Asexual matter to decompose • Absorb nutrients cycles • Fairy Rings • Vegetative reproduction via fragmentation

Figure 12.2

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• Ascomycete Division Yeasts • Objective = Asexual spores • Unicellular fungi dispersal • Next generation • Facultative anaerobes genetically identical • Budding yeasts divide – Clones asymmetrically • Conidiospores – Saccharomyces cervisiae • Chain of cell sot – bud about 30 times enclosed – Aspergillus – Arthroconidia • Candida albicans • Blastoconidium • Dimorphic – Candida albicans Bl – Pseudohyphae mold=like • Sporangiospores o 25 C • Cells produced inside – Yeast-like 37 oC a sac Figure 12.3 Figure 12.1 • Thrush infections – Rhizopus

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• Fusion of 2 nuclei from 2 different Sexual Spores Sexual Reproduction individuals • Next generation • Fusion of nuclei from different genetically mating strains different • Next generation • Sexual spore genetically formation basis for Zygo Asco different classification • Zygomycota • Zygospore resistant • Zygospore - resting stage Zygomycota • Following meiosis haploid spores •Ascospore produced from •Basidiospore Basidio Sporangiophores Figure 12.6

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Mycoses- Fungal Diseases

• Systemic Mycoses – Infections within the body – Inhalation of spores • Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis • Subcutaneous mycoses – Mold spores enter puncture wound • Sporotrichosis • Cutaneous mycoses – – Dermatophytes – Vegetative fungi infect epidermis, hair and nails – Secrete keratinases

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Tineas Coccidioidomycosis

• Cutaneous mycoses • Coccidioides caused by immitis Ascomycetes • Dimorphic – Microsporumsp • Soil = hyphae – Trichophyton • Arthrospores • Named by site of • Inhalation infection • Spherules with • Tinea pedis endospores – atheletes foot • San Joaquin • Tinea cruris Valley Fever – Jock itch • CA, AZ • Tinea capitis – ringworm

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• Symbiotic association between an alga ( or Lichens cyanobacterium ) & sac • Greek “fungus” and Mycorrhizae fungus “root” • Fungus benefits more • Symbiotic association than alga between soil fungi and – Parasitism? tree roots • Alga produces glucose • Fungus provides via photosynthesis increased surface area • fungus provides for water and nutrient holdfast absorbs absorption nutrients • Fungus receives • Protects against glucose from dehydration photosynthesis • Crustose • Found in most plants • Fruticose • Foliose

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• Unicellular, Algae Algal Life Cycle filamentous, or • multicellular (thallic) • Asexual • No true tissues Reproduction • Photoautotrophs – Fragmentation • Protozoa NOT • Multicellular algae plants – Cell division • Unicellular algae • Green algae • Sexual ancestors of land reproduction plants

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• Stramenopile Kingdom Algal Phyla • Chlorophylls a + c Brown Algae • Carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin • Reserve food stored as carbohydrate laminarin • Algin extracted from cell walls • Kelp – Fucus – Macrocystis – Laminaria • Multicellularity and tissue differentiation

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• Rhodophyta • Chlorophyll plus Red Algae Green Algae • Phycoerythrin (Red pigment) • Chlorophyll a + b • Phycocyanin (blue • Cellulose cell wall pigment) • Energy reserves • Corraline algae form stored as starch reefs • Pyrenoid starch • Gelidium forming organelle • Source of agar within chloroplast • Carrageenin • Unicellular and • Porphyra multicellular forms – nori

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Diatoms Dinoflagellates

• Dinoflagellates • Cellulose plates in plasma – Cellulose plates in plasma membrane membrane • Unicellular Oceanic Plankton – Some produce potent neurotoxins • 2 flagella – Karenia brevis - brevitoxin • Chlorophylla a + c plus carotenoids – Alexandrium– saxitoxins – Toxin accumulates in molluscs • Some produce potent neurotoxins – Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning • Karenia brevis – brevitoxin – Red Tides • Alexandrium– saxitoxins – Ciguatera • Toxin accumulates in molluscs – Gamberidiscus toxicus • Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning – Concentrated in large tropical fishes • Red Tides • Ciguatera • Diatoms • Gamberidiscus toxicus – Two ornate pectina and silica • Concentrated in large tropical exterior shells fishes – Carotenoid pigment fucoxanthin – Chlorophyll a + c – Store oil

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Omycota Secondary

• Water molds Endosymbiosis • Zoospores have flagella distinguishing • Brown Algae and them from fungi Dinoflagellates • Cellulose cell wall • Chloroplast derived • Plant Parasites from engulfed red alga • Phythophtora • 4 plastid membranes infestans • Euglena chloroplast • Potato Blight derived from engulfed green alga • Irish Potato Famine • 3 plastid membranes • Tuber crop = clones • Phythophtora ramorum • Sudden Oak Death

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