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The Mosquitoes of the Banks and Torres Island Groups of the South Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae)

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The Mosquitoes of the Banks and Torres Island Groups of the South Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae) Vol. 17, no. 4: 511-522 28 October 1977 THE MOSQUITOES OF THE BANKS AND TORRES ISLAND GROUPS OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) By Mario Maffi1 and Brian Taylor2 Abstract: In August 1971 a total of 1003 specimens of Culicidae were collected from 2 little known island groups ofthe New Hebrides, the Banks and the Torres, 637 (39 $$, 12 S$, 148 P, 13 p, 419 L, 6 1) and 366 (46 $$, 3 $<$, 73 P, 13 p, 231 L), respectively. Of 9 species of Culicidae previously recorded, 6 are confirmed. 3 species are added: Culex (Cux.) banksensis, Culex {Cux,) sitiens, Culex (Eum.) Jemineus. The distribution (considerably wider than previously recorded) and the bionomics of the species are presented. Located at the northern end of the territory of the New Hebrides Condominium, and administratively part of it, 2 island groups, the Banks and the Torres, rise from the New- Hebrides submarine ridge and are dispersed over a wide area of the Southwest Pacific: 13°04' to 14°28' S, and 166°30' to 168°04' E. The Banks, the southern ofthe 2 groups, are more scattered and consist of 2 major islands (Gaua, Vanua Lava) and 6 minor islands (Merelava, Merig, Mo ta, Motalava, Parapara, Ro wa) with a total land area of approx­ imately 750 km2. The Torres group is more compact and consists of 5 small islands (Toga, Loh, Tegua, Metoma, Hiu) with less than 100km2 ofland area. There are a few off-shore islets. Except for the reef island of Rowa, the islands are of volcanic origin; however, on some of the smaller islands, particularly in the Torres, there are terraces of coral limestone. The climate is typical of islands within the tradewinds belt, with prevailing south­ easterly winds and alternating wet (October-May) and dry seasons. During the peak of the wet season, tropical cyclones are not uncommon. Rainfall, although variable, is high. However, because of the differences between the islands' morphologies, the main islands—which receive the highest rainfall (4000 mm/year at Sola, Vanua Lava)—are well watered, whereas on some of the smaller islands, and in particular in the Torres, there can be a marked or total absence of ground waters during the dry season. In general there is abundant natural vegetation; coconuts and subsistence crops are common where there is human influence. The last census (1967) counted 3274 persons on the Banks and 200 on the Torres, all Melanesians. Except for plane schedules twice a week between Espiritu Santo and Vanua Lava, which started in 1974, contacts with the rest ofthe Condominium are limited to infrequent visits by small administrative and missionary ships from Espiritu Santo. 1. Present address: 16030 Cavi (Genova), Italy. 2. Present address: 13 Ruskin Gardens, Kenton, Harrow, Middlesex, HA3 9PX, U.K. 512 Pacific Insects Vol. 17, no. 4 COLLECTIONS Prior to 1962 (Belkin 1962), only a few collections of mosquitoes had been reported from the Banks and Torres. Nine species had been recorded on 4 of the Banks Islands: Anopheles (Cellia) farauti, Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus, Culex (Culex) annulirostris, Aedes (Stegomyia) aobae, Aedes (Stegomyia) hebrideus, Aedes (Stegomyia) sp. Vanua Lava form, and Tripteroides (Rachionotomyia) melanesiensis on Vanua Lava; Anopheles (Cellia) farauti and Aedes (Verrallina) lineatus on Pakea islet, off-shore of Vanua Lava; Anopheles (Cellia) farauti on Gaua; and Culex (Culex) pacificus on Merelava. A single species, Aedes (Stegomyia) hebrideus, from Toga had been recorded from the Torres. To our knowledge, this was still the situation as of August 1971. The collections here reported were made during a malariometric survey carried out by one of us (M. M.)3 in the Banks and Torres from 6 to 18 August 1971. All islands were visited except Merig, Tegua, Rowa and Metoma; heavy seas made landing impos­ sible on the first; the others are considered uninhabited and were not included in the malaria study. Some stops were very brief (Maffi & Ratard 1974) and because the visits were primarily malariometric, collections of the mosquito fauna were casual and rearing of adults was rarely carried out. Consequently, most of the specimens available are immature stages. The material was preserved in pill boxes (adults) and in MacGregor solution, and forwarded to the Bishop Museum, Honolulu, USA, for mounting and pinning. Before the end of 1972 preliminary identifications were done, which permitted a conspectus report (Maffi & Ratard 1974: 6). A single additional collection in 1975 (751011/1) yielded a few larvae and 1 female from a pupal rearing. All available material was reexamined recently. All specimens are deposited in the Bishop Museum. Each collection is identified by a code number for the date, followed by the serial number of the specific collection during that day. E.g.: 710815/1. .2, identifies collection 1. .2, etc. made during 15 August 1971. Symbols (?, <J, L, 1, P, p) are as in Belkin (1962). Results are presented island-by-island, with a short description of each island followed by results of the collections, given chronologically. BANKS ISLANDS Merelava (visited 15 August 1971). This is a steep-sided volcanic cone, which rises abruptly to 833 m, and has a base less than 3 km across. It has no landing beaches. The villages are along a circular path running 150 m above sea level. The population is 812 (dens. 135/km2). Gardens and coconut groves cover the steep slopes. Code 710815. At landing place, on the rocks of the western coast, below Tasma te VilL: /l & jl, in rainwater, brackish, highly polluted, filling fissures on basalt, Cx. (Cux.) sitiens, 1 $, 5 £<$, 16 L, 18 P, 5 p; /6, in rainwater, slightly brackish, in dugout canoe, Cx. sitiens, 2 L, Ae. hebrideus, 19 L; /2 near Copra storehouse, in rusty rainwater in drum, 3. As World Health Organization (Malaria) short term consultant. 1977 Maffi & Taylor: Mosquitoes of the Banks and Torres 513 Cx. pacificus, 5 L, 1 P, Ae. hebrideus, 1 L. Along island's circular path, between Tasmate and Auta Villages: /3, in small rainwater collection in step on coconut palm, in shade, Tp. melanesiensis, 4 L; /4, along steep gully, in rock pools on dry turrent, sunlit, leaves at bottom, Ae. hebrideus, 2 £$ (rubbed), 1 L, 4 P, 2 p; /5, in cylindrical stumphole on mango tree, organic material at bottom, Tp. melanesiensis, 1 L. Gaua {Santa Maria, Lakon) (visited 16-18 August 1971). Originally a low-angled com­ plex volcanic cone, Gaua is a major island (336 km2). Roughly circular in shape, hilly- mountainous, Gaua has at the center, at 366 m, a crescent-shaped lake. There are hot springs on the island. The population is 432 (dens. 1.3 km2); people evacuated in 1973 because of impending volcanic activities have returned to the original villages, which are concentrated in 2 coastal areas, one in the northeast, the other in the southwest. Code 710816. Northeastern part, coastal: /l & /2, Namasari VilL, in clear rainwater in 170-liter drum, Ae. hebrideus, 3 L; /3, along Namasari-Lempot path, in clear rainwater, sunlit, in basin-shaped lava stone, Cx. (Cux.) banksensis, 2 L; /4, as above, in cylindrical hole at main branching of Artocarpus sp. tree, organic material at bottom, sun-shade, Cx. banksensis, 14 L, Tp. melanesiensis, 7 L, 1 P. Code 710817. Southwestern part, coastal: /O, Ontar VilL, day-resting, indoors, An. farauti, 7 §§; /3, along rocky dry bed of Qereton T., in rock pools with tufts of grass and decomposing leaves, sun-shade, An. farauti, 1 L, Cx. annulirostris, 4 L; /4, as above, same characteristics but more shaded, Cx. annulirostris, 5 L, Cx. (Eum.) Jemineus, 3 L, 10 P. Along Ontar-Qeteqavit path: /l, retrodunal swampy valley of Limatress R, in coastal light forest, with wild taro and floating material, sun-shade, An. farauti, 5 L, Cx. annulirostris, 3 L; /2, in open coastal woods, in treehole on Laportea sp., organic material at bottom, in shade, Cx. banksensis, 6 L, 2 P, Ae. aobae, 2 L, Tp. melanesiensis, 1 £ (reared), 28 L, 1 p; /5, near Doleb VilL, at the inner limit of beach, in small residual rainwater collection along drying creek, among rocks, in shade, Cx. femineus, 1 $ (reared), 2 P. Code 710818. Qeteqavit VilL: /9, resting in houses, at noon, An. farauti, 1 $, Ae. hebrideus, 12 $$. Along the dry bed of nearby torrent, upstream: /l, in small lateral rock pools, with decomposing leaves, sun-shade, Cx. annulirostris, 8 L; /2, as above, in smaller collections, Cx. annulirostris, 14 P; /3, as above, in open rock pools, sunlit, Cx. annulirostris, 6 L; /4, in small collections on sandy-rocky ground, Cx. annulirostris, 1 L; /5, in large, shallow collections on flat rocks, in forest shade, Cx. femineus, 7 L, 1 1, 9 P; /6, on forested bank, in small treehole full of clear rainwater, organic material at bottom, Cx. banksensis, 23 L, 1 P, Cx. annulirostris, 1 L, Ae. aobae, 1 $ (attacking), 1 <J (resting), Tp. melanesiensis, 1 § (reared), 12 L, 2 P, 1 p; jl, near village, in rainwater collection on coconut palm stump, Cx. banksensis, 7 L, 6 P, Tp. melanesiensis, 1 $ (resting), 4 P; /8, along dry bed of torrent, downstream, near rocks overhanging the beach, Ae. aobae, 1 $, attacking at 4 p.m. Vanua Lava (visited 12-13 August 1971, and ll October 1975). This is the 2nd major island (311 km2). It is of volcanic origin, and presents 2 rugged mountain ranges which rise above 900 m. On the western side the coast is rocky and abrupt; on the eastern side, 514 Pacific Insects Vol. 17, no.4 however, there is extensive flatland. Off the end of this coast, southeast, is the islet of Pakea.
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