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Kavas of Vanuatu : Cultivars of Piper Methysticum Forst

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Kavas of Vanuatu : Cultivars of Piper Methysticum Forst _______ TECHNICAL PAPER No. 195 KAVAS OF VANUATU CULTIVARS OF PIPER METHYSTICUM FORST. -~' -'--' SOUTH PACIFIC COMMISSION NOUMEA, NEW CALEDONIA SOUTH PACIFie COMMISSION The South Pacifie Commission is an international organisation ln Oetober 1974, in Rarotonga, Cook Islands, representatives which proviàes techr.ical advice, training, assistance and of the then eight participating governments signed a Memor­ dissemination of information in social, economic and cultural andum of Understanàing whîch provided for the Commission fjelds to twenty·two governments and ad!TÙnistrations of the and the Conference to meet annual1y in a joint session known region. as the South Pacifie Conference. Activilies include programmes in agriculture, plant protection, ln October 1983, in Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands, the coastal marine resaurces, tuna and billfish assessment, environ­ South Pacific Conference reso1ved that the Conference's ment (SPREP), rural. deve!opment and technalogy, women's twenty-seven govemments and administrations should be full piOgrammes, hcalth, nutrition, statistics, demography, popu­ and equal members of the South Pacific Commission and that lation data, economy, community education, media, youth, the Committee of Representatives of Governmcnts and Ad­ and cultural conservation. ministrations (CRGA) should operate as a Commitlee of the Whole, meeting at least four months prior to, and again The Commission was set up in 1947 by the signing of the immediately before, the annual Conference. The first session Canberra Agreement by the six governments then responsible of the new CRGA was held in Noumea in May 1984. for the administration of island territories in the South Pacific region. These were Australia, France, the Netherlands, New The members of the Commission are the following govern· Zealand. the United Kingdom, and the United States of ments and administrations: American Samoa, Australia, Cook America Participation by the Netherlands Government ceased Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, France, French al the end of 1962. The following govemments were later Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New admilted as participating governments: Western Samoa in Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Oetober 1965, Nauru in July 1969, Fiji in May 1971, Papua Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Solomon Islands, New Guinea in Septcmber 1975, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu Tokeiau, Tonga, Tuvalu, United Kingdom, United States of in November 1978 Cook Islands and Niue in October 1980. America, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Western Samoa. Until 19ï4. Commissioners from the participa tmg governments The Commission, whose official working languages are English met in annual session. The South Pacific Conference, incorpor· and French, has ils headquarters in Noumea, New Caledonia. aUng aU the mernber governments and adrrünistrations, fust met in 1950, and became an an nuaI event in 1967; it met The Principal Officers of the Commission ar\':: the Secretary­ ünmediately befoft': the Session of Commissioners and made General, Mr Palauni M. Tuiasosopo, the Director of Pro­ recommendations to il grammes, Mr Jan Jonassen, and the Deputy Director of Programmes, Mme Hélène Courte. Technical Paper No.195 KAVAS OF VANUATU Cultivars of Piper methysticum Forst. Vincent Lebot (1) Pierre Cabalion (2) (1) Agronomist Original text in French Tagabe Agriculture Station Port Vila Translated by R.M. Benyon, Vanuatu R. Wane and G. Kaboha Revision and correction by (2) Pharmacist R.M. Benyon Orstom Paris Language Services Department France Vanuatu Government South Pacific Commission Noumea, New Caledonia August 1988 (ii) ©Copyright South Pacifie Commission, 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any process, whether for sale, profit, materiaJ gain, or free distribution without written permis­ sion. Inquiries shou1d be directed to the pub1isher. Original text: French The original edition of this document was published in French by Editions de l'ORSTOM, Institut français de recherche scientifique pour le développement en coopération, Collection Travaux et Documents No.206, Paris, 1986 under the title: 'Les kavas de Vanuatu: Cultivars de Piper methysticum Forst.' ISSN: 0371-6023 ISBN: 2-7099-0828-X South Pacifie Commission Catalogtiing-in-publication data Lebot, Vincent Kavas of Vanuatu: cultivars of Piper methysticum Forst. Vincent Lebot, Pierre Cabalion; translated by R.M. Benyon, R. Wane and G. Kaboha. (Technical paper / South Pacifie Commission; no. 195) 1. Kava I. Cabalion, Pierre II. Title III. Series 583-925 ISBN 982-203-101-7 AACR2 Prepared for publication by the South Pacifie Commission and printed by Robert Burton Printers, Pty. Ltd., Sydney, Australia, 1988, for the South Pacifie Commission. (iii) CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION PART ONE KAVA, AN OCEANIAN PLANT WITH A CULTURAL 3 DIMENSION 1.1 BOTANICAL ASPECTS 3 1.1.1 Taxonomy 3 1.1.2 Description of Piper methysticum 4 1.1.3 Biology 5 1.1.4 Distribution and origin 5 1.1.4.1 Vernacular generic names 6 1.1.4.2 First research method to locate kava's area of origin: linguistic affinities 8 1.1.4.3 Second method of research to situate kava's area of origin: population migrations in the Pacifie 9 1.1.4.4 Third method of research to identify kava's place of origin: the main domestication centres 9 1.2 THE PREPARATION AND EFFECTS OF KAVA 10 1.2.1 History 10 1.2.2 The drug 13 1.2.3 The methods of preparation 13 1.2.3.1 The methods of preparation of kava in the Pacifie 14 1.2.3.2 The methods of preparation of kava in Vanuatu 15 1.2.4 The effects felt by kava drinkers 17 1.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL ROLE OF PIPER METHYSTICUM 19 IN OCEANIA 1.3.1.1 Kava as a ritual offering 19 Vanuatu . history 19 . kava in Vanuatu custom 21 Papua New Guinea 22 Fiji 22 1.3.1.2 Kava in traditional pharmacopoeia and medicine 23 Polynesia 24 Fiji 27 Vanuatu 27 1.3.1.3 Summary of the ethno-botany of kava 29 1.3.2 The active substances of kava 32 1.3.2.1 Research on kava's active principles: history 32 1.3.2.2 Molecular structure of isolated kava compounds 34 - Alkaloids 34 - Lactones 34 - Flavokavins A, Band C 35 1.3.2.3 Physiological activity of kava lactones 35 1. Potentiation of barbituric narcosis 35 2. Analgesie effect 39 3. Local anaesthetic 39 4. Anticonvulsive and muscular-relaxant action 39 (iv) 5. Antimycotic activity 40 6. Metabolisation and present research 40 1.3.2.4 The use of kava and kava lactones in medicines and 41 problems related to pharmacology, pharmacognosy and galenical pharmacy 1.3.2.5 Quality control, constituents of kava 43 1.4 PREVIOUS WORK ON THE AGRONOMY OF KAVA 45 PART TWO THE KAVA CULTIVARS OF VANUATU 49 2.1 TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS 49 2.2 VERNACULAR NOMENCLATURES 50 2.2.1 Names used in the Pacifie elsewhere than Vanuatu 50 2.2.2 List of vernacular names of cultivars in Vanuatu 53 2.2.3 Areas of great varietal diversity 68 2.2.3.1 Pentecost 69 2.2.3.2 Tanna 71 PART THREE CROP MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 75 3.1 INTRASPECIFIC POLYMORPHISM 75 3.U The cloning of kava 76 3.1.2 Establishing a collection of kava varieties 77 3.1.3 Method and descriptors 77 3.1.4 Obstacles and limitations in distinguishing between cultivars 80 3.2 METHODS OF CULTIVATION 81 3.2.1 Ecology 81 1. Climatic requirements 81 2. Suitable soils 81 3. Choice of site 82 3.2.2 Propagation 82 1. The planting material 82 2. Planting in the nursery 83 a) A bed dug in the soil, planted with two-node cuttings 83 b) Use of plastic bags and four-node cuttings 83 3.2.3 Planting and maintenance 83 1. Preparation of the soil 83 2. Planting out 84 3. Spacing 84 4. Irrigation 85 5. Weeding 85 6. Manure 86 7. Crop care 86 3.2.4 Pests and diseases 86 1. Insects 86 2. Nematodes 87 3. Diseases of fungal origin 87 4. Bacteria 88 (v) 3.2.5 Harvest and yield 88 3.3 PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND TECHNOLOGY 88 3.4 FUTURE PROSPECTS 89 3.5 PROFITABILITY 89 3.6 THE EXPORT MARKET 91 PART FOUR KAVA IN VANUATU: THE STATISTICAL SURVEY 95 FINDINGS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFORMATION 4.1 METHOD 95 4.2 THE QUESTIONNAIRE 95 4.3 THE FINDINGS 98 1. Crop details 100 2. Custom 105 3. Consumption III 4. Sales 112 4.4 COMMENTS Il8 4.5 PROPOSALS 121 CONCLUSION 123 BIBLIOGRAPHY 153 (vii) TABLES Page A Labour input 90 B Incarne per ha 91 C Cornparison with incorne frorn other cash crops 92 1 Nurnber of kava plants per household per island (rnid-1983 estirnates) 96 II Representativeness of the statistical sarnples 99 III Number of kava plants by age category and by area 101 IV Extrapolations frorn Table III 102 V Nurnber of kava plants ready for uprooting 103 VI Crop size 104 VII Nurnber of kava plants uprooted for custornary purposes 105 VIII Recorded cultivars by geographical area 106 IX Nurnber of kava plants consurned the previous week III X Nurnber of households having sold kava last year (by nurnber of plants sold) 112 XI Sales periods 113 XII Nurnber of households having sold kava (by place of last sale) 113 XIII Nurnber of households having sold kava (by purchaser at the tirne of last sale) 114 XIV Value of last sale 115 XV Estirnate of frequency of sales and annual incorne 116 XVI Nurnber of households having sold their kava to a trading ship in the past year 117 XVII Estirnate of available surpluses 119 (ix) FIGURES Page la Piper methysticum Forst., general appearance of the plant 127 lb Piper methysticum Forst., appearance of a stem root 128 2 Piper methysticum Forst., appearance of vegetative parts 129 3 Piper methysticum Forst., appearance of inflorescences 130 4 Piper methysticum Forst., arrangement of inflorescences on branches 131 5 Piper methysticum Forst., geographical distribution and likely dispersal of the species 132 6 Macropiper latifolium Forst.
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