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Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, Vocabulary and Texts PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Se�ie� V - No. 20 MATERIALS IN ATCHIN, MALEKULA: GRAMMAR, VOCABULARY AND TEXTS by A. Capell and J. Layard Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Capell, A. and Layard, J. Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, vocabulary and texts. D-20, vi + 265 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-D20.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS is issued through the Lingui¢tie Ci�ele 06 Canbe��a and consists of four series: SERIES A - OCCASIONAL PAPERS SERIES B - MONOGRA PHS SERIES C - BOOKS SERIES V - SPECIAL PUB LICATIONS EDITOR: S.A. Wurm. ASSOCIATE EDITORS: D.C. Laycock, C.L. Voorhoeve, D.T. Tryon, T.E. Dutton. EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B. Bender, University of Hawaii K.A. MCElhanon, University of Texas D. Bradley, University of Melbourne H. MCKaughan, University of Hawaii A. Capell, University of Sydney P. Muhlhausler, Linacre College, Oxford S. Elbert, University of Hawaii G.N. O'Grady, University of Victoria, K. Franklin, Summer Institute of B.C. Linguistics A.K. Pawley, University of Hawaii W.W. Glover, Summer Institute of K. Pike, University of Michigan; Summer Linguistics Institute of Linguistics G. Grace, University of Hawaii E.C. polome, University of Texas M.A.K. Halliday, University of Sydney G. Sankoff, Universite de Montreal A. Healey, Summer Institute of W.A.L. Stokhof, National Center for Linguistics Language Development, Jakarta; L. Hercus, Australian National University University of Leiden N.D. Liem, University of Hawaii J.W.M. verhaar, University of Indonesia, J. Lynch, University of Papua New Guinea Jakarta ALL CORRESPONDENCE concerning PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, including orders and subscriptions, should be addressed to: The Secretary, PACIFIC LINGUISTICS, Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600. Australia. Copyright (§) The Authors. First published 1980. The editors are indebted to the Australian National University for help in the production of this series. This publication was made possible by an initial grant from the Hunter Douglas Fund. National Library of Australia Card Number and ISBN 0 85883 23 1 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword iv PART I: ATCHIN GRAMMAR 1 O. INTRODUCTION 3 1. PHONOLOGY 5 1.1. Sounds and Symbols 5 1.2. Sound Changes within the Language 7 1. 3. Ac centuation 14 2. SYNTAX 16 2.1. The Principles of Atchin Syntax 16 2.2. Subject, Object and Predicate 20 2.3. Attributes 26 2.4. The Compound Sentence 30 2.5. The Complex Sentence 36 3. MORPHOLOGY 41 3.1. The Noun 41 3.2. Pronouns 48 3.3. Other Noun Phrase Morphology 62 3.4. The Verb 71 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 PART II: ATCHIN AND ENGLISH VOCABULARY 95 PART III: TEXTS 161 LANGUAGE MAP OF MALE KULA 4 111 FOREWORD The present work consists of three parts. The fir st and second are a Grammar and Vocabulary of the Atchin language, from the island of Malekula, New Hebrides. The first two part s are the work of A. Capell, based on an analysis of the third part, Atchin Texts, collected by Dr John Layard in 1914 , during his stay on the Small Islands, off the north-east coast of Malekula. The Atchin text s were transcribed and translated by Layard, and arranged into 'verses' by him for ease of cross-reference in the Grammar and Vocabulary sections . Capell pre­ pared these first two sections in London in 1936-37, in consultation with Layard. More than forty years have passed since the manuscript s were orig­ inally prepared for publication . A word of explanation is in order . It was originally int ended that the whole work should form part of Layard 's proj ected volume s on the Vao-Atchin people, of which Stone Men 06 Male�ula (1942) was the fir st . For a number of reasons this was not carried out . As far as the Atchin work by Capell is concerned, this was held back to await the possibility of further checking of certain point s of phonology with Atchin native speakers. Such checking was planned on a number of occasions by Capell, but was never carried out . On one occasion Capell, while passing through the New Hebride s, had arranged to meet certain speakers at 2.15 p.m. - and his ship unexpectedly sailed at 2.00 p.m.! The result was that the checking has not taken place . In view of this fact and the long passage of time since the materials were prepared originally, it has been decided to publish them as they stand, as archival material . Both authors agreed to this. It is un­ likely that the materials could be full y checked now, and even less likely that they could be collected again nowadays. The only areas of doubt concern the phonetic value of some of the symbols used in the spelling, particularly the central vowels and the palatal consonant s iv v written ts, c and J. The interlabial consonants of Vao do not occur in Atchin and hence raise no difficulty . In the present volume, therefore, the text material and interpreta­ tion are the work of Layard, who also supplied much of the detailed interpretation given in the vocabulary . Capell is responsible for the remainder . The volume will prove a valuable source document for students of Austronesian languages and cultures, especially those of ,Malekula, for virtually nothiag has been published on them until the present . The Editor Capell, A. and Layard, J. Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, vocabulary and texts. D-20, vi + 265 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-D20.cover ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PART I ATCHIN GRAMMAR Capell, A. and Layard, J. Materials in Atchin, Malekula: Grammar, vocabulary and texts. D-20, vi + 265 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. DOI:10.15144/PL-D20.1 ©1980 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. 3 O. I NTRODU CTI ON The Atchin language forms one of the group of dialect s spoken on the small islands off the north-east coast,of Malekula, New Hebrides. These islands , reckoning from the north are : Vao , Atchin , Wala, Rano , Norsup , Uripiv and Uri . The grammar here given is that of Atchin chiefly, but re ference will be made to Vao and Uripiv and occasionally to Wala . Side by side with these a general comparison will be made with the mainland dialect s of Malekula. Printed information on these languages is scarce. No thing has been published concerning the language of Atchin itself, or the othe r small islands , with the exception of Uripiv , and a short article by the l present writer . For the other languages the following references may be used: 1) Pangkumu : Grammar and Vocabulary in MacDonald 1891 . 2) Aulua, Sinesip , Meaun , Kuliviu and Uripiv :' Grammars in Ray 1926. 3) Ahamb , Orierh : Scripture Translations by the Pre sbyterian Mission . 4) Sinesip , Lumbrmbr , Laravat and Lagalag : Text s in Deacon 1934 . Shorter vocabularies and grammatical notes will be found in various periodicals, for which reference may be made to Ray 1926 : 258. The same book contain s the first attempt to work out phonetic laws governing the taking of Indonesian words into the languages of Malekula . l See Capell 1935. A good deal of the actual forms of words there need correcting, owing to indifferent sources of information, but the general thesis of thepaper is correct , and is worked upon in this grammar . 4 �orSUD I . PORT STANLEY oURIPIV o <;::)Uri I. BANGASA Reef Pt. WARIK LANMBUSI LANGUAGE MAP OF MALEKULA 5 1. PHONOLOGY 1. 1. SOUNVS ANV SYMBOLS A modified form of the International Phonetic Script is used here for the transcription of Malekulan wo rds , and all dialects are spelt the same . The following alphabet is used: l 1. 1. 1. Vowels u e o , a a o [vowe l lengt h indicated V:J Each of these vowel symbols has really to do duty for more than one sound. represents the close tense of 'machine ', as well as the laxer sound of 'wit '; e is normally the vowel of 'men' , but in the diphthong ei tends to be closer; a is approximately the vowel in German Mann; . o stands for both 0 and 0; o is the sound of the Swedish S. The mixed vowels u and 0 have their German values, but neither sound is perfect ly stable . They have not been written, and apparently not noticed, by the Presbyt erian and other missionaries, with the exception of the French Roman Catholics , by whom they are written in the languages of South Pentecost and other surrounding regions . There is a principle of vowel harmony between the vowel of the verbal particle and that of the verb itself, into which inquiry will be made in the course of this grammar. l.rhroughout the text the symbols a and? also occur ; they are to be interpreted as approximate equivalents to e and 0 respectively, appearing to be used interchangeably by the author . Their true phonetic values are unknown ( see Foreword) . 6 l 1. 1. 2. Consonants Oral Plosives Fricatives Nasal Combinations lhvoiced Vo iced lhvoiced Vo iced Nasals lhvoiced Vo iced Bilabial p b w,v ,5 m mp mb t'ental t d r,l n nt nd Palatal ts,c,f s,f y ny ns k Velar 9 x Y I) I)k I)g Glottal I h The bulk of these symbols are self-explanatory , if at tention be paid to the part i cular columns in which each is placed .
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